Sire:
For the last eleven years that I have been serving your Majesty in
these regions of the Indias, I have continually written what has
occurred to me regarding your royal service and the benefit and
increase of the treasury; and although nothing of notoriously great
convenience has been enacted, I shall not neglect to inform your
Majesty of the things that occur to me at present in order that I may
fulfil my obligation and discharge my conscience so that your Majesty
may enact what measures are most advisable.
Your Majesty will have heard from Nueva España of the depredations
that the English pirates have committed, and that two extremely small
ships—one of one hundred and fifty toneladas, and the other of one
hundred, and carrying seventy men in both ships—captured your
Majesty’s ship “Santa Ana” [110] of six hundred tons’ burden,
on the coast of Nueva España. It contained two thousand three hundred
marcos of gold belonging to private persons and one million
[ducados’] worth of merchandise with which it was laden. Then they
burned the vessel. Inasmuch as your Majesty will have as definite
information as that known here, I shall only relate what happened to
the English later according to what has been learned from them
themselves and what we have seen. After they had burned the ship, they
sailed toward these islands, but the smaller vessel went adrift in the
open sea. The other arrived in January of this year at the island of
Capul, the first island of these Filipinas, which forms a strait with
this large island of Luzon. The captain bought some food from the
Indians at Capul, for which he paid them very liberally and did them no
damage. He hanged a Spaniard whom he had brought from the ship “Santa
Ana,” one Alonso de Valladolid, because he found on him a letter in
which he advised the president of the royal Audiencia of all that had
happened. The Indian who was to carry the letter and who was the
servant of the said Spaniard, escaped by swimming and concealed himself
so securely in the island that the English were unable to find him.
They told the Indians of the island that they were hostile to the
Spaniards, and that they had left their country for the sole purpose of
harming us. They said that they would return with a fleet within three
years, in order to colonize these islands and drive us out of them; and
that they did not care for any tribute from the Indians, but only for
their friendship and trade. After a stay of eleven days they set sail
and went to another island called Panae, more distant from this
settlement of Manila, and toward the south. There is a small city in
that island called Arevalo of which Captain Don Juan Ronquillo is
alcalde-mayor. A large ship was being built nearby at the expense of
the royal treasury. The Englishmen arrived between the hamlet and the
shipyard where the ship was building on the seventh of February, where
he captured by means of his ship’s boat a sailor who was coasting
along in a boat quite inapprehensive of any such danger. All the
information that could he desired was learned from that sailor. Next
day the Englishman landed the sailor with a letter for one Manuel
Lorenço, who had the construction of the ship in charge. The letter
contained some threats and arguments of little moment and was signed
Tomas Candis of Trimbley, as your Majesty will see by the original in
the papers sent by the president. At that time that sailor learned of
the disaster to the “Santa Ana,” from one of the Portuguese who had
been captured and from certain Flemish sailors whom he knew. It was
also learned immediately from the Indian who had escaped in Capul. Both
of them declared the captain to be a youth of twenty-two or
twenty-three, and that the ship contained scarcely forty Englishmen.
After having done that the English set sail and laid their course
toward the island of Vindenao, the last one of these Filipinas lying
toward Maluco. They will necessarily be forced to winter in some desert
island near Maluco (as Francisco Draque did) until the month of
December, for they can not make use of the brisas of this year for the
voyage to, and the doubling of, the cape of Buena Hesperanza, as it is
already very late. And especially since it would take all the rest of
February and March to sail to the Javas, where one disembogues from
this archipelago into the open sea, for that distance is more than four
hundred leguas, and one can sail only by day because of the great
labyrinth of the many shoals, channels, and doublings which are
encountered, where one needs a small boat to go ahead especially to
sound the shoals of this archipelago; it is therefore a foregone
conclusion that they are now wintering in some one of the islands
between here and the Javas.
The greatest damage and injury that can be received from this
occurrence is that a robber should dare with so few forces to pass
among these islands so leisurely; and since he was able to pass without
us forming his acquaintance, that he should try to make so much outcry,
to boast of his capture, and to utter threats for the future. If your
Majesty be so pleased you may consider that the royal Audiencia boasts
that there are here in these Filipinas Islands six Spanish settlements,
one master-of-camp, thirty-five captains, three galleys, and three
ships with high freeboard, the smallest of which is of three hundred
tons’ burden, besides many fragatas and native ships, powder and
weapons, and four hundred soldiers, all of which has not served or
serves for an affair of so little difficulty and one so necessary. I
was constantly of the opinion that the pirate should be pursued
immediately, and some others were of the same opinion, but the governor
and the majority (which always temporizes in regard to following their
opinion) held contrariwise, and said that it was possible that a fleet
was coming from Inglaterra after the ship, and that if we pursued the
latter, this city and fort would be left with insufficient defenders.
It was better to attend to the relief and defense of this city than to
pursue the pirate. With a determination so illy founded nothing but the
strengthening of the fort was thought of, and that with great diligence
as if all Ingalaterra were coming to attack us. A few days later I was
sick in my bed, and grieving over this so manifest error, I had the
bishop and the rector of the Society of Jesus, who are weighty
individuals and very skilled and zealous in the service of God and of
your Majesty, asked to come to my house. I asked them to treat with the
governor since he had not exercised diligence in pursuing the
Englishman at that time, to at least assemble the fleet at the island
of Çubu (which is near Bindanao), since it is a foregone conclusion
that the pirate will have to winter in this archipelago; and, since he
would be assured soon that no other English ships were coming, to send
the fleet from that island to pursue the enemy. Although the fleet
should sail with west and northwest winds, which prevail during August
and September and are favorable for our navigation and contrary to that
of the Englishman, they could sail in pursuit of him and it would be
easy to find him, for the Indians of the islands would immediately
report him wherever we went, as the vessel was a foreign one and the
men of a race never before seen. We could especially take so many
light-oared vessels that they could search for the English ship
anywhere. It would not be difficult to capture it with a single galley,
and the capture would be much easier with twelve or thirteen fragatas
that could be assembled. I also asked him that even if he did not wish
to take that upon himself, to at least send word to Juan de Silva,
governor of Malaca, and the chief captain of the sea, Don Paulo de
Lima, who came from Goa with twenty oared vessels and ships of high
freeboard and five hundred soldiers to make war on the king of
Joor—one reason being so that they might go or send men along the
coasts of the Javas to look for that pirate, as that would be a very
easy thing; and another so that the ship which should leave Malaca to
sail to Portugal might be warned; and another so that the governor of
Malaca might advise the viceroy of India. The latter could despatch the
ships or a portion of them early and they could await that enemy at the
island of Santa Elena, and at least they would be on the lookout during
all their voyage, for the route is necessarily the same until near the
vicinity of the Azores Islands. All those warnings are so evident that
if your Majesty orders pilots to be assembled, no matter how little
they know, they will agree in their account of this voyage. But the
governor and his captains held a council, and it was voted in writing
(and all were in accord) that not a single one of the above precautions
ought to be taken. The one who is least to blame is the governor, for
since it is a matter that is foreign to his profession and the manner
in which he has lived until his old age, he took counsel with those who
understand it or at least ought to understand it. The latter (some of
them in order not to go upon this expedition and the others because
they had no further news), gave that opinion to the governor nemine
discrepante. Finally, the Englishman will return scotfree to his
country on this account, while if there were any energy displayed here
(I do not mean the precautions abovesaid, but a ship well equipped), a
ship might be sent in pursuit of him as far as England, for he is
sailing so carelessly that it would be easy to overtake and capture
him.
Although the remedy that your Majesty orders to be taken in order to
punish the audacity of those Englishmen by making war on Ingalaterra is
the best and surest remedy, yet for any event I proposed what seems the
most convenient and the easiest method of driving the English from this
sea of the south. All the men who have sailed through the sea of
Magallanes in order to return [home] by way of the cape of Buena
Esperanza (namely, Magallanes himself, Francisco Draque, and this
pirate) sail by way of the island of Vindenao, as far as the Javas
where they disembogue from this archipelago into the ocean sea. There
are many straits and channels between islands along this route (which
must necessarily be taken), some of which are not one-half mile wide.
If they should be in those districts from the first of February to the
end of June (the season for the brisas, by which the pirates must
navigate), two fragatas of high freeboard with their lanchas and well
equipped with artillery and carrying two hundred men, would infallibly
be sufficient to prevent the enemy from passing; and would allow them
no method by which they could pass through the strait of Magallanes to
these parts. For if the ships should coast along Piru and Nueva
Hespaña, and this passage were taken, and the ships attempted to
return by the same path, it would be very difficult for them, and the
viceroy of Piru would have time to pursue them. The cost of such
fragatas and lanchas in these islands would be six thousand pesos de
Tipusque [111] all finished and ready for sailing. Twenty-four pieces
of bronze artillery of thirty quintals will cost here a total of eleven
or twelve thousand pesos or thereabout in addition to the salary of the
founder. The pay that could be given to the soldiers and to sixty
sailors is ten pesos per month while two captains will receive
twenty-five apiece. Thus not only would this fleet serve for the above
mentioned effect but also to pacify the islands between Vindenao and
Maluco and those between Maluco and Java, and to reduce and collect the
tribute from the island of Ternate which has been in revolt for many
years. From that island the cloves are sent all over the world. That
reduction could not be effected by placing a settlement there since the
island is not well fitted for a settlement, but by preventing commerce
of the Moros of Java who trade for cloves and carry away almost all of
them. That would be very easy for the Moros do not carry any artillery
with which to make attacks, and the king of Ternate would be completely
ruined if he had no outlet for his cloves. For the men of Java take him
rice and other food, saltpetre, metal, and powder, by which he
maintains and defends himself. If he lacks those things he must
immediately surrender because of hunger and necessity. All the
abovesaid could be accomplished by the governor of these islands if
money were sent him from Nueva España, and if he had the men necessary
to take part in it and who could carry out the plan.
Many useless expenses to the royal treasury result from the poor
administration in many things in the government of these islands,
especially in the cost of the ships of this line. All of the ships
belong to your Majesty, although they could belong to private persons.
In the former year of eighty-five, Captain Esteban Rodriguez de
Figueroa brought a new ship of three hundred toneladas to the port of
this city, in order to freight it for Nueva España; but instead of
encouraging and aiding him in it, he was denied all protection, so much
so that in order that the ship might not rot in the port, he was
obliged to sell it for a certain exploring expedition which was made at
your Majesty’s expense by order of the archbishop of Mexico.
Consequently, all those who intended to build ships were discouraged.
The reason for this is that since the governors engage in trade and
traffic, they do not want any ships belonging to private persons where
heavy freights have to be paid. It is known what goods are exported and
whose they are if they do not belong to your Majesty, and that his
merchandise goes under false pretense and that he does not pay so heavy
freight duties. Consequently, in order that the governors may gain one
real, it must cost your Majesty one hundred. Two of your Majesty’s
ships are being despatched this year, one of six hundred toneladas and
the other of four hundred, at an expense of more than fifty thousand
pesos. It is unnecessary to despatch more than one ship, for one ship
of one hundred toneladas is sufficient to bring the ammunition and
soldiers to be sent from Mexico. However in order that those two might
be laden with merchandise they are sent, and this is one of the
incongruities above mentioned. If the merchants of Mexico and of these
islands wish commerce they should build ships, and not all carry on
their business to the so great harm and loss of the royal treasury.
Finally these islands have never been or are of further use than to
enrich the governor, and to enable him to gain two hundred thousand
ducados, while your Majesty loses ten times as much. Things will
constantly get worse in this direction, unless your Majesty orders the
matter corrected. I am serving your Majesty as factor and treasurer,
but I have no part in anything, for the governor manages things to suit
himself. I have always advised your Majesty of these and other
incongruities, but no relief has ever been given to anything that I
have mentioned touching your royal service, and my letters cannot have
had the credit that my faithfulness merits. However, I shall at least
have performed my duty as your Majesty’s servant and vassal, and to
my conscience.
A stone fort is being built in this city of Manila at the governor’s
order and at the cost of the royal treasury and of certain imposts on
the Indians and Spaniards. All that is spent in this is time and money
lost, for as your Majesty will see by its model, it is a rounded pile
of stones in the old style, having seven arms on top, covered with
tiling. If it were to be beaten down from above, those inside would
perish with the stones and tiles which would fall on them. A modern
fortress with three ramparts could be built with the amount that it is
costing, and not a defense so useless that any Englishman or Frenchman
who might besiege it would take it the first day that he bombarded it.
For as I say above, the same ruin that strikes the upper works must be
the death-blow of its defenders. Besides that there are some towers
with stone houses which are built nearby. The fort has no moat or
platform, while the artillery cannot be easily handled, for there are
only some round loopholes through which the pieces protrude.
Consequently, all parts of the fort cannot be commanded or even one
curtain aided from another. It is a shame to us that we are building
such a fort. Will your Majesty please order the matter examined and
corrected? May our Lord preserve your Majesty many years with the
increase of kingdoms and seigniories that we your subjects and vassals
desire. Manila, in the Filipinas, July 2, 1588.