[1163] Cieza de Leon; Herrera.
[1164] Salcamayhua.
[1165] Blas Valera allows a period of 600 years for the existence of
the Inca dynasty, which throws its origin back to the days of Alfred
the Great. Garcilasso allows 400 years, which would make its rise to be
contemporary with Henry II of England. But twelve generations, allowing
twenty-five years for each, would only occupy 300 years.
[1166] Erroneously called _Aymaras_ by the Spaniards. The name, which
really belongs to a branch of the Quichua tribe, was first misapplied
to the Colla language by the Jesuits at Juli, and afterwards to the
whole Colla race.
[1167] Don Modesto Basadre tells us that he sent an Indian messenger,
named Alejo Vilca, from Puno to Tacna, a distance of 84 leagues, who
did it in 62 hours, his only sustenance being a little dried maize and
coca,—over four miles an hour for 152 miles.
[1168] Fray Ludovico Geronimo de Oré, a native of Guamanga, in Peru,
was the author of _Rituale seu Manuale ac brevem formam administrandi
sacramenta juxta ordinem S. Ecclesiæ Romanœ, cum translationibus in
linguas provinciarum Peruanorum_, published at Naples in 1607.
[1169] Cf. Note 1, following this chapter.
[1170] _Chucu_ means a head-dress; _Huaman_, a falcon; _Huacra_, a horn.
[1171] [Ramusio’s plan of Cuzco is given in Vol. II. p. 554, with
references (p. 556) to other plans and descriptions; to which may be
added an archæological examination by Wiener, in the _Bull. de la
Soc. de Géog. de Paris_, Oct., 1879, and in his _Pérou et Bolivie_,
with an enlarged plan of the town, showing the regions of different
architecture; accounts in Marcoy’s _Voyage à travers l’Amérique du Sud_
(Paris, 1869; or Eng. transl. i. 174), and in Nadaillac’s _L’Amérique
préhistorique_, and by Squier in his Peru, and in his _Remarques sur la
Géographie du Pérou_, p. 20.—ED.]
[1172] It is related by Betanzos that one day this Inca appeared before
his people with a very joyful countenance. When they asked him the
cause of his joy, he replied that Uira-cocha Pachayachachic had spoken
to him in a dream that night. Then all the people rose up and saluted
him as Viracocha Inca, which is as much as to say,—“King and God.” From
that time he was so called. Garcilasso gives a different version of the
same tradition, in which he confuses Viracocha with his son.
[1173] Cieza de Leon, ii. 138-44.
[1174] Salcamayhua, 91.
[1175] Blas Valera says 42, Balboa 33, years.
[1176] [The ruins of Atahualpa’s palace are figured in Wiener’s _Pérou
et Bolivie_, and in Cte. de Gabriac’s _Promenade à travers l’Amérique
du Sud_ (Paris, 1868), p. 196.—ED.]
[1177] The meanings of the names of these Incas are significant. Manco
and Rocca appear to be proper names without any clear etymology. The
rest refer to mental attributes, or else to some personal peculiarity.
Sinchi means “strong.” Lloque is “left-handed.” Yupanqui is the second
person of the future tense of a verb, and signifies “you will count.”
Garcilasso interprets it as one who will count as wise, virtuous, and
powerful. Ccapac is rich; that is, rich in all virtues and attributes
of a prince. Mayta is an adverb, “where;” and Salcamayhua says that
the constant cry and prayer of this Inca was, “Where art thou, O
God?” because he was constantly seeking his Creator. Yahuar-huaccac
means “weeping blood,” probably in allusion to some malady from which
he suffered. Pachacutec has already been explained. Tupac is a word
signifying royal splendor, and Huayna means “youth.” Huascar is “a
chain,” in allusion to a golden chain said to have been made in his
honor, and held by the dancers at the festival of his birth. The
meaning of Atahualpa has been much disputed. _Hualpa_ certainly means
any large game fowl. _Hualpani_ is to create. _Atau_ is “chance,” or
“the fortune of war.” Garcilasso, who is always opposed to derivations,
maintains that Atahualpa was a proper name without special meaning, and
that Hualpa, as a word for a fowl, is derived from it, because the boys
in the streets, when imitating cock-crowing, used the word Atahualpa.
But Hualpa formed part of the name of many scions of the Inca family
long before the time of Atahualpa.
[1178] All authorities agree that Manco Ccapac was the first Inca,
although Montesinos places him far back at the head of the Pirhua
dynasty, and all agree respecting the second, Sinchi Rocca. Lloque
Yupanqui, with various spellings, has the unanimous vote of all
authorities except Acosta, who calls him “Iaguarhuarque.” But Acosta’s
list is incomplete. Respecting Mayta Ccapac and Ccapac Yupanqui, all
are agreed except Betanzos, who transposes them by an evident slip
of memory. Touching Inca Rocca all are agreed, though Montesinos has
Sinchi for Inca, and all agree as to Yahuar-huaccac. It is true that
Cieza de Leon and Herrera call him Inca Yupanqui, but this is explained
by Salcamayhua when he gives the full name,—Yahuar-huaccac Inca
Yupanqui. All agree as to Uira-cocha. As to his successor, Betanzos,
Cieza de Leon, Fernandez, Herrera, Salcamayhua, and Balboa mention
the short reign of the deposed Urco. Cieza de Leon and Betanzos give
Yupanqui as the name of Urco’s brother; all other authorities have
Pachacutec. The discrepancy is explained by his names having been
Yupanqui Pachacutec. This also accounts for Garcilasso de la Vega
and Santillan having made Pachacutec and Yupanqui into two Incas,
father and son. Betanzos also interpolates a Yamque Yupanqui. All are
agreed with regard to Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Ccapac, Huascar,
and Atahualpa. [There is another comparison of the different lists in
Wiener, _L’Empire des Incas_, p. 53.—ED.]
[1179] [See an early cut of this sun-worship in Vol. II. p. 551.—ED.]
[1180] At Pachacamac there was a temple to the coast deity, called
locally Pachacamac, and another to the sun; but none to the supreme
Creator, one of whose epithets was Pachacamac.
[1181] Spanish authors mention a being called _Supay_, which they say
was the devil. _Supay_, as an evil spirit, also occurs in the drama of
Ollantay. It may have been some local _huaca_, but no devil as such,
entered into the religious belief of the Incas.
[1182] Acosta, Polo de Ondegardo, Garcilasso de la Vega.
[1183] The mummies were those of Incas Uira-cocha, Tupac Yupanqui, and
Huayna Ccapac; of Mama Runtu (wife of Uira-cocha) and Mama Ocllo (wife
of Tupac Yupanqui).
[1184] Mentioned by Calancha (471) and Arriaga as an oracle at the
village of Tauca, in Conchucos. Brinton has built up a myth which he
credits to the whole Peruvian people, on the strength of a meaning
applied to the word _Catequilla_, which is erroneous. It is exactly the
same grammatical error that those etymologists fell into who thought
that _Uira-cocha_ signified “foam of the sea.” (_Myths of the New
World_, 154.)
[1185] A very interesting account of it, with a sketch, is given by
Squier, p. 524.
[1186] _Huatana_ means a halter, from _huatani_, to seize; hence the
tying up or encircling of the sun.
[1187] Authorities differ respecting the names of the months, and
probably some months had more than one name. But the most accurate
list, and that which is most in agreement with all the others, is the
one adopted by the first Council of Lima, and given by Calancha. It is
as follows:—
1. _Yntip Raymi_ (22 June-22 July), Festival of the Winter Solstice, or
_Raymi_.
2. Chahuarquiz (22 July-22 Aug.), Season of ploughing.
3. Yapa-quiz (22 Aug.-22 Sept.), Season of sowing.
4. _Ccoya Raymi_ (22 Sept.-22 Oct.), Festival of the Spring Equinox.
_Situa._
5. Uma Raymi (22 Oct.-22 Nov.), Season of brewing.
6. Ayamarca (22 Nov.-22 Dec.), Commemoration of the dead.
* * * * *
7. _Ccapac Raymi_ (22 Dec.-22 Jan.), Festival of the Summer Solstice.
_Huaraca._
8. Camay (22 Jan.-22 Feb.), Season of exercises.
9. Hatun-poccoy (22 Feb.-22 March), Season of ripening.
* * * * *
10. _Pacha-poccoy_ (22 March-22 April), Festival of Autumn Equinox.
_Mosoc Nina._
11. Ayrihua (22 April-22 May), Beginning of harvest.
12. Aymuray (22 May-22 June), Harvesting month. in Google’s copy
[1188] Judges xii. 39; 2 Kings iii. 27.
[1189] The sacrifices were called _runa_, _yuyac_, and _huahua_. The
Spaniards thought that _runa_ and _yuyac_ signified men, and _huahua_
children. This was not the case when speaking of sacrificial victims.
_Runa_ was applied to a male sacrifice, _huahua_ to the lambs, and
_yuyac_ signified an adult or full-grown animal. The sacrificial
animals were also called after the names of those who offered them,
which was another cause of erroneous assumptions by Spanish writers.
There was a law strictly prohibiting human sacrifices among the
conquered tribes; and the statement that servants were sacrificed at
the obsequies of their masters is disproved by the fact, mentioned by
the anonymous Jesuit, that in none of the burial-places opened by the
Spaniards in search of treasure were any human bones found, except
those of the buried lord himself.
[1190] Prescott (I. p. 98, note) accepted the statement that human
sacrifices were offered by the Incas, because six authorities,
Sarmiento, Cieza de Leon, Montesinos, Balboa, Ondegardo, and
Acosta—outnumbered the single authority on the other side, Garcilasso
de la Vega, who, moreover, was believed to be prejudiced owing to his
relationship to the Incas. Sarmiento and Cieza de Leon are one and the
same, so that the number of authorities for human sacrifices is reduced
to five. Cieza de Leon, Montesinos, and Balboa adopted the belief that
human sacrifices were offered up, through a misunderstanding of the
words _yuyac_ and _huahua_. Acosta had little or no acquaintance with
the language, as is proved by the numerous linguistic blunders in his
work. Ondegardo wrote at a time when he scarcely knew the language, and
had no interpreters; for it was in 1554, when he was judge at Cuzco.
At that time all the annalists and old men had fled into the forests,
because of the insurrection of Francisco Hernandez Giron.
The authorities who deny the practice are numerous and important. These
are Francisco de Chaves, one of the best and most able of the original
conquerors; Juan de Oliva; the Licentiate Alvarez; Fray Marcos Jofre;
the Licentiate Falcon, in his _Apologia pro Indis_; Melchior Hernandez,
in his dictionary, under the words _harpay_ and _huahua_; the anonymous
Jesuit in his most valuable narrative; and Garcilasso de la Vega. These
eight authorities outweigh the five quoted by Prescott, both as regards
number and importance. So that the evidence against human sacrifices is
conclusive. The _Quipus_, as the anonymous Jesuit tells us, also prove
that there was a law prohibiting human sacrifices.
The assertion that 200 children and 1,000 men were sacrificed at the
coronation of Huayua Ccapac was made; but these “_huahuas_” were not
children of men, but young lambs, which are called children; and the
“_yuyac_” and “_runa_” were not men, but adult llamas. [Mr. Markham has
elsewhere collated the authorities on this point (_Royal Commentaries_,
i. 139). Cf. Bollaert’s _Antiq. Researches_, p. 124; and Alphonse
Castaing on “Les Fêtes, Offrandes et Sacrifices dans l’Antiquité
Peruvienne,” in the _Archives de la Société Américaine de France_, n.
s. iii. 239.—ED.]
[1191] The sacrificial llamas bore the names of the youths who
presented them. Hence the Spanish writers, with little or no knowledge
of the language, assumed that the youths themselves were the victims.
(See _ante_, p. 237.)
[1192] _Ñusta_, princess; _calli_, valorous; _sapa_, alone, unrivalled.
[1193] Of the first class were the _Tarpuntay_, or sacrificing priests,
and the _Nacac_, who cut up the victims and provided the offerings,
whether _harpay_ or bloody sacrifices, _haspay_ or bloodless sacrifices
of flesh, or _cocuy_, oblations of corn, fruit, or coca. Molina
mentions a custom called _Ccapac-cocha_ or _Cacha-huaca_, being the
distribution of sacrifices. An enormous tribute came to Cuzco annually
for sacrificial purposes, and was thence distributed by the Inca, for
the worship of every huaca in the empire. The different sacrifices
were sent from Cuzco in all directions for delivery to the priests of
the numerous _huacas_. The ministering priests were called _Huacap
Uillac_ when they had charge of a special idol, _Huacap Rimachi_ or
_Huatuc_ when they received utterances from a deity while in a state of
ecstatic frenzy called _utirayay_, and _Ychurichuc_ when they received
confessions and ministered in private families. The soothsayers were a
very numerous class. The _Hamurpa_ examined the entrails of sacrifices,
and divined by the flight of birds. The _Llayca_, _Achacuc_, _Huatuc_,
and _Uira-piricuc_ were soothsayers of various grades. The _Socyac_
divined by maize heaps, the _Pacchacuc_ by the feet of a large hairy
spider, the _Llaychunca_ by odds and evens. The recluses were not only
_Aclla-cuna_, or virgins congregated in temples under the charge of
matrons called _Mama-cuna_. There were also hermits who meditated in
solitary places, and appear to have been under a rule, with an abbot
called _Tucricac_, and younger men serving a novitiate called _Huamac_.
These _Huancaquilli_, or hermits, took vows of chastity (_titu_),
obedience (_Huñicui_), poverty (_uscacuy_), and penance (_villullery_).
[1194] [The general works on the Inca civilization necessarily touch
these points of their religious customs, and Mr. Markham’s volume on
the _Rites and Laws of the Incas_ is a prime source of information.
Hawk’s translation of Rivero and Von Tschudi (p. 151) gives references;
but special mention may be made of Müller’s _Geschichte der
Amerikanischen Urreligionen_; Castaing’s _Les Système religieux dans
l’Antiquité peruvienne_, in the _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_,
n. s., iii. 86, 145; Tylor’s _Primitive Culture_; Brinton’s _Myths of
the New World_; and Albert Réville’s _Lectures on the origin and growth
of religion as illustrated by the native religions of Mexico and Peru.
Delivered at Oxford and London, in April and May, 1884. Translated by
Philip H. Wicksteed_ (London, 1884. Hibbart lectures).—ED.]
[1195] The Quichua language was spoken over a vast area of the Andean
region of South America. The dialects only differ slightly, and
even the language of the Collas, called by the Spaniards Aymara, is
identical as regards the grammatical structure, while a clear majority
of the words are the same. The general language of Peru belongs to that
American group of languages which has been called agglutinative by
William von Humboldt. These languages form new words by a process of
junction which is much more developed in them than in any of the forms
of speech in the Old World. They also have exclusive and inclusive
plurals, and transitional forms of the verb combined with pronominal
suffixes which are peculiar to them. In these respects the Quichua
is purely an American language, and in spite of the resemblances in
the sounds of some words, which have been diligently collected by
Lopez (_Les Races Aryennes du Pérou_, par Vicente F. Lopez, Paris,
1871) and Ellis (_Peruvia Scythica_, by Robert Ellis, B. D., London,
1875), no connection, either as regards grammar or vocabulary, has
been satisfactorily established between the speech of the Incas and
any language of the Old World. Quichua is a noble language, with
a most extensive vocabulary, rich in forms of the plural number,
which argue a very clear conception of the idea of plurality; rich
in verbal conjugations; rich in the power of forming compound nouns;
rich in varied expression to denote abstract ideas; rich in words for
relationships which are wanting in the Old World idioms; and rich,
above all, in synonyms: so that it was an efficient vehicle wherewith
to clothe the thoughts and ideas of a people advanced in civilization.
[1196] Garcilasso, _Com. Real._, i. lib. i. cap. 24, and lib. vii. cap.
1.
[1197] Among several kinds of flutes were the _chayña_, made of cane,
the _pincullu_, a small wooden flute, and the _pirutu_, of bone. They
also had a stringed instrument called _tinya_, for accompanying their
songs, a drum, and trumpets of several kinds, one made from a sea-shell.
[1198] Blas Valera wrote upon the subject of Inca drugs, and I have
given a list of those usually found in the bags of the itinerant
Calahuaya doctors, in a foot-note at page 186 in vol. i. of my
translation of the first part of the _Royal Commentaries_ of Garcilasso
de la Vega. An interesting account of the Calahuaya doctors is given by
Don Modesto Basadre in his _Riquezas Peruanas_, p. 17 (Lima, 1884).
[1199] In the church of Santa Anna.
[1200] [See pictures of Atahualpa in Vol. II. pp. 515, 516. For a
colored plate of “Lyoux d’or péruviens,” emblems of royalty, see
_Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France_, n. s., i. pl. v.—ED.]
