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CATALOGUE No. 40.
MICROSCOPES
AND
ACCESSORY APPARATUS.
ERNST LEITZ
WETZLAR
GERMANY.
Founded in 1850.
Branch Offices:
NEW-YORK: CHICAGO: BERLIN NW.
411 West 59th Str. 32-38 Clark Str. 45 Luisenstrasse.
30 East 18th Street.
1903.
="Highest award"= Worlds Columbian Exhibition =Chicago 1893=.
Contents.
New constructions 5
Objectives and Eye-pieces 7
Stands 16
Illuminating Apparatus 20
Complete Microscope Outfits 24
Microscopes for Mineralogical Research 57
Dissecting Microscopes and Lupes 62
Apparatus for Blood Examinations 70
Micrometers 73
Drawing Apparatus 74
Mechanical Stages 78
Photo-micrographic Apparatus 82
Projection Apparatus (Edinger) 84
The Large Projection Apparatus 87
Microtomes 92
Miscellaneous Accessories 99
Publications 104
Index 105
Notice.
All previous editions of this catalogue are superceded by the present
one, which should be exclusively used in ordering.
Orders will be filled at once after their receipt.
In ordering care should be taken to give the =number= of each article
desired and to state listprice.
To avoid delay and misunderstandings, we request that name and address
be plainly written.
Goods are forwarded at the expense and risk of the purchaser.
Our instruments for use in =Universities, Colleges, Schools= &c. of the
=United States= are by law free of duty and we shall be pleased to make
specially low quotations for such orders.
ERNST LEITZ.
New Constructions.
Since issueing our last catalogue, a number of new apparatus and
accessories have been added. The following are the more important ones:
1. A completely =new stand "A"= with extra fine micrometerscrew
transmitting its movement directly to the tube. The stand is of elegant
appearance and large dimensions, making it especially well adapted for
work in photo-micrography.
2. =Stand I= is now fitted out with the new special fine adjustment (each
division {1/1000} mm).
3. =Stand II= with round centering stage.
4. =Stand IV= is replaced by a model of larger size.
5. =Photo-micrographic apparatus= for use in horizontal and vertical
position, having joint for inclination, large size bellows and
plateholder.
6. =Large projection-apparatus= for electric lamp of 30 Ampère with triple
collecting lens of 210 mm aperture.
7. =Objective 1 a= with adjustable mounting and changeable magnification.
It is an excellent objective of low power for general purposes, having a
comparatively short working distance.
8. =Objective 1 b= with changeable magnification of lowest power, as far
down as two diameters. It serves for drawing extended sections and
specimens.
9. =Saccharimeter after Mitcherlich= improved form.
10. =Trichinoscope=, projection-apparatus of strong and simple
construction.
=Preface.=
Our American Branch house in New-York under the management of Mr. Wm.
Krafft has now been established for over 10 years. This period has
witnessed a gradual development of our business in the United States,
making it necessary to establish some years ago a Western Branch in
Chicago of which Mr. R. Gibson has charge.
The cordial reception our firm received has been most gratifying and we
take this opportunity to thank our many patrons for their kind
consideration.
It is our aim to co-operate with the scientists and construct new
apparatus to meet their needs or improve others wherever this is
possible.
The foregoing list of additions and improvements made since issueing our
last catalogue is proof that we spare no time nor labor to hold pace
with the increased wants of modern times.
We have now manufactured and sold over 71000 compound microscopes and
31000 oil immersion objectives, a large number of which are used in the
laboratories of Universities, Colleges, and other Educational
Institutions of the United States.
We are prepared at New-York and Chicago to repair our instruments or
make alterations at short notice and at lowest prices. The optical part
of a microscope should invariably be sent to the maker, as he is best in
a position to repair same and has an added interest to bring a lens back
to its original quality or even improve it.
Microscopes, bacteriological apparatus and all other scientific
instruments or preparations expressly imported for use in educational
institutions are exempt from duty.
Catalogues may be had on application by addressing:
=ERNST LEITZ,=
NEW-YORK CHICAGO
411 West 59th Street 32 Clark, Cor. Lake Street.
=Objectives and Eye-pieces.=
In the manufacture of our objectives only such glass is employed as has
been subjected to the most rigid scientific tests. By these the exact
index of refraction and the exact degree of dispersion of the glass are
determined, and with these data available it is possible to very
perfectly correct both spherical and chromatic aberrations while still
making use of wide angular apertures in the objectives.
The precise mathematical calculation, combined with accurate
systematical working and testing methods, make it possible for us to
guarantee our objectives to be all of equal and excellent quality.
Every objective before leaving our hands, is subjected to the most
careful test, and only such lenses as are of the highest grade, are sent
out.
For the past seventeen years we have used glasses manufactured by Schott
& Co. of Jena. This glass has many points to recommend it for the
construction of optical instruments, and only such kinds are employed by
us, which have for many years been thoroughly tested as to their
durability.
Our lenses are therefore absolutely permanent. Objectives of the earlier
type which have become cloudy, we shall gladly repair.
[Illustration]
The three illustrations given above afford an idea of the plan of
construction of our achromatic objectives.
The first figure represents the plan of our low power objectives, and it
will be noted that they consist of two doublets, or triplets each
carefully corrected.
The central figure shows the construction of our high power dry
objectives. A hemispherical front lens is combined with two doublets or
sometimes triplets. The front lens is the chief magnifier of the
combination, while the other lenses serve to correct the various
aberrations.
The Oil-immersion, represented by the last illustration consists of a
front lens, hemispherical, behind which is a meniscus, which is in turn
followed by a doublet and a triplet, these latter acting as the
correcting lenses of the combination.
We manufacture both =Achromatic= and =Apochromatic objectives=. They differ
in that the glasses made use of in the apochromatics and the manner in
which they are combined permit a more perfect correction of chromatic
aberration. This advantage is not gained without a certain sacrifice of
simplicity in construction; by avoiding the use of flint glass having a
high refractive index and substituting materials to take the place of
crownglass. The apochromatics as a matter of fact do resolve the fine
markings of test objects (butterfly scales and diatomes) somewhat more
clearly than the achromatics, but the difference is slight and in
ordinary stained microscope preparations is hardly detectable.
The correction of both achromatics and apochromatics is complete. The
ordinary Huyghenian eye-pieces are consequently well adapted for use
with the objectives of either construction. Only with the highest powers
is it desirable to make use of the so-called "compensation" eye-pieces.
The achromatics and Huyghenian eye-pieces are also well adapted to the
requirements of photomicrography, special objectives being unnecessary
for this purpose. This statement is substantiated by the excellent
results obtained with our achromatic objectives, as shown in the
photomicrographs accompanying our brochure on
Photomicrography:--"Anleitung zur Mikrophotographie".
In making use of the higher power objectives--from No. 5 on--it should
be remembered, that the lenses are corrected for cover glasses of 0,17
mm in thickness and for a microscope tube-length of 170 mm. When using
the oil-immersion objectives it is particularly desirable, that this
exact tube length should be employed. With a view to facilitate the
adjustment of the tube-length the draw tubes of all our larger stands
are graduated in millimeters, the scale indicating the exact length of
the microscope tube in any given position of the draw tube. In this
connection it should be remembered, that the width of the collar of the
nose-pieces is 15 millimeters, and that consequently, when a nose-piece
is attached to the tube the reading of the draw tube scale should be 155
mm instead of 170 when the adjustment is proper.
[Illustration: Figure comparative merits of the dry and immersion
systems.]
The above sketch may serve to make clear the advantages of the immersion
objectives over those of the dry series. It is intended to represent
diagrammatically a section through a cover-glass and the front lens of
an objective, one half of the figure representing the conditions present
in the case of the Oil-immersion, the other those which are present in
the dry objectives. It will be noticed that by the interposition of a
drop of oil of the same index of refraction as the glass between the
cover-glass and the objective the refraction which occurs in the dry
system when the light leaves the upper surface of the cover-glass is
done away with. Since this second refraction is attended with much loss
of light it must be evident, that in the immersion system a much greater
quantity of light enters the objective than is possible, other things
being equal, in objectives of the dry system.
If we let _u_ represent one half the angular aperture of an objective,
represented in the diagram by _D'BN_ in the case of the immersion, and
_n_ the index of refraction of the medium interposed between the
cover-glass and the objective we have in the formula _n_ sin. _u_ a
mathematical expression of the optic power of the various systems of
lenses, or in other words for what is designated the numerical aperture.
The following table gives the numerical apertures of objectives of the
various systems and of various angular apertures. In the dry system
_n._, representing the index of refraction of air is taken as 1.00; in
the immersion systems _n_ equals 1.33 for water, 1.52 for cedar oil and
1.66 for monobromnaphthalin. A glance at the table will suffice to show
the great advantage which the immersion objectives have over those of
the dry series.
--------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Angular |10° |20° |30° |40° |50° |60° |70° |80° |90° |100°|110°|120°|130°|140°
aperture 2 _u_| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
=Numerical apertures.=
--------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Dry series |0,09|0,18|0,26|0,34|0,42|0,50|0,57|0,64|0,71|0,77|0,82|0,87|0,91|0,94
_n_ = 1,00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
--------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Water- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Immersion |0,12|0,24|0,35|0,46|0,56|0,66|0,76|0,85|0,94|1,02|1,09|1,15|1,20|1,25
_n_ = 1,33 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
--------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Homogeneous | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Oil-Immersion |0,14|0,26|0,40|0,52|0,64|0,76|0,87|0,98|1,07|1,16|1,24|1,32|1,38|1,43
_n_ = 1,52 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
--------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----
Monobromide of| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Naphthaline- | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Immersion |0,15|0,29|0,43|0,57|0,70|0,83|0,95|1,07|1,17|1,27|1,36|1,44|1,50|1,56
_n_ = 1,66 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
[Illustration: Photographic objectives with iris diaphragms, f/3.5]
----------------+----+----+----+----
Focal length mm | 64 | 42 | 35 | 24
----------------+----+----+----+----
Price $ | 20 | 18 | 18 | 18
----------------+----+----+----+----
=Objective 1b.=
It is designed principally for drawing extended sections and large
specimens, and consists of two adjustable doublets. By varying their
distance, a changeable magnification down to two diameters may be
obtained.
