PRO FIDE

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OF MODERN APOLOGETICS FOR STUDENTS OF THEOLOGY AND OTHERS

By CHARLES HARRIS, D.D.,

_Late Lecturer in Theology and Parochialia, St. David’s College,

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COMMENDATION OF THE NEW EDITION BY

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THE SACRIFICE OF CHRIST

ITS VITAL REALITY AND EFFICACY

By the Very Rev. HENRY WACE, D.D.,

_Dean of Canterbury_

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THE MIRACLES OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

BEING THE MOORHOUSE LECTURES FOR 1914, DELIVERED IN

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THE INCREASE OF THE EPISCOPATE

CAUTION RECOMMENDED IN THE SUBDIVISION OF DIOCESES

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THE MIND OF CHRIST. Demy 8vo, 6s. net.

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BICKERSTETH, the Right Rev. Edward, D.D.,

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OUR HERITAGE IN THE CHURCH. Papers Written for Divinity

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LIFE AND LETTERS OF EDWARD BICKERSTETH, late Bishop of South

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BOYD-CARPENTER, the Right Rev. William. D.D.,

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BRODRICK, M.

THE TRIAL AND CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS CHRIST OF NAZARETH.

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BURKITT, F. Crawford,

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EARLY EASTERN CHRISTIANITY. St. Margaret’s Lectures, 1904, on

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CALDECOTT, the Rev. W. Shaw,

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THE SECOND TEMPLE IN JERUSALEM. Its History and Structure.

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CARNEGIE, the Rev. W. H.,

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CHURCHMANSHIP AND CHARACTER. Three Years’ Teaching in

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CHILD CHAPLIN, G. G., M.D.

BENEDICITE: The Song of the Three Children. Being

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COLLINS, Rt. Rev. William Edward, D.D.,

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HOURS OF INSIGHT and other Sermons. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. net.

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CONTENTIO VERITATIS.

CONTENTIO VERITATIS. Essays in Constructive Theology. By SIX

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I. THE ULTIMATE BASIS OF THEISM. By the Rev. H. Rashdall,

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V. MODERN CRITICISM AND THE NEW TESTAMENT. By the Rev.

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VI. THE CHURCH. By the Rev. A. J. Carlyle.

VII. THE SACRAMENTS. By the Very Rev. W. R. Inge.

CUNNINGHAM, the Venble. W., D.D., F.B.A.,

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EFFICIENCY IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. Some Remarks Occasioned by

the Report of the Archbishops’ Committee on Church Finance.

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DAVIDSON, the Most Rev. Randall Thomas, D.D.,

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CAPTAINS AND COMRADES IN THE FAITH: Sermons Historical and

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FROM STRENGTH TO STRENGTH. A Sermon preached in Westminster Abbey

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DIBDIN, Sir Lewis, and

CHADWYCK HEALEY, Sir Charles E. H.

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DIGBY, Mother Mabel.

MOTHER MABEL DIGBY, 1835‒1911, Superior General of the Society

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co-religionists of the subject.

DUCHESNE, Monsignor L.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. From its Foundation to the

End of the Fifth Century. Rendered into English from the

fourth Edition.

VOL. I. To End of Third Century. Demy 8vo, 9s. net.

VOL. II. Demy 8vo, 9s. net.

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place with the many others that have been written; the

translation offers attractive inducement to the English

reader.”――_Literary World._

_A third Volume, continuing the Work, will be published in

due course._

DYKES, the Rev. John Bacchus.

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF THE REV. JOHN BACCHUS DYKES, Mus. Doc.,

late Vicar of St. Oswald’s, Durham. Edited by the Rev. JOSEPH

T. FOWLER, Vice-Principal of Hatfield Hall, Durham, etc. With

Portrait. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.

EDWARDS, the Right Rev. Alfred George, D.D.,

_Bishop of St. Asaph_.

LANDMARKS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WELSH CHURCH. With

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THE WELSH CHURCH BILL. A Speech Delivered in the House of

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ELMENDORFF, Dwight L.

A CAMERA CRUSADE THROUGH THE HOLY LAND With 100 Illustrations

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FOX, Selina Fitzherbert, M.D., B.S.

A CHAIN OF PRAYER ACROSS THE AGES. Forty Centuries of

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FRENCH CATHEDRALS.

SOME FRENCH CATHEDRALS. On French Gothic, Bourges, Chartres,

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GLADSTONE, William Ewart.

CORRESPONDENCE ON CHURCH AND RELIGION OF. Selected and

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GORE, the Right Rev. Charles, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D.,

_Bishop of Oxford_.

ORDERS AND UNITY. Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d. net.

THE NEW THEOLOGY AND THE OLD RELIGION. Crown 8vo, 5s. net.

THE BODY OF CHRIST. An Inquiry into the Institution and

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THE MISSION OF THE CHURCH. Four Lectures delivered in the

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THE PERMANENT CREED AND THE CHRISTIAN IDEA OF SIN. Two Sermons

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SPIRITUAL EFFICIENCY. The Primary Charge delivered at his

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THE QUESTION OF DIVORCE. Crown 8vo, 1s. net.

*****

=A Series of Simple Expositions of Portions of the

New Testament=

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THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. Paper covers, 6d. net. _Also in

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THE EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS.

THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. 2 vols.

GORE, the Right Rev. Charles――Edited by.

LUX MUNDI. A Series of Studies in the Religion of the

Incarnation. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. net.

GREEN, the Rev. E. Tyrrell,

_St. David’s College, Lampeter_.

THE EUCHARIST. Devotional Addresses on its Chief Aspects.

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“Marked by a laudable simplicity, and full of clear and

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HARDWICH, the Rev. J. M., and

_Late Scholar of St. John’s College, Cambridge_,

COSTLEY-WHITE, the Rev. H.,

_Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford_.

OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. In Five Periods. Crown 8vo, 2s. each

Volume.

Vol. I.――FROM THE CREATION TO THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA.

Vol. II.――FROM THE CROSSING OF THE RED SEA TO RUTH.

Vol. III.――FROM THE BIRTH OF SAMUEL TO THE DEATH OF DAVID.

Vol. IV.――FROM THE ACCESSION OF SOLOMON TO THE FALL OF THE

NORTHERN KINGDOM.

Vol. V.――FROM HEZEKIAH TO THE END OF THE CANON.

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and general commentary are inserted in their proper

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followed.――iv. Each period is illustrated by reference

to contemporary literature (e.g. Prophets and Psalms)

and monuments.――v. Foot-notes are added, but only where

difficulties of thought or language seem to demand

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HEADLAM, the Rev. A. C., D.D.,

_Formerly Principal of King’s College, London._

ST. PAUL AND CHRISTIANITY. Crown 8vo, 5s. net.

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teaching, and to show that Paulinism does not represent

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HISTORY, AUTHORITY, AND THEOLOGY. Large Crown 8vo, 6s. net.

I. THE SOURCES AND AUTHORITY OF DOGMATIC THEOLOGY. II. THE

NEW THEOLOGY. III. THE ATHANASIAN CREED. IV. THE CHURCH OF

ENGLAND AND THE EASTERN CHURCHES. V. THE TEACHING OF THE

RUSSIAN CHURCH. VI. METHODS OF THE EARLY CHURCH. VII. THE

CHURCH OF THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS.

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HOARE, H. W. Hamilton,

_Late of Balliol College, Oxford, now an Assistant Secretary

to the Board of Education, Whitehall._

OUR ENGLISH BIBLE. The Story of its Origin and Growth. With

Specimen Pages of Old Bibles. Crown 8vo, 1s. net.

An historical sketch of the lineage of our Authorised

Version, published in 1901 under the title of “The Evolution

of the English Bible.”

The aim of the sketch is to give, in a continuous and

narrative form, a history of our English translations, and

to exhibit them in close connection with the story of the

national life.

HORAN, the Rev. F. S.,

_Late Chaplain Royal Navy._

A CALL TO SEAMEN and other Sermons Preached to Naval Cadets at

the Royal Naval College, Osborne. With a Preface by the Right

Rev. Bishop RYLE, the Dean of Westminster. Second Edition.

Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. net.

“A Call to Seamen” is the first collection of addresses

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pulpit, which may be considered entirely excellent. Every

sentence arrests, and the sympathy with boy-life, as well

as the compelling earnestness of the diction, must grip any

boy-audience in quite an unusual manner. The style is manly,

non-sentimental, and is suitable for boys aged eleven to

sixteen.

INGE, the Very Rev. William Ralph, D.D.,

_Dean of St. Paul’s_.

TRUTH AND FALSEHOOD IN RELIGION. Six Lectures delivered at

Cambridge to Undergraduates in the Lent Term, 1906. Crown

8vo, 3s. 6d. net.

“Anything more calculated than these lectures to aid the

development of religion in the minds of such young men we do

not know. His examination of the Christian essentials, his

presentation of Christianity as a natural culmination, his

treatment of religion in the individual as a growth subject

to well-designed laws, and his discussion on the relation

of Christianity to natural science and to civilisation are

executed in a scholarly and masterly manner.”――_Glasgow

Herald._

STUDIES OF ENGLISH MYSTICS. The St. Margaret’s Lectures. Fourth

Series, 1905. Large Crown 8vo, 6s. net.

ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF MYSTICISM――THE _Ancren Riwle_ AND

JULIAN OF NORWICH――WALTER HYLTON――WILLIAM LAW――THE MYSTICISM

OF WORDSWORTH――THE MYSTICISM OF ROBERT BROWNING.

JOHNSTON. R. F.

BUDDHIST CHINA. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 15s.

net.

This book embodies the results of wide travel in

unfrequented parts of China, and much research in

Chinese Buddhist literature. It contains historical and

topographical accounts of some of the most famous religious

centres in the empire. The author has lived as a guest in

many of the monasteries and hermitages described, and has

made himself intimately acquainted with their legendary

and romantic as well as their religious and historical

associations. He deals with the religious problems arising

from the new political and social conditions and prospects

brought about by the Revolution, and the book is therefore

of special value to all who take an interest in the

religious future of the Chinese people.

JOURDAN, G. V., B.D.,

_Rector of Rathbarry, Castlefreke_.

THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS CATHOLIC REFORM IN THE EARLY SIXTEENTH

CENTURY. Large Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. net.

“A conscientious and painstaking record, supported by

references to authorities throughout. Mr. Jourdan rightly

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Footnotes.

1 – Also the alteration of the original question (St. Mark x. 3),

“Is it lawful for a man to put away his wife?” by the

addition of the words “for every cause” (Matt. xix. 3) is

most significant.

2 – _De Gest. Pelag._ v. (15).

3 – 2 Cor. iii. 6.

4 – Rom. vii. 9.

5 – _De Sp. et Lit._ 34.

6 – See especially St. John i. 4‒12, Rom. ii. 14‒16,

Acts xvii. 22‒31.

7 – Mill’s _Three Essays on Theism_, p. 255. Pusey’s _Univ.

Sermons_, 1864‒72, “God and human independence,” p. 10,

note 1.

8 – The Sermon with the parallel passages is given at length in

Appendix I., pp. 202 ff.

9 – If the reading, and not the margin, of the R.V. be right in

Mark x. 23, 24.

10 – St. John xiv. 26.

11 – St. Matt. vii. 28.

12 – Acts xvii. 31; 1 St. John iii. 2‒3.

13 – Wisdom ii. 12 ff.

14 – Job i. 21.

15 – 1 Tim. vi. 8.

16 – Phil. ii. 7, 2 Cor. viii. 9.

17 – 2 Cor. vi. 10, 1 Cor. iii. 21.

18 – Gal. vi. 5.

19 – Gal. vi. 2.

20 – St. Matt. viii. 17.

21 – St. John xii. 24, 25.

22 – 2 Cor. i. 4.

23 – 2 Cor. vii. 10.

24 – _Institutes_, ix. 11.

25 – 1 Peter ii. 23

26 – Ps. xxxvii. 29.

27 – St. James ii. 15‒16; 1 John iii. 16‒18.

28 – Ps. xviii. 24‒26.

29 – St. Matt. xviii. 23 f.

30 – Rom. v. 7.

31 – Job xlii. 5, St. Luke v. 8; and cf. the vision which is the

beginning of purification after death in Cardinal Newman’s

_Dream of Gerontius_.

32 – Hebr. xi. 27.

33 – St. Matt. x. 34.

34 – Rev. iii. 15‒16. These words mean, I think, not “I would

that ye, the Church of Laodicea, were either morally worse

than ye are or morally better”; but “I would that either

ye were not Christians at all or better Christians.”

35 – _C. hær._ iv. 13. 4.

36 – _Quæst. 73 in Exod._

37 – Hebr. xii. 16.

38 – This is drawn out in Appendix ii., p. 218.

39 – 2 Chron. xix. 5 8, cf. Josephus _Antiq._ IV. viii. 14.

40 – _Did._ xiv. 2.

41 – Cf. vi. 1, “in order to be seen of men,” where the phrase

is the same and describes the deliberate motive.

42 – St. Mark viii. 38.

43 – See App. iii. p. 227. Duty of the Church with regard to

divorce.

44 – And it cannot be overlooked that in one of the passages of

St. Paul’s epistles where the law of the indissolubility

of marriage is stated (Romans vii. 1‒3) he is referring to

the _Jewish_ law (see ver. 1) which confessedly admitted

exceptions, and yet he does not allude to them.

45 – Lev. xix. 12; Deut. vi. 13; Amos viii. 14.

46 – St. Matt. xxiii. 16‒20.

47 – Ch. v. 12.

48 – 2 Cor. i. 17, 18.

49 – Is. lxvi. 1; Ps. lviii. 2.

50 – St. Matt. xxvi. 63.

51 – St. James i. 20.

52 – I owe this thought, I believe, to an address given by the

Dean of Chichester.

53 – St. Mark xiv. 57‒8.

54 – St. John ii. 19.

55 – 1 St. Peter ii. 23.

56 – St. Matt. xviii. 15.

57 – St. John xviii. 22‒23.

58 – Acts xxv. 10‒11, cf. xvi. 37.

59 – 1 Cor. vi. 7.

60 – The story is given from a Norman-French poem of the time

of Henry III, probably by a Westminster monk; see _Lives

of Edward the Confessor_, Rolls Series, iii. pp. 53, 207.

61 – _Didache_ 1. It must not be forgotten that both St. John

(1 John iii. 17) and St. James (ii. 15‒16) are speaking of

helping “a brother” or “sister,” i.e. a fellow-Christian.

And in those days there was an immense probability that

a member of the Christian society would be one who had

character enough to profit by help. But it soon became

necessary to “organize charity” by desiring the faithful

to give only indirectly through the bishop.

62 – From the days of the sub-apostolic Hermas, who makes the

responsibility rest wholly with the recipient of alms.

63 – Overton’s _Life and Opinions of W. Law_, p. 244.

64 – e.g. Job xxxi. 29; Exod. xxiii. 4.

65 – _Lectures on the O.T._ viii. 2, p. 188.

66 – “Disfigure” or possibly “conceal” their faces, so that by

a form of dress drawn over the face they may be shown to be

persons going about as penitents.

67 – e.g. St. Matt. xvii. 21; St. Mark ix. 29; 1 Cor. vii. 5.

68 – 1 Cor. ix. 27; 2 Cor. xi. 27.

69 – Gal. iv. 6.

70 – Hebr. xii. 22.

71 – It is not improbable, as has been recently suggested

by Mr. Chase (see below, p. 135), that this expression,

occurring side by side with “this day,” is due to the use

of the prayer both morning and evening. In the morning

Christians prayed “give us our bread to-day,” and in the

evening “give us our bread for to-morrow.”

72 – The difficulty experienced in regard to this clause by the

early Christians is well known. I may refer to Mr. Chase’s

_Lord’s Prayer in the Early Church_ (Texts and Studies,

Cambridge, 1891), pp. 60 ff. Mr. Chase also points out

the close resemblance between the “Lord’s Prayer” and our

Lord’s own language of prayer or about prayer in the time

of the passion. “Father ... Thy will be done....” “Pray

that ye enter not into temptation.” “I pray that thou

shouldest keep them from the evil one.” There are other

resemblances perceptible in the prayer recorded in

St. John xviii.

