_Norma basalis_—Contour almost round. Whole base symmetrical,
except as noted below; the middle structures appear shortened
antero-posteriorly, slightly more on the left than on the right;
basilo-vomeric angle rather acute (100°); foramina of the base all
spacious; the petrobasilar suture is large (average diameter, 5 mm.)
and is throughout pervious. Superior dental arch regular and of medium
thickness. Dentition incomplete—right upper wisdom tooth not fully
erupted; left lower wisdom tooth wanting entirely. Denture fine and
regular; no teeth decayed. Both upper first incisors absent.[243] Teeth
set regularly in socket and of medium size. Palatine arch symmetrical.
Shape of palate normal. Posterior nasal foramina oblong. Styloids
small, shell-like, flattened.
[243] Both these incisors were apparently lost at the same time,
not from general lesion, and some years previous to the death of
the individual, as the sockets appear exactly alike, bear no signs
of violence, and are almost filled up with cancellous tissue (some
religious or social rite?).
_Norma occipitalis_—The posterior part of the skull is somewhat
flattened. The sides of the surface present a pentagonal outline with
rounded corners, the apex corresponding to the sagittal suture, or
obelion. There is a slight asymmetry, the right side being somewhat
flattened. Exterior occipital protuberance not well marked.
_Norma verticalis_—Outline an irregular ovoid, wider posteriorly
and more prominent on the left and posteriorly. Slight symmetrical
depression of the parietals, beginning about 1 cm. and ending 5 or 6
cm. behind the coronal suture and extending laterally from the sagittal
suture to the upper temporal ridge.
_Norma lateralis_—Outline ovoid, larger posteriorly. Pterions en H,
of medium breadth. Temporal ridges not very distinct. Parietal bosses
prominent.
cc.
Skull capacity, Broca’s method 1,545
Skull capacity, Flower’s method 1,490
Antero-posterior diameter, maximum 16.3
Lateral diameter, maximum 14.4
Cephalic index, 88.3=Brachycephalic.[244]
Chin-bregma 21.2
Chin-ophryon 13.2
Alveolar point-ophryon 8.6
Bizygomatic breadth, maximum 13.0
Facial index 98.5
Superior facial index (Broca’s), 66.1=Mesoseme.
Height of nose aperture 5.4
Breadth of nose aperture 2.65
Nasal index, 49.0=Mesorhine.
Mean height of orbits 3.80
Mean breadth of orbits 3.95
Orbital index, 96.2=Megaseme. cc.
Mean depth of orbits 4.6
Dacryon to dacryon 2.3
Frontal diameter, minimum 9.2
Frontal diameter, maximum (interstephanic) 11.4
Biauricular diameter[245] 12.3
Diameter through parietal bosses 14.3
Bimastoid diameter 10.55
Distance from superior alveolar arch to inferior
occipital ridge 14.35
Distance between supramastoid eminences 13.9
Length of basilar process (notch of vomer to basion) 2.95
Basion-bregma height 13.45
Basion-obelion height ? (obelion indistinct.)
Basion-ophryon 14.0
Basion-inion 8.1
Circumference, maximum 49.4
Nasion-ophryon arc 1.8
Nasion-bregma arc 12.3
Nasion-inion arc 30.0
Nasion-opisthion arc 35.5
Pterion-bregma arc 11.2
Arc external meatuses, over forehead 29.2
Arc external meatuses, over frontal bosses 30.4
Arc external meatuses, over bregma 34.0
Arc external meatuses, maximum 35.7
Arc external meatuses, over inion 23.6
Temporal ridges to sagittal suture (stephanions-bregma),
(arc) mean 7.5
Lateral diameter of foramen magnum, maximum 2.75
Antero-posterior diameter of foramen magnum, maximum 3.60
Index of foramen magnum 76.4
Length of hard palate, maximum 4.6
Height of hard palate at first molars 1.55
Breadth of hard palate at first bicuspids 2.9
Breadth of hard palate at first molars 3.55
Breadth of hard palate at third molars 4.1
Height of posterior nares 3.1
Breadth of posterior nares 2.55
Index of posterior nares 82.2
Angle of mandibles 114°
Length of mandibular rami 9.55
Bigoniac diameter of mandibles 9.85
[244] If allowance is made for the effects of flattening of the
occipital on the long diameter, and hence on the index, of a skull, it
becomes apparent that the true index of this skull is probably of a low
brachycephalic, or, at most, of mesocephalic order. It is very doubtful
if the deformity is intentional; its moderate extent and the total lack
of signs of counter-compression would indicate with more probability
that the deformity might have been produced by the individual lying,
when an infant, by compulsion or habit, on something hard, probably a
board.
[245] The “biauricular” signifies the distance between points of the
skull immediately above the commencement of the superior zygomatic
border on the temporal.
_The Vertebral Column_
_Cervical vertebræ_—Number complete; characters normal. All cervical
spinous processes bifid; vertebra prominens well defined. All epiphyses
absent.
cc.
Transverse diameter of third cervical vertebra (between
posterior tubercles of the pedicles), maximum 5.05
Antero-posterior diameter of third cervical vertebra
(body-spinous process), maximum 4.20
Greatest lateral diameter of foramen, same vertebra 2.15
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of foramen, same
vertebra 1.45
Height of body in center, same vertebra .90
[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY