Onda´ss;
Nin tercúshin.
Ta´rnin shena´rgussey géosay _Assinbo_ awa´ss bebo´ne?
Hapadgey maítchee bebo´ne.
Wa´ygonin ween géosay?
Mackqua´h.
Ba´dash meno´kemeg ha cockinno´r marmo níshinnorbay tercúshin ojey
arta´wway awass bebo´ne O, wo´ygan;
Weeba´tch tercushin weénnewar:
Nepewar meekinta´rgan indenéndum weénnewar.
Wa´ygonin kee nindootymond monyny´yank woíty Michillima´kinac
pamis´kian?
Pa´yshik kitchee muckcúck scotaywa´bo, pa´yshik baskéyzegan, payshik
wa´perwoyan, pa´yshik akeek, pa´yshik mo´koman; me cockinno´r:
{295}
Ozo´me kee tabisco´ach wíssinnin neénnerwind mínniquy ca´wween a´rwayyor
kee gúsketoon meekan mee áighter unter wabindan´.
Weebatch gúddeszar keen?
Ca´wween, omar ojey appay; warbunk boossin.
Mee woity ojey appay, mentimóyamish, ja´nis woke, guyyea neon ogúnnegat.
Nee, nee, warbema´t weennewar.
Warbunk thurensera boossin.
Hagua´rmissey, way, way, negee.
Meegwoyack, nee gar débwoy.
Súggermarch.
Péshshemo nin gama´rchar.
Goníshcar, neegee.
Kittim nin.
_English_
I am sick.
I am vexed.
I am cold.
I am hot.
I am hungry.
I am dry.
I am well.
I love you.
Your health, friend.
I do not understand you.
_Chippeway_
Acquoisee nin.
Nishcar’teseyan.
Geessénnar nin.
Geesha’rtay nin.
Bócketty nin.
Spa’rchtay nin.
Pema’rtissey nin.
Neeza’rgay keen.
Kee talleneman’co, or, keetan’nemecó neejee.
Cawween nee stoticee.
THE END
-----
Footnote 1:
Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_ (Quebec, 1890), ii,
pp. 139, 140.
Footnote 2:
Alexander Henry, _Travels and Adventures in Canada_ (Bain’s ed.,
Boston, 1901), p. 233.
Footnote 3:
For the wages of voyageurs, see Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,”
Wisconsin Historical Society _Proceedings_, 1889.
Footnote 4:
See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp. 290, 291.
Footnote 5:
The chronology of Long’s later years in Canada is confusing. On page
175 of his book, he gives the date of 1786, and after describing ten
months’ occupations says on the next page, “the spring of 1786.” That
this should be 1787, is proved by the fact that when he applied to
General Hope for assistance the next year, the latter had gone to
England. As Hope’s departure occurred in June, 1788, Long’s mistake of
a year in his dates is thus manifest.
Footnote 6:
The following are those to whom he definitely refers: Lahontan,
Hennepin, La Salle, Colden, Adair, Carver, Jonathan Edwards, Kalm,
Beatty, Rev. John Sargent, Robson, Umfreville, Kames, Robert Rogers,
Pope’s poems, a novel by Lady Emily Montague, and Justamond’s Life of
Louis XV.
Footnote 7:
Field, _Essay toward an Indian Bibliography_ (New York, 1873).
Footnote 8:
Long’s book is of slight topographic value to the historical student,
because of the apparently uninhabitable nature of the countries
through which he passed; they are nearly as undeveloped now as they
were then.
Footnote 9:
For list of partners, see _Canadian Archives_, 1888, p. 61.
Footnote 10:
Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society from 1778 until his
death in 1820, was the patron of discoverers, having himself voyaged
around the world with Captain Cook (1768–71). He was especially
interested in Northwest exploration, and the customs and habits of
primitive people, and to him Alexander Henry dedicated his _Travels
and Adventures in Canada_.—ED.
Footnote 11:
The Treaty of Paris, drawn up between the envoys of the United States
and those of Great Britain (1783), was called “Oswald’s Treaty,”
because Richard Oswald was chief negotiator for the British ministry.
The Northwest posts were not surrendered _de facto_, until after Jay’s
Treaty in 1794.—ED.
Footnote 12:
Louis Armand de Lom d’Arce, Baron de Lahontan, was a French officer
who served in Canada, in 1683–93. While commanding a small fort on
Detroit River, he started on a journey to the Western country. Going
by way of Mackinac, he ascended the Mississippi from the mouth of the
Wisconsin, and explored part of Minnesota. In 1703 he published an
account of his travels, which was largely fabulous, although of some
value. The work had, however, great vogue in the eighteenth century,
was translated into several languages, and much studied. He also
published a French-Algonquian dictionary, to which Long here
refers.—ED.
Footnote 13:
Rev. Jonathan Edwards was much interested in Indian missions; and
having been brought up among the Stockbridges, published (1788)
_Observations on the Language of the Mukhekaneew Indians_. In a
republication with notes by John Pickering, in the _Massachusetts
Historical Collections_, 2nd series, x, pp. 81 ff., the added Chippewa
vocabulary is that of Long.—ED.
Footnote 14:
Jonathan Carver, one of the earliest American explorers of the
Northwest, was born in 1732, and served in the French and Indian War,
barely escaping from the massacre of Fort William Henry. In 1766, he
went to Mackinac, and thence through Wisconsin and Minnesota, and
later explored Lake Superior. His _Travels_ were first published in
London in 1778, and two years later he died there in destitute
circumstances. For further details see _Wisconsin Historical
Collections_, vi, pp. 220–237. Carver gives an account of Indian
manners and customs; chapter 17, devoted to language, includes a
Chippewa vocabulary.—ED.
Footnote 15:
Long is here following the authority of Father Hennepin, who gives
this origin of the name “Canada” in his _New Discovery_ (London,
1698). The real origin of the word is disputed, some deriving it from
an Iroquois term meaning “village;” others from Indian terms
signifying “at the mouth of the river;” still others, from a term for
“lakes,” _i. e._, a country full of lakes.—ED.
Footnote 16:
The author assumes that Lake Huron is the source of the St. Lawrence,
and that Lake Nipissing, which empties into Georgian Bay through the
French River, is the source of Lake Huron.—ED.
Footnote 17:
Trois Rivières, at the mouth of St. Maurice River, where it empties
into the St. Lawrence by three channels separated by islands, was
ceded (1634) to the Jesuits, who built a fort here. See Sulte, “La
Rivière des Trois Rivières,” in Royal Society of Canada _Proceedings_,
1901, sec. i, pp. 97–116.—ED.
Footnote 18:
A Jesuit mission entitled St. François Xavier was founded for Iroquois
converts in 1669. Later it was removed to this village (near
Montreal), which was named for an Indian town in the Mohawk Valley,
also the seat of a Jesuit mission. The usual orthography is
Caughnawaga.—ED.
Footnote 19:
Long uses as his historical authority the work of Cadwallader Colden
(whom he later cites directly), _History of the Five Indian Nations_
(New York, 1727). Colden appears to have taken much of his material
from Bacqueville de la Potherie’s _Histoire de l’Amérique
Septentrionale_ (Paris, 1722). But Long does not blindly follow
Colden, and adds other material.—ED.
Footnote 20:
The Conoys and Nanticokes were fragments of Indian tribes which had
removed from the South—driven forth by the pressure of English
population—and with the consent of the Six Nations had settled on the
upper waters of the Susquehanna.
In the third league the author probably intends to include the
so-called “Ohio Indians”—the Miamis (Wanamis), Delawares, Mohicans,
Munseys (a sub-tribe of the Delawares), the Wapingers (unidentified),
and the Mingoes—who were all subordinate to the Six Nations. The
Creeks were a powerful confederacy in Alabama, of which Coweta was the
principal war-town on the Chattahoochee River.—ED.
Footnote 21:
The Tuscaroras joined the Five Nations between 1712 and 1715. See
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 321, for a letter from the
governor of New France, mentioning this fact.—ED.
Footnote 22:
After the Revolutionary War, nearly thirty thousand Loyalists left the
United States to settle in the Canadian provinces. Of these, about ten
thousand went from the back settlements by way of Lake Ontario, and
founded Upper Canada. General Haldimand was largely instrumental in
this movement, and 1784 was the year of its culmination. The Mohawks,
also, under the leadership of Brant, removed about the same time to
the two reservations mentioned by Long. Descendants of this tribe
still live in these two localities, although most of the land has been
alienated.—ED.
Footnote 23:
This is a good résumé of the history of Fort Frontenac, which was
built in 1673, abandoned during the Iroquois War in 1689, but restored
in 1695. La Salle was for several years proprietor of the fort, the
revenues from which passed afterwards to the royal treasury. In 1758,
Fort Frontenac was captured and destroyed by a British expedition,
after which it fell into disuse, until the Loyalists re-garrisoned it
about 1784.—ED.