In the original language used by our Lord “_Lead_ (us not

into temptation”) and “_Enter_ (into temptation”) would

only be different forms of the same verb.

73 – 1 Cor. iii. 22, 23.

74 – St. John vii. 49.

75 – St. Matt. xviii. 15‒18.

76 – St. John xx. 23.

77 – 1 Cor. v.

78 – 1 Thess. v. 21.

79 – 1 John iv. 1.

80 – Gal. i. 9; 2 John 10‒11.

81 – Rom. viii. 14.

82 – St. Luke vi. 37‒38.

83 – Col. i. 28.

84 – The reference is to the saying of Hillel, “What to thyself

is hateful, to thy neighbour thou shalt not do; this is the

whole law and the rest is commentary” (cp. _Tobit_ iv. 15;

_Did._ i. 3), and to the similar maxim suggested by Plato

and current among the Stoics.

85 – Rom. xiii. 9.

86 – St. Luke xiii. 23‒49; St. John xxi. 21‒22.

87 – St. John ii. 23‒25.

88 – St. Matt. xvi. 17.

89 – Those not occurring continuously in chap. vi. are printed

in italics.

90 – This is a higher moral principle than that Jewish method

of “making a fence to the law,” which is expressed in

the _Didachè_ 3. “Be not prone to anger, _for anger

leads to murder_.... Be not lustful, _for lust leads

to fornication_.” The wrong condition of the will is,

according to our Lord, itself the evil, apart from what

it may lead to. What is needed is not merely outward

respectability or conformity, but a right spirit.

Humility both towards God and towards our fellow-men is

simply the recognition of the truth about ourselves.

92 – It can hardly, however, be denied that there are rare

cases where untruthfulness in word becomes a duty owing

to the social evil which verbal truthfulness would involve.

Thus almost all men would think it right to lie to a

would-be murderer in order to save a life. I twice heard

the late Master of Balliol, who had great moral common

sense, in answer to the question what he would do in such

a case, reply: “I suppose I should tell the lie, but I

had rather not think about it beforehand or justify it

afterwards.” This is the best answer in regard to such

quite abnormal cases. But there are certain more normal

cases where professional reserve involves something

approaching untruthfulness. The lawyer, doctor, or Cabinet

Minister may be asked a question which ought not to be

asked, and have no alternative but to give some more or

less misleading answer, or in effect disclose (even by

silence or refusal to answer) a professional secret. The

“seal of the confessional”――imposed on the clergy (with

a gradually increasing stringency) by the general law of

the Church and by the Anglican canons of 1603 (c. 113)――is

an intensified case of such professional obligation of

secrecy. In such cases the possible moral evil is reduced

to a minimum if society recognizes that what is known

under a “seal,” sacramental or professional, is not

included in the knowledge which is recognized in social

life. I have written the above because if there are

circumstances, however rare, where a man would not act

on the ordinary obligation of candid speech he had better

give general public notice of it. But I cannot feel

satisfied with the reasonings of moralists, Jesuit,

Anglican or Protestant, about the morality of the matter.

E.g. Newman Smyth, _Christian Ethics_ (Clark, Edin. 1892),

pp. 388 ff.

93 – Eph. iv. 28; 1 Tim. vi. 17, 18; James v. 4.

94 – The account of our duty to God and our duty towards our

neighbour in our Catechism is, when quoted correctly (“in

that state of life into which it _shall_ please God to

call me”) and interpreted rightly (“betters” not meaning

“those keeping carriages”), admirable, but of course very

short.

95 – It is perhaps hardly fair to say more than this.

Christ simply exempted a particular case from a general

prohibition, leaving the Church free in regard to it.

Transcriber’s Notes.

The following corrections have been made in the text:

Page 176:

Sentence starting: The Christian is to be....

– ‘Christain’ replaced with ‘Christian’

(The Christian is to be)

Page Index:

Sentence starting: Sanhedrin....

– ‘Sanhedrim’ replaced with ‘Sanhedrin’

(Sanhedrin, nature of,)

The Sermon on the Mount: A Practical Exposition · 第 11 / 11 章