[1201] The truth of this use of gold by the Incas does not depend on
the glowing descriptions of Garcilasso de la Vega. A golden breastplate
and _topu_, a golden leaf with a long stalk, four specimens of golden
fruit, and a girdle of gold were found near Cuzco in 1852, and sent to
the late General Echenique, then President of Peru. The present writer
had an opportunity of inspecting and making careful copies of them. His
drawings of the breastplate and _topu_ were lithographed for Bollaert’s
_Antiquarian Researches in Peru_, p. 146. The breastplate was 5-3/10
inches in diameter, and had four narrow slits for suspending it round
the neck. The golden leaf was 12-7/10 inches long, including the stem;
breadth of the base of the leaf, 3-1/10 inches. The models of fruit
were 3 inches in diameter, and the girdle 18¼ inches long.
[1202] “The stones are of various sizes in different structures,
ranging in length from one to eight feet, and in thickness from six
inches to two feet. The larger stones are generally at the bottom,
each course diminishing in thickness towards the top of the wall,
thus giving a very pleasing effect of graduation. The joints are of a
precision unknown in our architecture, and not rivalled in the remains
of ancient art in Europe. The statement of the old writers, that the
accuracy with which the stones of some structures were fitted together
was such that it was impossible to introduce the thinnest knife-blade
or finest needle between them, may be taken as strictly true. The world
has nothing to show in the way of stone cutting and fitting to surpass
the skill and accuracy displayed in the Inca structures of Cuzco.”
[1203] Place of serpents.
[1204] An unmarried prince of the blood royal; a nobleman. Father, in
the Colla dialect.
[1205] A married prince of the blood royal.
[1206] A married princess; a lady of noble family.
[1207] An unmarried princess.
[1208] At the conquest there were 594, but a great number had been
killed in the previous civil war.
[1209] Chiefs.
[1210] Principal chiefs.
[1211] Balboa, Montesinos, Santillana.
[1212] The male members of a _Chunca_ were divided into ten classes,
with reference to age and consequent ability to work:—
1. _Mosoc-aparic_, “Newly begun.” A baby.
2. _Saya-huarma_, “Standing boy.” A child that could stand.
3. _Macta-puric_, “Walking child.” Child aged 2 to 8.
4. _Ttanta raquisic_, “Bread receiver.” Boy of 8.
5. _Puclacc huarma_, “Playing boy.” Boys from 8 to 16.
6. _Cuca pallac_, “Coca picker.” Age from 16 to 20. Light work.
7. _Yma huayna_, “As a youth.” Age 20 to 25.
8. _Puric ——_, “Able-bodied.” Head of a family; paying tribute.
9. _Chaupi-ruccu_, “Elderly.” Light service. Age 50 to 60.
10. _Puñuc ruccu_, “Dotage.” No work. Sixty and upwards.
A _Chunca_ consisted of ten _Purics_, with the other classes in
proportion. The _Puric_ was married to one wife, and, while assisted
by the young lads and the elderly men, he supported the children and
the old people who could not work. The Peruvian laborer had many
superstitions, but he was not devoid of higher religious feelings.
This is shown by his practice when travelling. On reaching the summit
of a pass he never forgot to throw a stone, or sometimes his beloved
pellet of coca, on a heap by the roadside, as a thank-offering to
God, exclaiming, _Apachicta muchani!_ “I worship or give thanks at
this heap.” Festivals lightened his days of toil by their periodical
recurrence, and certain family ceremonials were also recognized as
occasions for holidays. There was a gathering at the cradling of a
child, called _quirau_. When the child attained the age of one year,
the _rutuchicu_ took place. Then he received the name he was to retain
until he attained the age of puberty. The child was closely shorn, and
the name was given by the eldest relation. With a girl the ceremony was
called _quicuchica_, and there was a fast of two days imposed before
the naming-day, when she assumed the dress called _aucalluasu_.
[1213] The _tupu_ was a measure of land sufficient to support one
man and his wife. It was the unit of land measurement, and a _puric_
received _tupus_ according to the number of those dependent on him. In
parts of Peru, especially on the road from Tarma to Xauxa, these small
square fields, or _tupus_, may still be seen in great numbers, divided
by low stone walls.
[1214] The shares for the _Inca_ and _Huaca_ varied according to the
requirements of the state. If needful, the _Inca_ share was increased
at the expense of the _Huaca_, but never at the expense of the people’s
share.
[1215] From _Taripani_, I examine.
[1216] It should probably be _Apunaca_: _Apu_ is a chief, and _naca_
the plural suffix in the Colla dialect.
[1217] _Hatun_, great, and _uilca_, sacred. This official held a
position equivalent to a Christian bishop.
[1218] [On the use of guano see Markham’s _Cieza de Leon_, p. 266,
note.—ED.]
[1219] [Max Steffen, in his _Die Landwirtschaft bei den
Altamerikanischen Kulturvölkern_ (Leipzig, 1883), gives a list of
sources.—ED.]
[1220] [The llamas were used in ploughing. Cf. Humboldt’s _Views of
Nature_, p. 125.—ED.]
[1221] A bronze instrument found at Sorata had the following
composition, according to an analysis by David Forbes:—
Copper 88.05 Copper 94
Tin 11.42 Tin 6
Iron .36 ———
Silver .17 100
——————
100.00
Humboldt gave the composition of a bronze instrument found at
Vilcabamba as follows:—
[1222] _Fifteenth Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of
Ethnology_, vol. iii. 2, p. 140 (Cambridge, 1882).
[1223] [Cf. the plates in the _Necropolis of Ancon_, and De la Rada’s
_Les Vases Péruviens du Musée Archéologique de Madrid_, in the
_Compte Rendu_ (p. 236) of the Copenhagen meeting of the Congrès des
Américanistes.—ED.]
[1224] It is believed that some of the heads on the vases were intended
as likenesses. One especially, in a collection at Cuzco, is intended,
according to native tradition, for a portrait of Rumi-ñaui, a character
in the drama of Ollantay.
[1225] _Prehistoric Man_, i. p. 110. A great number of specimens of
Peruvian pottery are given in the works of Castelnau, Wiener, Squier,
and in the atlas of the _Antigüedades Peruanas_. [Cf. also Marcoy’s
_Voyage; Mémoires de la Soc. des Antiquaires du Nord_ (two plates); J.
E. Price in the _Anthropological Journal_, iii. 100, and many of the
books of Peruvian travel.—ED.]
[1226] [The narratives of the Spanish conquest necessarily throw much
light, sometimes more than incidentally, upon the earlier history of
the region. These sources are characterized in the critical essay
appended to chapter viii. of Vol. II., and embrace bibliographical
accounts of Herrera, Gomara, Oviedo, Andagoya, Xeres, Fernandez, Oliva,
not to name others of less moment.—ED.]
[1227] See Note II. following this essay.
[1228] Vol. II. p. 573.
[1229] Cf. Vol. II. p. 546.
[1230] _Suma y narracion de los Incas, que los Indios llamaron
Capaccuna que fueron señores de la ciudad del Cuzco y de todo lo á ella
subjeto. Publícala M. Jiménez de la Espada_ (Madrid, 1880).
[1231] We learn from Leon Pinelo that one of the famous band of
adventurers who crossed the line drawn by Pizarro on the sands of Gallo
was an author (Antonio, ii. 645). But the _Relacion de la tierra que
descubrió Don Francisco Pizarro_, by Diego de Truxillo, remained in
manuscript and is lost to us. Francisco de Chaves, one of the most
respected of the companions of Pizarro, who strove to save the life
of Atahualpa, and was an intimate friend of the Inca’s brother, was
also an author. Chaves is honorably distinguished for his moderation
and humanity. He lost his own life in defending the staircase against
the assassins of Pizarro. He left behind a copious narrative, and his
intimate relations with the Indians make it likely that it contained
much valuable information respecting Inca civilization. It was
inherited by the author’s friend and relation, Luis Valera, but it was
never printed, and the manuscript is now lost. The works of Palomino,
a companion of Belalcazar, who wrote on the kingdom of Quito, are also
lost, with the exception of a fragment preserved in the _Breve Informe_
of Las Casas. Other soldiers of the conquest, Tomas Vasquez, Francisco
de Villacastin, Garcia de Melo, and Alonso de Mesa, are mentioned as
men who had studied and were learned in all matters relating to Inca
antiquities; but none of their writings have been preserved.
[1232] But not dedicated to the Conde de Nieva, as Prescott states, for
that viceroy died in 1564.
[1233] B, 135.
[1234] Report by Polo de Ondegardo, translated by Clements R. Markham
(Hakluyt Society, 1873).
[1235] [See Vol. II. p. 571.—ED.]
[1236] [See Vol. II. p. 567-8, for bibliography.—ED.]
[1237] [See Vol. II. p. 542.—ED.]
[1238] Additional MSS. 5469, British Museum, folio, p. 274. See Vol.
II. p. 571.
[1239] See _ante_, p. 6.
[1240] National Library at Madrid, B, 135.
[1241] _The fables and rites of the Incas, by Christoval de Molina_,
translated and edited by Clements R. Markham (Hakluyt Society, 1873).
[1242] [See. Vol. II. p. 576.—ED.]
[1243] For the bibliography of Acosta, see Vol. II. p. 420, 421.
[1244] Notices of the life and works of Acosta have been given in
biographical dictionaries, and in histories of the Jesuits. An
excellent biography will be found in a work entitled _Los Antiquos
Jesuitas del Peru_, by Don Enrique Torres Saldamando, which was
published at Lima in 1885. See also an introductory notice in Markham’s
edition (1880).
[1245] Thus his lists of the Incas, of the names of months and of
festivals, are very defective; and his list of names of stars, though
copied from Balboa without acknowledgment, is incomplete.
[1246] Acosta was the chief source whence the civilized world of
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, beyond the limits of
Spain, derived a knowledge of Peruvian civilization. Purchas, in his
_Pilgrimage_ (ed. of 1623, lib. v. p. 869; vi. p. 931), quotes largely
from the learned Jesuit, and an abstract of his work is given in
Harris’s _Voyages_ (lib. i. cap. xiii. pp. 751-799). He is much relied
upon as an authority by Robertson, and is quoted 19 times in Prescott’s
_Conquest of Peru_, thus taking the fourth place as an authority with
regard to that work, since Garcilasso is quoted 89 times, Cieza de Leon
45, Ondegardo 41, Acosta 19.
[1247] Of whose parentage a pleasing story is told. He was a native of
Truxillo, of French parents, his father being a metal-founder. When he
was a small boy his father said to him, “Study, little Charles, study!
and this bell that I am founding shall be rung for you when you are
the bishop.” (“Estudiar, Carlete, estudiar! que con esta campana te
han de repicar cuando seas obispo.”) Dr. Corni rose to be a prelate of
great virtue and erudition, and an eloquent preacher. At last he became
Bishop of Truxillo in 1620, and when he heard the chimes which were
rung on his approach to the city, he said, “That bell which excels all
the others was founded by my father.” (“Aquella campana que sobresale
entre las demas le fundio mi padre.”)
[1248] _Papeles Varios de Indias._ MS. Brit. Mus.
[1249] This last work is devoted to the Spanish conquest.
[1250] In the series entitled _Coleccion de libros Españoles raros ó
curiosos_, tom xvi. (Madrid, 1882.) [The original manuscript is in
the library of the Real Academia de Historia at Madrid. Brasseur de
Bourbourg had a copy (_Pinart Catalogue_, No. 638; _Bibl. Mex. Guat._,
p. 103), which appeared also in the Del Monte sale (N. Y., June,
1888,—_Catalogue_, iii. no. 554). Cf. the present _History_, II. pp.
570, 577.—ED.]
[1251] _Relacion de las costumbres antiquas de los naturales del
Peru. Anónima._ The original is among the manuscript in the National
Library at Madrid. It was published as part of a volume entitled _Tres
Relaciones de Antigüedades Peruanas_. _Publícalas el Ministerio de
Fomento_ (Madrid, 1879).
[1252] _Narrative of the errors, false gods, and other superstitions
and diabolical rites in which the Indians of the province of Huarochiri
lived in ancient times, collected by Dr. Francisco de Avila, 1608:
translated and edited by Clements R. Markham_ (Hakluyt Society, 1872).
[There was a copy of the Spanish MS. in the E. G. Squier sale, 1876,
no. 726.—ED.]
[1253] _Tratado de las idolatrias de los Indios del Peru._ This work is
mentioned by Leon Pinelo as “una obra grande y de mucha erudicion,” but
it was never printed.
[1254] _Contra idolatriam_, MS.
[1255] _Extirpacion de la idolatria del Peru, por el Padre Pablo Joseph
de Arriaga_ (Lima, 1621, pp. 137).
[1256] [See Vol. II. p. 570. The _Historiæ Pervanæ ordinis Eremitarum
S. P. Augustini libri octodecim (1651-52)_ is mainly a translation of
Calancha. Cf. Sabin, nos. 8760, 9870.—ED.]
[1257] _Historia de Copacabana y de su milagrosa imagen, escrita por
el R. P. Fray Alonso Ramos Gavilan_ (1620). The work of Ramos was
reprinted from an incomplete copy at La Paz in 1860, and edited by Fr.
Rafael Sans.
[1258] _Origen de los Indios del Nuevo Mundo_ (1607), and in Barcia
(1729).
[1259] _Monarquia de los Incas del Peru._ Antonio says of this work,
“Tertium quod promiserat adhuc latet nempe.”
[1260] _Historia general del Peru, origen y descendencia de los Incas,
pueblos y ciudades, por P. Fr. Martin de Múrua_ (1618). [Cf. Markham’s
_Cieza’s Travels_, Second Part, p. 12.—ED.]
[1261] He was a cousin of the poet of the same name, and of the dukes
of Feria.
[1262] See Vol. II. pp. 290, 575.
[1263] The _Commentarios Reales_ (Part I.) of Garcilassos de la Vega
contain 21 quotations from Blas Valera, 30 from Cieza de Leon (first
part), 27 from Acosta, 11 from Gomara, 9 from Zarate, 3 from the
_Republica de las Indias Occidentales_ of Fray Geronimo Roman, 2 from
Fernandez, 4 from the Inca’s schoolfellow Alcobasa, and 1 from Juan
Botero Benes.
[1264] In a learned pamphlet on the word _Uirakocha_,—“_Lexicologia
Keshua por Leonardo Villar_” (pp. 16, double columns. Lima, 1887).
[1265] [The common expression of distrust is such as is shown by
Hutchinson in his _Two Years in Peru_, who finds little to commend amid
a constant glorification of the Incas to the prejudice of the older
peoples; and by Marcoy in his _Travels in South America_, who speaks of
his “simple and audacious gasconades” (Eng. trans. i. p. 186).—ED.]
[1266] Cf. the bibliography of the book in Vol. II. pp. 569, 570,
575.—ED.
[1267] By Clements R. Markham, in 1872.
[1268] [Cf. bibliog. of Herrera in Vol. II. pp. 67, 68.—ED.]
[1269] _Informaciones acerca del Señorio y Gobierno de los Ingas
hechas, por mandado de Don Francisco de Toledo Virey del Peru_
(1570-72). Edited by Don Márcos Jiménez de la Espada, in the _Coleccion
de libros Españoles raros ó curiosos_, Tomo xvi. (Madrid, 1882).
[1270] We first hear of Sarmiento in a memorial dated at Cuzco on
March 4, 1572, in which he says that he was the author of a history
of the Incas, now lost. We further gather that, owing to having found
out from the records of the Incas that Tupac Inca Yupanqui discovered
two islands in the South Sea, called _Ahuachumpi_ and _Ninachumpi_,
Sarmiento sailed on an expedition to discover them at some time
previous to 1564. Balboa also mentions the tradition of the discovery
of these islands by Tupac Yupanqui. Sarmiento seems to have discovered
islands which he believed to be those of the Inca, and in 1567 he
volunteered to command the expedition dispatched by Lope de Castro,
then governor of Peru, to discover the Terra Australis. But Castro gave
the command to his own relation, Mandana. We learn, however, from the
memorial of Sarmiento, that he accompanied the expedition, and that the
first land was discovered through shaping a course in accordance with
his advice. Sarmiento submitted a full report of this first voyage of
Mandana, which is now lost, to the Viceroy Toledo. In 1579, Sarmiento
was sent to explore the Straits of Magellan. In 1586, on his way to
Spain, he was captured by an English ship belonging to Raleigh, and
was entertained hospitably by Sir Walter at Durham House until his
ransom was collected. From the Spanish captive his host obtained much
information respecting Peru and its Incas. He could have no higher
authority. One of the journals of the survey of Magellan Straits by
Sarmiento was published at Madrid in 1768: _Viage al estrecho de
Magellanes: por el Capitan Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, en los años 1579
y 1580_. See Vol. II. p. 616.
[1271] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 571.]
[1272] _Historia del Reino de Quito, en la America Meridional, escrita
por el Presbitero Don Juan de Velasco nativo de Mismo Reino, año de
1789._ A Spanish edition, _Quito, Imprenta del Gobierno_, 1844, 3
Tomos, was printed from the manuscript, _Histoire du Royaume de Quito,
por Don Juan de Velasco_ (_inédite_,) vol. ix. _Voyages, &c., par H.
Ternaux Compans_ (Paris, 1840). This version, however, covers only
a part of the work, of which the second volume only relates to the
ancient history. [Cf. Vol. II. p. 576.—ED.]
[1273] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.—ED.]
[1274] [Cf. Vol. II. p. 577; Sabin’s _Dictionary_, xv. p. 439. The
opinions of Prescott can be got at through _Poole’s Index_, p. 993.
H. H. Bancroft, _Chronicles_, 25, gives a characteristic estimate
of Prescott’s archæological labors. Prescott’s catalogue of his own
library, with his annotations, is in the Boston Public Library, no.
6334.27.—ED.]
[1275] Prescott quotes these four authorities 249 times, and all
other early writers known to him (Herrera, Zarate, Betanzos, Balboa,
Montesinos, Pedro Pizarro, Fernandez, Gomara, Levinus Apollonius,
Velasco, and the MS. “Declaracion de la Audiencia”) 82 times.
[1276] Calancha and a MS. letter of Valverde. He also refers several
times to the _Antigüedades Peruanas_ of Tschudi and Rivero.
[1277] _Spanish Conquest in America_, vol. iii. book xiii. chap. 3, pp.
468 to 513. [Cf. Vol. II. p. 578.]—ED.
[1278] It was translated into English as _Peruvian Antiquities_, by
Dr. Francis L. Hawkes, of New York, in 1853. [The English translation
retained the woodcuts, but omitted the atlas. Cf. Field, _Ind.
Bibliog._, no. 1306; Sabin, xvii. p. 319. There is a French edition,
_Antiquités Péruviennes_ (Paris, 1859). Dr. Tschudi later published
_Reisen durch Süd Amerika_, in five vols. (Leipzig, 1866-69), which was
translated into English as _Travels in Peru_, 1838-1842, and published
in New York and London.—ED.]
[1279] _Los Anales del Cuzco, por Dr. Mesa_ (Cuzco, 2 vols.).
[1280] _Historia Antigua del Peru, por Sebastian Lorente_ (Lima, 1860).
[1281] _Historia de la civilizacion Peruana, Revista de Lima_ (Lima,
1880).
[1282] _Recuerdos de la Monarquia Peruana, ó Bosquejo de la historia de
los Incas, por Dr. Justo Sahuaraura Inca, Canonigo en la Catedral de
Cuzco_ (Paris, 1850).
[1283] _Le Pérou avant la conquête espagnole, d’après les principaux
historiens originaux et quelques documents inédits sur les antiquités
de ce pays_ (Paris, 1858).
[1284] _Geschichte der Amerikanischen Urreligionen, von J. G. Müller_
(Basel, 1867).
[1285] _Anthropologie der Naturvölker, von Dr. Theodor Waitz_ (4 vols.)
Leipzig, 1864.
[1286] _Myths of the New World, a treatise on the symbolism and
mythology of the Red Race of America, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D._
(New York, 1868). _Aboriginal American authors and their productions,
especially those in the native languages, by Daniel G. Brinton, M.D._
(Philadelphia, 1883). [Brinton’s writings, however, in the main
illustrate the antiquities north of Panama.]
[1287] _Antiquarian, ethnological and other researches in New Granada,
Equador, Peru, and Chile; with observations on the Pre-Incarial,
Incarial, and other monuments of Peruvian nations, by William
Bollaert, F.R.G.S._ (London, 1860). [Bollaert’s minor and periodical
contributions, mainly embodied in his final work, are numerous:
_Contributions to an introduction to the Anthropology of the New
World_. _Ancient Peruvian graphic Records_ (tr. in _Archives de la
Soc. Amér. de France_, n. s., i.). _Observations on the history of the
Incas_ (in the _Transactions Ethnological Soc._, 1854).—ED.]
[1288] _Vues des Cordillères, ou Monumens des Peuples indigènes
de l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1810; in 8vo, 1816), called in the English
translation, _Researches concerning the institutions and monuments of
the ancient inhabitants of America, with descriptions and views of
some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras_. _Transl. into
English by Helen Maria Williams_ (London, 1814). _Voyage aux Régions
équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent fait en 1799-1804, avec deux Atlas_,
3 vols. 4to (Paris, 1814-25; and 8vo, 13 vols., 1816-31), called in the
English translation, _Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial
regions of America, 1799-1804, by A. von Humboldt_ [_and A. Bonpland_]:
_translated and edited by Thomasina Ross_ (Lond., 1852); and in
earlier versions by H. M. Williams (London, 1818-1829). [Humboldt’s
later summarized expressions are found in his _Ansichten der Natur_
(Stuttgart, 1849; English tr., _Aspects of Nature_, by Mrs. Sabine,
London and Philad., 1849; and _Views of Nature_, by E. C. Otté, London,
1850). Current views of Humboldt’s American studies can be tracked
through _Poole’s Index_, p. 613.—ED.]
[1289] Antonio Ulloa’s _Mémoires philosophiques, historiques,
physiques, concernant le découverte de l’Amérique_ (Paris, 1787).
_Voyage historique de l’Amérique Méridionale, fait par ordre du Roy
d’Espagne; ouvrage qui contient une histoire des Yncas du Pérou, et
des observations astronomiques et physiques, faites pour déterminer
la figure et la grandeur de la terre_ (Amsterdam, 1732). Or in the
English translation, _Voyage to South America by Don Jorge Juan and Don
Antonio de Ulloa_, 2 vols. 8vo (London, 1758, 1772; fifth ed. 1807).
[Another of the savans in this scientific expedition was Charles M.
La Condamine, and we have his observations in his _Journal du Voyage
fait à l’Equateur_ (1751), and in a paper on the Peruvian monuments
in the Mémoires of the Berlin Academy (1746). Other early observers
deserving brief mention are Pedro de Madriga, whose account is appended
to Admiral Jacques d’Heremite’s _Journael van de Nassausche Vloot_
(Amsterdam, 1652), and Amedée François Frezier’s _Voyage to the South
Sea_ (London, 1717).—ED.]
[1290] _L’Homme Américain considéré sous ses Rapports Physiologiques
et Moraux_ (Paris, 1839). [He gives a large ethnological map of South
America. His book is separately printed from _Voyages dans l’Amérique
Meridionale_ (9 vols.)—ED.]
[1291] _Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique de Sud,
exécutée par ordre du Gouvernement Français pendant les annees 1843 à
1847. Troisième partie, Antiquités des Incas_ (4to, Paris, 1854).
[1292] _Pérou et Bolivie, Récit de voyage suivi d’études archéologiques
et ethnographiques et de notes sur l’écriture et les langues des
populations Indiennes. Ouvrage contenant plus de 1100 gravures, 27
cartes et 18 plans, par Charles Wiener_ (Paris, 1880). [Wiener earlier
published two monographs: _Notice sur le communisme des Incas_ (Paris,
1874); _Essai sur les institutions politiques, religieuses, économiques
et sociales de l’Empire des Incas_ (Paris, 1874).—ED.]
[1293] _Uira-cocha, por Leonardo Villar_ (Lima, 1887).
[1294] _Cuzco and Lima_ (London, 1856).
[1295] _Travels in Peru and India while superintending the collection
of chinchona plants and seeds in South America, and their introduction
into India_ (London, 1862). [Cf. Field’s _Indian Bibliog._ for notes on
Mr. Markham’s book. He epitomizes the accounts of Peruvian antiquities
in his _Peru_ (London, 1880), of the “Foreign Countries Series.” Cf.
Vol. II. p. 578.]—ED.
[1296] _Peru, Incidents of travel and exploration in the land of the
Incas_ (N. Y. 1877; London, 1877). [Squier was sent to Peru on a
diplomatic mission by the United States government in 1863, and this
service rendered, he gave two years to exploring the antiquities of the
country. His _Peru_ embodies various separate studies, which he had
previously contributed to the _Journal of the American Geographical
Society_ (vol. iii. 1870-71); the _American Naturalist_ (vol. iv.
1870); _Harper’s Monthly_ (vols. vii., xxxvi., xxxvii.). He contributed
“Quelques remarques sur la géographie et les monuments du Pérou” to
the _Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Paris_, Jan., 1868. A
list of Squier’s publications is appended to the Sale _Catalogue_ of
his Library (N. Y., 1876), which contains a list of his MSS., most of
which, it is believed, passed into the collection of H. H. Bancroft.
Mr. Squier’s closing years were obscured by infirmity; he died in
1888.—ED.]
[1297] [Among the recent travellers, mention may be made of a few
of various interests: Edmund Temple’s _Travels in Peru_ (Lond.,
1830); Thomas Sutcliffe’s _Sixteen Years in Chili and Peru_ (Lond.,
1841); S. S. Hill’s _Travels in Peru and Mexico_ (Lond., 1860); Thos.
J. Hutchinson’s _Two Years in Peru_ (with papers on prehistoric
anthropology in the _Anthropological Journal_, iv. 438, and “Some
Fallacies about the Incas,” in the _Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of
Liverpool_, 1873-74, p. 121); Marcoy’s _Voyage_, first in the _Tour du
Monde_, 1863-64, and then separately in French, and again in English;
E. Pertuiset’s _Le Trésor des Incas_ (Paris, 1877); and Comte d’Ursel’s
_Sud-Amérique_, 2d ed. (Paris, 1879). F. Hassaurek, in his _Four Years
among Spanish Americans_ (N. Y., 1867), epitomizes in his ch. xvi. the
history of Quito.—ED.]
[1298] _Intellectual Observer_, May, 1863 (London).
[1299] _Riquezas Peruanas_ (Lima, 1884).
[1300] _The temple of the Andes, by Richards Inwards_ (London,
1884). [Mr. Markham has also had occasion to speak of these ruins in
annotating his edition of Cieza de Leon, p. 374. There is a privately
printed book by L. Angrand, _Antiquités Américaines: lettres sur les
antiquités de Tiaguanaco, et l’origine présumable de la plus ancienne
civilisation du Haut-Pérou_ (Paris, 1866).—ED.]
[1301] This superb work was issued at Berlin and London with German
and English texts. The English title reads, _Peruvian Antiquities: the
Necropolis of Ancon in Peru. A contribution to our knowledge of the
culture and industries of the empire of the Incas. Being the results of
excavations made on the spot._ Translated by A. H. Keane. With the aid
of the general administration of the royal museums of Berlin (Berlin,
1880-87); in three folio volumes, with 119 colored and plain plates.
The divisions are: 1. The Necropolis and its graves. 2. Garments
and textiles. 3. Ornaments, utensils, earthenware; evolution of
ornamentation, with treatises by L. Wittmack on the plants found in the
graves; R. Virchow on the human remains, and A. Nehring on the animals.
[A few of the plates are reproduced in black and white in Ruge’s
_Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen_. The authors represent
that the graveyard of Ancon, an obscure place lying near the coast,
north of Lima, was probably the burial-place of a poor people; but its
obscurity has saved it to us while important places have been ransacked
and destroyed. The reader will be struck with the richness of the woven
materials, which are so strikingly figured in the plates. On this point
Stübel published in Dresden in 1888, as a part of the _Festschrift_
of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the “Verein für Erdkunde,” a paper
_Ueber altperuanische Gewebemuster und ihnen analoge Ornamente der
altklassischen Kunst_ (Dresden, 1888). Some of the plates in the larger
work impress one with the great variety of ornamenting skill. The
collection formed by John H. Blake from an ancient cemetery on the bay
of Chacota, now in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, Mass., is described
in the _Reports_ of that institution, xi. 195, 277. Reference may
also be made to B. M. Wright’s _Description of the collection of gold
ornaments from the “huacas,” or graves of some aboriginal races of the
northwestern provinces of South America, belonging to Lady Brassey_
(London, 1885).—ED.]
[1302] Antonio Raimondi. _El Peru. Tomo I. Parte Preliminar, 4to, pp.
444_ (Lima, 1874). _Tomo II. Historia de la Geografia del Peru, 4to,
pp. 475_ (Lima, 1876). _Tomo III. Historia de la Geografia del Peru,
4to, pp. 614_ (Lima, 1880).
[1303] _Voyages, Relations et Mémoires Originaux pour servir à
l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique_, 20 vols. in 10, 8vo (Paris,
1837-41). See Vol. II., introd. p. vi.
[1304] [Among less important or more general later writers on this
ancient civilization may be mentioned: Charles Labarthe’s _La
Civilisation péruvienne avant l’arrivée des Espagnols (Archives de la
Soc. Amér. de France_, n. s., i.), and his paper from the _Annuaire
Ethnographique_, on the “Documents inédits sur l’empire des Incas”
(Paris, 1861); Rudolf Falb’s _Das Land der Inca in seiner Bedeutung
für die Urgeschichte der Sprache und Schrift_ (Leipzig, 1883); Lieut.
G. M. Gilliss, in Schoolcraft’s _Ind. Tribes_, v. 657; Dr. Macedo’s
comparison of the Inca and Aztec civilizations in the _Proc. of the
Numism. and Antiq. Soc._ (Philad. 1883); Vicomte Th. de Bussière’s
_Le Pérou_ (Paris, 1863); beside chapters in such comprehensive works
as those of Nadaillac, Ruge, Baldwin, Wilson (_Prehistoric Man_), and
the papers of Castaing and others in the _Archives de la Soc. Amér. de
France_, and an occasional paper in the _Journals_ of the American and
other geographical and ethnological societies. Current English comment
is reached through _Poole’s Index_, pp. 627, 992.—ED.]
[1305] [Humboldt (_Views of Nature_, 235) points out that the name
Chimborazo is probably a relic of this earlier tongue.—ED.]
[1306] [Wiener, _Pérou et Bolivie_, p. 98, gives a plan of the
neighborhood of Truxillo, showing the position “du Gran Chimu,” and an
enlarged plan of the ruins.—ED.]
[1307] Squier, 210.
[1308] [There are two or three Peruvian periodicals of some importance
for their archæological papers. The _Mercurio Peruano de Historia,
Literatura y Noticias publicas que da a luz la Sociedad Academica de
Amantes de Lima_ (Lima, 1791-1795), appeared in twelve volumes. It is
often defective, and the Spanish government finally interdicted it, as
it was considered revolutionary in principle. It was edited at one time
by the Père Cisneros. There is a set in Harvard College library.
The _Revista Peruana_ (Lima) has been the channel of some important
archæological contributions. Others appeared in the _Museo Erudito, o
los Tiempos y las Costumbres_ (Cuzco, 1837, etc.)—ED.]
[1309] Squier.
[1310] I do not now believe that the idolatrous practices and legends,
preserved by Arriaga and Avila, had any connection with the _Chimu_
race.
[1311] _Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los Indios de los
Reynos del Peru, nuevamente compuesta por el Maestro Fray Domingo de
S. Thomas de la orden de S. Domingo, Morador en los dichos reynos.
Impresso en Valladolid por Francisco Fernandez de Cordova, 1560.
Lexicon ó Vocabulario de la lengua general del Peru, llamada Quichua_
(Valladolid, 1560). The grammar and vocabulary are usually bound up
together. [The two were priced respectively by Leclerc, in 1878, at
2,500 and 600 francs.—ED.]
The grammar and vocabulary of San Tomas were reprinted at Lima in
1586 by Antonio Ricardo. In the list given by Rivero and Von Tschudi
(_Antigüedades Peruanas_, p. 99), the printer Ricardo is entered as the
author of this Lima edition of San Tomas.
[1312] _Grammatica y Vocabulario en la lengua general del Peru llamada
Quichua por Diego de Torres Rubio S. S._ (Seville, 1603). This original
edition is of great rarity. Quaritch, in 1885, asked £20 for a
defective copy.—ED.
A second edition was printed at Lima in 1619; and a third in 1700. To
this third edition a vocabulary was added of the Chinchaysuyu dialect,
by Juan de Figueredo. A fourth edition was published at Lima in 1754,
also containing the Chinchaysuyu vocabulary, which is spoken in the
north of Peru. [For this 1754 edition see Leclerc, no. 2409. It is
worth about $50.—ED.]
[1313] _Vocabulario de la Lengua general de todo el Peru llamada lengua
Quichua ó del Inca._ En la ciudad de los Reyes, 1586. Second edition
printed by Francisco del Canto, 1607 (2 vols. 4to). [Leclerc (no.
2401), in 1879, priced this ed. at 2,000 francs; Quaritch, a defective
copy, £21.—ED.]
[1314] _Gramatica y Arte nueva de la lengua general de todo el Peru
llamada lengua Quichua o Lengua del Inca por Diego Gonzales Holguin de
la Compañia de Jesus, natural de Caceres Impresso en la Ciudad de los
Reyes del Peru, por Francisco del Canto, 1607._ [Leclerc, 1879, no.
2402, 500 francs.—ED.] A second edition was published at Lima in 1842.
[1315] _Arte y gramatica muy copiosa de la lengua Aymará con muchos y
variados modos de hablar_ (Roma, 1603).
[1316] _Arte de la lengua Aymará con una selva de frases en la misma
lengua y su declaracion en romance. Impresso en la casa de in Compañia
de Jesus de Juli en la provincia de Chucuyto. Por Francisco del Canto,
1612._ pp. 348.
[1317] _Vocabulario de la lengua Aymara, Juli 1612_, Spanish and
Aymara, pp. 420, Aymara and Spanish, pp. 378. [Priced by Quaritch in
1885 at £60; by Leclerc in 1879 at 2,000 francs.—ED.]