Footnote 24:
This was the site of Father Picquet’s mission and fortified post, La
Présentation. This Sulpitian missionary came to Canada in 1734, and
after several years’ service in the colonies founded this
establishment in 1749, where the city of Ogdensburg, New York, now
stands. He was successful in attracting the Iroquois thither, and had
in his settlement nearly three thousand Indians, who espoused the
French cause in the French and Indian War. In 1760, Picquet retired to
New Orleans, and thence to France. The English, on taking possession,
changed the name of the post to Fort Oswegatchie. It was garrisoned
and maintained until after Jay’s Treaty in 1794.
In 1792, the site had been purchased by Ogden, and the settlement of
the modern city was begun four years later.—ED.
Footnote 25:
The Mississagua Indians were first met by the French on the north
shore of Lake Huron, and formed part of the Sault Ste. Marie mission
(1670–73). Later, they removed to the lower Michigan peninsula, and
some settled at Detroit. They now have a reservation in Eastern
Ontario, and number about eight hundred.
The other Indians mentioned are those of the Jesuit mission villages.
See _Jesuit Relations_ (Thwaites’s ed., Cleveland, 1896–1901),
index.—ED.
Footnote 26:
Haldimand fortified Carleton Island at the mouth of Lake Ontario, by
sending thither (1778) three companies of the 47th regiment to erect a
post.—ED.
Footnote 27:
The mouth of the Oswego River was early noted as an important station
in relation to the Iroquois country and the fur-trade. Champlain
passed here in 1615, and Frontenac in 1692. In 1721, Governor Burnet
of New York secured permission from the Iroquois to erect a trading
post at this spot, and despite the protests of the French built a fort
in 1726–27. This post of Choueguen (so called by the French) was
especially obnoxious to the French fur-traders; all the more so, when
(1743) Sir William Johnson built his trading post beneath its walls.
Montcalm organized an expedition, and captured it in 1756; but was
compelled to retreat when Forbes penetrated Pennsylvania. It was also
the rendezvous for the successful British attack on Fort Frontenac in
1758. After the fall of New France, the British garrisoned and
repaired the fort, and it was from here that St. Leger started on his
expedition up the Mohawk Valley in 1777. It was headquarters for the
Indian and Tory scalping parties—Butler, Brant, and Johnson started
thence on their raids. It was in British hands at the close of the
Revolution, and not delivered to the Americans until 1796. Traces of
the British fort were to be seen in 1839.—ED.
Footnote 28:
Fort Niagara, one of the chain of posts established by the French, and
later maintained by the British to protect Canada, has had a long and
interesting history. Hennepin and La Salle were there in 1679, when a
small blockhouse was constructed, which was later burned by the
Senecas. Denonville erected a fort here in 1687, which was abandoned
September 15, 1688. No permanent establishment was made on the spot
until 1726, when Governor Beauharnais ordered a fort built to
counteract that of the English at Oswego. This was garrisoned and
maintained by the French, until Sir William Johnson captured it in
1759. At Niagara, in 1764, Johnson met the Indian nations in a general
treaty of peace. During the Revolution, the post was steadily
maintained by the British, and proved an important base of supplies
for the Western forts. After the Revolution, it remained in British
hands until 1796. In the War of 1812–15, it was captured by the
British, and restored to the Americans at the close of the conflict.
For further details see Severance, _Old Trails on the Niagara
Frontier_ (Buffalo, 1899).—ED.
Footnote 29:
Fort Stanwix was built by the British at the head of navigation on the
Mohawk River (where the city of Rome, New York, now stands), in 1758,
at a cost of $266,000. Here was held the treaty of 1768, by which a
general purchase of Indian lands was made, and the Iroquois boundaries
settled. Early in the Revolution it fell into American hands, and was
re-christened Fort Schuyler, which withstood the siege of St. Leger
and his Indian braves in 1777. It is claimed that the present national
flag, as adopted by Congress in 1777, was first raised over the
battlements of Fort Schuyler. After the Revolution, the fort was
rebuilt, and reverted to its original name. Here were held important
treaties with the Iroquois in 1784 and 1788, in the latter of which
much land in the Mohawk Valley was ceded to the whites. The settlement
about the fort was made in 1785, by Connecticut emigrants.—ED.
Footnote 30:
For history of Detroit see vol. i of the present series, p. 55, note
18.—ED.
Footnote 31:
For the history of Mackinac, see “Story of Mackinac,” in Thwaites’s
_How George Rogers Clark won the Northwest, and Other Essays in
Western History_ (Chicago, 1903). By the “isthmus” the author means
the Upper Peninsula of Michigan; the “point of land” must signify the
island of Mackinac. The “mouth of the Illinois” is the outlet of Lake
Michigan.—ED.