Price $ 8.--
=Huyghenian Eye-pieces.=
----------------+------+------+------+-------+------+------
Number | 0 | I | II | III | IV | V
----------------+------+------+----------------------------
Focal length mm | 50 | 40 | 35 | 30 | 25 | 20
----------------+------+------+----------------------------
Price of each eyepiece $ 2.00.
The objectives designed for the Edinger apparatus of 64, 42, 35, and 24
mm focal distance have been found to be very useful for a number of
purposes and have come into great favor.
(see. Dr. Kaiserling: Praktikum der wissenschaftlichen Photographie p.
263).
=Achromatic Objectives.=
=============================================================================
| |Numerical | Micrometer | Price
No. of Objective|Focal length |Aperture | Values | $
| |(num. aper.)| |
--------------------------------+----------------------------+------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------
Low power { 1*|44 mm (1-3/4")| 0,09 | 0,054 mm = 54µ | =3.25=[1]
Dry { 1 |44 mm (1-3/4")| 0,09 | 0,054 mm = 54µ | =6=
Series { 1a| 39-27 mm | 0,06--0,10 | 50--26µ | =10= (adjustable
| | | | mounting)
{ 2 |30 mm (1-1/4")| 0,14 | 0,028 mm = 28µ | =6=
{ 3 |18 mm (3/4) | 0,28 | 0,015 mm = 16µ | =6=
{ 4 | 8 mm (1/3) | 0,55 | 0,009 mm = 9µ | =10=
----------------+----------------------------+------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------
High power { 5 |5,8 mm (1/4") | 0,77 |0,0045 mm = 4,5µ| =10=
{ 6 |4,4 mm (1/6") | 0,82 |0,0034 mm = 3,5µ| =12=
(Fluorite) { 6a|4,4 mm (1/6") | 0,82 |0,0034 mm = 3,5µ| =16=[2]
{ 7 |3,2 mm (1/8") | 0,85 |0,0026 mm = 2,6µ| =12=
(Fluorite) { 7a|3,2 mm (1/8") | 0,85 |0,0026 mm = 2,6µ| =16=[2]
" { 8 |2,5 mm (1/10")| 0,87 |0,0020 mm = 2,0µ| =16=
" { 9 |2,2 mm (1/12")| 0,87 |0,0017 mm = 1,7µ| =24=
----------------+----------------------------+------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------
Water- | | | |
Immersion 10|2,2 mm (1/12")| 1,10 |0,0017 mm = 1,7µ| =26=
----------------+----------------------------+------------------------+--------------------------------+------------------------------
Homogeneous{1/10|2,5 mm (1/10")| 1,30 |0,0022 mm = 2,2µ| =30=
Oil- {1/12|2,1 mm (1/12")| 1,30 |0,0017 mm = 1,7µ| =40=
Immersion {1/16|1,7 mm (1/16")| 1,30 |0,0014 mm = 1,4µ| =60=
=============================================================================
[Footnote 1: Objective 1* consists of only one doublet, carefully
corrected. It is sufficient for many purposes, though it does not
possess the same brilliancy of field as the No. 1 objective.]
[Footnote 2: The objectives 6a. and 7a. are better corrected in
achromatism than the regular No. 6 and 7.]
=Magnification=
of the Achromatic and Apochromatic Objectives in combination with the
Huyghenian Eye-pieces.
Tube-length 170 mm. Distance of image 250 mm.
============================================================================
| Eye-pieces |
Objectives |-----------------------------------| Objectives
| 0 | I | II | III | IV | V |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------------------------
{ 1* | 12 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 40 |
{ 1 | 12 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 30 | 40 |
Low Power { 1a | 6-9 | 9-15|11-19|13-21|18-29|24-35|
Objectives { 2 | 25 | 33 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 80 |
{ 3 | 45 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 105 | 130 |
{ 4 | 75 | 100 | 115 | 135 | 180 | 230 |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
High Power { 5 | 140 | 180 | 210 | 250 | 325 | 420 |
Objectives { 6 and 6a| 200 | 255 | 300 | 350 | 460 | 600 | Achromatics
(Cover-glass { 7 and 7a| 260 | 335 | 400 | 450 | 600 | 780 |
thickness { 8 | 300 | 400 | 450 | 550 | 700 | 940 |
0,17 mm) { 9 | 380 | 500 | 575 | 700 | 900 |1150 |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
Water-Immersion { 10 | 405 | 535 | 610 | 745 | 950 |1200 |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
Homogeneous { 1/10 | 310 | 415 | 470 | 575 | 730 | 940 |
Oil-Immersion { 1/12 | 435 | 555 | 650 | 800 |1000 |1300 |
{ 1/16 | 520 | 700 | 800 | 950 |1250 |1680 |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------------------------
Dry { 16 | 45 | 60 | 70 | 85 | 110 | 140 |
Lenses { 8 | 95 | 125 | 145 | 170 | 225 | 295 | Apochromatics
{ 4 | 210 | 270 | 315 | 375 | 500 | 635 |
--------------------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------|
Oil-Immersion 2 | 390 | 510 | 585 | 705 | 920 |1180 |
============================================================================
=Apochromatic Objectives.=
==================================================================
Objectives |Focal length|Numerical|Micrometer| Price
| mm | Aperture| Values | $
----------------------------------------------+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------
{ 16 | 16 | 0,30 | 0,015 mm | =24=
Dry Series { 8 | 8 | 0,65 | 0,007 mm | =32=
{ 4 | 4 | 0,95 | 0,003 mm | =48=
| | | |with correction
| | | | collar
----------------------------------------------+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------
Homogeneous { 2 | 2 | 1,30 | 0,002 mm | =100=
Oil-Immersion { | | | |
----------------------------------------------+------------------------+------------------+--------------------+----------------
Compensation Eye-pieces.
for Apochromatic Objectives.
=================================================
Eye-pieces | 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 18
--------------+------+------+------+------+------
Price $ |=6.50=|=6.50=| =10= | =10= | =8=
=================================================
Compensation Eye-piece 6 with micrometer =$8.50=
=Magnification=
of the Apochromatic Objectives in combination with the Compensation
Eye-pieces.
==================================================
| Eye-pieces
Objectives |-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
| 4 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 18
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
{ 16 | 70 | 100 | 125 | 155 | 225
Dry Series { 8 | 140 | 200 | 260 | 325 | 465
{ 4 | 300 | 430 | 550 | 675 |1000
--------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Oil-Immersion 2 | 575 | 820 |1080 |1500 |2250
==================================================
[Illustration: Double revolving Eye-piece.]
Until very recently we have manufactured no arrangement for changing
oculars on the microscope. This was due in part to the fact that there
was no great demand for such an accessory and in part to the clumsiness
of all those revolving eye-pieces which changed the entire ocular. The
latter of these difficulties has been overcome in our present revolving
eye-piece by such an adjustment of the collecting or lower lens of the
eye-piece that it may remain permanently in position, the eye lens of
the combination alone moving in the revolver. So accurate is the
construction of the revolver and so carefully are the lenses adjusted
that the eye-pieces may be changed while a specimen is in focus on the
microscope stage without a readjustment of the focus.
The revolving eye-piece is also particularly well adapted to use as a
micrometer ocular, for when the eye lens is turned aside a micrometer
scale may be inserted and rests upon the diaphragm of the eye-piece.
Once adjusted in this way the micrometer values are the same for all the
eye lenses of the combination.
$
Prices: =Double revolving Eye-piece=, without eye lenses =4.--=
Each eye lens =1.25=
=Eye-piece Micrometer=, No. 86 =2.--=
=Stands.=
For the past thirty years division of labor has been employed to the
utmost possible extent in the manufacture of our microscopes. This
principle has been applied to our machinery as well as to our workmen,
with the result that we have gradually accumulated a large plant of
special machinery of the most accurate construction, each machine
especially adapted to the manufacture of some particular part of our
microscopes. By this development of mechanical appliances for microscope
manufacture two ends have been attained:--The greatest accuracy and
uniformity of construction of our microscopes has been made possible,
while at the same time it has been possible to cheapen the cost of
manufacture. Instruments which are the product of delicate machinery
must always be more uniform, more accurate and should be less costly
than those manufactured by hand.
In the following remarks we refer more particularly to the larger
microscope stands of our manufacture and draw attention to those
parts which should be present in every well equipped microscope.
The elements of these microscopes are:
1. =The foot and upright support with joint for inclination=,
2. =The stage=,
3. =The sub-stage, with condenser, iris diaphragm and mirror=,
4. =The body with the adjustments=,
5. =The tube, carrying eye-piece, nose-piece and objectives=.
1. =The foot and upright support= are solid and are of such weight and
shape as to permit inclination of the body of the microscope to a
horizontal position. The foot is horse-shoe shaped and is made to touch
the table at three points, thus insuring stability even on a surface
which is not entirely level. Inclination of the body of the microscope
is permitted by a joint in the upright, which joint may be fastened in
the larger stands by a set-screw operated by a lever. Stands Ia and IIb
are also made with the English foot. Abundant space is left under the
stage for the various attachments of the sub-stage.
2. =The stage= of Stands A, I, Ia and II is round, revolving and
centering. The centering arrangement consists of two small thumb-screws
so situated at the sides of the stage as to control motion of the stage
in all directions, thus to a limited extent serving the purpose of a
mechanical stage.
=The other microscope= stands have square immovable stages, sufficiently
large for general microscopic work. For the examination of very large
sections two instruments are manufactured: the _Nebelthau_ sliding
microscope (p. 50) and the stand after _Dölken_ (p. 52). The former is
for magnifications up to 120 diam, whereas the latter can be used with
any magnification.
3. =The sub-stage= carries a plane and concave mirror, the condenser and
the diaphragm for regulating the illumination of the object.
=The Condenser= is so adjusted as to concentrate the rays of light about 2
mm above its surface, which is the average thickness of the microscopic
slides, under an angle equal to the angular aperture of the highest
power objective, which is about 120°.
In the lower power objectives the angular aperture is to be reduced by
the iris diaphragm.
To focus the Condenser properly it is adjustable by rack and pinion
movement on Stands A, I, Ia, Ib, and by side screw on Stands II and IIa.
4. =The body= of the microscope carries the tube and is fitted with two
adjustments for focussing; a coarse adjustment and a fine adjustment.
The smooth working of these adjustments is one of the chief requirements
of a good microscope.
=The coarse adjustment= consists of rack and pinion and moves the tube of
the microscope in a vertical groove with the least possible friction.