[1318] _Arte de la lengua general del’ ynga llamada Quechhua_ (Lima,
1691). Leclerc, 1879. 250 francs.
[1319] _Arte de la lengua Yunga de los valles del Obispado de Truxillo,
con un confesionario, y todos las ovaciones cristianas y otras casas.
Autor el beneficiado Don Fernando de la Carrera Cura y Vicario de San
Martin de Reque en el corregimiento de Chiclayo_ (Lima, 1644).
This work is extremely rare. Only three copies are known to exist, one
in the library at Madrid, one in the British Museum, which belonged to
M. Ternaux Compans, and one in possession of Dr. Villar, in Peru. A
copy was made for William von Humboldt from the British Museum copy,
which is now in the library at Berlin.
The _Arte de la lengua Yunga_ was reprinted in numbers of the _Revista
de Lima_ in 1880, under the editorial supervision of Dr. Gonzalez de la
Rosa.
[1320] _Sermones de los misterios de nuestra Santa Fé catolica, en
lengua Castellana, y la general del Inca. Impugnanse los errores
particulares que los Indios han tenido, por el Doctor Don Fernando de
Avendaño, 1648._ Rivero and Von Tschudi give some extracts from these
sermons in the _Antigüedades Peruanas_, p. 108.
[1321] _Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum juxta ordinem Sanctæ Romanæ
Ecclesiæ, per R. P. F. Ludovicum Hieronymum Orerum_ (Neapoli, 1607).
[1322] Carter-Brown, ii. 7.
[1323] _Primera parte de la miscelanea austral de Don Diego D’Avalos
y Figueroa ex varias coloquias, interlocutores Delia y Cilena, con la
defensa de Danias. Impreso en Lima por Antonio Ricardo, año 1602._
[1324] _Die Kechua Sprache, I._; _Sprachlehre, II._; _Wörterbuch, von
J. J. Von Tschudi_ (Wien, 1853).
[1325] _Gramatica y Diccionario de la lengua general de Peru, llamada
comunmuente Quichua, por el R. P. Fr. Honorio Mossi, Misionero
Apostolico del colejio de propaganda fide de la ciudad de Potosi_
(Sucre, 1859). [An earlier _Gramática y Ensayo_ was published at Sucre
in 1857. Leclerc says it has become very rare.—ED.]
[1326] _Gramatica Quichua o del idioma del Imperio de los Incas, por
José Dionisio Anchorena_ (Lima, 1874).
[1327] _Elementos de Gramatica Quichua ó idioma de los Yncas por el Dr.
José Fernandez Nodal._ The book was printed in England in 1874.
[1328] _El Evangelio de Jesu Christo segun San Lucas en Aymara y
Español, traducido de la vulgata Latin al Aymará por Don Vicente
Pazos-kanki, Doctor de la Universidad del Cuzco e Individuo de la
Sociedad Historica de Nueva York_ (Londres, 1829).
[1329] _Apunchis Santa Yoancama Ehuangeliun, Quichua cayri Ynca siminpi
quillkcasca. El Santo Evangelio de Nuestro Señor Jesu-Christo segun San
Juan, traducido del original a la lengua Quichua o del Ynca; por el
Rev. J. H. Gybbon Spilsbury, Buenos Aires, 1880._
[1330] _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, leur langue, leur religion,
leur histoire, par Vicente Fidel Lopez_ (Paris et Montevideo, 1871).
[Lopez’s book was subjected to an examination by Lucien Adam, in a
paper, “Le Quichua, est il une langue aryenne?” in the Luxembourg
_Compte-Rendu du Congrés des Américanistes_, ii. 75. Cf. _Macmillan’s
Mag._, xxvii. 424, by A. Lang.—ED.]
[1331] _Peruvia Scythica. The Quichua language of Peru: its derivation
from Central Asia, with the American languages in general, and with the
Turanian and Iberian languages of the Old World, including the Basque,
the Llycian, and the Pre-Aryan language of Etruria; by Robert Ellis, B.
D._ (Trübner & Co., London, 1875).
[1332] _Ollanta: ein Altperuanisches Drama aus der Kechuasprache,
übersetzt und commentirt von J. J. von Tschudi_ (Wien, 1875).
[1333] _Ollanta, an ancient Inca Drama_, by Clements R. Markham
(London, 1871).
[1334] _Ollanta o sea la severidad de un padre y la clemencia de un rey
drama traducido del Quichua al Castellano por José S. Barranca_ (Lima,
1868).
[1335] _Ollanta por Constantino Carrasco_ (Lima, 1876).
[1336] _Los vinculos de Ollanta y Cusi Kcoyllor, Drama en Quichua. José
Fernandez Nodal._ Dr. Nodal commenced, but never completed, an English
translation.
[1337] _Collection Linguistique Americaine. Tome iv. Ollanaï, drama
en vers Quechuas du temps des Incas traduit et commenté, par Gavino
Pacheco Zegarra_ (Paris, 1878), pp. clxxiv and 265.
[1338] _Ollantay. Estudio sobre el drama Quichua, por Bartolomé Mitre,
publicada en la Nueva Revista de Buenos Ayres_ (1881).
[1339] _Poesia Dramatica de los Incas. Ollantay, por Clemente R.
Markham traducido del Ingles por Adolfo F. Olivares, y seguido de una
carta critica del Dr. Don Vicente Fidel Lopez_ (Buenos Ayres, 1883).
[1340] See Vol. IV. p. 141.
[1341] A most graphic and picturesque account of the ceremonies
attending the process of adoption is given in the _Narrative of the
Captivity of Col. James Smith_. He was taken prisoner, in May, 1755,
by two Delaware Indians, and carried to Fort Duquesne. He describes
the methods of the men and the women in an Indian town by which he was
adopted as one of the Caughnewagos. He shared the life and rovings of
the tribe till 1760, when he got back to his home; accompanied Bouquet
as a guide; was colonel of a regiment in our Revolutionary War, and
afterwards a member of the Kentucky legislature. Here certainly was a
varied career.
[1342] Governor Colden says that when he first went among the Mohawks
he was adopted by them. The name given to him was “Cayenderogue,” which
was borne by an old sachem, a notable warrior. He writes: “I thought
no more of it at that time than as an artifice to draw a belly-full
of strong liquor from me for himself and his companions. But when,
about ten or twelve years after, my business led me among them,” he
was recognized by the name, and it served him in good stead. (_Hist.
of Five Nats._, 3d ed., i. p. 11.) The savages always took the liberty
of assigning names of their own, either general or individual, to the
Europeans with whom they had intercourse. The governor of Canada,
for the time being, was called “Onontio”; of New York, “Corlear”; of
Virginia, “Assarigoa”; of Pennsylvania, “Onas,” etc. At a council of
the Six Nations with the governors of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
Maryland, held at Lancaster in June, 1744, it came under notice that
the governor of Maryland had as yet no appellation assigned him by
the natives. Much formality was used in providing one for him. It was
tried by lot as to which of the tribes should have the honor of naming
him. The lot fell to the Cayugas, one of whose chiefs, after solemn
deliberation, assigned the name “To-carryhogan.” (Colden, ii. p. 89.)
[1343] From Archives of Massachusetts, vol. lxviii. p. 193:—
“For the Indian Sagamores, and people that are in warre against us.
“Inteligence is Come to us that you haue some English (especially
weomen and children) in Captivity among you. Wee haue therefore sent
this messenger, offering to redeeme them either for payment in goods
or wompom; or by exchange of prisoners. Wee desire your answer by this
our messinger, what price you demand for euery man woman and child,
or if you will exchainge for Indians: if you haue any among you that
can write your Answer to this our messuage, we desire it in writting,
and to that end haue sent paper, pen and Incke by the messenger. If
you lett our messenger haue free accesse to you and freedome of a safe
returne: Wee are willing to doe the like by any messenger of yours.
Prouided he come vnarmed and Carry a white flagg Vpon a Staffe vissible
to be seene: which we calle a flagg of truce: and is used by Civil
nations in time of warre when any messingers are sent in a way of
treaty: which wee haue done by our messenger.
“Boston 31th of March 1676 past by the Council E. R. S. & was signed
“In testimony whereof I haue set to my hand & Seal.
F. L. Gov.”
(From _N. E. Hist. and Gen. Register_, Jan’y, 1885, pp. 79, 80.)
[1344] _Dinwiddie Papers_, ii. p. 426.
[1345] Quoted in Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. p. 297.
[1346] Margry, v. 135-250.
[1347] By the treaty at Lancaster, the Indians covenanted to cede to
the English, for goods of the money value of £400, the lands between
the Alleghanies and the Ohio. See our Vol. V. 566.—ED.
[1348] These treaties are fully presented, with all the harangues, by
Colden, vol. ii.
[1349] The most capable and intelligent interpreter employed by
the English for a long period, and who served at the councils for
negotiating the most important treaties of this time, was Conrad
Weiser. He came with his family from Germany in 1710, and settled at
Schoharie, N. Y. His ability and integrity won him the confidence alike
of the Indians and the English. In the _Collections of the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania_, vol. i. pp. 1-34, are autobiographical,
personal, and narrative papers and journals by this remarkable man,
equally characterized by the boldest spirit of adventure and by an
ardent piety. He gives in full his journal of his mission from the
governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia to negotiate with the Six
Nations in 1737. [See Vol. V. 566.—ED.]
[1350] Mahon’s _England_, ch. 35, and Smollett’s _England_, Book iii.
ch. 9.
[1351] Governor Dinwiddie, in urging the assembly of Virginia, in 1756,
to active war measures, warned them of the alternative of “giving up
your Liberty for Slavery, the purest Religion for the grossest Idolatry
and Superstition, the legal and mild Government of a Protestant King
for the Arbitrary Exactions and heavy Oppressions of a Popish Tyrant.”
(_Dinwiddie Papers_, ii. p. 515.)
[1352] In Mr. Parkman’s _Montcalm and Wolfe_, i. p. 65 and on, is a
lively account of the busy zeal of Father Piquet in making and putting
to service savage converts of the sort described in the text. [See Vol.
V. 571.—ED.]
[1353] The excellent James Logan, who came over as secretary to William
Penn, and who always claimed to be a consistent member of the Society
of Friends, took an exception to a position on one point,—that of
maintaining the right, and even obligation, of defensive warfare. A
letter of very cogent argument to this effect was addressed by him
to the Society of Friends in 1741, remonstrating with them for their
opposition in the legislature to means for defending the colony.
_Collections of Historl. Soc. of Penns._, i. p. 36. [See Vol V. p.
243.—ED.]
[1354] It was but a repetition of the passions and jealousies of the
colonists of Massachusetts, as maddened by the devastation inflicted
upon them in King Philip’s war, when they themselves broke up the
settlements, then under hopeful promise, of “Praying Indians,” at
Natick and other villages, the fruits of the devoted labors of the
Apostle Eliot. The occasion of this dispersion and severe watch over
the Indian converts was a jealousy that they had been warmed in the
bosom of a weak pity merely for a deadly use of their fangs.
[1355] [See Vol. V. 240.—ED.]
[1356] _Spotswood Papers_, published by the Virginia Historical
Society. [The events of this period are followed in our Vol. V.—ED.]
[1357] The official papers are given in full by Colden, who adds a very
able memorial of his own, in favor of the act, addressed to Governor
Burnet, in 1724. It was estimated that the Indian trade of New York
increased fivefold in twelve years.
[1358] [See Vol. V. 530, 575.—ED.]
[1359] Appendix V to the _Ohio Valley Historical Series_, edition of
_Bouquet’s Expedition_ (Cincinnati, 1868).
[1360] It is estimated that not less than two hundred of these
scattered traders, who had confidently ventured into the wilderness on
the assurance of the treaty, were massacred, after being plundered of
goods of more than a hundred thousand pounds in value.
[1361] [The events of the Pontiac war can be followed in Vol. V.—ED.]
[1362] The bibliography of the subject is nowhere exhaustively done.
The _Proof-sheets_ of Pilling as a tentative effort, and his later
divisionary sections, devoted to the Eskimo, Siouan, and other
stocks, though primarily framed for their linguistic bearing, are
the chief help; and these guides can be supplemented by Field’s
Indian _Bibliography_, the references for anonymous books in Sabin’s
_Dictionary_ (ix. p. 86), and sections in many catalogues of public and
private libraries, like the Brinley (iii. 5, 352 etc.), devoted wholly
or in part to Americana, and the foot-notes and authorities given in
Parkman, H. H. Bancroft, and many others.
[1363] Parkman’s merits as a historian are elsewhere recognized in
the present history. See Vols. II., IV., and V. He first gave his
summary of Indian character in the introductory chapter of his first
historical book, his _Pontiac_. He later completed it in papers in the
_North Amer. Rev._, July, 1865, and July, 1866, and finally in the
introduction to his _Jesuits_.
[1364] This class of material, including the _Lettres Edifiantes_,
has been examined in our Vol. IV. 292, 296, 316, etc. Cf. Shea’s
_Charlevoix_, i. 88; _Glorias del segundo siglo de la compañia de
Jesus, 1646-1730_ (Madrid, 1734).
Parkman calls Brébœuf the best observer among the Jesuits. On their
missions see _Revue Canadienne_, Jan., 1888; _Dublin Review_, xii.
(1869) 70; _Mag. Amer. Hist._, iii. 250. Margry (vol. i.) has a
“Mémoire” on the Recollects, 1614-1884. Cf. _Revue Canadienne_, by S.
Lesage, Feb., 1867, p. 303. On the earlier Canadian missions see N.
E. Dionne in _Nouvelles Soirées Canadiennes_, i. 399; _U. S. Catholic
Monthly_, vii. 235, 518, 561; and the Abbé Verreau on the beginnings of
the Church in Canada, in _Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc._, ii. 63.
[1365] See Vol. IV. 130, 290, 296, 298.
[1366] _Jesuits_, p. liv.
[1367] Shea’s ed. Charlevoix, p. 91. See _post_, Vol. IV. 298.
[1368] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 242.
[1369] _U.S. Statutes at Large_, xvii. 513.
[1370] Parkman in his _La Salle_ lets us into the feelings of that
explorer. La Salle’s account of the Indians is translated in the _Mag.
Amer. Hist._, Ap., 1878.
[1371] Cf. _Travels of several learned missionaries of the Society of
Jesus, translated from the French_ (London, 1714).
[1372] See Vol. V. 245, 582.
[1373] See Vol. V. p. 169.
[1374] Other missionary records are noticed in Vol. V. Brinton enlarges
upon the traces of Indian degradation following upon all missionary
efforts among them. _Amer. Hero Myths_, 206, 231.
[1375] The careers of Johnson and Croghan are traced in Vol. V.
[1376] Vol. V. _passim_.
[1377] Such were the _Travels_ of Alexander Henry, the _Sufferings_ of
Peter Williamson, and the long list of so-called “Captivities” (see
Vol. V. 186, 490). Probably Mr. Samuel G. Drake was for many years
the most assiduous promoter of this class of books. This compiler’s
sympathetic sentiment clearly affected his rhetoric and sometimes the
accuracy of his statements. Cf. titles of his books in Pilling, Sabin,
and Field. Cf. Drake’s _Aboriginal Races of North America, revised by
H. L. Williams_ (N. Y., 1880).
[1378] _Voyages: an account of his travels and experiences among the
North American Indians, from 1652 to 1684. Transcribed from original
manuscripts in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. With
historical illustrations and an introduction by G. D. Scull_ (Boston,
1885), a publication of the Prince Society.
[1379] _Voyages_, 2d ed., London, 1724.
[1380] See Vol. IV. p. 299.
[1381] In 1766-68.
[1382] _Reise in das Innere Nord Amerikas_ (Coblenz, 1841); also in an
English translation (London).
[1383] _Border Reminiscences_ (N. Y., 1872).
[1384] _Army Sacrifices._
[1385] _Notes of the settlement and Indian wars of the western parts of
Virginia and Pennsylvania_, 1763-1783. See Vol. V. p. 581.
[1386] The question has often been discussed as to the origin of the
title of “Indian summer,” as applied to a beautiful portion of our
autumnal season. Dr. Doddridge gives us an explanation of its original
significance, or, at least, of an association with it, which would make
a feeling of dread rather than of romance its most striking suggestion.
He says that to a backwoodsman the term in its original import would
cause a chill of horror. The explanation is as follows: The white
settlers on the frontiers found no peace from Indian alarms and onsets
save in the winter. From spring to the early part of the autumn, the
settlers, cooped up in the forts, or ever at watch in their fields, had
no security or comfort. The approach of winter was hailed as a jubilee
in cabin and farm, with bustle and hilarity. But after the first set-in
of winter aspects came a longer or shorter interval of warm, smoky,
hazy weather, which would tempt the Indians—as if a brief return of
summer—to renew their incursions on the frontiers. The season, then,
was an “Indian summer” only for blood and mischief. So the spell of
warm open weather, of melting snows, in the latter part of February—a
premature spring—was a period of dread for the frontiersmen. It was
called the “pawwawing days,” as the Indians were then holding their
incantations and councils for rehearsing for their spring war-parties.
