Average distance per days in miles 7.5
Average number of plane-table stations occupied per day 1.5
Average area per day in square miles 38.
Located points per square mile 0.25
Approximate elevations in excess of above, per square mile 0.25
Highest station occupied, feet above sea level 17,675.
Highest point located, feet above sea level 21,703.
APPENDIX B
FOSSIL DETERMINATIONS
A few fossil collections were gathered in order that age determinations
might be made. With the following identifications I have included a few
fossils (I and II) collected by W. R. Rumbold and put into my hands in
1907. The Silurian is from a Bolivian locality south of La Paz but in
the great belt of shales, slates, and schists which forms one of the
oldest sedimentary series in the Eastern Andes of Peru as well as
Bolivia. While no fossils were found in this series in Peru the rocks
are provisionally referred to the Silurian. Fossil-bearing Carboniferous
overlies them but no other indication of their age was obtained save
their general position in the belt of schists already mentioned. I am
indebted to Professor Charles Schuchert of Yale University for the
following determinations.
I. _Silurian_
San Roque Mine, southwest slope of Santa Vela Cruz, Canton Ichocu, Province
Inquisivi, Bolivia.
Sent by William R. Rumbold in 1907.
_Climacograptus?_
_Pholidops trombetana_ Clarke?
_Chonetes striatellus_ (Dalman).
_Atrypa marginalis_ (Dalman)?
_Cœlospira_ n. sp.
_Ctenodonta_, 2 or more species.
_Hyolithes._
_Klœdenia._
_Calymene?_
_Dalmanites_, a large species with a terminal tail spine.
_Acidaspis._
These fossils indicate unmistakably Silurian and probably Middle
Silurian. As all are from blue-black shales, brachiopods are the rarer
fossils, while bivalves and trilobites are the common forms. The faunal
aspect does not suggest relationship with that of Brazil as described by
J. M. Clarke and not at all with that of North America. I believe this
is the first time that Silurian fossils have been discovered in the high
Andes.
II. LOWER DEVONIAN
Near north end of Lake Titicaca.
_Leptocœlia flabellites_ (Conrad), very common.
_Atrypa reticularis_ (Linnæus)?
This is a part of the well-known and widely distributed Lower Devonian
fauna of the southern hemisphere.
III. _Upper Carboniferous_
All of the Upper Carboniferous lots of fossils represent the well-known
South American fauna first noted by d’Orbigny in 1842, and later added
to by Orville Derby. The time represented is the equivalent of the
Pennsylvanian of North America.
Huascatay between Pasaje and Huancarama.
Crinoidal limestone.
Trepostomata Bryozoa.
_Polypora._ Common.
_Streptorhynchus hallianus_ Derby. Common.
_Chonetes glaber_ Geinitz. Rare.
_Productus humboldti_ d’Orb. Rare.
" _cora_ d’Orb. Rare.
" _chandlessii_ Derby.
" sp. undet. Common.
" sp. undet. "
_Spirifer condor_ d’Orb. Common.
_Hustedia mormoni_ (Marcou). Rare.
_Seminula argentea_ (Shepard). "
Pampaconas, Pampaconas valley near Vilcabamba.
_Lophophyllum?_
_Rhombopora_, etc.
_Productus._
_Camarophoria._ Common.
_Spirifer condor_ d’Orb.
_Hustedia mormoni_ (Marcou).
_Euomphalus._ Large form.
Pongo de Mainique. Extreme eastern edge of Peruvian Cordillera.
_Lophophyllum._
_Productus chandlessii_ Derby.
" _cora_ d’Orb.
_Orthotetes correanus_ (Derby).
_Spirifer condor_ d’Orb.
River bowlders and stones of Urubamba river, just beyond eastern edge of
Cordillera at mouth of Ticumpinea river. (Detached and transported by stream
action from the Upper Carboniferous at Pongo de Mainique.)
Mostly Trepostomata Bryozoa.
Many _Productus_ spines.
_Productus cora_ d’Orb.
_Camarophoria_. Same as at Pampaconas.
_Productus_ sp. undet.
Cotahuasi A.
_Lophophyllum._
_Productus peruvianus_ d’Orb.
" sp. undet.
_Camarophoria._
_Pugnax_ near _utah_ (Marcou).
_Seminula argentea_ (Shepard)?
Cotahuasi B.
_Productus cora_ d’Orb.
" near _semireticulatus_ (Martin).
IV. _Comanchian or Lower Cretaceous_
Near Chuquibambilla.
_Pecten_ near _quadricostatus_ Sowerby.
Undet. bivalves and gastropods.
The echinid _Laganum? colombianum_ d’Orb. A clypeasterid.
This Lower Cretaceous locality is evidently of the same horizon as that
of Colombia illustrated by d’Orbigny in 1842 and described on pages
63-105.
APPENDIX C
KEY TO PLACE NAMES
Abancay, town, lat. 12° 35′, Figs. 20, 204.
Abra Tocate, pass, between Yavero and Urubamba valleys,
leaving latter at Rosalina, (Fig. 8).
_See also_ Fig. 55.
Anta, town, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.
Antabamba, town, lat. 14° 20′, Figs. 20, 204.
Aplao, town, lat. 16°, Figs. 20, 204.
Apurimac, river, Fig. 20.
Arequipa, town, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.
Arica, town, northern Chile, lat. 18° 30′.
Arma, river, tributary of Apurimac, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20);
tributary of Ocoña, lat. 15° 30′, (Fig. 20).
Arma, village, lat. 13° 15′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 140.
Auquibamba, hacienda, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. 204.
Callao, town, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.
Camaná, town, lat. 16° 40′, Figs. 20, 66, 204.
Camisea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 15′.
Camp 13, lat. 14° 30′.
Cantas, hacienda, lat. 16° 15′, Fig. 204.
Caraveli, town, lat. 16°, Fig. 66.
Catacaos, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. 66.
Caylloma, town and mines, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 66.
Caypi, village, lat. 13° 45′.
Central Ranges, lat. 14°, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 157.
Cerro Azul, town, lat. 13°, Fig. 66.
Chachani, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. 66).
Chaupimayu, river, tributary of Urubamba entering at Sahuayaco, _q.v._
Chili, river, tributary of Vitor River, lat. 16° 30′, (Fig. 66).
Chinche, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, (Fig. 20).
Chira, river, lat. 5°, Fig. 66.
Choclococha, lake, lat. 13° 30′, Figs. 66, 68.
Choqquequirau, ruins, canyon of Apurimac above junction of Pachachaca
River, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20).
Choquetira, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 136.
Chosica, village, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.
Chuquibamba, town, lat. 15° 50′, Figs. 20, 204.
Chuquibambilla, village, lat. 14°, Figs. 20, 204.
Chuquito, pass, Cordillera Vilcapampa between Arma and Vilcabamba
valleys, lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 139.
Coast Range, Figs. 66, 204.
Cochabamba, city, Bolivia, lat. 17° 20′, long. 66° 20′.
Colorada, pampa, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 204.
Colpani, village, lower end of Canyon of Torontoy (Urubamba River),
lat. 13° 10′. _See_ Fig. 158.
Copacavana, village, Bolivia, lat. 16° 10′, long. 69° 10′.
Coribeni, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. 8.
Coropuna, mt., lat. 15° 30′, Figs. 20, 204.
Corralpata, village, Apurimac Valley near Incahuasi.
Cosos, village, lat. 16°, Fig. 204.
Cotabambas, town, Apurimac Valley, lat. 13° 45′, (Fig. 20).
Cotahuasi, town, lat. 15° 10′, Figs. 20, 204.
Cuzco, city, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.
Echarati, hacienda, on the Urubamba River between Santa Ana and
Rosalina, lat. 12° 40′.
_See_ inset map, Fig. 8, _and also_ Fig. 54.
Huadquiña, hacienda, Urubamba River above junction with Vilcabamba,
lat. 13° 10′, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 158.
Huadquirca, village, lat. 14° 15′, Figs. 20, 204.
Huaipo, lake, north of Anta, lat. 13° 25′, (Fig. 20).
Huambo, village, left bank Pachachaca River between Huancarama
and Pasaje, lat. 13° 35′, (Fig. 20).
Huancarama, town, lat. 13° 40′, Fig. 20.
Huancarqui, village, lat. 16° 5′, Fig. 204.
Huascatay, village, left bank of Apurimac above Pasaje,
lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).
Huaynacotas, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. 204.
Huichihua, village, lat. 14° 10′, Fig. 204.
(Tablazo de) Ica, plateau, lat. 14°-15° 30′, Fig. 66.
Ica, town, lat. 14°, Figs. 66, 67.
Incahuasi, village, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
Iquique, town, northern Chile, lat. 20° 15′.
(Pampa de) Islay, south of Vitor River, (Fig. 66).
Jaguey, village, Pampa de Sihuas, _q.v._
La Joya, pampa, station on Mollendo-Puno R.R., 16° 40′, (Fig. 66).
Lambrama, village, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. 20.
Lima, city, lat. 12°, Fig. 66.
Machu Picchu, ruins, gorge of Torontoy, _q.v._, lat. 13° 10′.
Majes, river, Fig. 204.
Manugali, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from left
above Puviriari River, lat. 12° 20′, (Fig. 8).
Maritime Cordillera, Fig. 204.
Matara, village, lat. 14° 20′, Fig. 204.
(El) Misti, mt., lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.
Mollendo, town, lat. 17°, Fig. 66.
Moquegua, town, lat. 17°, Fig. 66.
Morococha, mines, lat. 11° 45′, Fig. 66.
Mulanquiato, settlement, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.
Occobamba, river, uniting with Yanatili, _q.v._
Ocoña, river, lat. 15°-16° 30′, Figs. 20, 66.
Ollantaytambo, village. Urubamba River below Urubamba town,
lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20), _and see_ inset map, Fig. 8.
Pabellon, hacienda, Urubamba River above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 55.
Pacasmayo, town, lat. 7° 30′, Fig. 66.
Pachatusca (Pachatusun), mt., overlooking Cuzco to northeast, lat. 13° 30′.
Pachitea, river, tributary of Ucayali entering from left, lat. 8° 50′.
Paita, town, lat. 5°, Fig. 66.
Pampacolea, village, south of Coropuna, _q.v._
Pampaconas, river, known in lower course as Cosireni,
tributary of Urubamba River, (Fig. 8).
Source in Cordillera Vilcapampa west of Vilcabamba.
Pampas, river, tributary of Apurimac entering from left, lat. 13° 20′.
Panta, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, northwest of Arma, lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 136.
Panticalla, pass, Urubamba Valley above Torontoy, lat. 13° 10′.
Pasaje, hacienda and ferry, lat. 13° 30′, Fig. 20.
Paucartambo (Yavero), river, _q.v._
Paucartambo, town, head of Paucartambo (Yavero) River,
lat. 13° 20′, long. 71° 40′. Inset map, Fig. 8.
Pichu-Pichu, mt., overlooking Arequipa, lat. 16°, (Fig. 66).
Pilcopata, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios
east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Piñi-piñi, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios
east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Pisco, town, lat. 14°, Fig. 66.
Piura, river, lat. 5°-6°, Fig. 66.
Piura, town, lat. 5° 30′, Fig. 66.
Pomareni, river, lat. 12°, Fig. 8.
Pongo de Mainique, rapids, lat. 12°, Fig. 8.
Pucamoco, hacienda, Urubamba River, between Santa Ana and Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
Puquiura, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 158. Distinguish Puqura in Anta basin near Cuzco.
Puqura, village, Anta basin, east of Anta, lat. 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).
Quilca, town, lat. 16° 40′, Fig. 66.
Quillagua, village, northern Chile, lat. 21° 30′, long. 69° 35′.
Rosalina, settlement, lat. 12° 35′, Fig. 8.
_See also_ Fig. 20.
Sahuayaco, hacienda, Urubamba Valley above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 55.
Salamanca, town, lat. 15° 30′, Fig. 20.
Salaverry, town, lat. 8°, Fig. 66.
Salcantay, mt., lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
San Miguel, bridge, canyon of Torontoy near Machu Picchu, lat. 13° 10′.
Santa Ana, hacienda, lat. 12° 50′, Fig. 20.
Santa Ana, river, name applied to the Urubamba in the
region about hacienda Santa Ana.
Santa Lucia, mines, lat. 16°, Fig. 66.
Santo Anato, hacienda, La Sama’s hut, 12° 35′, Fig. 8.
Sihuas, Pampa de, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 204.
Sillilica, Cordillera, east of Iquique, northern Chile.
Sintulini, rapids of Urubamba River above junction of
Pomareni, lat. 12° 10′, (Fig. 8).
Sirialo, river, lat. 12° 40′, Fig. 8.
Soiroccocha, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa north of Arma,
lat. 13° 15′, (Fig. 20).
Solimana, mt., lat. 15° 20′, Fig. 204.
Soray, mt., Cordillera Vilcapampa, southeast of Mt. Salcantay,
lat. 13° 20′, (Fig. 20).
Sotospampa, village, near Lambrama, lat. 13° 50′, (Fig. 204).
Sullana, town, Chira River, lat. 5°, (Fig. 66).
Taurisma, village, lat. 15° 10′, Fig. 204.
Ticumpinea, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right
below Pongo de Mainique, lat. 11° 50′, (Fig. 8).
Timpia, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right, lat. 11° 45′.
Tono, river, tributary of Upper Madre de Dios, east of Paucartambo, lat. 13°.
Torontoy, canyon of the Urubamba between the villages of Torontoy
and Colpani, lat. 13° 10′-13° 15′.
Torontoy, village at the head of the canyon of the same name, lat. 13° 15′.
_See_ inset map, Fig. 8.
Tumbez, town, lat. 4° 30′, Fig. 66.
Tunari, Cerro de, mt., northwest of Cochabamba, _q.v._
Urubamba, river, Fig. 20.
Urubamba, town, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
Vilcabamba, river, tributary of Urubamba River entering from
left above Santa Ana, lat. 13°, Fig. 8.
_See also_ Fig. 158.
Vilcabamba, village, lat. 13° 5′, Fig. 20.
_See also_ Fig. 158.
Vilcanota, Cordillera, southern Peru.
Vilcanota, river, name applied to Urubamba above lat. of
Cuzco, 13° 30′, (Fig. 20).
Vilcapampa, Cordillera, lat. 13° 20′, Fig. 20.
Vilque, town, southern Peru, lat. 15° 50′, long. 70° 30′.
Vitor, pampa, lat. 16° 30′, Fig. 66.
Vitor, river, Fig. 66.
Yanahuara, pass, between Urubamba and Yanatili valleys, lat. 13° 10′.
Yanatili, river, tributary of Urubamba entering from right
above Rosalina, (Fig. 20).
_See also_ Fig. 65.
Yavero (Paucartambo), river, tributary of Urubamba entering
from right, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.
Yavero, settlement, at junction of Yavero and Urubamba
rivers, lat. 12° 10′, Fig. 8.
Yunguyo, town, southern Peru, lat. 16° 20′, long. 69° 10′.
Yuyato, river, lat. 12° 5′, Fig. 8.