Footnote 32:
Grand Portage was the route by the Pigeon River (the present boundary
between Minnesota and Ontario) to the lakes and streams of the
Northwest. The term was first applied to the carrying place, nine
miles long, and later to a landing place somewhat south of the mouth
of the river. This route was first explored by La Vérendrye in
1731—(see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii, for a map of this
region drawn by an Indian for La Vérendrye). It became the established
fur-trade route to the Northwest, and a place of great importance as a
rendezvous for voyageurs. For a description of the route and the
traders gathered here in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
see Mackenzie, _Voyages through North America_ (London, 1801).—ED.
Footnote 33:
For the British determination to retain the Northern and Western
posts, and arguments in regard to their legal right, see “Calendar of
Haldimand Papers,” _Canadian Archives_, 1885–89, also McLaughlin,
“Western Posts and the British Debts,” in American Historical
Association _Report_, 1894.—ED.
Footnote 34:
This action took place September 24, 1775, and was the occasion of the
capture and imprisonment of Ethan Allen. For his own narrative of this
event, see Hall, _Ethan Allen_ (New York, 1892), pp. 110–119.—ED.
Footnote 35:
General Richard Montgomery, the commander of the American forces at
Isle aux Noix—an island in Richelieu River about ten miles from the
head of Lake Champlain—wrote September 12, 1775, concerning the
skirmish here mentioned: “I went down the river the other day with
800 or 900 men, in order to cut off the communication between St.
Johns and Montreal. The detachment marched off from the boats at
night, and in less than half an hour, returned in the utmost
confusion.”—_Biographical notes concerning General Richard
Montgomery_ (Poughkeepsie, 1876), p. 11.
Lieutenant Walter Butler was a New York Tory, son of Colonel John
Butler, who led the Indians to the Wyoming Valley massacre. Walter
Butler was with St. Leger in 1777, and was captured soon after the
siege of Fort Schuyler. Escaping from prison at Albany, he led the
Iroquois to the Cherry Valley massacre (1778). He seems to have been
despised for his cruelty, even by his own associates. Brant said he
was “more savage than the savages themselves.” He was killed and
scalped at Butler’s Ford, in the retreat from Johnstown in 1781, by an
Oneida, who called out as he fell, “Cherry Valley!”—ED.
Footnote 36:
Long was a member of the party of forty regulars detached from the 8th
regiment under command of Captain Foster, with a large body of Indian
auxiliaries led by Brant, which descended upon the American detachment
at the Cedars, forty-three miles above Montreal, and captured the
whole number (April 19, 1776). For further details of this, and the
following movements, see Jones, _Campaign for the Conquest of Canada_
(Philadelphia, 1882), pp. 54–65.
Major Gordon, who had recently been made brigadier-general, was shot
from ambuscade, July 24, 1776, while returning to his headquarters
well within British lines. His fellow officers were exceedingly
indignant over it, and Washington appeared to deprecate the matter;
although General Gates promoted the American officer involved. See
Sparks, _Life and Writings of Washington_ (Boston, 1855), iv, pp.
56–59.—ED.
Footnote 37:
This was probably Captain Guillaume Lamothe, who during this period
led so many Indian scalping parties from Detroit while Hamilton
commanded at that place. Lamothe accompanied Hamilton on the latter’s
expedition to Vincennes, and was captured there by George Rogers Clark
(February, 1779). After the surprise of Vincennes he was sent in irons
to Virginia, and kept in close confinement. In April, 1780, he
accepted a parole, and returned to Canada.—ED.
Footnote 38:
The Lake of Two Mountains is an enlargement of the Ottawa River, near
its mouth, above Montreal. On this lake is situated the Sulpitian
mission town of Oka. This is a union of two early missions—one,
founded about 1677 on Montreal Island for Iroquois converts, weakened
during the Iroquois War, and removed in 1704 to the Sault au Récollet,
being finally located on the Lake of Two Mountains about 1720; the
second, or Algonkin mission, was first called La Présentation and
situated on Montreal Island near Lachine; the site was abandoned in
1685, and the remnants of the mission Indians gathered at Bout de
l’Isle (the other end of the same island), where the mission was
called St. Louis. Again removed (1706–07) to the Isle aux Tourtres, it
was permanently located on the Lake of Two Mountains between 1721 and
1726. There are still about four hundred Indians located on the
reserve at the lake. See Canadian Department of Indian Affairs
_Report_, 1901, p. 49. The account given by Long in the following
pages, of the Chippewa division of this mission, is the best
known—their intermarriage with the Indians of the other mission
villages at Caughnawaga and St. Regis, their cultivation of the soil,
and their semi-civilized habits.—ED.