[1387] Cf. further on Hildreth and his books our Vol. VII. p. 536.
[1388] There are notices of other books of this kind in Vols. V. and
VII. of the present History. Particularly, may be mentioned Joseph
Pritt’s _Mirror of Olden Time_ (Chambersburg, Va., 1848; 2d ed.,
Abingdon, Va., 1849), in which the most interesting portions are the
personal narratives of such captives to the Indians as Col. James
Smith, John M’Cullough, and others, the full credibility of which is
vouched for by those who knew them as neighbors and associates. This
class of narratives by men who for years, willingly or unwillingly,
affiliated with their wild captors make very intelligible to us the
fact that the whites are much more readily Indianized than are Indians
led to conform to the ways of civilization. Cf. Archibald Loudon’s
_Selection of some of the most interesting narratives, of outrages,
committed by the Indians, in their wars with the white people. Also,
an account of their manners, customs, traditions, etc._ (Carlisle,
1808-11; Harrisburg, 1888).
[1389] Vol. VII. p. 448. As types of successive ranges of
anthropological studies see Happel’s _Thesaurus Exoticorum_ (Hamburg,
1688); Stuart and Kuyper’s _De Mensch zoo als hij voorkomt_ (Amsterdam,
1802), vol. vi., and the better known _Researches_ of Prichard (vol.
v.).
[1390] See Vol. V. 68.
[1391] See Vol. VII. 264.
[1392] The original paintings for the plates are now in the Peabody
Museum (_Report_, xvi. 189). M’Kenney also published his _Memoirs,
official and personal, with sketches of travel among the northern and
southern Indians_ (N. Y., 1846), in two volumes. He had been in 1816
the agent of the United States in dealing with the Indians, and in 1824
had been put at the head of the Indian bureau.
[1393] The English editions are generally called _Illustrations of the
Manners_, etc.
[1394] The best bibliographical record of Catlin’s publications is in
Pilling’s _Bibliog. Siouan languages_ (1887), p. 15. Cf. Field, p. 63;
Sabin, iii. p. 436.
[1395] The volume contains three interesting portraits of Catlin and
reimpressions of his drawings as originally published.
[1396] For diversity of opinions respecting it see Allibone’s
_Dictionary_. The modern scientific historian and ethnologist think
in conjunction in giving it a low rank compared with what such a
book should be. The fullest account of the bibliography of this
and of Schoolcraft’s other books is in Pilling’s _Proof-sheets_.
Whatever credit may accrue to Schoolcraft is kept out of sight in the
title-page of a condensation of the book, which has some interspersed
additions from other sources, all of which are obscurely included,
so that the authorship of them is uncertain. The book is called _The
Indian Tribes of the United States, edited by F. S. Drake_ (Philad.,
1884), in 2 vols. There is another conglomerate and useful book,
edited by W. W. Beach, _The Indian Miscellany; papers on the history,
antiquities [etc.] of the American aborigines_ (Albany, 1877), which
is a collection of magazine, review, and newspaper articles by various
writers, usually of good character.
[1397] Particularly in Vol. IV.
[1398] Cf. Vol. VI. 610, 611, 650.
[1399] A part of it is reproduced by J. Watts de Peyster in his
_Miscellanies by an Officer_, part ii. (N. Y., 1888).
[1400] Vol. VII. p. 448.
[1401] There is a map of the distribution of Indians in the eastern
part of the United States in Cassino’s _Standard Nat. Hist._, vi. 147.
[1402] See _ante_, p. 106.
[1403] Paul Kane’s _Wanderings of an artist among the Indians_ is
translated by Ed. Delessert in _Les Indiens de la baie d’Hudson_
(Paris, 1861).
[1404] The truth seems to be that some were last seen in that year. It
is uncertain whether they died out, or the final remnant crossed into
Labrador.
[1405] See Vol. IV. p. 292.
[1406] Cf. _Account of the customs and manners of the Micmakis and
Maricheets savage nations. From an original French manuscript letter,
never published. Annexed, pieces relative to the savages, Nova Scotia_
[etc.] (London, 1758); J. G. Shea in _Hist. Mag._, v. 290; _No. Am.
Rev._, vol. cxii., Jan., 1871. For missions among them see Vol. IV. p.
268.
[1407] See Vol. IV. p. 299. The Hurons as the leading stock in Canada
are, of course, to be studied in the _Jesuit Relations_ and in all
the other accounts of the Catholic missions in Canada, as well as in
the early historical narratives, alluded to in the text, and in such
special books as the Sieur Gendron’s _Pays des Hurons_ (see Vol. IV.
305), and in the accounts of leading missionaries like Jean de Brébœuf.
Cf. Félix Martin’s _Hurons et Iroquois_ (Paris, 1877); J. M. Lemoine
in _Maple Leaves_, 2d ser. (1873); Cayaron’s _Chaumont_, 1639-1693,
and his_ Autobiographie et pièces inédites_ (Poitiers, 1869); B. Sulte
on the Iroquois and Algonquins in the _Revue Canadienne_ (x. 606); D.
Wilson on the Huron-Iroquois of Canada in _Roy. Soc. Canada, Proc._
(1884, vol. ii.), and references, _post_, Vol. IV. p. 307. W. H.
Withrow has a paper on the last of the Hurons in the _Canadian Monthly_
(ii. 409).
[1408] All of these books are further characterized in Vols. IV. and V.
Cf. also J. Campbell in the _Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1881,
and Wm. Clint in _Ibid._ 1877; and Daniel Wilson in _Am. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. Proc._ (1882), vol. xxxi., and in his _Prehist. Man_, ii. Also
Vetromile’s _Abnakis_ (N. Y., 1866).
[1409] Vol. III.
[1410] “Hist. Coll. of the Indians of N. E.” in _Mass. Hist. Soc.
Coll._, i.
[1411] Noyes’ _New England’s Duty_, Boston, 1698.
[1412] Cf. Neal’s _New England_, i. ch. 6; _Conn. Evang. Mag._, ii.,
iii., iv.; _Amer. Q. Reg._, iv.; _Sabbath at Home_, Apr.-July, 1868.
[1413] Cf. his letters in _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, Nov., 1879; _N. E.
Hist. Gen. Reg._, July, 1882; Birch’s _Life of Robert Boyle_; and the
lives of Eliot. For the Eliot tracts see our Vol. III. p. 355. Marvin’s
reprint of Eliot’s _Brief Narration_ (1670) has a list of writers on
the subject. Cf. Martin Moore on Eliot and his Converts in the _Amer.
Quart. Reg._, Feb., 1843, reprinted in Beach’s _Indian Miscellany_, p.
405; Ellis’s _Red Man and White Man in No. America_; Jacob’s _Praying
Indians_; and Bigelow’s _Natick_.
[1414] Sabin, x. p. 191.
[1415] _Archæologia Amer._, ii.
[1416] Cf. John Gillies’ _Hist. Coll. relating to remarkable periods of
the success of the Gospel_ (Glasgow, 1754).
[1417] _Success of the gospel among the Indians of Martha’s Vineyard_
(1694). _Conquests and Triumphs of Grace_ (1696), which is reprinted
in part in Mather’s _Magnalia_. _Indian Converts of Martha’s Vineyard_
(1727), and Experience, its author, appended to one of his discourses a
“State of the Indians, 1694-1720.”
[1418] _Origin and early progress of Indian missions in New England,
with a list of books in the Indian language printed at Cambridge and
Boston, 1653-1721_ (Worcester, 1874, or _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._,
Oct., 1873); a paper on the Indian tongue and its literature in the
_Mem. Hist. Boston_, i. 465.
[1419] Wheelock has given us _A brief narrative of the Indian Charity
School_ (London, 1766; 2d ed., 1767), and a series of tracts portray
its later progress. Cf. McClure and Parish’s _Memoir of Wheelock_.
Samson Occum and Brant were his pupils. Also see Miss Fletcher’s
_Report_, p. 94, and S. C. Bartlett in _The Granite Monthly_ (1888), p.
277.
[1420] See Vol. III. p. 364. There is a bibliography of the Indians
in Maine in the _Hist. Mag._, March, 1870, p. 164. Cf. Hanson’s
_Gardiner_, etc.; the histories of Norridgewock by Hanson and Allen;
Sabine in the _Christian Examiner_, 1857; and _Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll._,
vols. iii., ix. On the Maine missions, see _post_, Vol. IV. 300; and R.
H. Sherwood in the _Catholic World_, xxii. 656.
[1421] See Vol. III. p. 367.
[1422] Cf. _Report on the Mass. Archives_ (1885).
[1423] Vol. III. p. 362.
[1424] Dr. Ellis has a paper on the Indians of eastern Massachusetts
in the _Mem. Hist. Boston_, i. 241. For the middle regions there
are Epaphras Hoyt’s _Antiquarian Researches_ (Greenfield, 1824),
and Temple’s _North Brookfield_, not to name other books. For
the Stockbridge tribe and the Housatonics, see Samuel Hopkins’
_Hist. Memoirs relating to the Housatunnuk Indians_ (1753); Jones’
_Stockbridge_; Charles Allen’s _Report on the Stockbridge Indians_
(Boston, 1870; _Ho. Doc. Mass. Leg._, no. 13, of 1870); S. Orcutt’s
_Indians of the Housatonic and Naugatuck Valleys_ (Hartford, 1882);
_Mag. Amer. Hist._, Dec., 1878; and Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, pp. 38,
90. For the Wampanoags on the borders of Rhode Island, see _Smithsonian
Report_, 1883; and William J. Miller’s _Notes concerning the Wampanoag
tribe of Indians, with some account of a rock picture on the shore of
Mount Hope Bay, in Bristol, R. I._ (Providence, 1880).
[1425] Potter’s _Early Hist. of Narragansett_; _R. I. Hist. Coll._,
viii.; Henry Bull’s Memoir in _R. I. Hist. Mag._, April, 1886; Usher
Parsons on the Nyantics in _Hist. Mag._, Feb., 1863.
[1426] Theo. Dwight’s _Connecticut_, ch. 5-7; Trumbull’s Connecticut,
ch. 5, 6; Ellis’ _Life of Capt. Mason_; W. L. Stone’s _Uncas and
Miantonomoh_; S. Orcutt’s _Stratford and Bridgeport_ (1886); Luzerne
Ray in _New Englander_, July, 1843 (reprinted in Beach’s _Ind.
Miscellany_).
On the Pequods, see Wm. Apes’ _Son of the Forest_, and other small
books by this member of the tribe, published from 1829 to 1837; Lossing
in _Scribner’s Monthly_, ii., Oct., 1871 (included in Beach). Cf. our
Vol. III. p. 368.
[1427] Further modern portraitures can be found in Dwight’s _Travels_;
Barry’s _Massachusetts_; Felt’s _Eccles. Hist. N. E._ (p. 279); Samuel
Eliot on the “Early relations with the Indians” in the volume of the
_Mass. Hist. Soc. Lectures_; Zachariah Allen on _The conditions of
life, habits, and customs of the native Indians of America, and their
treatment by the first settlers. An address before the Rhode Island
Historical Society, Dec. 4, 1879_ (Providence, 1880). Cf. on the
Indians and the Puritans, _Amer. Chh. Review_, iii. 208, 359.
[1428] Cf. Brodhead’s _New York_; the _Doc. Hist. N. Y._; and Wm. Eliot
Griffis’ _Arent van Curler and his policy of peace with the Iroquois_
(1884).
[1429] Cf. Vol. IV. 306. The best source for the story of Jogues is
Felix Martin’s _Life of Father Isaac Jogues, missionary priest of the
Society of Jesus, slain by the Mohawk Iroquois, in the present state of
New York, Oct. 18, 1646. With [his] account of the captivity and death
of René Goupil, slain Sept. 29, 1642. Translated from the French by J.
G. Shea_ (New York, 1885). It is accompanied by a map of the county
by Gen. John S. Clark, indicating the sites of the Indian villages
and missions, which is an improvement upon Clark’s earlier map, given
_post_, Vol. IV. 293. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, xii. 15; Hale’s _Book of
Rites_, introd. W. H. Withrow has a paper on Jogues in the _Proc. Roy.
Soc. Canada_, iii. (2) 45.
[1430] Vol. IV. 279, 309.
[1431] Cf. D. Humphrey’s _Hist. Acc. of the Soc. for propagating the
Gospel_ (1730); _Doc. Hist. N. Y._, iv.; A. G. Hopkins in the _Oneida
Hist. Soc. Trans._, 1885-86, p. 5; W. M. Beauchamp in _Am. Chh. Rev._,
xlvi. 87; S. K. Lothrop’s _Kirkland_; and Miss Fletcher’s _Report_
(1888), p. 85.
[1432] Sylvester’s _Northern New York_; Clark’s _Onondaga_; Jones’s
_Oneida County_; Simms’ _Schoharie County_; Benton’s _Herkimer
County_; C. E. Stickney’s _Minisink Region_; G. H. Harris’ _Aboriginal
occupation of the lower Genesee County_ (Rochester, 1884,—taken from W.
F. Peck’s _Semi-Centennial Hist. of Rochester_); Ketchum’s _Buffalo_;
John Wentworth Sanborn’s _Legends, Customs, and Social Life of the
Seneca Indians_ (Gowanda, N. Y., 1878). On the origin of the name
Seneca, see O. H. Marshall’s _Hist. Writings_, p. 231.
[1433] See Vol. IV. 299. Shea says the only copies known of the 1727
edition are those noted in the catalogues of H. C. Murphy, Menzies,
Brinley, and T. H. Morrell. Stevens noted a copy in 1885, at £42. The
_Murphy Catalogue_ gives the various editions. Cf. Sabin and Pilling.
There is an account of Colden in the _Hist. Mag._, Jan., 1865. Palfrey
(_New England_, iv. 40) warns the student that Colden must be used with
caution, and that he needs to be corrected by Charlevoix.
[1434] See Vol. V. 618.
[1435] Cf. Vol. IV. 297. Schoolcraft later included in his _Indian
Tribes_ a reprint of David Cusick’s _Ancient Hist. of the Six Nations_
(1825), the work of a Tuscarora chief. Brinton (_Myths_, 108) calls it
of little value. Elias Johnson, another Tuscarora, printed a little
_Hist. of the Six Nations_ at Lockport in 1881.
[1436] See Vol. V., VI., VII.
[1437] This was the earliest of Morgan’s important writings on the
Iroquois, but the full outcome of all his views on the Indian character
and life can only be studied by following him through his later
_Ancient Society_, his _Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity_, and
his _Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines_. Cf. Pilling’s
_Proof-sheets_ for a conspectus of his works. Morgan’s early studies on
the Iroquois sensibly affected his judgment in his later treatment of
all other North American tribes.
[1438] Hale has also contributed to the _Mag. Amer. Hist._, 1885, xiii.
131, a paper on “Chief George H. M. Johnson, his life and work among
the Six Nations;” and to the _Amer. Antiquarian_, 1885, vii. 7, one on
“The Iroquois sacrifice of the white dog.”
A few other references on the Iroquois follow: Drake’s _Book of the
Indians_, book v.; D. Sherman in _Mag. West. Hist._, i. 467; W. W.
Beauchamp in _Amer. Antiquarian_ (Nov., 1886), viii. 358; D. Gray on
the last Indian council in the Genesee Country, in _Scribner’s Mag._,
xxv. 338; _Penna. Mag._, i. 163, 319; ii. 407. For the Schaghticoke
tribe, see _Hist. Mag._, June, 1870; and for those of the Susquehanna
Valley, Miner’s _Wyoming_ and Stone’s _Wyoming_. E. M. Ruttenber’s
_Indian Tribes of the Hudson River_ (Albany, 1872) is an important
book. Miss Fletcher’s _Report_ includes a paper on the N. Y. Indians,
by F. B. Hough.
[1439] _N. Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc._, vol. iv.
[1440] There is a sketch of this singular character in Brinton’s
_Lenape_, ch. 7.
[1441] Also _Amer. Whig Review_, Feb., 1849; and in Beach’s _Indian
Miscellany_.
[1442] We may also note: D. B. Brunner’s _Indians of Berks county,
Pa.; being a summary of all the tangible records of the aborigines of
Berks County_ (Reading, Pa., 1881), and W. J. Buck’s “Lappawinzo and
Tishcohan chiefs of the Lenni Lenape” in the _Penna. Mag. of Hist._,
July, 1883, p. 215. The early writers to elucidate the condition of
the Delawares soon after the white contact are Vanderdonck, Campanius,
Gabriel Thomas, and later there is something of value in Peter Kalm’s
_Travels_. The early authorities on Pennsylvania need also to be
consulted, as well as the _Penna. Archives_, and the _Collections_
of the Penna. Hist. Soc., and its _Bulletin_, whose first number has
Ettwein’s _Traditions and language of the Indians_. Of considerable
historical value is Charles Thomson’s _Enquiry_ (see Vol. V. 575), and
the relations of the Quakers to the tribes are surveyed in an _Account
of the Conduct of the Society of Friends towards the Indian Tribes_
(Lond., 1844); but other references will be found _post_, Vol. V. 582,
including others on the Moravian missions, the literature of which is
of much importance in this study. Cf. Chas. Beatty’s _Journal of a two
months’ tour_ (London, 1768), the works of Heckewelder and Loskiel, and
Schweinitz’s _Zeisberger_. Cf. Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, p. 78.
[1443] Vol. III., under Virginia and Maryland. Cf. _Hist. Mag._, March,
1857.
[1444] For instance, the _Relatio itineris in Marylandiam_.
[1445] See Vol. III.
[1446] The latest summary is in Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, ch. 2 and 3.
[1447] F. Kidder in _Hist. Mag._ (1857), i. 161. Doyle’s _English
in America, Virginia, etc._ (London, 1882) gives a brief chapter to
the natives. Cf. travels of Bartram and Smyth, and Miss Fletcher’s
_Report_, ch. 19.
[1448] Vol. II.
[1449] Vol. V. p. 65.
[1450] Vol. V. p. 69, 344, 393.
[1451] Vol. V. p. 401.
[1452] This also makes part of the Urlsperger tract, _Ausführliche
Nachricht von den Saltzburgischen Emigranten_ (Halle, 1835). See Vol.
V. p. 395.
[1453] Vol. V. p. 399. Cf. _Mag. Amer. Hist._, v. 346.
[1454] The long contested case of the Cherokees _v._ Georgia brought
out much material. Cf. Vol. VII. p. 322, and _Poole’s Index_, p. 225.
There is a somewhat curious presentation of the Cherokee mind in the
address of Dewi Brown in the _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, xii. 30.
[1455] The histories of the Creek war give some material. See Vol. VII.
and Harrison’s _Life of John Howard Payne_, ch. 4. Cf. _Poole’s Index_,
p. 314.
[1456] Cf. _Poole’s Index_.
[1457] See Vol. VII.
[1458] Cf. Claiborne’s _Mississippi_, i.; Brinton in _Hist. Mag._, 2d
ser., vol. i. p. 16; and E. L. Berthoud’s _Natchez Indians_ (Golden,
1886), a pamphlet.
[1459] Vol. V. p. 68. Cf. also an abridged memoir of the missions in
Louisiana by Father Francis Watrin, Jesuit, 1764-65, in _Mag. West.
Hist._, Feb., 1885, p. 265; the _Travels into Arkansa territory_, 1819,
by Thomas Nuttall (Philad., 1821), for other accounts of the aboriginal
inhabitants of the banks of the Mississippi; the _History of Kansas_
(Chicago, 1883), p. 58; and the _Proceedings_ of the Kansas Hist.
Society.
[1460] Cf. Vol. IV. p. 298; and C. W. Butterfield in the _Mag. West.
Hist._, Feb., 1887; and on the Indian occupation of Ohio, _Ibid._,
Nov., 1884. David Jones’ _Two Visits, 1772-73_, concerns the Ohio
Indians. Our Vol. V. covers this region during the French wars. J.
R. Dodge’s _Red Man of the Ohio Valley, 1650-1795_ (Springfield, O.,
1860), is a popular book.
[1461] _Hist. Mag._, x. (Jan., 1866).
[1462] _Mag. West. Hist._, ii. 38.
[1463] _Hist. Writings_, 1887.
[1464] _Fergus Hist. Series, No. 27_ (1884). Cf. Hough’s map of the
tribal districts of Indiana in his _Rept. on the Geology and Nat. Hist.
of Indiana_ (1882).
[1465] See Vol. IV. 298.
[1466] Cf. _Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1861; and Peter D. Clarke’s _Origin and
Traditional Hist. of the Wyandotts_ (Toronto, 1870). Clarke is a native
Indian writer.
[1467] Cf. I. A. Lapham on the _Indians of Wisconsin_ (Milwaukee,
1879); and E. Jacker on the missions in _Am. Cath. Quart._, i. 404;
also Miss Fletcher’s _Report_, ch. 21.
[1468] Vol. VII.
[1469] Cf. her _Report_ (1888), ch. 10, and her _Indian ceremonies_
(Salem, Mass., 1884), taken from the xvi. _Report of the Peabody Museum
of Amer. Archæology and Ethnology_, 1883, pp. 260-333, and containing:
The white buffalo festival of the Uncpapas.—The elk mystery or
festival. Ogallala Sioux.—The religious ceremony of the four winds or
quarters, as observed by the Santee Sioux.—The shadow or ghost lodge:
a ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux.—The “Wawan,” or pipe dance of the
Omahas.
The _Minnesota Hist. Soc. Collections_ have much on the Dacotahs.
[1470] _Ab-sa-ra-ka, home of the Crows, being the experience of an
officer’s wife on the plains, with outlines of the natural features of
the land, tables of distances, maps_ [etc.] (Philad., 1868).
[1471] These may be supplemented by Letheman’s account of the Navajos
in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 280; and books of adventures, like
Ruxton’s _Life in the Far West_; Pumpelly’s _Across America and Asia_;
H. C. Dorr in _Overland Monthly_, Apr., 1871 (also in Beach’s _Indian
Miscellany_); James Hobbs’ _Wild life in the far West_ (Hartford,
1875),—not to name others, and a large mass of periodical literature to
be reached for the English portion through _Poole’s Index_. Cf. Miss
Fletcher’s _Report_ (1888).
[1472] _A Journal, kept at Nootka Sound, by John R. Jewitt, one
of the surviving crew of the ship Boston, of Boston, John Salter,
commander, who was massacred on 22d of March, 1803. Interspersed with
some account of the natives, their manners and customs_ (Boston,
1807). Another account has been published with the title, “A narrative
of the adventures and sufferings of J. R. Jewitt,” compiled from
Jewitt’s “Oral relations,” by Richard Alsop; and another alteration
and abridgment by S. G. Goodrich has been published with the title,
“The captive of Nootka.” Cf. Sabin, Pilling, Field, etc. Cf. also
_Hist. Mag._, Mar., 1863. The French half-breeds of the Northwest are
described by V. Havard in the _Smithsonian Rept._, 1879.
[1473] Dall’s _Alaska and its Resources_ (Boston, 1870), with its list
of books, is of use in this particular field. Cf. also Miss Fletcher’s
_Report_ (1888), ch. 19 and 20.
[1474] His map is reproduced in Petermann’s _Geog. Mittheilungen_, xxv.
pl. 13.
[1475] The periodical literature can be reached through _Poole’s
Index_; particularly to be mentioned, however, are the _Atlantic
Monthly_, Apr., 1875; by J. R. Browne in _Harper’s Mag._, Aug., 1861,
repeated in Beach’s _Ind. Miscellany_. For the missionary aspects see
such books as Geronimo Boscana’s _Chinigchinich; a historical account
of the origin, customs, and traditions of the Indians at the missionary
establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California; called the
Acagchemem nation. Translated from the original Spanish manuscript, by
one who was many years a resident of Alta California_ [Alfred Robinson]
(N. Y., 1846), which is included in Robinson’s _Life in California_
(N. Y., 1846); and C. C. Painter’s _Visit to the mission Indians of
southern California, and other western tribes_ (Philadelphia, 1886).
[1476] See, for instance: Maj. Powell on tribal society in the _Third
Rept. Bur. of Ethnology_. On Totemism, see the _Fourth Rept._, p. 165,
and J. G. Frazier in his _Totemism_ (Edinburgh, 1887). Lucien Carr on
the social and political condition of women among the Huron-Iroquois
tribes, in _Peabody Mus. Rept._, xvi. 207. J. M. Browne on Indian
medicine in the _Atlantic_, July, 1866, reprinted in Beach’s _Indian
Miscellany_. J. M. Lemoine on their mortuary rites in _Proc. Roy.
Soc. Canada_, ii. 85, and H. C. Yarrow on their mortuary customs in
the _First Rept. Bur. Ethnol._, p. 87, and on their mummifications
in _Ibid._ p. 130. Andrew MacFarland Davis on Indian games in the
_Bulletin, Essex Institute_, vols. xvii., xviii., and separately. On
their intellectual and literary capacity, John Reade in the _Proc. Roy.
Soc. of Canada_ (ii. sect. 2d, p. 17); Edward Jacker in _Amer. Catholic
Quarterly_ (ii. 304; iii. 255); Brinton’s _Lenape and their legends_;
W. G. Simms’ _Views and Reviews_.
[1477] _The North Americans of Antiquity_, by John T. Short, p. 130.
[1478] _Ibid._ p. 127.
[1479] _The Antiquity of Man in America_, by Alfred R. Wallace in
_Nineteenth Century_ (November, 1887), vol. xxii. p. 673.
[1480] _Palæolithic Man in America_, in _Popular Science Monthly_
(November, 1888), p. 23.
[1481] Sometimes the gravels in which such implements were originally
deposited have disappeared through denudation or other natural
causes, leaving the implements on the surface. But the outside of
such specimens always shows traces of decomposition, indicating their
high antiquity. Other examples of implements of like shape, found on
the surface in places where there has been no glacial drift, may be
palæolithic, but their form is no sufficient proof of this, since they
may equally well have been the work of the Indians, who are known to
have fashioned similar objects.
[1482] _The Great Ice Age and its relation to the antiquity of Man_, by
James Geikie, p. 416.
[1483] _An Inventory of our Glacial Drift_, by T. C. Chamberlin in
the _Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Science_,
vol. xxxv. p. 196. A general map of this great moraine and others
representing portions of it on a large scale will be found in his
“Preliminary Paper on the terminal moraine of the second glacial
period,” in the _Third Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey_,
by J. W. Powell (Washington, 1883).
[1484] Chamberlin, _Proc. Amer. Assoc._, _ubi sup._, p. 199.
[1485] _The place of Niagara Falls in geological history_, by G. K.
Gilbert, of the U. S. Govt. Surv., in the _Proc. Amer. Assoc._, _Ibid._
p. 223; _Geology of Minnesota_ [final report], by N. H. Winchell and
Warren Upham, vol. i. p. 337 (St. Paul, 1888).
[1486] _The American Naturalist_, vol. vii. p. 204.
[1487] _Ibid._ vol. x. p. 329.
[1488] _Tenth Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of
American Archæology and Ethnology_, vol. ii. p. 30.
[1489] Second report on the palæolithic implements from the glacial
drift, in the valley of the Delaware River, near Trenton, New Jersey,
_Ibid._ p. 225.
[1490] A complete account of Dr. Abbott’s investigations will be found
in his _Primitive Industry_, chap. 32 (Palæolithic Implements); _Tenth
ann. rep. of Peabody Museum_, vol. ii. p. 30; _Eleventh Do._, _Ibid._
p. 225; _Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History_, vol.
xxi. p. 124; vol. xxiii. p. 424; _Proc. of Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of
Science_, vol. xxxvii.
[1491] _Proceedings of Boston Society of Natural History_, vol. xxi. p.
148.
[1492] _Twelfth annual report of Peabody Museum_, vol. ii. p. 489.
[1493] _Proceedings of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, _Ibid._ p. 132.
[1494] _Popular Science Monthly_, January, 1889, p. 411.
[1495] _On the discovery of stone implements in the glacial drift of
North America_, in the _Quart. Journ. of Science_ (London, January,
1878), vol. xv. p. 68.
[1496] _The Trenton gravel and its relation to the antiquity of man, in
the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia_,
1880, p. 296.
[1497] _Primitive Industry_, p. 533 _et seq._
[1498] The bibliography of Professor Wright’s publications upon this
subject will be found in _Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiii.
p. 427.
[1499] _Science_, vol. i. p. 271.
[1500] _Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiii. p. 435.
[1501] _Proc. Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, vol. xxxvii.
[1502] Early Man in the Delaware Valley, in the _Proc. Boston Soc. of
Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiv.
[1503] The Age of the Philadelphia Red Gravel, _Proc. Boston Soc. of
Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiv.
[1504] _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, p. 293. The preface of
this volume is dated “New York, April 10, 1873.” In an article in the
_North American Review_ for January, 1874 (vol. cxviii. p. 70), on “The
Antiquity of the North American Indians,” he traces that race back to
palæolithic times.
[1505] _Flint implements from the stratified drift of the vicinity of
Richmond, Va._, in the _American Journal of Science_ (3d series), vol.
xi. p. 195; quoted in Dana’s _Manual of Geology_, p. 578.
[1506] _Sixth annual report of the Geological and Natural History
Survey of Minnesota_, 1877, p. 54.
[1507] Her paper on “Ancient quartz-workers and their quarries in
Minnesota,” read before the Minnesota Historical Society, February,
1880, was reprinted in _The American Antiquarian_, vol. iii. p. 18.
[1508] _Vestiges of Glacial Man in Central Minnesota_, in the _Proc.
Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, vol. xxxii. p. 385. A more extended
account of her researches will be found under the same title in the
_American Naturalist_ for June and July, 1884 (vol. xviii. pp. 594 and
697). On p. 705 the writer has given at some length his opinion in
regard to the artificial character of these quartz objects.
[1509] _Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiii. p. 436.
[1510] In 1877, by Professor S. S. Haldeman on an island in the
Susquehanna River, in Lancaster Co., Penn. (_Eleventh Rep. Peabody
Mus._, vol. ii. p. 255). In 1878, by A. F. Berlin in the Schuylkill
Valley, at Reading, Penn. (_American Antiquarian_, vol. i. p. 10).
In 1879, by Dr. W. J. Hoffman in the valley of the Potomac, near
Washington (_American Naturalist_, vol. xiii. p. 108). Subsequently
by others in the same vicinity, reported by S. V. Proudfit in _The
American Anthropologist_, vol. i. p. 337. By David Dodge at Wakefield,
Mass., and by Mr. Frazer at Marshfield, Mass. (_Proc. of Boston Soc.
of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxi. pp. 123 and 450). By the writer, in several
localities in New England (_Ibid._ p. 382).
[1511] _Sixth annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey of the
Territories_, by F. V. Hayden (1873), p. 652.
[1512] _Ibid._ (1874), p. 247.
[1513] _Ibid._ p. 254.
[1514] _Eleventh Report of Peabody Museum_, p. 257.
[1515] _Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a quaternary lake of
northwestern Nevada_, by I. C. Russell, being _Monog._ No. xi. _U. S.
Geol. Surv._ under J. W. Powell, p. 247 (Washington, 1885).
[1516] _Ibid._ p. 269.
[1517] _Pop. Science Monthly_, November, 1888, p. 27.
[1518] Article in the _Iconographic Encyclopædia_, on Prehistoric
Archæology, by Daniel G. Brinton, vol. ii. p. 63 (Philadelphia, 1886).
[1519] _Smithsonian Report_, 1862, p. 297, where it is figured; and
repeated in his _Prehistoric Man_, vol. i. p. 45.
[1520] See p. 385 of this volume.
[1521] _Memoirs of Mus. of Comp. Zoölogy at Harv. College_, vol. vi.
pp. 258-288 (Cambridge, 1880).
[1522] _The Native Races of the Pacific States of North America_, by H.
H. Bancroft, vol. iv. pp. 699-707.
[1523] _Transactions_ of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, vol. i. p.
232, pl. xxii, fig. 3.
[1524] _The aboriginal relics called “sinkers” or “plummets”_ in _Amer.
Journal of Archæology_, vol. i. p. 105.
[1525] _The Epoch of the Mammoth and the Apparition of Man upon the
Earth_, by James C. Southall, p. 399 (Philadelphia, 1878).
[1526] Schoolcraft’s _Indian Tribes of the United States_, vol. i. p.
101 (Philadelphia, 1851).
[1527] S. B. J. Skertchly in the _Journal Anthrop. Inst._, vol. xvii.
p. 335 (Jan. 10, 1888).
[1528] _The American Naturalist_, vol. xxi. p. 459 (1887).
[1529] _Early Man in America_, in the _North American Review_, Oct.,
1883, p. 340.
[1530] _The Auriferous Gravels_, etc., p. 273.
[1531] _Ibid._ p. 242.
[1532] _Sixth annual report of the U. S. Geol. Surv. of the
Territories_, p. 29.
[1533] _Ibid._ p. 44.
[1534] _The Auriferous Gravels_, etc., p. 281.
[1535] _The Antiquity of Man in North America_, p. 679.
[1536] _Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiii, p. 269.
[1537] _Reports of Peabody Museum_, vol. iii. pp. 177, 408; iv. p. 35.
[1538] _Early Man in Britain_, by W. Boyd Dawkins, p. 167.
[1539] Dr. H. Ten Kate in _Science_, vol. xii. p. 228 (November 9,
1888).
[1540] _Notes on the Crania of the N. E. Indians_, by Lucien Carr, p. 9
(_Anniversary Memoirs of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._), 1880.
[1541] _The Standard Natural History_, ed. by J. S. Kingsley, vol. vi.
p. 143.
[1542] _The Mammoth and the Flood_, by Henry H. Howorth, p. 316
(London, 1887).
[1543] _Fossil Men and their modern Representatives_, by J. W. Dawson,
p. 106 _et seq._ (London, 1880).
[1544] _Le Maconnais Préhistorique, ... ouvrage posthume par H. De
Ferry ... avec notes et cet. par A. Arcelin_, Mâcon, 1870.
[1545] _The Auriferous Gravels_, etc., p. 287.
[1546] _Primitive Industry; or Illustrations of the Handiwork in Stone,
Bone, and Clay of the Native Races of the Northern Atlantic Seaboard of
America_, by Charles C. Abbott (Salem and Boston, 1881), p. 3.
[1547] _Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiii. p. 422.
[1548] _Proc. of Am. Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, vol. xxxvii.
[1549] _Primitive Industry_, p. 253.
[1550] _Ibid._ p. 262.
[1551] _Primitive Industry_, p. 276 _et seq._
[1552] _Ibid._ p. 515, _note_.
[1553] _Proc. of Am. Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, vol. xxxvii.
[1554] Peter Kalm, _Travels into North America, translated by J. R.
Forster_ (London, 1770-71), v. ii. p. 17.
[1555] _Primitive Industry_, p. 462.
[1556] _Proc. of Amer. Assoc. for Adv. of Science_, vol. xxxvii.
[1557] _Rep. of Peabody Museum_, vol. iv. p. 43.
[1558] Vol. ix. p. 363.
[1559] See Vol. II. pp. 144 and 187.
[1560] _Companions of Columbus_, p. 28.
[1561] _Flint Chips, a Guide to Prehistoric Archæology_, by Edw. T.
Stevens, p. 123.
[1562] _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, by C. C. Jones, p. 320.
[1563] _Rep. of Peabody Museum_, vol. iv. p. 45.
[1564] “Early Man in the Delaware Valley,” in the _Proc. Boston Soc. of
Nat. Hist._, vol. xxiv.
[1565] _Early Man in Britain_, p. 173.
[1566] Waitz, _Introd. to Anthropology_, Eng. trans., p. 255, points
out the dangers of over-confidence in this research. Cf. also J. H.
McCulloh’s _Researches_ (1829).
The best indications of the sources as respects the origin of the
Americans can be found in Haven’s _Archæology of the United States_
(_Smithsonian Contributions_, vii., 1856); Bancroft’s foot-notes to his
_Nat. Races_, v. ch. 1; Short, ch. 3, on the diversity of opinions;
Poole’s _Index_, p. 637, and _Supplement_, p. 274. Cf. Drake’s _Book of
the Indians_, ch. 2.
Without anticipating the characterization and mention of the essential
books later to be indicated, some miscellaneous references may be added
without much attempt at classifying them.
Among English writers: Hyde Clarke’s _Researches on prehistoric and
protohistoric comparative philology, mythology, and archæology in
connection with the origin of culture in America_ (London, 1875).
Robert Knox’s _Races of Men_ (London, 1862); J. Kennedy in his
_Probable origin of the American Indians_ (London, 1854), and in his
_Essays, ethnological and linguistic_ (London, 1861); J. C. Beltrami’s
_Pilgrimage in Europe and America_ (London, 1828); C. H. Smith in
_Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, xxxviii. 1.
Some French authorities: Nadaillac, _Les premiers hommes_, ii. 93, and
his _L’Amérique préhistorique_, ch. 10, and to the English translation
W. H. Dall adds a chapter on this subject; Brasseur de Bourbourg’s
introduction to his _Popul Vuh_ (section 4); Dabry de Thiersant’s _De
l’origine des indiens du nouveau monde et de leur civilisation_ (Paris,
1883); M. A. Baguet’s “Les races primitives des deux Amériques” in
_Bull. de la Soc. de Géog. d’Anvers_, viii. 440; Domenech in _Revue
Contemporaine_, 1st ser., xxxiii. 283; xxxiv. 5, 284; 2d ser., iv.;
Baron de Bretton’s _Origines des peuples de l’Amérique_, in the Nancy
_Compte-rendu, Congrès des Américanistes_, i. 439.
Among German writers perhaps the most weighty are Theodor Waitz in his
_Anthropologie der Naturvölker_ (1862-66), and Carl Vogt’s _Vorlesungen
über den Menschen_, translated as _Lectures on Man_ (1864).
American writers: Drake’s _Book of the Indians_, ch. 1, 2; Doddridge’s
_Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of Virginia and Penna._, ch.
3; Geo. Catlin’s _Life amongst the Indians_ (1861), and his _Last
Rambles_ (1867), with extracts in _Smithsonian Ann. Rept._, 1885, iii.
749; Isaac McCoy’s _Hist. of Baptist Indian Missions_ (Washington,
1840); Short’s _No. Amer. of Antiq._, ch. 4, 11; B. H. Coate’s _Annual
Discourse before the Penna. Hist. Soc._ (Philad., 1834), reviewing the
various theories; also in their _Memoirs_, iii. part 2; John Y. Smith
in _Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Ann. Rep._, iv. 117; Dennie’s _Portfolio_,
xiii. 231, 519; xiv. 7; A. R. Grote in _Amer. Naturalist_, xi. 221
(April, 1877); C. C. Abbott in _Ibid._ x. 65.
Some Canadian writers: J. Campbell in _Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc.
Transactions_ (1880-81); Napoléon Legendre’s “Races indigénes de
l’Amérique devant l’histoire” in _Proc. Royal Soc. of Canada_, ii. 25.
[1567] The book is a rare one. Field, No. 586. Sabin, vii. p. 157.
Quaritch in 1885 had not known of a copy being for sale in twenty
years. He then had two (Nos. 28,355-56). There is one in Harvard
College Library. Garcia drew somewhat from a manuscript of Juan de
Vetanzos, a companion of Pizarro, and he gives the native accounts of
their origin. There was a second edition, with Barcia’s Annotations,
Madrid, 1729 (Carter-Brown, iii. 432).
[1568] _New English Canaan_ (Amsterdam, 1637—C. F. Adams’ ed., 1883,
pp. 125, 129).
[1569] There is an English translation in the _Bibliotheca Curiosa_.
[Edited by Edmund Goldsmidt.] (Edinburgh, 1883-85.) No. 12. _On the
origin of the native races of America. To which is added, A treatise
on foreign languages and unknown islands, by Peter Albinus. Translated
from the Latin._ The translation is unfortunate in its blunders. Cf. H.
W. Haynes in _The Nation_, Mar. 15, 1888. Grotius was b. 1583; d. 1645.
[1570] Carter-Brown, ii. 522, 523, 543.
[1571] This book is scarcer than the first (Brinley, iii. 5414-15).
There is a letter addressed to De Laet, touching Grotius, in Claudius
Morisotus’s _Epistolarum Centuriæ duæ_, 1656.
[1572] Brinley, iii. 5407-8. In Samuel Sewall’s _Letter Book_, i. 289,
is an amusing reference to the “vanities of Hornius.”
[1573] Jo. Bapt. Poisson, _Animadversiones ad ea quæ Hugo Grotius
et Joh. Lahetius de origine gentium Peruvianarum et Mexicanarum
scripserunt_ (Paris, 1644); Rob. Comtæus Nortmanus, _De origine gentium
Americanarum_ (Amsterdam, 1664), an academic dissertation adopting the
Phœnician view; A. Mil, _De origine animalium et migratione populorum_
(Geneva, 1667); Erasmus Franciscus, _Lust- und Staatsgarten_ (Nürnberg,
1668), with a third part on the aboriginal inhabitants (Müller, 1877,
no. 1150); Gottfried [Godofredus] Wagner, _De Originibus Americanis_
(Leipzig, 1669); J. D. Victor, _Disputatio historia de America_ (Jena,
1670); E. P. Ljung, _Dissertatio de origine gentium novi orbis prima_
(Stregnäs [Sweden] 1676). An essay of 1695 reprinted in the _Memoirs,
Anthrop. Soc. of London_, i. 365; Nic Witsen, _Noord-en-Oost Tartarye_
(2d ed., Amsterdam, 1705), holding to the migration from northeastern
Asia.
[1574] Cf. Alex. Catcott’s _Treatise on the Deluge_ (2d ed., enlarged,
London, 1768), and A. de Ulloa’s _Noticias Americanas_ (Madrid, 1772,
1792), for speculations.
[1575] Cf. Sabin, xiv. 59,239, etc., for editions. The original three
vols. appeared in Berlin in 1768, 1769, and 1770, respectively. The
best edition, with De Pauw’s subsequent defence and Pernetty’s attack,
was issued at London in three vols. in 1770:—
_Recherches philosophiques sur les Américains, ou Mémoires interessants
pour servir à l’histoire de l’espèce humaine_.
_Contents_: Du climat de l’Amérique.—De la complexion altérée de
ses habitants.—De la découverte du Nouveau-Monde.—De la variété de
l’espèce humaine en Amérique.—De la couleur des Américains.—Des
anthropophages.—Des Eskimaux; des Patagons.—Des Blafards et des Négres
blancs.—De l’Orang-Outang.—Des hermaphrodites de la Floride.—De la
circoncision et de l’infibulation.—Du génie abruti des Américains.—De
quelques usages bizarres, communs aux deux continents.—De l’usage
des flèches empoisonnées chez les peuples des deux continents.—De
la religion des Américains.—Sur le grand Lama.—Sur les vicissitudes
de notre globe.—Sur le Paraguai.—Défenses des recherches sur les
Américains.—D. Pernetty. Dissertation sur l’Amérique et les Américains
contre les recherches philosophiques de M. de Pauw.
There was an edition in French at Berlin in 1770, in 2 vols., and,
with Pernetty annexed, in 1774, in 3 vols. The _Defenses_ was printed
also at Berlin in 1770. These were all included in De Pauw’s _Œuvres
Philosophiques_, published at Paris “_an iii_.” An English translation
by J. Thomson was printed at London, 1795. Daniel Webb published some
selections in English at Bath, 1789, 1795, and at Rochdale, 1806.
Pernetty’s _Examen_ was printed at Berlin in 1769. There is another
little tractate of this time attributed to Pernetty, _De l’Amérique et
des Américains_ (Berlin, 1771), in whose humor De Pauw fares no better;
but Rich has a note on the questionable attributing of it to Pernetty,
and its real author was probably C. de Bonneville (cf. Hœfer).
[1576] _Delle Lettere Americane_ (_opere_, xi.-xiv., Milano, 1784-94);
better known in J. B. L. Villebrune’s French translation, _Lettres
Américaines_ (2 vols.; Paris and Boston, 1787); Sabin, no. 10,912.
There is also a German version.
[1577] _The United States elevated to Glory and Honor._ New Haven,
1783. It is included in J. W. Thornton’s _Pulpit of the Amer.
Revolution_ (Boston, 1860).
[1578] This Canaanite view, though hardly held with the scope given
by Dr. Stiles, had been asserted earlier by Gomara, De Lery, and
Lescarbot. Cf. _For. Quart. Rev._, Oct., 1856.
[1579] G. H. Loskiel, _Mission of the United Brethren among the
Indians, trans. from the German by La Trobe_ (London, 1794). Johann
Gottlieb Fritsch, _Disputatio historico-geographica in qua quæritur
utrum veteres Americam noverint nec ne_ (Curæ Regnilianæ, 1796).
[1580] _Observations on some Parts of Nat. Hist._, Lond., 1787.
[1581] Pilling, _Bibliog. Siouan languages_ (1887, p. 4).
[1582] _Hist. North Carolina_, 1811-12.
[1583] Haven, _Archæol. U. States_, 35. Cf. Mitchell’s papers in the
_Archæeologia Americana_, i.
[1584] There is a fair sample of the conjectural habit of the time
in the paper of Moses Fiske, in the first volume of the Society’s
_Transactions_, 300.
[1585] _Mexico_, Kirk’s ed., iii. 375.
[1586] _Archæol._ _U. S._, 48.
[1587] _Hist. of Tennessee_, Nashville, 1823.
[1588] Introd. to Marshall’s _Kentucky_, 1824; _The Anc. Mts. of N. &
S. America_, 2d ed., 1838, etc.
[1589] _Amer. Antiq. and Discoveries in the West_, 1833, which
Rafinesque thought largely taken from him. Cf. Haven on these writers,
pp. 38-41; Sabin, xv. 65, 484.
[1590] Pilling, _Bibliog. Siouan languages_, pp. 47, 48.
[1591] Peschel, _Races of Men_ (London, 1876), p. 32.
[1592] Eng. transl. in _Memoirs, Anthropological Society of London_, i.
372.
[1593] There is a summary of the progressive conflict on the question
of the unity and plurality of races in the introduction to Topinard’s
_Anthropology_. Cf. Peschel’s _Races of Man_ (Eng. transl., N. Y.,
1876), p. 6.
[1594] The idea in general was not wholly new. Capt. Bernard Romans,
in his _Concise Nat. Hist. of East and West Florida_ (N. Y., 1776),
had expressed the opinion “that God created an original man and
woman in this part of the globe of different species from any in the
other parts” (p. 38). Clavigero, in 1780, believed that the distinct
linguistic traits of the Americans pointed to something like an
independent origin. Cf. W. D. Whitney on the “Bearing of Languages on
the Unity of Man,” in _North Amer. Review_, cv. 214.
[1595] Cf. Jeffries Wyman in _No. Am. Rev._, li.
[1596] Cardinal Wiseman’s _Lectures_, 5th ed., London, p. 158.
[1597] Described in _Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc._, ii. The collection
went to the Acad. of Natural Sciences in Philad., and is examined by
Dr. J. Austin Meigs in its _Proc._, 1860. Cf. Meigs’s _Catalogue of
human crania in the Acad. Nat. Sci._ (Philad., 1857).
[1598] Morton’s latest results are given in a paper, “The physical
type of the American Indian,” left unfinished, but completed by John
S. Phillips, and printed in Schoolcraft’s _Indian Tribes_, ii. He
also printed _An Inquiry into the distinctive characteristics of
the Aboriginal Race of America_ (Boston, 1842; Philad., 1844); and
_Some Observations in the Ethnography and Archæology of the American
Aborigines_ (N. Haven, 1846,—from the _Amer. Jour. of Science_, 2d
ser., ii.). Cf. _Trans. Amer. Ethnol. Soc._ ii. 219. Cf. Allibone’s
_Dictionary_, ii. 1376. It is certainly evident that skull capacity is
no sure measure of intelligence, and the Indian custom of misshaping
the head offers some serious obstacles in the study. Cf. Nadaillac,
_L’Amér. préhist._, 512; L. A. Gosse, _Les déformations artificielles
du crane_ (Paris, 1855); Daniel Wilson’s “Indications of Ancient
Customs suggested by certain cranial forms,” in _Amer. Antiq. Soc.
Proc._ (1863); Dabry de Thiersant’s _Origine des indiens du Nouveau
Monde_, p. 12; W. F. Whitney, on “Anomalies, injuries and diseases of
the bones of the native races of No. America,” in _Peabody Mus. Rept._,
xviii. 434. On the difficulties of the study see Lucien Carr in _Ibid._
xi. 361; Flower in the _Journal Anthropological Institute_, May, 1885;
Dawson, _Fossil Men_, chap. 7. Further see: Anders Retzius, on “The
Present State of Ethnology in relation to the form of the human skull,”
in _Smithson. Rept._, 1859; Waitz’s _Introd. to Anthropology_, Eng.
transl., pp. 233, 261; Carl Vogt’s _Lectures on Man_ (lect. 2); A.
Quatrefages and E. T. Hamy, _Crania Ethica_ (Paris, 1873-77); Nott and
Gliddon, _Types of Mankind_; Nadaillac’s _L’Amérique préhist._, ch. 9,
and _Les premiers hommes_, i. ch. 3.
[1599] An anonymous book, _The Genesis of Earth and Man_ (Edinburgh,
1856), places the negro as the primal stock, and traces out the higher
races by variation.
[1600] Dr. Nott had given some indication of his views in “An
Examination of the physical history of the Jews in its bearing on the
question of the Unity of the Races” (_Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc._,
iii. 1850).
[1601] Cf. References in Allibone, i. 678; _Poole’s Index_, p. 796.
[1602] The editor’s collaborateurs were Alfred Maury, Francis Palszky,
J. Aitken Meigs, J. Leidy, and Louis Agassiz. Nott had in the interval
since his previous book furnished an appendix on the unity or plurality
of Races to the English transl. of Gobineau’s _Moral Diversity of
Races_ (Philad., 1856).
[1603] Haven gives a summary of the arguments of each (p. 90, etc.).
For various views on this side see Southall’s _Recent Origin of Man_,
ch. ii. 36, 37, and his _Epoch of the Mammoth_, ch. 2, where he allows
that the proofs from traditions and customs are not conclusive; George
Palmer’s _Migration from Shinar; or, the Earliest Links between the
Old and New Continents_ (London, 1879); Edward Fontaine’s _How the
World was Peopled_ (N. Y., 1876); Dr. Samuel Forrey in _Amer. Biblical
Repository_, July, 1843; McClintock and Strong’s _Cyclopædia_, under
“Adam”; Henry Cowles’ _Pentateuch_ (N. Y., 1874),—not to name many
others. See _Poole’s Index_, 1073.
[1604] Wilson’s first criticism was in the _Canadian Journal_ (1857);
then in the _Edinburgh Philosophical Journal_ (Jan., 1858); in the
_Smithsonian Rept._ (1862), p. 240, on the “American Cranial Type;”
and in his _Prehist. Man_ (ii. ch. 20). Latham’s _Nat. Hist. of the
Varieties of Man_. Charles Pickering’s _Races of Men_ (1848). The
orthodox monogenism of A. de Quatrefages is expressed in his _De
l’unité de l’espèce humaine_ (Paris, 1864, 1869); in his _Hist.
générale des Races humaines_ (Paris, 1887); in his _Human Species_ (N.
Y., 1879), and in papers in _Revue des Cours Scientifiques_, 1864-5,
1867-8; in his _Nat. Hist. of Man_ (Eng. transl., N. Y., 1875); in
_Catholic World_, vii. 67; and in _Popular Science Monthly_, i. 61.
Cf. further, Retzius in _Archives des Sciences Naturelles_ (Genève,
1845-52); Col. Chas. Hamilton Smith’s _Nat. Hist. Human Species_
(1848); Dawson in _Leisure Hour_, xxiii. 813, and in his _Fossil Men_,
p. 334, who holds the biblical account to be “the most complete and
scientific;” Figuier’s _World before the Deluge_ (N. Y., 1872), p. 469.
Geo. Bancroft sees no signs to reverse the old judgment respecting a
single human race.
[1605] He found all three varieties of skulls in America: the
long-headed (dolichocephalic), the short-headed (brachycephalic), and
the medium (mesocephalic). He found the long heads to predominate,
except in Peru. Meigs had earlier studied the subject in his
_Observations on the Form of the Occiput_ (Philad., 1860). Cf. Busk in
_Jour. Anthrop. Inst._, April, 1873; Wyman, in _Peab. Mus. Rept._, 1871.
[1606] H. H. Bancroft, _Nat. Races_, v. 129, 131, gives references
on the autochthonous theory. It is held by Nadaillac, _Les premiers
hommes_, ii. 117; Fred. von Hellwald in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866;
Bollaert’s “Contribution to an Introduction to the Anthropology of the
New World” in _Memoirs, Anthrop. Society of London_, ii. 92; F. Müller,
_Allgemeine Ethnographie_; and Simonin, _L’homme Américain_ (Paris,
1870). F. W. Putnam (_Report_ in _Wheeler’s Survey_, vii. p. 18) says:
“The primitive race of America was as likely autochthonous and of
Pliocene age as of Asiatic origin.” The autochthonous view is probably
losing ground. Dall, in ch. 10, appended to the English translation of
Nadaillac’s _Prehistoric America_, sums up the prevailing arguments
against it. Cf. also Dabry de Thiersant’s _Origine des Indiens du
Nouveau Monde_, ch. 1.
[1607] Cf. also Prescott’s _Essays_, 224.
[1608] This view has necessarily been abandoned in his later editions.
Cf. orig. ed., iii. 307; and final revision, ii. 130.
[1609] Haven at the end of his second chapter tries to place
Schoolcraft, and he does better than one would expect, at that day. For
Schoolcraft’s special notes on Antiquities see his vol. i. p. 44; ii.
83; iii. 73; iv. 113; v. 85, 657. For bibliography see Pilling, Sabin,
Field, etc.
[1610] Again he says: “Man may be assumed to be prehistoric wherever
his chroniclings of himself are undesigned, and his history is
wholly recoverable by induction. The term has, strictly speaking,
no chronological significance; but in its relative application
corresponds to other archæological, in contradistinction to geological
periods.” Of America he says: “A continent where man may be studied
under circumstances which seem to furnish the best guarantee of his
independent development.” Dawkins (_Cave hunting_, 136) says: “For that
series of events which extends from the borders of history back to the
remote age, where the geologist, descending the stream of time, meets
the archæologist, I have adopted the term _prehistoric_.”
The divisions of prehistoric time now most commonly employed are:
For the oldest, the Palæolithic age, as Lubbock first termed it,
which, with a shadowy termination, has an unknown beginning, covering
an interval geologically of vast extent. It is the primitive stone
age, the epoch of flint-chippers; and but a single positive vestige
of any community of living is known to archæologists: the village
of Solutré, in Eastern France, being held by some to be associated
with man in this earlier stage of his development. This stone period
is sometimes divided in Europe into an earlier and later period,
representing respectively the men of the river drift and of the caves.
In the first period, called sometimes that of the race of Canstadt,
and by Mortillet the Chellean period, we have, as is claimed, a savage
hunter race, represented by the Neanderthal skull; and because in two
jaw-bones discovered the genial tubercle is undeveloped, a school of
archæologists contend that the race was speechless (Horatio Hale’s
“Origin of Language,” in _Am. Asso. Adv. Sci. Proc._, xxxv., Cambridge,
1886; and separate, p. 31). This theory, however, seems to rest on a
misconception. Cf. Topinard on the jaw-bone from the Naulette cave in
the _Revue d’Anthropologie_, 3d ser. i., p. 422 (1886). It is held
that the ethnical relations of this race are unknown, and it is not
palpably connected with the race of the later period, the race of the
caves, which archæologists, like Carl Vogt, Lartet, and Christy, call
the cave-bear epoch, as its evidences are found in the cave deposits of
Europe.
[Illustration: FROM DAWSON’S FOSSIL MEN.
A front view of a Hochelagan skull, surrounded by the outline, on a
larger scale, of the Cro-magnon skull.]
This cave race is represented by the Cro-magnon skull, and, as Dawkins
holds, is perpetuated to-day by the Eskimo, and was very likely
also represented in the Guanches of the Canary Islands. Quatrefages
calls it the race of Cro-magnon; and the vanishing of it into the
Neolithic people is obscure. It is claimed by some, but the evidence is
questionable, that the development of the muscles of speech make this
race the first to speak, and that thus man, as a speaking being, is
probably not ten thousand years old.
The interval before the shaped and polished stone implements were used
may have been long in some places, and the gradation may have been
confused in others; and it is indeed sometimes said that the one and
the other condition exist in savage regions at the present day, as
many archæologists hold that they have always existed, side by side,
though this proposition is also denied. Indeed, it is a question if the
terms of the archæologist, signifying ages or epochs, have any time
value, being rather characteristics of stages of development than of
passing time. Those who find the ruder implements to stand for a people
living with the cave-bear find, as they contend, a shorter-headed race
producing these finer stone implements, and call it the Reindeer epoch.
One of Lubbock’s terms, the Neolithic age, has gained larger acceptance
as a designation for this period since 1865, when he introduced it.
With these polished stones we first find signs of domestic animals
and of the practice of agriculture. Any considerable collection of
these stone implements and ornaments will present to the observer
great varieties, but with steady types, of such implements as axes,
celts, hammers, knives, drills, scrapers, mortars and pestles, pitted
stones, plummets, sinkers, spear-points, arrow-heads, daggers, pipes,
gorgets,—not to name others.
On the American stone age, see Nadaillac, _Les premiers hommes_, p. 37;
L. P. Gratacap in _Amer. Antiquarian_, iv.; and W. J. McGee, in _Pop.
Sci. Monthly_, Nov., 1888, for condensed views; but the student will
prefer the more enlarged views of Rau, Abbott and others.
[1611] Cambridge, Eng., 1862; revised, 1865; and largely rewritten,
London, 1876. Cf. his “Pre-Aryan American Man,” in the _Roy. Soc.
Canada Trans._, i., 2d sect., 35, and his “Unwritten History” in
_Smithsonian Rept._ (1862).
[1612] London, 1865, 1870; N. Y., 1878.
[1613] Tylor speaks of Klemm’s _Allgemeine Culturgeschichte der
Menschheit_ and his _Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft_ as containing
“invaluable collections of facts bearing on the history of
civilization.”
[1614] _Royal Inst. of Gt. Brit. Proc._, reprinted in _Smithsonian
Rept._, 1867.
[1615] _Internat. Cong. Prehist. Archæol. Trans._, 1868.
[1616] London, 1871; 2d ed., 1874, somewhat amplified; Boston, 1874; N.
Y., 1877.
[1617] See preface to _Primitive Culture_, 1st ed.
[1618] Vols. iii. and iv. of this treatise (Leipzig, 1862-64) are
given to “Die Amerikaner,” and are provided with a list of books on
the subject, and ethnological maps of North and South America. Brinton
(_Myths_, p. 40) thinks it the best work yet written on the American
Indians, though he thinks that Waitz errs on the religious aspects.
Waitz has fully discussed the question of climate as affecting the
development of people, and this is included with full references in
that part of his great work which in the English translation is called
an _Introduction to Anthropology_. Wallace and other observers contend
that the direct efficacy of physical conditions is overrated, and that
climate is but one of the many factors. F. H. Cushing discusses the
question of habitation as affected by surroundings in the _Fourth Ann.
Rept. Bur. of Ethnol._, p. 473.
[1619] Cf. Quatrefages’ _Les Progrès de l’Anthropologie_ (Paris, 1868),
and Paul Topinard’s _Anthropology_ (English translation, London, 1878).
Quatrefages (_Human Race_, New York, 1879) explains the anthropological
method (p. 27).
[1620] Given in _Popular Science Monthly_, Dec., 1884, p. 152; and in
the same periodical p. 264, is an account and portrait of Tylor.
[1621] London, N. Y., 1865; 2d ed. somewhat enlarged, Lond., 1869; and
later. Part of this work had appeared earlier in the _National Hist.
Review_, 1861-64, including a paper (ch. 8) on No. Amer. Archæology in
Jan., 1863, which was reprinted in the _Smithsonian Report_ for 1862,
and was translated in the _Revue Archéologique_, 1865.
This book of Lubbock’s and Tylor’s correlative work probably represent
the best dealing with the subject in English; and some such book as
Jas. A. Farrer’s _Primitive Manners and Customs_ (N. Y., 1879) will
lead up to them with readers less studious. The English reader may
find some comparative treatments in the English version of Waitz’s
_Introd. to Anthropology_ (p. 284), etc.; much that is suggestive and
in some way supplemental to Tylor and Lubbock in Wilson’s _Prehistoric
Man_; some vigorous and perhaps sweeping characterizations in Lesley’s
_Origin and Destiny of Man_ (ch. 6); and other aspects in Winchell’s
_Preadamites_ (ch. 26), Foster’s _Prehistoric Races of the U. S._ (ch.
9), F. A. Allen in _Compte Rendu, Congrès des Américanistes_, 1877,
vol. i. 79. Humboldt points out the non-pastoral character of the
American tribes (_Views of Nature_, ii. 42). Helps’ _Realmah_ deals
with the prehistoric condition of man.
[1622] London, N. Y., 1870; 2d ed.; 3d ed., 1875; 4th ed., 1882,—each
with additions and revisions.
[1623] Cf. his _Studies in Anc. Hist._ He elucidates the early practice
of capturing a wife, and controverts Morgan’s _Ancient Society_. Cf. W.
F. Allen in _Penn. Monthly_, June, 1880.
[1624] Cf. also his “Early Condition of Man,” in _British Ass. Proc._,
1867; and Lyell’s _Principles of Geology_, 11th ed., ii. 485; Dawkins
in _No. Amer. Rev._, Oct., 1883, p. 348.
[1625] Darwin took Lubbock’s side, _Descent of Man_, i. 174. Bradford,
in his _American Antiquities_, held the barbarous American to be
a degraded remnant of a society originally more cultivated; and a
similar view was held by S. F. Jarvis in his _Discourse_ before the
New York Hist. Soc. (Proc., iii., N. Y., 1821). Cf. Büchner’s _Man_,
Eng. transl., 67, 276. Rawlinson (_Antiquity of man historically
considered_) considers savagery a “corruption and degradation,—the
result of adverse circumstances during a long period.”
[1626] N. Y., 1869; originally in _Good Words_, Mar.-June, 1868.
[1627] Dawson’s _Fossil Men and their modern representatives_ (London,
1880, 1883) is “an attempt to illustrate the characters and conditions
of prehistoric men in Europe by those of the American races.” A
conservative reliance on the biblical record, as long understood,
characterizes Dawson’s usual speculations. Cf. his _Nature and the
Bible_, his _Story of the Earth_, his _Origin of the World_, and
his _Address_ as president of the geological section of the Amer.
Association in 1876. He confronts his opponents’ views of the long
periods necessary to effect geographical changes by telling them that
in historic times “the Hyrcanian ocean has dried up and Atlantis has
gone down.”
[1628] Dawson (_Fossil Men_, 218) says: “I think that American
archæologists and geologists must refuse to accept the distinction of
a palæolithic from a neolithic period until further evidence can be
obtained.”
[1629] These are very nearly the views of Winchell in his
_Preadamites_, p. 420.
[1630] Cf. his papers in _Methodist Quarterly_, xxxvi. 581; xxxvii. 29.
[1631] This is also considered important evidence by Dawson, as well
as Winchell’s estimate, in his _5th Report, Minnesota Geol. Survey_
(1876), of the 8,000 or 9,000 years necessary for the falls of St.
Anthony to have worked back from Fort Snelling. Edw. Fontaine’s _How
the World was peopled_ (N. Y., 1872) is another expression of this
recent-origin belief.
[1632] This cataclysmic element of force, as opposed to the gradual
uniformity theory of Lyell, finds expounders in Huxley and Prestwich,
and is the burden of H. H. Howorth’s _Mammoth and the Flood_ (London,
1887) in its palæontological and archæological aspects, its geological
aspects having been touched by him so far only in some papers in the
_Geological Mag._ This great overthrow of the gigantic animals, during
which the man intermediate between the palæolithic and neolithic age
lived, was not universal, so that the less unwieldy species largely
saved themselves; and it was in effect the scriptural flood, of which
traditions were widely preserved among the North American tribes
(_Mammoth and the Flood_, 307, 444).
[1633] Southall answered his detractors in the _Methodist Quarterly_,
xxxvii. 225. Geo. Rawlinson (_Antiq. of Man historically considered,
Present Day Tract, No. 9_, or _Journal of Christian Philosophy_,
April, 1883) speaks of the antiquity of prehistoric man as involving
considerations “to a large extent speculative” as to limits, “that are
to be measured not so much by centuries as by millenia.” He condenses
the arguments for a recent origin of man.
[1634] There is a cursory survey in John Scoffern’s _Stray leaves of
science and folk lore_ (London, 1870).
[1635] Cf. his papers in _Leisure Hour_, xxiii. 740, 766; xxvi. 54.
[1636] Current periodical views can be traced in Poole’s _Index_ (vols.
i. and ii.) under “Man,” “Races,” “Prehistoric,” etc.
The views of the cosmogonists, running back to the beginning of the
sixteenth century, are followed down to the birth of modern geology in
Pattison’s _The Earth and the Word_ (Lond., 1858), and condensed in
M’Clintock & Strong’s _Cyclopædia_ (iii. 795).
[1637] _Verse 1._ In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
_Verse 2._ And the earth was without form and void, etc.
[1638] Cf. also J. D. Whitney’s _Climatic Changes_. The present
proportion of land to water is reckoned as four is to eleven. The
ocean’s average depth is variously estimated at from eleven to thirteen
times that of the average elevation of land above water, or as 11,000
or 13,000 feet is to 1,000 feet. The bulk of water on the globe is
computed at thirty-six times the cubic measurement of the land above
water (_Ibid._ 194, 209).
[1639] For an extended discussion of the Atlantis question, see _ante_,
ch. 1.
[1640] It is enough to indicate the necessary correlation of this
subject with the transformation theory of J. B. A. Lamarck as
enunciated in his _Philosophie Zoologique_ (Paris, 1809; again, 1873),
which Cuvier opposed; and with the new phase of it in what is called
Darwinism, a theory of the survival of the fittest, leading ultimately
to man. Lyell (_Principles of Geology_, 11th ed., ii, 495) presents
the diverse sides of the question, which is one hardly germane to our
present purpose.
[1641] London, 1863, 3 eds., each enlarged; Philad., 1863. In his final
edition Lyell acknowledges his obligations to Lubbock’s _Prehistoric
Man_ and John Evans’s _Anc. Stone Implements_. His final edition is
called: _The geological evidences of the antiquity of man, with an
outline of glacial and post-tertiary geology and remarks on the origin
of species with special reference to man’s first appearance on the
earth_. 4th ed., revised (London, 1873).
[1642] _Recent Origin of Man_, p. 10.
[1643] Another way of looking at it gives reasons for this omission:
“The first chapter of Genesis is not a geological treatise. It is
absolutely valueless in geological discussion, and has no value
whatever save as representing what the Jews borrowed from the
Babylonians, and as preserving for us an early cosmology” (Howorth’s
_Mammoth and the Flood_, Lond., 1887, p. ix). Between Lyell and Gabriel
de Mortillet (_La préhistorique Antiquité de l’Homme_, Paris, 1881) on
the one hand and Southall on the other, there are the more cautious
geologists, like Prestwich, who claim that we must wait before we can
think of measuring by years the interval from the earliest men. (Cf.
“Theoretical considerations on the drift containing implements,” in
_Roy. Soc. Philos. Trans._, 1862)
[1644] Cf. _Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc._, Apr., 1873, p. 33.