INDEX
Abancay, 32, 62, 64, 78, 92, 93, 181, 189, 221, 243;
suppressing a revolution, 89-91;
temperature curve (diagr.), opp. p. 180
Abancay basin, 154
Abancay to Camaná cross-section map, work, observation and statistics, 315
Abra Tocate, 73, 80, 81;
topography and vegetation from (ill.), opp. p. 19
Abra de Malaga, 276
Acosta, 205
Adams, G. I., 255
Agriculture, 74-76, 152
Aguardiente, 74. _See_ Brandy
Alcohol, 5, 6
Alluvial fans, 60-63, 70, 270
Alluvial fill, 270-273;
view in Majes Valley (ill.), opp. p. 230
Alpacas, 5, 52
Alto de los Huesos (ill.), opp. p. 7
Amazon basin, Humboldt’s dream of conquest, 33-35;
Indian tribes, 36
Amazonia, 20, 26
Ancachs, 171
Andahuaylas, 89
Andrews, A, C., 295
Angulo, Philippi, 317
Anta, 187, 189, 190
Anta basin, 62, 108, 197;
geology, 250;
view looking north from hill near Anta (ill.), opp. p. 184
Antabamba, 52, 53, 95, 96, 99, 101, 189, 197, 243, 303, 316;
Governor, 95-99, 100-101;
Lieutenant Governor, 96-99, 101;
sketch section, 243
Antabamba Canyon, view across (ill.), opp. p. 106
Antabamba Quadrangle, 316, opp. p. 282 (topog. sheet)
Antabamba region, geologic sketch map and section, 245
Antabamba Valley, 96
“Antis,” 39
Aplao, 106, 115, 116, 181, 226, 231, 255, 256, 257, 273, 318;
composite structure section (diagr.), 259;
temperature curve (diagr.), 181
Aplao Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 120
Appendix A, 315
Appendix B, 321
Appendix C, 324
Apurimac, 51, 57, 60, 94, 153, 154;
crossing at Pasaje (ills.), opp. p. 91;
regional diagram of canyoned country, 58
Apurimac Canyon, 189;
cloud belt (ill.), opp. p. 150
Arequipa, 52, 89, 92, 117, 120, 137, 284;
glacial features near (sketches), 280
Argentina, 93
Arica, 130, 132, 198
Arma, 67, 189, 212-214
Arrieros, Pampa de, 280
Asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. 281
Asymmetry, 305-313;
cross-section of ridge (diagr.), 306;
postglacial volcano (diagr.), 306
Auquibamba, 93
Avalanches, 290
Bailey, S. I., 284
Bandits, 95
Basins, 60, 154;
regional diagram, 61;
climatic cross-section (diagr.), 62
Batholith, Vilcapampa, 215-224
Belaunde brothers, 116
Bergschrunds, 294-305
Bingham, Hiram, ix, 104, 157
Block diagram of physiography of Andes, 186
Boatmen, Indian, 13
Bogotá, Cordillera of, 205
Bolivia, 93, 176, 190, 193, 195, 240, 241, 249, 322;
snowline, 275-277
Bolivian boundary, 68
Border valleys of the Eastern Andes, 68-87
Borneo, 206
Bowman, Isaiah, 8, 316
Brandy, 74, 75, 76, 82-83
Bravo, José, 245
Bumstead, A. H., ix
Cacao, 74, 83
Cacti, 150;
arboreal (ill.), opp. p. 90
Calchaquí Valley, 250
Callao, 118;
cloudiness (with diagr.), 133;
temperature (with diagr.), 126-129;
wind roses (diagrs.), 128
Camaná, 21, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 140-141, 147, 181,
225, 226, 227, 266, 318;
coastal Tertiary, 253, 254;
plain of, 229;
temperature curve (diagr.), 181
Camaná Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 114
Camaná Valley, 257
Camaná-Vitor region, 117
Camino del Peñon, 110
Camisea, 36
Camp 13, 100, 180, 181;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180
Campas, 37
Canals for bringing water, 59, 60, 155;
projected, Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), 118
Cantas, 115, 116, 226, 253, 257, 273, 318
Canyon walls (ills.), opp. p. 218
Canyoned country, regional diagram, 58;
valley climates (diagr.), 59
Canyons, 60, 72, 73, 197, 219;
Majes River (ill.), opp. p. 230;
topographic conditions before formation of deep
canyons in Maritime Cordillera (ill.), opp. p. 184
Caraveli, climate data, 134-136;
wind roses (diagrs.), 136
Carboniferous fossils, 323
Carboniferous strata, 241-247;
hypothetical distribution of land and sea (diagr.), 246
Cashibos, 37
Catacaos, 119
Cattle tracks (ill.), opp. p. 226
Caucho, 29
Caylloma, 164, 165
Caypi, 316
Central Ranges, asymmetrical peaks (ill.), opp. p. 281;
glacial features with lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. 269;
glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. 280;
steep cirque walls (ill.), opp. p. 286
Cerro Azul, 118
Cerro de Tunari, 176
Chachani, 280, 284
Chanchamayo, 77
Character. _See_ Human character
Chaupimayu Valley, 77
_Chicha_, 86
Chile, 130, 132, 193, 260
Chili River, 120
Chili Valley, opp. p. 7 (ill.), 117
Chimborazo, 281
Chinche, 271, 272
Chira River, depth diagram, 119, 120
Chirumbia, 12
Choclococha, Lake, 120
Chonta Campas, 37
Choqquequirau, 154
Choquetira, 66, 67, 211;
bowldery fill below, 269;
glacial features, 206-207
Choquetira Valley, moraine, (ill.), opp. p. 208
Chosica, 136, 137;
cloudiness (diagr.), 138
_Chuño_, 57
Chuntaguirus, 41
Chuquibamba, 54, 72, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 273, 317-319;
sediments, 258
Chuquibambilla, 53, 189, 220, 221, 222, 236, 243;
alluvial fill (diagr.), 272;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 323
Chuquito pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. 7;
glacial trough (ill.), opp. p. 205
Cirque walls, steep (ill.), opp. p. 286
Cirques, 294-305;
development (diagr.), 300;
development, further stages (diagr.), 301;
mode of formation (diagr.), 297
Clarke, J. M., 321
Clearing in forest (ill.), opp. p. 25
Climate, coast, 125-147;
eastern border, 147-153;
Inter-Andean valleys, 153-155;
_see also_ Meteorological records
Climatic belts, 121-122;
map, 123
Climatology, 121-156
Cliza, 276
Cloud-banners, 16
Cloud belt, 143, opp, p. 150 (ill.)
Cloudiness, 132;
Callao (with diagr.), 133;
desert station near Caraveli (diagrs.), 137;
Machu Picchu, 160;
Santa Lucia (diagr.), 169
Clouds, Inter-Andean Valley, 155;
Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. 180;
Santa Lucia, 168;
types on eastern border of Andes (diagrs.), 148;
_see also_ Fog
Coast Range, 111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 225-232;
climate, 122-147;
direction, 267;
diagram to show progressive lowering of saturation
temperature in a desert, 127;
geology, 258;
view between Mollendo and Arequipa in June (ill.), opp. p. 226;
wet and dry seasons (diagrs.), 132
Coastal belt, map of irrigated and irrigable land, 113
Coastal desert, 110-120;
regional diagram of physical relations, 112;
_see also_ Deserts
Coastal planter, 6
Coastal region, topographic and climatic provinces (diagr.), 125
Coastal terraces, 225-232
Coca, 74, 77, 82-83
Coca seed beds (ill.), opp. p. 74
Cochabamba, 93;
temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 178;
weather data, 176-178
Cochabamba Indians, 276
Colombia, 205
Colorada, Pampa de, 114, 317
Colpani, 72, 215, 216, 222, 223;
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. 3
Comanchian fossils, 323
Cómas, 155
Compañia Gomera de Mainique, 29, 31, 32
Concession plan, 29
Conibos, 44
_Contador_, 84-85
Copacavana, 176
Cordilleras, 4, 6, 20, 197
Coribeni, 15
Corn, 57, 59, 62
Coropuna, 109, 110, 112, 202, 253, 317, 319;
elevation, 317;
glaciation, 307;
snowline, 283-285
Coropuna expedition, 104
Coropuna Quadrangle, 197, opp. p. 188 (topog. sheet), 319
Corralpata, 51, 59
Cosos, 231
Cotabambas, 78
Cotahuasi, 4, 5, 52, 54, 60, 97, 101, 103, 104, 180, 197, 199, 316, 317;
alluvial fill, 272;
fossils, 322;
geologic sketch maps and cross-section, 247;
rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. 68;
snowline above, 282-283;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180;
view (ill.), opp. p. 57
Cotahuasi Canyon, 247, 248, 316
Cotahuasi Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 192
Cotahuasi Valley, geology, 258
Cotton, 76, 116, 117
Crest lines, asymmetrical, 305-313
Cretaceous formations, 247-251
Cretaceous fossils, 323
Crucero Alto, 188
Cuzco, 8, 10, 21, 52, 62, 63, 92, 102, 107, 193, 197;
railroad to Santa Ana, 69-70;
snow, 276;
view (ill.), opp. p. 66
Cuzco basin, 61, 62, 154, 251;
slopes at outlet (diagr.), 185
Deformations. _See_ Intrusions
Derby, Orville, 322
Desaguadero Valley, 193
Deserts, cloudiness (diagrs.), 137;
rain, 138-140;
sea-breeze in, 132;
tropical forest, 36-37;
wind roses (diagrs.), 136
Diagrams. _See_ Regional diagrams
Dikes, 223
Drunkenness, 103, 105-106, 108
Dry valleys, 114-115
Dunes, 114, 254;
Majes Valley, 262-267;
movement, 132;
superimposed (diagrs.), 265
Duque, Señor, 78
Eastern Andes, 204-224;
regional diagram, 22
Eastern border, climate, 147-153
Eastern valley planter, 3
Eastern valleys, 68-87;
climate cross-section (diagr.), 79
Echarati, 10, 77, 78, 80, 82;
plantation scene (ill.), opp. p. 75
Ecuador volcanoes, 281
Epiphyte (ill.), opp. p. 78
Erdis, E. C., 158
Erosion, 192-195, 210, 211, 305;
_see also_ Glacial erosion; Nivation
Erving, Dr. W. G., 13, 101, 316, 317
_Faena_ Indians, 75, 83-87
Feasts and fairs, 175-176
Ferries, 147
Fig tree (ill.), opp. p. 75
Floods, 151
Fog, 132, 139, 143;
conditions along coast from Camaná to Mollendo, 144-145;
_see also_ Clouds
Forest dweller, 1
Forest Indians. _See_ Machigangas
Forests, clearing (ill.), opp. p. 25;
dense ground cover, trees, epiphytes, and parasites (ill.), opp. p. 155;
moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. 24;
mountain, 148-153;
mule trail (ill.), opp. p. 18;
tropical, near Pabellon (ill.), opp. p. 150;
tropical vegetation (ill.), opp. p. 18;
type at Sahuayaco (ill.), opp. p. 90
Fossils, 245, 321;
list of, by geologic periods and localities, 321
Frankland, 278, 309
Frost line, 56-57
Garua, 132
Geographical basis of revolutions and of human character, 88-109
Geologic dates, 195-196;
Majes Valley, 258, 261;
west coast fault, 248-249
Geologic development. _See_ Physiographic and geologic development
Gilbert, G. K., 300, 302, 305
Glacial deposits, 268
Glacial erosion, Central Andes, 305-313;
composite sketch of general conditions, 312;
graphic representation of amount during glacial period, 311
Glacial features, 274-313;
Arequipa (sketches), 280;
Central Ranges; lateral moraines (ill.), opp. p. 269;
eastern slopes of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 210
Glacial retreat, 208-214
Glacial sculpture, heart of the Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 212;
southwestern flank of Cordillera Vilcapampa (map), 207
Glacial topography between Lambrama and Antabamba (ill.), opp. p. 280;
Maritime Cordillera, north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. 281
Glacial trough, view near Chuquito pass (ill.), opp. p. 208
Glaciation, 64, 271;
Sierra Nevada, 305;
Vilcapampa, 204-214;
Western Andes, 202
Glaciers, Panta Mountain (ill.), opp. p. 287;
view (ill.), opp. p. 205
Gomara, 34
Gonzales, Señor, 78
Government, bad, 95
Gran Pajonal, 37
Granite, 215-224;
_see also_ Intrusions
Grass (ill.), opp. p. 154
Gregory, J. W., 205
_Hacendado_, 55, 60
_Haciendas_, 78, 83, 86
Hann, J., 126, 176, 278
Hendriksen, Kai, 98, 315
Hettner, 205
Hevea, 29
Highest habitations in the world, 52, 96;
regional diagram of, 50;
stone hut (ill.), opp. p. 48
Highland shepherd, 4
Highlands, 46
Hobbs, W. H., 286, 287
Horses, 66, opp. p. 91 (ill.)
Huadquiña, 70, 71, 72, 75, 82, 86, 219;
hacienda (ill.), opp. p. 73;
terraces, 272
Huadquirca, 243
Huaipo, Lake, 250, 251
Huallaga basin, 153
Huambo, 243
Huancarama, 64, 87, 189, 243, 303;
view (ill.), opp. p. 106
Huancarqui, 257
Huari, 176
Huascatay, 189, 242, 243;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 322
Huasco basin, 275
Huaynacotas, 103, 316;
terraced valley slope (ill.), opp. p. 56;
terraced valley slopes (ill.), opp. p. 199
Huichihua, 278; alluvial fill (diagr.), 272;
(ill.), opp. p. 67
Human character, geographic basis, 88-109
Humboldt, 33-35, 286
Humboldt Current, 126, 143
Huts, 103;
highest in Peru (ill.), opp. p. 48;
shepherds’, 47, 48, 52, 55
Ica Valley, 120;
irrigated and irrigable land (diagr.), 118
Ice erosion. _See_ Glacial erosion
Incahuasi, 51, 155, 285
Incas, 39, 44, 46, 62, 63, 68, 77, 109, 175
Incharate, 78
Indian boatmen, 13
Indians, as laborers, 26-28, 31-32;
basin type, 63-64;
forest, _see_ Machigangas;
life and tastes, 107-108;
mountain, 46-67, 101-102;
plateau, 40-41, 44-45, 100, 106-109;
troops, 90, 91;
wrongs, 14, 102
Ingomwimbi, 206
Instruments, surveying, 315
Inter-Andean valleys, climate, 153-155
Intermont basin. _See_ Basins
Intrusions, deformations north of Lambrama (diagr.), 243;
deformative effects on limestone strata near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), 221;
lower Urubamba Valley (geologic sketch map), 237;
overthrust folds in detail near Chuquibambilla (diagr.), 222;
principles, 217-219
Intrusions, Vilcapampa, deformative effects near Puquiura (diagr.), 216;
relation of granite to schist near Colpani (with diagr.), 216
Iquique, wind roses (diagrs.), 131
Irrigation, 72, 76, 80, 82;
coastal belt (map), 113;
coastal desert, 119-120;
Ica Valley (diagr.), 118
Islay, Pampa de, 114
Italians, 18, 81
Jaguey, 254, 255, 318
Jesuits, 68
Johnson, W. D., 213, 295, 296, 299, 300
Kenia, Mt., 206, 274
Kerbey, Major, 8, 10
Kibo, 206, 274
Kilimandjaro, 205, 206
Kinibalu, 206
Krüger, Herr, 157
Labor, 26-28, 31-32, 42-43, 74-75, 83-84
La Cumbre Quadrangle, 197, 202, opp. p. 202 (topog. sheet)
La Joya, 132, 133;
cloudiness (diagr.), 134;
temperature curves (diagr.), 134;
wind roses (diagrs.), 135
Lambrama, 90, 92, 285, 316;
camp near (ill.), opp. p. 6
Lambrama Quadrangle (topog. sheet), opp. p. 304
Lambrama Valley, deformation types (diagr.), 243
Land and sea, Carboniferous hypothetical distribution
compared with present (diagr.), 246
Landscape, 183-198
Lanius, P. B., 13
La Paz, 93, 109, 276, 321
La Sama, 12, 13, 40
Las Lomas, 318
Lava flows, 199
Lava plateau, 197, 199, 307-308;
regional diagram of physical conditions, 55;
summit above Cotahuasi (ill.), opp, p. 204
Lavas, volume, 201
Lima, 92, 93, 118, 137, 138;
cloud, 132, 143;
temperature, 126
Limestone, sketch to show deformed, 243
Little, J. P., 135, 157
Llica, 275
Lower Cretaceous fossils, 323
Lower Devonian fossils, 321
Machigangas, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 31, 36-45, 81;
ornaments and fabrics (ill.), opp. p. 27;
trading with (ill.), opp. p. 26
Machu Picchu, 72, 220;
weather data (with diagr.), 158-160
Madeira-Mamoré railroad, 33
Madre de Dios, 1, 2, 33
Majes River, 147, 225, 227, 266, 267;
Canyon (ill.), opp. p. 230
Majes Valley, 106, 111, 116, 117, 120, 226, 227, 229-231, 318;
alluvial fill, 273;
date of formation, 258, 261;
desert coast (ill.), opp. p. 110;
dunes, 262-267;
erosion and uplift, 261;
lower and upper sandstones (ill.), opp. p. 250;
sediments, 255;
snowline, 283;
steep walls and alluvial fill (ill.), opp. p. 230;
structural details near Aplao (sketch section), 255;
structural details on south wall near Cantas (sketch section), 257;
structural relations at Aplao (field sketch), 256;
Tertiary deposits, 253-254;
wind, 130;
view below Cantas (ill.), opp. p. 110;
view down canyon (ill.), opp. p. 144
Malaria, 14, 38
Marañon, 41, 59
Marcoy, 79
Marine terrace at Mollendo (ill.), opp. p. 226
Maritime Cordillera, 52, 199-203, 233;
asymmetry of ridges, 308-309;
glacial features, 307;
glacial topography north of divide on 73d meridian (ill.), opp. p. 281;
pre-volcanic topography, 200;
post-glacial volcano, asymmetrical (diagr.), 306;
regional diagrams, 50, 52;
test of explanation of cirques, 303;
volcanoes, tuffs, lava flows (ill.), opp. p. 204;
western border rocks (geologic section), 257;
_see also_ Lava plateau
Matara, 99, 316
Matthes, F. E., 286, 287, 289
Mature slopes, 185-193; between Ollantaytambo and Urubamba
(ill.), opp. p. 185;
dissected, north of Anta (ill.), opp. p. 185
Mawenzi, 206
Meanders, 16, 17
Médanos, 114
Mendoza, Padre, 11
Mer de Glace, 203
Meteorological records, 157-181
Mexican revolutions, 93
Middendorf, 143
Miller, General, 41, 78, 147
Minchin, 241
Misti, El, opp. p. 7 (ill.), 284
Molina, Christoval de, 175
Mollendo, 93, 105, 117;
cloud belt, 143;
cloudiness (diagr.), 134;
coastal terraces, 225;
humidity, 133;
marine terrace (ill.), opp. p. 226;
profile of coastal terraces (diagr.), 227;
temperature curves (diagr.), 134;
wind roses (diagrs.), 129
Mollendo-Arequipa railroad, 117
Mollendo rubber, 32
Montaña, 148, 149, 153
Moquegua, 117;
geologic relations (diagr.), 255
Moraines, 207, 210-211;
Choquetira Valley (ill.), opp. p. 208;
view (ill.), opp. p. 208
Morales, Señor, 11
Morococha, temperature (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 172;
weather data (with diagrs.), 171-176
Morococha Mining Co., 157, 171
Morro de Arica, 132
Moss, large ground. _See Yareta_
Moss-draped trees (ill.), opp. p. 24
Mountain-side trail (ill.), opp. p. 78
Mountains, tropical, as climate registers, 206
Mulanquiato, 10, 18, 19
Mule trail (ill.), opp. p. 18
Mules, 23, 24, 94, opp. p. 91 (ill.)
Névé, 286-305
Niño, El, 137-138
Nivation, 285-294;
“pocked” surface (ill.), opp. p. 286
Northeastern border, topographic and structural section (diagr.), 241
Occobamba Valley, 79
Ocean currents of adjacent waters, 121-122 (map), 123
Ollantaytambo, 70, 73, 75, 250, 271;
terraced valley floor (ill.), opp. p. 56
d’Orbigny, 322
Oruro, 93
Pabellon, 80, 82, opp. p. 150
Pacasmayo, Carboniferous land plants, 245
Pachitea, 37, 38
Pacific Ocean basin, 248
Paleozoic strata (ill.), opp. p. 198
_Palma carmona_, 29
Palmer, H. S., 250
Paltaybamba, opp. p. 74
Pampacolca, 109
Pampaconas, 69, 211, 213, 215;
rounded slopes near Vilcabamba (ill.), opp. p. 72;
Carboniferous, 244;
fossils, 322;
snow action, 291
Pampaconas River, 316
Pampas, 114, 198;
climate data, 134-136
Pampas, river, 189
Panta, mt., 214;
view, with glacier system (ill.), opp. p. 287
Pará rubber, 32
Pasaje, 51, 57, 59, 60, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243;
Carboniferous, 244;
crossing the Apurimac (ills.), opp. p. 91
Paschinger, 274
Pastures, 141, 187;
Alpine (ill.), opp. p. 58
Paucartambo, 42, 77
Paucartambo River. _See_ Yavero River
Payta, 225
Penck, A., 205
Peonage, 25, 27, 28
Pereira, Señor, 10, 18
Perene, 155
Physiographic and geologic development, 233-273
Physiographic evidence, value, 193-195
Physiographic principles, 217
Physiography, 183-186;
Southern Peru, summary, 197-198
Pichu-Pichu, 284
Piedmont accumulations, 260
Pilcopata, 36
Piñi-piñi, 36
Pisco, 130;
Carboniferous land plants, 247
Piura, 119
Piura River, depth diagram, 119, 120
Piura Valley, 48
Place names, key to, 324
Plantations, 86;
_see also_ Haciendas
Planter, coastal, 6
Planters, valley, 3, 75, 76
Plateau Indians, 40-41, 44-45, 100, 106-109
Plateaus, 196-197
Pleistocene deposits, 267-273
Pomareni, 19
Pongo de Mainique, 8, 9, 11, 15-20, 40, 71, 179, 239, 241, 242, 273;
canoe in rapid above (ill.), opp. p. 11;
Carboniferous, 244;
dugout in rapids below (ill.), opp. p. 2;
fossils, 322;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178;
upper entrance (ill.), opp. p. 10;
vegetation, clearing, and rubber station (ill.), opp. p. 2
Poopó, 195
Potato field (ill.), opp p. 67
Potatoes, 57, 59, 62
Potosí, 249
Precipitation. _See_ Rain
Profiles, composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), 191
Pucamoco, 78
Pucapacures, 42
Puerto Mainique, 29, 30
Punas, 6, 197
Puquiura, 67, 87, 211, 216, 236, 238, 239, 243, 277;
Carboniferous, 244;
composition of slopes (ill.), opp. p. 198
Puqura, 250
Quebradas, 145, 155
Quechuas, 44, 45, 77, 83
_Quenigo_, 285
Quilca, 105, 117, 226, 266
Quillabamba, opp. p. 74
Quillagua, 260
Railroads, 74, 75, 76, 93, 101-102, 149;
Bolivia, 93;
Cuzco to Santa Ana, 69-70
Raimondi, 77, 78, 109, 110, 135, 155, 170, 316
Rain, 115, 119, 120, 122, 124-125;
coast region seasonal variation, 131-137;
eastern border of Andes, belts (diagrs.), 148;
effect of heavy, 138-140;
effect of sea-breeze, 131-132;
heaviest, 147-148;
Morococha (with diagrs.), 173-176;
periodic variations, 137;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 164-166;
unequal distribution in western Peru, 145-147
Regional diagrams, 50;
index map, 23;
note on, 51
Regions of Peru, 1, 7
Reiss, 205, 208
Revolutions, geographic basis, 88-109
Rhone glacier, 205
Rice, 76
Robledo, L. M., 9, 30, opp. p. 78
Rock belts, outline sketch along 73d meridian, 235
Rocks, Maritime Cordillera, pampas and Coast Range structural
relations (sketch section), 254;
Maritime Cordillera, western border (geologic section), 257;
Moquegua, structural relations (diagr.), 255;
Urubamba Valley, succession (diagr.), 249
Rosalina, 8, 9, 10, 11, 37, 42, 71, 73, 80, 82, 153, 237
Rubber, 18;
price, 32, 33
Rubber forests, 22-35
Rubber gatherers, Italian, 18, 81
Rubber plant (ill.), opp. p. 75
Rubber trees, 152
Rueda, José, 78
Rug weaver (ill.), opp. p. 68
Rumbold, W. R., 321
Russell, I. C., 205
Ruwenzori, 206, 274
Sacramento, Pampa del, 37
Sahuayaco, 77, 78, 80, 83, 179;
forests (ills.), opp. p. 90;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Salamanca, 54, 56, 105, 106, 180, 181;
forest, 285;
temperature curve (diagr.), 180;
terraced hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58;
view (ill.), opp. p. 107
Salaverry, 119
Salcantay, 64, 72, opp. p. 3 (ill.)
San Geronimo, 276
Sand. _See_ Dunes
“Sandy matico” (ill.), opp. p. 90
San Gabriel, Hacienda, 316
Santa Ana, 69, 72, 78, 79, 80, 82, 93, 153, 179, 237;
clouds (ill.), opp. p. 180;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Santa Ana Valley, 10, 82
Santa Lucia, temperature ranges (diagrs.), insert opp. p. 162;
unusual weather conditions, 169-170;
weather data (with diagrs.), 161-171
Santo Anato, 40, 42, 82, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Schists and Silurian slates, 236-241
Schrund. _See_ Bergschrunds
Schrundline, 300-305
Schuchert, Chas., 321
Sea and land. _See_ Land and sea
Sea-breeze, 129-132
Shepherd, highland, 4
Shepherds, country of, 46-67
Shirineiri, 36, 38
Sierra Nevada, 305
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 205
Sievers, W., 143, 176, 205, 263
Sihuas, Pampa de, 114, 198
Sillilica, Cordillera, 190, 260
Sillilica Pass, 275
Silurian fossils, 321
Silurian slates, 236-241
Sintulini rapids, 19
Sirialo, 8, 15
Slave raiders, 14
Slavery, 24, 25
Slopes, composition at Puquiura (ill.), opp. p. 198;
composition of slopes and profiles (diagr.), 191;
smooth grassy (ill.), opp. p. 79;
_see also_ Mature slopes
Smallpox, 14, 38
Snow, 212;
drifting, 278;
fields on summit of Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 268
Snow erosion. _See_ Nivation
Snow motion, curve of (diagr.), 293;
law of variation, 291
Snowline, 52, 53, 66, 122, 148, 203, 205-206, 274-285;
canting (with diagr.), 279;
determination, 282;
difference in degree of canting (diagr.), 281;
glacial period, 282;
view of canted, Cordillera Vilcapampa (ill.), opp. p. 280
Snowstorm, 170
Soiroccocha, 64, 72, 214;
view (ill.), opp. p. 154
Solimana, 4, 202, 317;
glaciation, 307
Soray, 64
Sotospampa, 243
South Pacific Ocean, 125
Spanish Conquest, 62, 63, 77
Spruce (botanist), 153
Steinmann, 249, 276
Streams, Coast Range, 145-147;
physiography, 192;
_see also_ Water
Structure. _See_ Rocks
Stübel, 209
Sucre, 93
Sugar, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82-83, 92
Sullana, 119
Survey methods employed in topographic sheets, 315
Tablazo de Ica, 198
Tarai. _See_ Urubamba Valley
Tarapacá, Desert of, 260
Tarapoto, 153
Taurisma, 317;
geologic sketch map and cross-section, 248
Taylor, Capt. A., 126, 128
Temperature, Abancay curve (diagr.), opp. p. 180;
Callao (with diagr.), 126-129;
Cochabamba, 176-178;
Cochabamba (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 178;
curves at various points along 73d meridian, 178-181;
La Joya curves (diagr.), 134;
Mollendo curves (diagr.), 134;
Morococha, 171-173;
Morococha (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 172;
progressive lowering of saturation, in a desert (diagr.), 127;
Santa Lucia, 161-164;
Santa Lucia (diagrs. of ranges), insert opp. p. 162
Tempests, 169-170
Terraces, coastal, 225-232;
physical history and physiographic development (with diagrs.), 228-230;
profile at Mollendo (diagr.), 227
Terraces, hill slopes (ill.), opp. p. 58
Terraces, marine (ill.), opp. p. 226
Terraces, valley (ills.), opp. p. 56, opp. p. 57, opp. p. 66;
Huaynacotas (ill.), opp. p. 199
_Terral_, 130
Tertiary deposits, 249, 251-267;
coastal, 253
Ticumpinea, 36, 38, 251
Tierra blanca, 254, 266
Timber line, 69, 71, 79, 148
Timpia, 36, 38, 252;
canoe at mouth (ill.), opp. p. 19
Titicaca, 161, 176, 195, 321
Titicaca basin, 107
Titicaca-Poopó basin, 251
Tocate. _See_ Abra Tocate
_Tola_ bush (ill.), opp. p. 6
Tono, 36
Topographic and climatic cross-section (diagr.), opp. p. 144
Topographic and structural section of northeastern border
of Andes (diagr.), 241
Topographic map of the Andes between Abancay and the Pacific
Coast at Camaná, insert opp. p. 312
Topographic profiles across typical valleys (diagrs.), 189
Topographic regions, 121-122;
map, 123
Topographic sheets, survey method employed, 315;
list of, with page references, xi
Topographical outfit, 315
Torontoy, 10, 70, 71, 72, 82, 158, 220
Torontoy Canyon, 272, opp. p. 3 (ill.);
cliff (ill.), opp. p. 10
Trail (mountain-side) (ill.), opp. p. 78
Transportation, 73-74, 93, 152;
rains and, 142
Trees, 150;
_see also_ Forests
_Tucapelle_ (ship), 117
Tucker, H. L., ix
Tumbez, 119
Tunari peaks, 276
Ucayali, 42, 44
Uplift, recent, 190
Upper Carboniferous fossils, 322
Urubamba, 1, 41, 42, 62, 187;
village, 70, 73
Urubamba River, 72;
fossils, 322;
physiographic observations, 252-253;
rapids and canyons, 8-21;
shelter hut (ill.), opp. p. 11
Urubamba Valley, 72, 153, 238;
alluvial fans, 270;
alluvial fill, 272-273;
below Paltaybamba (ill.), opp. p. 74;
canyon walls (ill.), opp. p. 218;
dissected alluvial fans (sketch), 271;
floor from Tarai (ill.), opp. p. 70;
from ice to sugar cane (ill.), opp. p. 3;
geologic sketch map of the lower, 237;
line of unconformity of geologic structure (ill.), opp. p. 250;
rocks, 250;
rocks, succession (diagr.), 249;
sketch map, 9;
slopes and alluvial deposits between Ollantaytambo and Torontoy
(ill.), opp. p. 269;
temperature curves (diagrs.), 178-179;
terraced valley slopes and floor (ill.), opp. p. 66;
vegetation, distribution (ill.), opp. p. 79;
view below Santa Ana (ill.), opp. p. 155;
wheat and bread, 71
Valdivia, Señor, 161
Vallenar, 49
Valley climates in canyoned region (diagr.), 59
Valley planters. _See_ Planters
Valley profiles, abnormal, 305-313
Valleys, eastern;
_see_ Border valleys of the Eastern Andes;
_see also_ Dry valleys, Inter-Andean valleys;
topographic profiles across, typical in Southern Peru (diagrs.), 189
Vegetation, 141;
belts (map), 123;
distribution in Urubamba Valley (ill.), opp. p. 79;
shrubbery, mixed with grass (ill.), opp. p. 154;
Tocate pass (ill.), opp. p. 19;
_see also_ Forests
Vicuña, 54
Vilcabamba, 66;
rounded slopes (ill.), opp. p. 72
Vilcabamba pueblo, 211, 277, 296
Vilcabamba Valley, 189
Vilcanota knot, 276
Vilcanota Valley, alluvial fill, 272
Vilcapampa, Cordillera, 15, 16, 22, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67, 197, 204-224, 233;
batholith and topographic effects, 215-224;
canted snowline (ill.), opp. p. 280;
climatic barrier, 73;
composite geologic section (diagr.), 215;
glacial features, 204-214;
glaciers, 304;
highest pass, crossing (ill.), opp. p. 7;
regional diagram, 65;
regional diagram of the eastern aspect, 68;
schrundline, 302;
snow movement, 287-289;
snow fields on summit (ill.), opp. p. 268;
snow peaks (ill.), opp. p. 72;
snowline, 277, 279;
southwestern aspect (ill.), opp. p. 205;
summit view (ill.), opp. p. 205
Vilcapampa Province, 77
Vilcapampa Valley, bowldery fill, 269
Vilque, 176
Violle, 309
_Virazon_, 130
Vitor, Pampa de, 114, 318
Vitor River, 92, 117, 226, 266, 267
Volcanic country, 199
Volcanic flows, geologic sketch, 244
Volcanoes, glacial erosion, 311;
post-glacial, 306-307;
recessed southern slopes (ill.), opp. p. 287;
snowline, 281;
typical form, 310;
views (ills.), opp. p. 204
Von Boeck, 176
Vulcanism, 199;
_see also_ Volcanoes
Ward, R. De C., 126, 143
Water, 59, 60, 116, 139;
projected canal from Atlantic to Pacific slope of the
Maritime Cordillera (diagr.), 118;
streams of coastal desert, intermittent and perennial,
diagrams of depth, 119
Water skippers, 17
Watkins, Mr., 317, 318
Weather. _See_ Meteorological records
Western Andes, 199-203
Whymper, 205
Wind belts, 122;
map, 123
Wind roses, Callao (diagrs.), 128;
Caraveli (diagrs.), 136;
Iquique (diagrs.), 131;
La Joya (diagrs.), 135;
Machu Picchu (diagrs.), 159;
Mollendo (diagrs.), 129;
Santa Lucia (diagrs.), 167;
summer and winter of 1911-1913 (diagrs.), 130
Winds, 114, 116;
directions at Machu Picchu, 158-159;
geologic action, 262-267;
prevailing, 125;
Santa Lucia (with diagrs.), 166-168;
trade, 122, 124;
sea-breeze, 129-132
Wine, 116, 117
Wolf, 205
Yanahuara pass, 170
Yanatili, 41, 42, 44;
slopes at junction with Urubamba River (ill.), opp. p. 79
_Yareta_ (ill.), opp. p. 6
Yavero, 30, 31, 36, 38, 42, 179;
temperature curve (diagr.), 178
Yavero (Paucartambo) River, rubber station (ill.), opp. p. 24
Yuca, growing (ill.), opp. p. 75
Yunguyo, 176
Yuyato, 36, 38
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] For all locations mentioned see maps accompanying the text or
Appendix C.
[2] The Cashibos of the Pachitea are the tribe for whom the Piros
besought Herndon to produce “some great and infectious disease” which
could be carried up the river and let loose amongst them (Herndon,
Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, Washington. 1854, Vol. 1, p.
196). This would-be artfulness suggests itself as something of a match
against the cunning of the Cashibos whom rumor reports to imitate the
sounds of the forest animals with such skill as to betray into their
hands the hunters of other tribes (see von Tschudi, Travels in Peru
During the Years 1838-1842, translated from the German by Thomasina
Ross, New York, 1849, p. 404).
[3] The early chronicles contain several references to Antisuyu and the
Antis. Garcilaso de la Vega’s description of the Inca conquests in
Antisuyu are well known (Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, Book 4,
Chapters 16 and 17, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 41, 1869 and Book
7, Chapters 13 and 14, No. 45, 1871). Salcamayhua who also chronicles
these conquests relates a legend concerning the tribute payers of the
eastern valleys. On one occasion, he says, three hundred Antis came
laden with gold from Opatari. Their arrival at Cuzco was coincident with
a killing frost that ruined all the crops of the basin whence the three
hundred fortunates were ordered with their gold to the top of the high
hill of Pachatucsa (Pachatusun) and there buried with it (An Account of
the Antiquities of Peru, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 48, 1873).
[4] Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Northeastward
of Cuzco. Royal Geog. Soc. Journ., Vol. 6, 1836, pp. 174-186.
[5] Walle states (Le Pérou Economique, Paris, 1907, p. 297) that the
Conibos, a tribe of the Ucayali, make annual _correrias_ or raids during
the months of July, August, and September, that is during the season of
low water. Over seven hundred canoes are said to participate and the
captives secured are sold to rubber exploiters, who, indeed, frequently
aid in the organization of the raids.
[6] Distances are not taken from the map but from the trail.
[7] Compare with Raimondi’s description of Quiches on the left bank of
the Marañon at an elevation of 9,885 feet (3,013 m.): “the few small
springs scarcely suffice for the little patches of alfalfa and other
sowings have to depend on the precarious rains.... Every drop of water
is carefully guarded and from each spring a series of well-like basins
descending in staircase fashion make the most of the scant supply.” (El
Departamento de Ancachs, Lima, 1873.)
[8] Daily Cons. and Trade Report, June 10, 1914, No. 135, and Commerce
Reports, March 20, 1916, No. 66.
[9] Reference to the figures in this chapter will show great variation
in the level of the timber line depending upon insolation as controlled
by slope exposure and upon moisture directly as controlled largely by
exposure to winds. In some places these controls counteract each other;
in other places they promote each other’s effects. The topographic and
climatic cross-sections and regional diagrams elsewhere in this book
also emphasize the patchiness of much of the woodland and scrub, some
noteworthy examples occurring in the chapter on the Eastern Andes. Two
of the most remarkable cases are the patch of woodland at 14,500 feet
(4,420 m.) just under the hanging glacier of Soiroccocha, and the other
the quenigo scrub on the lava plateau above Chuquibamba at 13,000 feet
(3,960 m.). The strong compression of climatic zones in the Urubamba
Valley below Santa Ana brings into sharp contrast the grassy ridge
slopes facing the sun and the forested slopes that have a high
proportion of shade. Fig. 54 represents the general distribution but the
details are far more complicated. See also Figs. 53A and 53B. (See
Coropuna Quadrangle.)
[10] Commenting on the excellence of the cacao of the montaña of the
Urubamba von Tschudi remarked (op. cit., p. 37) that the long land
transport prevented its use in Lima where the product on the market is
that imported from Guayaquil.
[11] The inadequacy of the labor supply was a serious obstacle in the
early days as well as now. In the documents pertaining to the “Obispados
y Audiencia del Cuzco” (Vol. 11, p. 349 of the “Juicio de Limites entre
el Perú y Bolivia, Prueba Peruana presentada al Gobierno de la República
Argentina por Victor M. Maurtua,” Barcelona, 1900) we find the report
that the natives of the curacy of Ollantaytambo who came down from the
hills to Huadquiña to hear mass were detained and compelled to give a
day’s service on the valley plantations under pain of chastisement.
[12] The Spanish occupation of the eastern valleys was early and
extensive. Immediately after the capture of the young Inca Tupac Amaru
and the final subjugation of the province of Vilcapampa colonists
started the cultivation of coca and cane. Development of the main
Urubamba Valley and tributary valleys proceeded at a good rate: so also
did their troubles. Baltasar de Ocampo writing in 1610 (Account of the
Province of Vilcapampa, Hakluyt Soc. Publs., Ser. 2, Vol. 22, 1907, pp.
203-247) relates the occurrence of a general uprising of the negroes
employed on the sugar plantations of the region. But the peace and
prosperity of every place on the eastern frontier was unstable and quite
generally the later eighteenth and earlier nineteenth centuries saw a
retreat of the border of civilization. The native rebellion of the
mid-eighteenth century in the montaña of Chanchamayo caused entire
abandonment of a previously flourishing area. When Raimondi wrote in
1885 (La Montaña de Chanchamayo, Lima, 1885) some of the ancient
hacienda sites were still occupied by savages. In the Paucartambo
valleys, settlement began by the end of the sixteenth century and at the
beginning of the nineteenth before their complete desolation by the
savages they were highly prosperous. Paucartambo town, itself, once
important for its commerce in coca is now in a sadly decadent condition.
[13] Notice of a Journey to the Northward and also to the Eastward of
Cuzco, and among the Chunchos Indians, in July, 1835. Journ. Royal Geog.
Soc., Vol. 6, 1836, pp. 174-186.
[14] Bol. Soc. Geog. de Lima, Vol. 8, 1898, p. 45.
[15] Marcoy who traveled in Peru in the middle of the last century was
greatly impressed by the sympathetic changes of aspect and topography
and vegetation in the eastern valleys. He thus describes a sudden change
of scene in the Occobamba valley: “... the trees had disappeared, the
birds had taken wing, and great sandy spaces, covered with the latest
deposits of the river, alternated with stretches of yellow grass and
masses of rock half-buried in the ground.” (Travels in South America,
translated by Elihu Rich, 2 vols. New York, 1875, Vol. 1, p. 326.)
[16] According to the latest information (August, 1916) of the Bolivia
Railway Co., trains are running from Oruro to Buen Retiro, 35 km. from
Cochabamba. Thence connection with Cochabamba is made by a tram-line
operated by the Electric Light and Power Co. of that city. The Bulletin
of the Pan-American Union for July, 1916, also reports the proposed
introduction of an automobile service for conveyance of freight and
passengers.
[17] During his travels Raimondi collected many instances of the
isolation and conservatism of the plateau Indian: thus there is the
village of Pampacolca near Coropuna, whose inhabitants until recently
carried their idols of clay to the slopes of the great white mountain
and worshiped them there with the ritual of Inca days (El Perú, Lima,
1874, Vol. 1).
[18] Raimondi (op. cit., p. 109) has a characteristic description of the
“Camino del Peñon” in the department of La Libertad: “... the ground
seems to disappear from one’s feet; one is standing on an elevated
balcony looking down more than 6,000 feet to the valley ... the road
which descends the steep scarp is a masterpiece.”
[19] Figs. 67 and 68 are from Bol. de Minas del Perú, 1906, No. 37, pp.
82 and 84 respectively.
[20] The Boletín de Minas del Peru, No. 34, 1905, contains a graphic
representation of the régime of the Rio Chili at Arequipa for the years
1901-1905.
[21] Hann (Handbook of Climatology, translated by R. De C. Ward, New
York, 1903) indicates a contributory cause in the upwelling of cold
water along the coast caused by the steady westerly drift of the
equatorial current.
[22] This is the elevation obtained by the Peruvian Expedition.
Raimondi’s figure (1,832 m.) is higher.
[23] According to Ward’s observations the base of the cloud belt
averages between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above sea level (Climatic Notes
Made During a Voyage Around South America, Journ. of School Geogr., Vol.
2, 1898). On the south Peruvian coast, specifically at Mollendo,
Middendorf found the cloud belt beginning about 1,000 feet and extending
upwards to elevations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. At Lima the clouds descend
to lower levels (El Clima de Lima, Bol. Soc. Geogr. de Lima, Vol. 15,
1904). In the third edition of his Süd und Mittelamerika (Leipzig and
Vienna, 1914) Sievers says that at Lima in the winter the cloud on the
coast does not exceed an elevation of 450 m. (1,500 feet) while on the
hills it lies at elevations between 300 and 700 m. (1,000 and 2,300
feet).
[24] In most of the coast towns the ford or ferry is an important
institution and the _chimbadores_ or _baleadores_ as they are called are
expert at their trade: they know the régime of the rivers to a nicety.
Several settlements owe their origin to the exigencies of
transportation, permanent and periodic; thus before the development of
its irrigation system Camaná, according to General Miller (Memoirs,
London, 1829, Vol. 2, p. 27), was a hamlet of some 30 people who gained
their livelihood through ferrying freight and passengers across the
Majes River.
[25] A dry pocket in the Huallaga basin between 6° and 7° S. is
described by Spruce (Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes, 2
vols., London, 1908). Tarapoto at an elevation of 1,500 feet above sea
level, encircled by hills rising 2,000 to 3,000 feet higher, rarely
experiences heavy rain though rain falls frequently on the hills.
[26] Speaking of Cómas situated at the headwaters of a source of the
Perene amidst a multitude of _quebradas_ Raimondi (op. cit., p. 109)
says it “might properly be called the town of the clouds, for there is
not a day during the year, at any rate towards the evening, when the
town is not enveloped in a mist sufficient to hide everything from
view.”
[27] Observer: E. C. Erdis of the 1912 and 1914-15 Expeditions.
[28] Percentages given because the number of observations varies.
[29] Observer: Señor Valdivia. For location of Santa Lucia see Fig. 66.
[30] Observations began on May 12.
[31] For the first half of the month only; no record for the second
half.
[32] Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, Vol. 13, pp. 473-480,
Lima, 1903.
[33] Boletín del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú, No. 34, Lima,
1905, also reproduced in No. 45, 1906.
[34] The record is copied literally without regard to the absurdity of
the second and third decimal places.
[35] In the Eastern Cordillera, however, snowstorms may be more serious.
Prior to the construction of the Urubamba Valley Road by the Peruvian
government the three main routes to the Santa Ana portion of the valley
proceeded via the passes of Salcantay, Panticalla, and Yanahuara
respectively. Frequently all are completely snow-blocked and fatalities
are by no means unknown. In 1864 for instance nine persons succumbed on
the Yanahuara pass (Raimondi, op. cit., p. 109).
[36] Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, Vol. 27, 1911; Vol. 28,
1912.
[37] Boletín del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Perú, No. 65, 1908.
[38] This figure is approximate: some days’ records were missing from
the first three months of the year and the total was estimated on a
proportional basis.
[39] Christoval de Molina, The Fables and Rites of the Yncas, Hakluyt
Soc. Publs., 1st Ser., No. 48, 1873.
[40] See Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 5, p. 195, 1888. Also cited
by J. Hann in Handbuch der Climatologie, Vol. 2, Stuttgart, 1897; W.
Sievers, Süd und Mittelamerika, Leipzig and Vienna, 1914, p. 334.
[41] The Physiography of the Central Andes, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 40,
1909, pp. 197-217 and 373-402.
[42] Results of an Expedition to the Central Andes, Bull. Am. Geog.
Soc., Vol. 46, 1914. Figs. 28 and 29.
[43] The Physiography of the Central Andes, by Isaiah Bowman; Am. Journ.
Sci., Vol. 28, 1909, pp. 197-217 and 373-402. See especially, _ibid._,
Fig. 11, p. 216.
[44] Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator, 1892.
[45] Geografía y Geología del Ecuador, 1892.
[46] Das Hochgebirge der Republik Ecuador, Vol. 2, 2 Ost-Cordillera,
1902, p. 162.
[47] Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa; Pt. 1, The
Glacial Geology of Mount Kenia, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 50, 1894,
p. 523.
[48] See especially A. Penck (Penck and Brückner), Die Alpen im
Eiszeitalter, 1909, Vol. 1, p. 6, and I. C. Russell, Glaciers of Mount
Rainier, 18th Ann. Rep’t, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1890-97, Sect. 2, pp.
384-385.
[49] Die Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta und die Sierra de Perijá,
Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Vol. 23, 1888, pp.
1-158.
[50] For a list of the fossils that form the basis of the age
determinations in this chapter see Appendix B.
[51] Eastern Bolivia and the Gran Chaco, Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc., Vol.
3, 1881, pp. 401-420.
[52] The Physiography of the Central Andes, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 28,
1909, p. 395.
[53] See paper by H. S. Palmer, my assistant on the Expedition to the
Central Andes, 1913, entitled: Geological Notes on the Andes of
Northwestern Argentina, Am. Journ. Sci., Vol. 38, 1914, pp. 309-330.
[54] The best photograph of this condition which I have yet seen is in
W. Sievers, Südund Mittelamerika, second ed., 1914, Plate 15, p. 358.
[55] Paschinger, Die Schneegrenze in verschiedenen Klimaten. Peter.
Mitt. Erganz’heft, Nr. 173. 1912, pp. 92-93.
[56] Hann, Handbook of Climatology, Part 1, trans. by Ward, 1903, p.
232.
[57] S. I. Bailey, Peruvian Meteorology, 1888-1890. Ann. Astron. Observ.
of Harvard Coll., Vol. 39, Pt. I, 1899, pp. 1-3.
[58] F. E. Matthes, Glacial Sculpture of the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming,
Twentieth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1899-1900, Pt. 2, p. 181.
[59] Idem, p. 190.
[60] W. H. Hobbs, Characteristics of Existing Glaciers, 1911, p. 22.
[61] Op. cit., p. 286. Reference on p. 190.
[62] Corrosion of Gravity Streams with Application of the Ice Flood
Hypothesis, Journ. and Proc. of the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, Vol.
43, 1909, p. 286.
[63] G. K. Gilbert, Systematic Asymmetry of Crest Lines in the High
Sierra of California. Jour. Geol., Vol. 12, 1904, p. 582.
[64] Op. cit., p. 300; reference on p. 582.
[65] Op. cit., p. 300; see pp. 579-588 and Fig. 8.
[66] The observation at Camaná checks very closely with a Peruvian
observation the value of which is S. 16° 37′ 00″.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Andes of Southern Peru, by Isaiah Bowman