1802.
Sir James disappointed in not returning home.--Extract of a
letter to his brother.--The French send ships to the West
Indies.--Squadron detached after them.--Death of General
O'Hara.--Sir James receives orders to superintend the
evacuation of Minorca.--Arrival of H.R.H. Duke of Kent.--Sir
James arrives at Minorca.--Definitive treaty of
peace.--Proceedings there.--Island given up to Spain.--The
Caesar arrives at Gibraltar.--Proceeds to England.--Anchors at
Spithead.
Destined to remain with his squadron at Gibraltar, Sir James suffered
a severe disappointment in being prevented from returning home. He
occasionally visited Tetuan; and, after the preliminaries of peace
were signed, he had communication with the Spanish authorities. On the
19th of January he was surprised by the appearance of four French
line-of-battle ships in the eastward, which passed through the Straits
of Gibraltar; on which he wrote a letter to his brother, whence the
following is extracted:
Caesar, Gibraltar, 20th January 1802.
I had the pleasure yesterday to receive your affectionate
letter, by way of Malaga, which, although of an old date, was
very acceptable. The letter it enclosed from our brother Sir
Thomas was the first I have seen from Guernsey for several
months. Our accounts from England extend to the 6th instant, by
way of Lisbon. Although no public despatches have been
received, we have reason to expect the next arrival will bring
the news of the definitive treaty being signed; at the same
time it is rather surprising to see the French detaching ships
from all their ports. Yesterday, four sail of the line and a
frigate appeared to the eastward, which unquestionably must be
Gantheaume's squadron. I detached the Phaeton with the
intelligence, and am preparing four ships to follow them to the
West Indies, taking it for granted they are going to St.
Domingo.
I enclose a letter for Nicholas, who I hope has arrived before
this time. It is satisfactory to be informed that Ceylon is a
healthy situation. I hope before many years we shall see him
amongst us in the enjoyment of good health and a competent
fortune, for few are more deserving than he is.
Nothing has joined from Lord Keith since my last; but I
understand his lordship is expecting his orders of recall,
which will leave me no chance of going to England for some
months. I have no apprehensions of being ordered to Jamaica;
but, if I should, I hope none of my friends will suffer
uneasiness on my account. My chief dislike to the station would
be its prolonging my absence from home, as, in other respects,
I would as soon be there as in any other station whilst I
remain employed.
I am well pleased with the motto ("In Deo spero") you have
substituted. It is the one I had fixed upon before; but wishing
to have reference to the action made me adopt the other, though
not without much consideration, as I allow it appeared as if I
no longer had that TRUST which I hope will never forsake me in
any event through life.
On the 21st of January Sir James detached the Warrior, Defence,
Bellona, and Zealous, of 74 guns each, to follow the French squadron
to the West Indies. These ships were placed under the command of
Captain Tyler, of the Warrior, who was senior officer, and had
directions to proceed to Jamaica and join Sir John Duckworth, the then
commander-in-chief on that station: at the same time the Phaeton,
Captain Morris, was despatched to England with the intelligence of the
above circumstances. The Leda, Captain Hope, had been sent to Cadiz to
receive for safety the specie belonging to the merchants, and to
obtain information respecting the movements of the ships in that
harbour. It was then ascertained that the French ship Duquesne, of 80
guns, had arrived there in distress, having parted from a convoy bound
to St. Domingo. She was accompanied by a French frigate; and, both
having troops on board, no doubt could be entertained of their
destination, as well as that of the squadron under Rear-admiral
Gantheaume. Several transports and troop-ships arrived from Malta and
Egypt, having on board part of the army employed on the reduction of
Alexandria, and were despatched to England.
An unexpected event now plunged the garrison of Gibraltar into deep
affliction. The gallant and highly-respected governor was seized with
a malignant illness, which terminated his life in five days. With this
mournful intelligence Sir James despatched the Penelope frigate to
England, and another frigate to Lord Keith, at Malta. The following is
a copy of his letter to Mr. Nepean on that occasion:
SIR,
I request you will be pleased to inform my Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty that I have thought it necessary to despatch
the Penelope to England, in order that the King's ministers may
be apprised as speedily as possible of the loss his Majesty's
service has sustained in the death of Governor O'Hara, who
departed this life early this morning. I cannot on this
occasion refrain from expressing my deep concern at the loss of
an officer from whom the naval service in particular has always
experienced the utmost attention.
I am, sir,
Your obedient humble servant,
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
General Burnet succeeded, _pro tempore_, to the command of the
garrison; and Captain Gaskill, the late governor's aide-de-camp, was
the bearer of the despatches to Government. It was about this time
that the 54th regiment, commanded by Colonel Ross, arrived from Egypt
to relieve the Cambrian Rangers, part of which went home in the
Penelope, and the remainder in the Dido, troop-ship.
The colours were hoisted half-mast on board all the ships until the
3rd of March, when General O'Hara's funeral took place; on which
occasion the boats of the squadron, joined by those of the foreign
men-of-war, rowed in procession to the Ragged Staff, while minute-guns
were fired by the flag-ship and the garrison. The solemnity of this
scene could not but be rendered more impressive by the recollection of
the investiture of Sir James with the Order of the Bath, in which the
venerable and gallant general had performed so distinguished a part
only a short time before.
This event was followed by one of the same mournful description,
namely, the death of Admiral Brenton, father to the gallant captain of
the Caesar, a venerable and highly-respected officer. As family affairs
required Captain Brenton's presence in England, he exchanged with
Captain Downman, of the Dorothea, by mutual consent, and with
permission from the Admiral. This exchange accordingly took place on
the 17th March 1802, when Captain Downman joined the Caesar.
On the 22nd of March Sir James received orders from Lord Keith to
proceed with the Caesar to Minorca, for the purpose of superintending
the various duties that might become necessary on the evacuation of
that island; but as the order was grounded on a report which had
reached his lordship from Toulon and Marseilles that the definitive
treaty of peace was signed, which proved to be premature, Sir James
postponed his departure until more authentic information should
arrive, and he acquainted the Lords of the Admiralty of this
circumstance by a letter to the secretary, dated on the following day.
Lord Keith himself, however, arrived in the Foudroyant, from Malta, on
the 26th of March, and, being in expectation of orders to proceed to
England, he did not interfere with the duty of the squadron.
On the 24th of April, there being no doubt that Minorca would soon be
given up to Spain, Sir James received the following orders from Lord
Keith, appointing him to conduct that service:
By the Right Hon. Lord Keith, &c.
Whereas orders may be immediately expected for the evacuation
of the island of Minorca, and as I think it indispensable that
that service should be conducted by an officer of rank,
ability, and experience, you are hereby required and directed
to proceed thither in his Majesty's ship the Caesar, to be in
readiness to take upon you the charge and execution of that
duty, following such directions in that behalf as I have
already forwarded to the senior officer there, copies of the
most material of which are herewith enclosed, and such other
instructions as you may hereafter receive from me;
communicating with me or with Rear-admiral Sir Richard
Bickerton, at Malta, on all occasions when the necessity of
the service on which you are employed may so require.--Given on
board the Foudroyant, Gibraltar, 24th April 1802.
The following is a copy of the orders alluded to:
In the event of orders being received by you over land, or the
arrival of instructions by sea which may not have reached me,
for the evacuation of the island of Minorca, you are hereby
specially instructed to carry them into effect in the manner
most consistent with the directions which you shall receive.
You will enter into immediate communication with the officer
commanding his Majesty's land forces, and co-operate with him
on all necessary occasions for carrying the evacuation into
effect; and you will furnish to him, and to other officers of
rank and their families, the best accommodation of which the
disposable room in the ships will admit. In such case it will
be incumbent on you to obtain, without a moment's loss of time,
an exact estimate of the tonnage that will be required as well
for the embarkation of the troops as of the stores, &c.
The above will be sufficient to show the arduous duty Sir James had to
perform. The number of troops to be embarked at Minorca was 5,247; at
Malta, 6,529; at Elba, 418; and at Egypt, 4,631; in all, 16,845. These
were destined partly to England, and partly to Ireland; to transport
which, men-of-war and merchant-ships were collected from all quarters.
On the same day Sir James received from Lord Keith a copy of a letter
from the secretary of the Admiralty, dated 1st April 1802:
I transmit to your lordship herewith, by command of my Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty, for your information, a Gazette
Extraordinary, containing an account of the signature of the
definitive treaty of peace at Amiens, on the 27th of last
month, by the Plenipotentiary of his Majesty, and the
Plenipotentiaries of France, and Spain, and the Batavian
Republic. If no unforeseen event should happen, their lordships
think it probable that the ratification will be exchanged in
the course of three weeks from this time; but, whenever it
shall take place, the earliest notice thereof shall be given to
your lordship, &c.
The same despatch brought information that his Royal Highness the Duke
of Kent (father of her present most excellent Majesty) had been
appointed governor of Gibraltar; and, in consequence, the following
orders were issued by Lord Keith:
Foudroyant, Gibraltar, 28th April 1802.
General Memorandum.
When his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, who is expected at
Gibraltar, arrives in this bay, the flag-officers and captains
then at the anchorage are to attend in their boats with their
flags and pendants hoisted, and to row in succession, the
flag-officer or officers following the commander-in-chief, and
the captains next, two by two, according to seniority; and, as
soon as his Royal Highness shall have landed, the officers are
at liberty to return to their ships.
When the royal standard is hoisted in the boat in which the
Prince is to land, the ship he came in is to fire twenty-one
guns; and, as the boat passes the flag-ship, twenty-one guns
shall be fired from all the ships commanded by post-captains,
beginning when the Foudroyant shall have fired her second gun;
the guards to be turned out, and the drums to beat a march, but
the ships' yards are not to be manned.--By order of the
commander-in-chief.
We need scarcely add that his Royal Highness was received with every
mark of respect due to his illustrious name, and to the high situation
in which he had been placed.
The Caesar sailed from Gibraltar about the 1st of May, and on the 6th
arrived at Mahon. When Sir James entered upon his important mission,
he communicated immediately with General Clephane on the subject of
the evacuation of the island of Minorca; and measures were taken for
the embarkation of the troops and stores as soon as the ratification
of the treaty of peace arrived, which took place on the 17th of May.
Sir James at the same time received the welcome information that he
was, with the Caesar, to carry the last division to England. It was
determined to send the Dreadnought and Genereux with the first
division of transports, consisting of ten sail, in which were the 79th
regiment and ordnance-stores, under command of Captain Cornwall
Berkeley, of the Genereux. These were to proceed to Gibraltar; but the
Dreadnought, Captain Vashon, had orders to proceed direct to England
with the second battalion of the 40th regiment, which was embarked in
that ship at the same time the troops at Porto Ferrajo and Elba
sailed on the 2nd of June. Some of the transports having returned
from Gibraltar, the embarkation continued, and the island was finally
given up on the 16th June. The orders given on this occasion, will be
perused with interest.
Copy of articles agreed upon between Rear-admiral Sir James
Saumarez and General Clephane, for the evacuation of the island
of Minorca, and for delivering it to the authorities of his
Catholic Majesty the King of Spain.
Rear-admiral Sir James Saumarez, Bart, and K.B., Commanding his
Britannic Majesty's squadron in the port of Mahon, and
Major-general William Douglas Maclean Clephane, commanding the
troops upon the island of Minorca, being duly authorised on the
part of his Britannic Majesty by his royal sign manual, and Don
Juan Miguel de Nines y Felia, &c. having communicated his power
and authority to receive the same, have agreed to the following
arrangements, viz.
1st. Brigadier-general Moncreiffe is appointed to arrange with
his Excellency the Captain-general, &c. &c. the speediest time
for admitting his Catholic Majesty's troops by the gate at
Ciudadela, and the troops of his Britannic Majesty will
evacuate at the same time by the gate of Mahon.
2nd. On the following day Major-general Clephane will be ready
to receive his Excellency the Captain-general upon the glacis
of Fort George, and deliver the keys thereof in due form;
immediately after which the British troops will embark.
3rd. The fort of Fornells, and the towers on the coast, will be
given up in due time to the engineer, Don Raman.
4th. Captain Framingham, Royal Artillery, will deliver up the
ordnance and the ammunition found on the island at the time of
the capture thereof as nearly as possible, and now collected at
the following places, viz. Fornells, Buffera, Adaya, and Fort
George.
5th. The royal arsenal shall be given up in its present state.
Two line-of-battle ships' lower-masts and bowsprits, British
property, will be left in store until means be furnished by the
British Government to remove them.
6th. The papers found in the secretary's office will be
restored.
7th. The revenues of the island are to belong to his Catholic
Majesty from the 23rd day of May last, that being the day
appointed by the definitive treaty for the cession of the
island. In consequence of the judge and other civil officers
having been employed by the British Government, their salaries
have been paid up to the 17th June.
Signed and sealed at Mahon, the 14th day of June
one thousand eight hundred and two.
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
Caesar, off Port Mahon, 16th June 1802.
SIR,
I beg to acquaint you, for the information of my Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty, that the island of Minorca has
been this day given up to the Spanish Government; and
Major-general Clephane, with the last division of troops,
embarked immediately after having put them in possession of
Fort George. I shall proceed with all despatch to Gibraltar
with his Majesty's ship Caesar, and the Pomone, and Port Mahon
brig; and have detached the Camelion to Barcelona, to land
Major-general Clephane's and my despatches.
I have detached to the island of Malta 3,250 tonnage of
transports not required for the services of this island; and I
have given directions to Captain Bowen, of his Majesty's
troop-ship Alligator, to remain in Mahon harbour ten days from
the time of the embarkation, and then proceed for Malta, and
follow the orders of Rear-admiral Sir Richard Bickerton.
I herewith have the honour to enclose, for their lordships'
information, a copy of the articles agreed upon with his
Excellency Don Juan Miguel de Nines y Felia, the Spanish
Captain-general; and I have the satisfaction to observe that
the utmost good order and harmony has prevailed between the
forces of our respective nations.
I have the further satisfaction to inform their lordships that,
during the arduous service of embarking the numerous stores
from Minorca, in which the seamen of the ships of war and
transports have borne a considerable share, there has not been
the smallest cause of complaint of any irregularity whatever
having been committed.
Enclosed is a return of troop-ships and transports destined for
Ireland, which embarked the last division of troops.
Major-general Clephane takes his passage to England on board
the Pomone. I have to express my acknowledgments to that
officer for the alacrity with which the embarkation of the
various stores from the different ports of the island has been
effected.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient humble servant,
JAMES SAUMAREZ.
To Evan Nepean, Esq.
By the Right Honourable Lord Keith, K.B. Admiral of the Blue,
and Commander-in-chief.
Whereas I have obtained permission from the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty to return to England, and have been
authorised by their lordships to leave such directions for the
governance of the station till their further commands are
ascertained as I shall judge fit and proper for the execution
of the Board; you are hereby required and directed, after my
departure, to regulate the service in this bay, and pay
attention to the instructions that follow, viz.--You will, on
all proper and necessary occasions, communicate with his Royal
Highness the Duke of Kent, governor of this garrison, and in
particular yield all the accommodation of which ships passing
from Minorca or Elba can admit for the reception of parties of
the 5th regiment of foot, which are ordered to return to
Britain from hence.
When the Acasta returns from Malta, she is not to be detained,
the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having expressly
directed her return; and, as she will be able to accommodate a
considerable number of men, I recommend that she receive part
of the 5th regiment; and also; the Diane and Carriere, if they
arrive here, and that you forthwith direct them to proceed.
Captain Dundas, of the Solebay, has my orders to repair to
Lisbon to receive for Britain part of the troops who are there;
and the accompanying order, addressed to Captain Hope, directs
him to proceed with the Leda on the same; service. Captain
Beanes, of the Determinee, and Captain Provost, of the Bonne
Citoyenne, are instructed to proceed to Britain forthwith.
You will order the Milbrook to Lisbon with the letters from
hence by the next Levant wind, and from thence to Spithead. The
Pigmy will return to you with the first English mail that
arrives in the Tagus.
You will inform yourself, from the officers of the yard, of the
quantity and species of stores that they may be desirous of
sending home; and direct them to be embarked in his Majesty's
ships and transports that are returning, in such proportions as
can be conveniently received.
You will allow no ships to sail for Great Britain with more
than six weeks' provision on board, till the agent victuallers
shall be provided with a sufficient supply for the ships that
remain here.
All transports, victuallers, and other vessels arriving here on
the public account, are to be cleared with the greatest
despatch; and, if any unnecessary delay appears on the master's
part, you will cause protest to be made, and acquaint the
transport board thereof.
As it is probable that Rear-admiral Sir Richard Bickerton may
send down troop-ships to this place for the removal of the 5th
regiment of foot, and as some part of the regiment is already
embarked, and more of them may be forwarded by other
opportunities, of which you may be able to avail yourself; it
is my direction that such troop-ships, when they arrive, as
they are not wanted for the conveyance of the 5th regiment, may
be either returned to Malta or sent to Lisbon for the
embarkation of troops under the command of Lieutenant-general
Fraser, as existing circumstances may recommend as the most
needful to be done. You will take care that no ships pass
without having as many men as they can receive; and you will
have the means of completing them by separate embarkations of
the regiment above-mentioned, observing that the destination is
the same; and, for your better guidance in this particular, I
enclose herewith a state of the troop-ships, with the freights
and the destinations appointed for them.
Till special orders are received from the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty, the ships and vessels, as per list enclosed,
are to remain upon the service of the station; and if any of
them arrive with contrary instructions from Rear-admiral Sir
Richard Bickerton, or Sir James Saumarez, before that was
known, you are to retain them here accordingly.
You will open all public despatches which may be addressed to
me, and carry them, as far as depends upon you, into effect at
this place. Such as are addressed to Rear-admiral Sir Richard
Bickerton you will forward to him at Malta. Maintain a
correspondence with him, as the officer charged with the chief
command on the station, by all convenient opportunities, and
follow such orders and directions as you may receive from him.
Given on board the Foudroyant,
Gibraltar, 15th June, 1802,
KEITH.
Sir Jas. Saumarez, Bart, and K.B.
Rear-admiral of the Blue;
and, in his absence,
To John Aylmes, Esq. Captain of H.M.S. Dragon.
List of ships to remain on the station till further orders:
Kent, Hector, Diana, Greyhound, Camelion,
Dragon, Anson, Narcissus, Victorieuse, Weazle,
Superb, Medusa, Thames, Cynthia, Delight,
Triumph, Active, Maidstone, Port Mahon, Vincego.
N.B. Such others as may arrive here with troops may be sent to
the destinations of the regiments.
Keith.
No duty on which Sir James was ever employed was executed with more
address, or more completely to the general satisfaction. The honour of
the British flag was maintained in a manner which could not be
questioned, being borne away mounted on a cannon, on which it was
embarked without the necessity of striking it, when the keys of the
fortress were delivered to the Spanish commander-in-chief, while the
Spanish standard was hoisted at the flag-staff. The greatest decorum
was preserved on both sides.
The Caesar left Mahon on the 17th June, with the last division of the
troops, and arrived at Gibraltar on the 24th, when Sir James found
that Lord Keith had already sailed, leaving orders for him to follow
to England with the last division, which consisted of three sail of
the line and six troop-ships.
After exchanging complimentary letters with his Excellency the
Captain-general and Governor of Andalusia, Sir James took leave of his
Royal Highness the Governor of Gibraltar. He sailed on the 30th of
June, anchored at Spithead on the 23rd of July 1802, and reported in
the usual manner the arrival of the Caesar to the Admiralty.