The teeth of the rack and pinion are set obliquely to the axis of the
tube and are so adjusted that two teeth of each are always interlocked,
thus avoiding all possibility of slipping or loss of motion in the
movement.
[Illustration: Figure of the Micrometer-screw of the fine adjustment.]
=The fine adjustment= consists of a micrometer screw which moves the tube
and arm of the microscope supporting the coarse adjustment vertically
upon a triangular column. This column is virtually a continuation upward
of the upright support of the base of the microscope. Around the column
is a broad collar so accurately fitted that it moves smoothly upon it
with a minimum of friction and still without lateral motion, the
movement being controlled by means of a micrometer screw at the top of
the column. The head of this micrometer screw, a section of which is
shown in the accompanying figure, is milled and is graduated in such a
way as to indicate the exact degree of motion of the microscope tube
which is accomplished by turning the micrometer screw, each division of
the graduation corresponding to a motion of the tube through 1/100
millimeter, and a complete revolution of the screw corresponding to a
motion of the tube through ½ millimeter. The accuracy of this adjustment
and the smoothness of its motion must be conceded to be a triumph of
mechanical skill.
=Stands A.= and =I.= are fitted with a =new fine adjustment= device (one
division on the micrometer screw corresponding to 1/1000 mm.) which is
fully described on pages 25-26.
5. =The tube= of the microscope encloses a second tube, or draw-tube,
which latter carries the eye-piece, and is so graduated as to indicate
the exact length of tube in use at any time. The lower end of the tube
has a thread into which the various objectives or a nose-piece screw.
Tube and objectives are provided with the so-called "Society screw".
=The nose-piece= has now become an almost indispensable part of a working
microscope. It can, however, be used to best advantage only on such
stands as are provided with a coarse adjustment by rack and pinion.
Aside from the advantage derived from the rapid changing of objectives,
which it permits, it is so accurately made and centered as to materially
facilitate the focussing of the various objectives. It is only necessary
to focus with the fine adjustment to obtain a view of the same
microscope field which had been under observation before the change was
made.
As it is necessary for this purpose that the objectives should be
accurately adjusted to the nose-piece, it is very desirable that in
ordering an instrument its nose-piece should be ordered at the same time
if one is to be used, as subsequent ordering may necessitate the return
of the stand and objectives to us.
=Stands A, I, Ia, Ib, II, IIa, IIb and III= are those which are best
suited to fine microscopical investigations. Among them the physician
and bacteriologist will find an instrument entirely suited to his
particular needs.
=Stand III= is now provided with rack and pinion adjustment.
=Stands IV and V= are small instruments, which serve nevertheless many
purposes where the more elaborate outfits are unnecessary. They make
excellent laboratory stands for elementary courses in microscopy.
In =Stands IV and V= the coarse adjustment is by means of sliding tube.
They are all provided with fine adjustment by micrometer screw.
=Stand VI= is provided with rack and pinion adjustment only. It has a
large stage, and is particularly intended for searching for trichinae
and for similar examinations where a very strong durable stand is
desired and where the use of high power objectives is unnecessary. It
may also be useful as an auxiliary stand for purposes of demonstration
in laboratories.
=Stands III, IV, V, VI= have no joint for inclining the body.
=Stands A, I, Ia, Ib, II, IIa, IIb, III, IV= have mahogany cases (provided
with a nickelled handle), in which the microscopes stand.
=Stands V and VI= are laid in mahogany boxes.
These cases are furnished with the microscopes without extra charge,
when a =complete outfit=, including oculars and objectives is purchased.
Object clamps and test objects accompany every microscope.
The objectives to Stands A, I, Ia, Ib, II, IIa, IIb are in brass boxes;
those for Stands III, IV, V and VI are in morocco cases.
=Illuminating Apparatus.=
=a. Illuminating Apparatus of Stands A and I.=
The apparatus includes the following parts:
Cylinder iris diaphragm.
Swing-out condenser.
Diaphragm carrier with iris diaphragm.
Plane and concave mirror.
The cylinder iris diaphragm comes into play when the condenser
is swung out of position. To do this the diaphragm carrier is
turned to the side as shown in the diagram, a small knob is
pressed, which liberates the condenser, and the latter is
swung out to the side.
The regulation of the cylinder iris diaphragm is accomplished
by means of a lever. Before the condenser is swung back into
position the cylinder iris should be opened to its fullest
extent. The lower iris diaphragm is for use in connection with
the condenser only. It is regulated by means of a small knob.
A horizontal rack and pinion arrangement permits oblique
illumination, and a vertical rack and pinion permits
adjustment of the whole sub-stage. By these means a most
perfect control of the illumination of the object is assured.
Ground or colored glass discs may be inserted above the iris
diaphragm if modification of the light is desired. =$30.--=
_This illuminating apparatus may also be fitted to Stands Ia and Ib._
[Illustration: Abbe's Illuminating Apparatus for Stand A and I.
Swing-out Condenser.
Cylinder Iris Diaphragm.]
=b. Illuminating Apparatus of Stands Ia and Ib= (p. 30, 32, 34).
[Illustration]
The following are the parts of this apparatus:
Cylinder diaphragm with 3 stops of different apertures.
Condenser.
Diaphragm carrier with iris diaphragm.
Plane and concave mirror.
To substitute the condenser for the cylinder diaphragm the
diaphragm carrier is turned to the side and the cylinder
diaphragm is drawn out of the sleeve which holds it in
position and into which the condenser readily fits. The
diaphragm carrier is then turned back into position and the
amount of light regulated by manipulating the knob controlling
the size of the iris. The whole sub-stage may be raised or
lowered in the optical axis by means of a rack and pinion, and
a similar arrangement permits lateral illumination by moving
the iris diaphragm in the horizontal plane.
Ground glass and colored plates may be inserted above the iris
diaphragm. =$24.--=
=c. Illuminating Apparatus for Stand II and IIa= (p. 36 & 38).
The condenser and iris diaphragm form one piece, giving
central but no oblique illumination. The whole apparatus may
be raised and lowered in the optical axis by means of a screw.
The cylinder diaphragm may be inserted in place of the
condenser. A ring below the iris diaphragm permits the
insertion of glass discs for the purpose of modifying the
light. =$12.--=
=d. Illuminating apparatus for Stand IIb= (p. 40).
The same as for II and IIa fitted in a fixed sleeve; without
the side-screw. =$10.--=
=e. Small Illuminating Apparatus.=
[Illustration: Small Illuminating Apparatus.]
The small illuminating apparatus consists of a somewhat
smaller condenser with iris diaphragm and can be adjusted to
the Stand IV, when it has the cylinder diaphragm. =$8.--=
[Illustration: Cylinder iris diaphragm.]
A cylinder iris diaphragm can be furnished in place of the
ordinary cylinder diaphragm of Stand II, IIa and IIb at an
additional cost of =$6.--=
[Illustration: Iris diaphragm fitted to stage of stand III.]
Stand III can be had with iris diaphragm fitted in stage, in
place of the wheel diaphragm (see page 43) Additional price =$6.--=
=_Complete Microscope Outfits._=
The outfits comprised in the following pages are made up with achromatic
objectives, which suffice for all ordinary needs.
We are glad to supply any other combination of eye-pieces and objectives
which may be preferred. The price of each outfit may be readily computed
by adding together the cost of its various items.
Microscope =stands=, without objectives, will not be sold separately.
[Illustration: Stand A.--Universal Microscope.]
=Stand "A".=
Universal Microscope.
In the construction of our new stand "A" we have taken special care to
enlarge all the parts proportionately in order to secure strength and
stability, at the same time adding to the beauty of the instrument.
The upper pillar of the microscope is shaped in such a way as to form a
convenient handle; and to increase the free working space over the
stage, thereby allowing the examination of very large specimen and
culture plates. A specially constructed mechanical stage larger than No.
98 may be attached, which is adapted for slides up to 2×4 inches (50×100
mm).
The extra large dimensions of all the main parts of this microscope such
as the base and stage etc., allow that freedom of movement so desired in
a stand for photo-micrography.
Both the body tube and graduated draw tube are very wide and permit the
use of low power objectives to cover specimen of large extent; for the
same reason the opening in the stage is very wide but can be narrowed
down by a stop.
The most important innovation on the microscope is the new fine
adjustment device, which is unexcelled both in solidity of construction
and accuracy of movement, representing the highest attainment of the
designers and mechanics skill.
Sectional cuts of this unique arrangement are shown in illustration (p.
26-27).
All that can be seen on the exterior are two small milled heads mounted
below and somewhat back of the two larger knobs controlling the rack and
pinion (coarse) adjustment of the microscope. The knob on the right side
is provided with a graduated drum _r_, indicating the movement of the
fine adjustment.
The two knobs with drum are mounted on an axle _a_, which in its central
portion is enlarged and provided with a worm gear. The latter in its
turn drives the gear wheel, _d_. A spiral spring pressing against one of
the journals into which the axle is mounted prevents any lost motion in
the worm gear. Mounted on the same shaft with the gear-wheel _d_, is a
heartshaped cam _f_. On this cam rests the steel roller _g_, fitted on
the support _k_, which in its turn carries the microscope tube. By its
weight and a spiral spring the latter presses on the cam _f_, and
effects a direct vertical movement.
[Illustration]
The periphery of the heart shaped cam _f_, is exactly symmetrical and
mathematically correct. The distance traversed by its curved sides from
the lowest to the highest point and vice versa is 3 mm. There are cut 60
teeth in the entire periphery of the gear-wheel _d_; the number
corresponding to one side of the heart-shaped cam or 3 mm elevation, are
30 teeth, therefore 1 tooth means a movement of 3/30 mm or 0,1 mm.
This in turn requires one complete revolution of the axle _a_, the drum
of which is graduated into 100 parts. The value of each division on the
drum is therefore 0,1/100=0,001 mm.
This micrometer fine adjustment is exceedingly accurate and reliable,
and besides it has the following advantages;
By virtue of its unique construction the movement is continuous, there
is absolutely no limit to the motion of the micrometer screw, which may
be turned forward or backward as the work requires.
This movement extends in exact ratio to the revolution of the cam for a
distance of 3 mm. As another advantage we may mention, that it is almost
impossible to break the coverglass of the specimen with this fine
adjustment.
Should the objective come in contact with the coverglass and assuming
the knob is turned still further then the tube, which is of aluminium
and very light would simply rest on the specimen, without breaking the
coverglass, as the latter will easily stand the small pressure of the
tube and the fine spiral spring.
[Illustration]
No. $
1. New microscope stand "A" inclinable with hinged joint
and clamping lever, fitted with round revolving
centering stage, coarse adjustment by rack and pinion,
new fine adjustment by micrometer-screw (each division
1/1000 mm.) Wide tube, draw tube with millimeter scale.
Large illuminating apparatus with swing-out condenser
and cylinder-iris diaphragm =120.--=
Apochr. 16, 8, 4, oil-imm. 2 mm. N. A. 1,30 =204.--=
Compens. ocular 4, 8, 12, 18 =34.50=
Compens. ocular No. 6 with micrometer and drawing
ocular No. 93 =18.50=
Large mechanical stage No. 99, for object slides
up to 2×4 inches =32.--=
Triple nose-piece =8.--=
------------
Magnif. 70--2250. =417.--=
2. The same stand and illum. apparatus;
Object.: 2, 4, 6, oil-imm. 1/12, N. A. 1,30
Ocul. 0. I. III. IV. V. microm. ocul. II.
Triple nosepiece =210.--=
[Illustration: Stand I.]
Stand I.
3. =Large microscope=, inclinable, with hinged joint and
clamping lever and fitted with round revolving centering
stage. Coarse adjustment by rack and pinion, new fine
adjustment by micrometer-screw, the head of which is
graduated each division = 1/1000 mm. Draw-tube with (see
page 25-26) millimetre scale. Large illuminating
apparatus with swing-out condenser and cylinder iris
diaphragm (illustrated on page 21).
Mechanical stage, No. 98.
Triple nose-piece.
Drawing eye-piece, No. 93.
Micrometer eye-piece, No. 84.
Achromatic objectives Nos. 1, 3, 6.
Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces 0, I, III, IV, V.
Magnifications 12--1300 =236.--=
4. =The same= stand and illuminating apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Micrometer eye-piece, No. 84.
Drawing eye-piece, No. 93.
Objectives 2, 4, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV, V.
Magnifications 33-1300 =210.--=
=The stand= and illuminating apparatus without objectives,
oculars and nose-piece =112.--=
[Illustration: Stand Ia.]
=Stand Ia.=
4a. =Large Microscope=, of smaller size than Stand I,
fitted with horseshoe foot. The stand is inclinable and
fitted with revolving centering stage, coarse adjustment
by rack and pinion, fine adjustment by micrometer screw
with scale. Draw-tube with millimetre scale. Large
Illuminating Apparatus (Cf. p. 22, b) with rack and
pinion, and iris-diaphragm with oblique movement. The
cylinder-diaphragm and condenser may be readily
substituted for one another.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 2, 4, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV, V.
Magnifications 33-1300 =160.--=
4b. =The same= with Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60-1000 =148.--=
4c. =The same= with Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/10, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces II and IV.
Magnifications 70-730 =136.--=
=Stand= with Illuminating Apparatus, but without
objectives, eye-pieces and nose-piece =76.--=
=The same= with Illuminating Apparatus, Swing-out
Condenser and Cylinder Iris-diaphragm (p. 20, a) =82.--=
Mechanical stage No. 98 can be fitted to this stand;
price =28.--=
[Illustration: Stand Ia with English foot.]
=Stand Ia=
with English foot.
4d. =Large Microscope= differing from the foregoing (Ia)
stand only in being provided with an English foot, which
makes the stand somewhat steadier and lighter. The
prices and combinations are otherwise the same.
Dr. P. G. Unna of Hamburg uses this microscope in his
laboratory.
The stage revolves and centres. The illuminating
apparatus is that described on p. 22, b.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 2, 4, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV, V.
Magnifications 33--1300 =160.--=
4e. =The same= with the illuminating apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--1000 =148.--=
4f. =The same= with illuminating apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/10, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces II, IV.
Magnifications 70--730 =136.--=
=The stand= with illuminating apparatus, but without
objectives, oculars and nose-piece =76.--=
=The stand= with swing-out condenser (p. 20, a) =82.--=
Mechanical stage No. 98 can be fitted to this
stand; price =28.--=
[Illustration: Stand Ib.]
=Stand Ib.=
5. =Large Microscope=, which differs from Ia only in the
stage. The stage is fixed and square. The stand is
inclinable and has a hinged joint and clamping lever.
Draw-tube with millimetre scale. Coarse adjustment by
rack and pinion, fine adjustment by micrometer screw
with graduated head. Illuminating Apparatus, same as Ia
(p. 22, b).
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--1000 =142.--=
6. =The same= with simplified Illuminating Apparatus (p. 22, c).
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/10, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--730 =120.--=
7. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus, with Cylinder-diaphragm.
Double nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =74.--=
8. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus and without
nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =68.--=
=Stand= without objectives and eye-pieces, without
illuminating apparatus and without nose-piece =46.--=
=Stand= without objectives and eye-pieces, with
illuminating apparatus, without nose-piece =70.--=
=The same= with illuminating apparatus, with swing-out
condenser and cylinder iris-diaphragm (p. 22 a) =76.--=
[Illustration: Stand II.]
=Stand II.=
9a. =Medium Size Microscope=, inclinable, with revolving
centering vulcanite stage, coarse adjustment by rack and
pinion, fine adjustment by micrometer-screw. Draw-tube
with millimetre scale. Illuminating apparatus and iris-
diaphragm with lateral screw for raising and lowering.
A ring under the iris diaphragm serves to hold a ground
glass or colored disc. The illuminating apparatus and
cylinder diaphragm are easily interchangeable.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--1000 =126.--=
9b. =The same= with Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/10, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces II, IV.
Magnifications 70--730 =114.--=
9c. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--550 =90.--=
9d. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus.
Double nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =72.--=
9e. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus and nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =66.--=
=Stand= with Illuminating Apparatus and Iris-diaphragm,
without objectives, eye-pieces and nose-piece. =54.--=
=The same stand= with Cylinder Diaphragm =44.--=
=Stand= with illuminating apparatus, swing-out condenser
and cylinder iris diaphragm =60.--=
=Cylinder iris diaphragm= (Cf. p. 23) =6.--=
[Illustration: Stand IIa.]
=Stand IIa.=
9. =Medium Size Microscope=, inclinable, coarse adjustment
by rack and pinion, fine adjustment by micrometer-screw.
Draw-tube with millimetre scale. Illuminating apparatus
and iris-diaphragm with lateral screw for raising and
lowering. A ring under the iris diaphragm serves to
hold a ground glass or colored disc. The illuminating
apparatus and cylinder diaphragm are easily interchangeable.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--1000 =120.--=
10. =The same= with Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/10, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces II, IV.
Magnifications 70--730 =108.--=
11. =The same= without Illuminating-Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--550 =84.--=
12. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus.
Double nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =66.--=
13. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus and nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =60.--=
=Stand= with Illuminating Apparatus and Iris-diaphragm,
without objectives, eye-pieces and nose-piece =48.--=
=The same stand= with Cylinder Diaphragm =38.--=
=Cylinder iris-diaphragm= (Cf. p. 23) =6.--=
[Illustration: Stand IIb.]
=Stand IIb.=
14a. =Medium Size Microscope=, stand inclinable to the extent
of 45°, tripod foot, coarse adjustment by rack and
pinion, fine adjustment by micrometer screw. Draw-tube
with millimetre scale. Illuminating Apparatus and
Iris-diaphragm permanently connected and sliding in a
sleeve underneath the stage. The cylinder-diaphragm
is used in the same manner. A ring below the iris-diaphragm
serves to hold a ground glass or colored disc.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, Oil-Immersion 1/12, N. A. 1,30.
Eye-pieces I, III, IV.
Magnifications 60--1000 =104.--=
14b. =The same= with Illuminating Apparatus.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces II, IV.
Magnifications 70--700 =78.--=
15a. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus.
Double nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =50.--=
15b. =The same= without Illuminating Apparatus and nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 85--450 =44.--=
=Stand= with Illuminating Apparatus and Iris-diaphragm =32.--=
=Stand= with Cylinder or Wheel-diaphragm =22.--=
=Cylinder iris-diaphragm= (p. 23) =6.--=
For the addition to this microscope of a lateral screw
for raising and lowering the illuminating apparatus as
on Stand IIa, an extra charge of $2.-- is made.
[Illustration: Stand III.]
=Stand III.=
Stand III is now provided with rack and pinion coarse adjustment instead
of sliding tube. In consequence a nose-piece can be used on it to better
advantage. It will be found an excellent laboratory stand at low price.
16a. =Medium Size Microscope=, non-inclinable stand,
coarse adjustment by rack and pinion, fine adjustment by
micrometer-screw. The draw-tube has a millimetre scale.
Plane and concave mirror. Wheel-diaphragm.
Triple nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--550 =66.--=
16b. =The same= without nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--550 =58.--=
17a. =The same=, with double nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =48.--=
17b. =The same= without nose-piece.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =42.--=
=Stand= with wheel-diaphragm =20.--=
=This stand= can be supplied with iris diaphragm in
stage (see illustration p. 23) instead of
wheel-diaphragm.
=Stand= with iris diaphragm =26.--=
[Illustration: Stand IV.]
=Stand IV.=
The dimensions of this stand are now larger than formerly. The price has
not been changed.
18. =Small Microscope.= Adjustable by sliding tube and
micrometer-screw. The draw-tube is graduated in
millimeters. Cylinder-diaphragm with sliding sleeve.
Concave and plane mirrors, obliquely adjustable.
Objectives 3, 6, 8.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--550 =52.--=
19. =The same.=
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60-450 =36.--=
20. =The same= without Cylinder Diaphragm, with Wheel
Diaphragm.
Objectives 3, 5, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =44.--=
21. =The same.=
Objectives 1, 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 18--450 =40.--=
22. =The same.=
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =34.--=
=Stand= with cylinder-diaphragm, without objectives
and eye-pieces =14.--=
=Stand= with wheel-diaphragm, without objectives and
eye-pieces =12.--=
[Illustration: Stand V.]
=Stand V.=
23. =Small Microscope=. Adjustable by sliding tube and
micrometer-screw. Concave mirror.
Objectives 3, 7.
Eye-pieces I, III.
Magnifications 60--450 =30.--=