Footnote 39:
Peter Kalm, Swedish naturalist and botanist, was sent to America to
study its flora, and travelled extensively between 1748 and 1751. The
English edition of his travels was published in London in 1772.—ED.
Footnote 40:
James Adair, a trader among the Cherokee and Chickasaw Indians,
1735–75. He published a _History of the American Indians_ (London,
1775), which attempts to prove their relationship to the Jews. It
contains, notwithstanding, much valuable information, particularly in
regard to the Southern tribes.—ED.
Footnote 41:
This was Rev. John Sargent, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in
Western Massachusetts.—ED.
Footnote 42:
On the subject of Indian dances see _Jesuit Relations_, index. Also
Grant, in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_, ii, pp.
335–337.—ED.
Footnote 43:
This origin of the name La Chine is generally accepted by historians.
See Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and La Salle_ (Montreal, 1893), pp. 32,
33.—ED.
Footnote 44:
The “bourgeois” was the chief trader, to whom the voyageurs were bound
by engagements for service. The term was also often applied to the
trader’s agent or clerk, when the latter was in command of the
expedition. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical
Society _Proceedings_, 1889, pp. 77–82.—ED.
Footnote 45:
For a description of the trade route by way of Ottawa River, Lake
Nipissing, Georgian Bay, and Lake Huron to Mackinac, see H. H.
Bancroft, _History of the Northwest Coast_ (San Francisco, 1886), i,
pp. 561–564. Also, for a personal narrative, see that of Captain
Thomas G. Anderson, in _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, ix, pp.
138–143.—ED.
Footnote 46:
On the habits and uses of the beaver (_castor Canadensis_), see
Martin, _Castorologia_ (Montreal and London, 1892).—ED.
Footnote 47:
The normal food of those who wintered in the woods was Indian corn and
tallow. See Turner, “Fur Trade in Wisconsin,” pp. 78, 79.
The Falls of St. Mary, or Sault Ste. Marie, were visited by traders as
early as 1616. The _Jesuit Relation_ of 1640 gives a partial
description of this place. Radisson and Groseilliers were here between
1658 and 1660; and here (1669) a Jesuit mission was established by
Allouez and Dablon. After 1689, the mission and trading post were
abandoned in favor of Mackinac; but Sault Ste. Marie continued to be a
station on the Northwestern fur-trade route; and in 1750 the land
thereabout was granted to De Repentigny on condition that he erect a
fort at that place. After the English occupation, a French Canadian,
J. B. Cadot, had a trading post here, which was probably the one
mentioned by Long. Later, the North West Company occupied the spot;
but in 1814 its post was burned by a detachment of American troops,
commanded by Major Holmes, who afterwards fell at the unsuccessful
attack on Mackinac. The first military post and Indian agency of the
United States at Sault Ste. Marie was established in 1822.
The Saulteurs were a Chippewa tribe, so called by the French from
having been first encountered at the Sault. The name afterwards was
employed to designate all the Chippewa nation. A pretty Indian legend
of the origin of these falls, is found in _Jesuit Relations_, liv, p.
201.—ED.
Footnote 48:
On the offering of tobacco to “Manitous,” see _Jesuits Relation_, x,
p. 324. See, also, caption “Manitou,” in index thereto.—ED.
Footnote 49:
Probably the “Athabasca,” one of the first schooners of the North West
Company on Lake Superior. See Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p. 149. The
French had a sailing vessel on Lake Superior as early as 1735. See
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvii.—ED.
Footnote 50:
Pays Plat was the fur-trade station near the Nipigon River, about one
hundred miles east of Grand Portage. It was situated on one of the
islands of Nipigon Bay, and so named because of the low land and shoal
water in the vicinity. See Bigsby, _Shoe and Canoe_ (London, 1850), p.
223.—ED.
Footnote 51:
For a history of the Chippewa Indians, see _Minnesota Historical
Collections_, v.
This noted chief, Matchekewis, was the captor of Mackinac during
Pontiac’s War. For a sketch of him, see _Wisconsin Historical
Collections_, vii, pp. 188–194.—ED.
Footnote 52:
For a description of Indian pipes and smoking habits, see U. S.
National Museum _Report_, 1897, pp. 351 ff. The material for the red
calumets is called “catlinite,” from George Catlin, who described it
in 1836. It is found in the pipestone quarries of Pipestone County, in
Southwestern Minnesota. See _Jesuit Relations_, lix, p. 310.—ED.
Footnote 53:
For a description of the rattle called “sysyquoy,” see _Wisconsin
Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 367; and Masson, _Bourgeois_, ii, p.
333.—ED.
Footnote 54: