Requisites for Successful Dairying—Enterprise of Dairying Di

[Illustration: “TRIUMPHS AND WONDERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.”

This picture explains and is symbolic of the most progressive one

hundred years in history. In the center stands the beautiful

female figure typifying Industry. To the right are the goddesses

of Music, Electricity, Literature and Art. Navigation is noted in

the anchor and chain leaning against the capstan; the Railroad,

in the rails and cross-ties; Machinery, in the cog-wheels,

steam governor, etc.; Labor, in the brawny smiths at the anvil;

Pottery, in the ornamented vase; Architecture, in the magnificent

Roman columns; Science, in the figure with quill in hand. In the

back of picture are suggestions of the progress and development

of our wonderful navy. Above all hovers the angel of Fame ready

to crown victorious Genius and Labor with the laurel wreaths of

Success.

]

TRIUMPHS AND WONDERS

OF THE

19TH CENTURY

THE

TRUE MIRROR OF A PHENOMENAL ERA

A VOLUME OF ORIGINAL, ENTERTAINING AND INSTRUCTIVE HISTORIC

AND DESCRIPTIVE WRITINGS, SHOWING THE MANY AND

MARVELLOUS ACHIEVEMENTS WHICH DISTINGUISH

AN HUNDRED YEARS

OF

Material, Intellectual, Social and Moral Progress

EMBRACING AS SUBJECTS ALL THOSE WHICH BEST TYPE THE GENIUS,

SPIRIT AND ENERGY OF THE AGE, AND SERVE TO BRING INTO

BRIGHTEST RELIEF THE GRAND MARCH OF IMPROVEMENT

IN THE VARIOUS DOMAINS OF

HUMAN ACTIVITY.

BY

JAMES P. BOYD, A.M., L.B.,

_Assisted by a Corps of Thirty-Two Eminent and Specially Qualified

Authors._

Copiously and Magnificently Illustrated.

[Illustration]

PHILADELPHIA

A. J. HOLMAN & CO.

COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY W. H. ISBISTER.

_All Rights Reserved._

COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY W. H. ISBISTER.

INTRODUCTORY

Measuring epochs, or eras, by spaces of a hundred years each, that

which embraces the nineteenth century stands out in sublime and

encouraging contrast with any that has preceded it. As the legatee of

all prior centuries, it has enlarged and ennobled its bequest to an

extent unparalleled in history; while it has at the same time, through

a genius and energy peculiar to itself, created an original endowment

for its own enjoyment and for the future richer by far than any

heretofore recorded. Indeed, without permitting existing and pardonable

pride to endanger rigid truth, it may be said that along many of the

lines of invention and progress which have most intimately affected the

life and civilization of the world, the nineteenth century has achieved

triumphs and accomplished wonders equal, if not superior, to all other

centuries combined.

Therefore, what more fitting time than at its close to pass in

pleasing and instructive review the numerous material and intellectual

achievements that have so distinguished it, and have contributed in so

many and such marvelous ways to the great advance and genuine comfort

of the human race! Or, what could prove a greater source of pride and

profit than to compare its glorious works with those of the past, the

better to understand and measure the actual steps and real extent of

the progress of mankind! Or, what more delightful and inspiring than

to realize that the sum of those wonderful activities, of which each

reader is, or has been, a part, has gone to increase the grandeur of a

world era whose rays will penetrate and brighten the coming centuries!

Amid so many and such strong reasons this volume finds excellent cause

for its being. Its aims are to mirror a wonderful century from the

vantage ground of its closing year; to faithfully trace the lines which

mark its almost magical advance; to give it that high and true historic

place whence its contrasts with the past can be best noted, and its

light upon the future most directly thrown.

This task would be clearly beyond the power of a single mind. So rapid

has progress been during some parts of the century, so amazing have

been results along the lines of discovery and invention, so various

have been the fields of action, that only those of special knowledge

and training could be expected to do full justice to the many subjects

to be treated.

Hence, the work has been planned so as to give it a value far beyond

what could be imparted by a single mind. Each of the themes chosen

to type the century’s grand march has been treated by an author of

special fitness, and high up in his or her profession or calling, with

a view to securing for readers the best thoughts and facts relating to

the remarkable events of an hundred years. In this respect the volume

is unique and original. Its authorship is not of one mind, but of a

corps of minds, whose union assures what the occasion demands.

The scope, character, and value of the volume further appear in its

very large number and practical feature of subjects selected to show

the active forces, the upward and onward movements, and the grand

results that have operated within, and triumphantly crowned, an era

without parallel. These subjects embrace the sciences of the century

in their numerous divisions and conquests; its arts and literature;

industrial, commercial, and financial progress; land and sea prowess;

educational, social, moral, and religious growth; in fact, every field

of enterprise and achievement within the space of time covered by the

work.

A volume of such variety of subject and great extent affords fine

opportunity for illustration. The publishers have taken full advantage

of this, and have beautified it in a manner which commends itself to

every eye and taste. Rarely has a volume been so highly and elegantly

embellished. Each subject is illuminated so as to increase the pleasure

of reading and make an impression which will prove lasting.

As to its aim and scope, its number of specially qualified authors, its

vigor and variety of style and thought, its historic comprehensiveness

and exactness, its great wealth of illustration, its superb mechanism,

its various other striking features, the volume may readily rank as one

of the century’s triumphs, a wonder of industrious preparation, and

acceptable to all. At any rate, no such volume has ever mirrored any

previous century, and none will come to reflect the nineteenth century

with truer line and color.

Not only is the work a rare and costly picture, filled in with

inspiring details by master hands, but it is equally a monument, whose

solid base, grand proportions, and elegant finish are in keeping with

the spirit of the era it marks and the results it honors. Its every

inscription is a glowing tribute to human achievement of whatever kind

and wherever the field of action may lie, and therefore a happy means

of conveying to twentieth century actors the story of a time whose

glories they will find it hard to excel. May this picture and monument

be viewed, studied, and admired by all, so that the momentous chapters

which round the history of a closing century shall avail in shaping the

beginnings of a succeeding one.

AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS

JAMES P. BOYD, A. M., L. B.,

WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY.

REAR-ADMIRAL GEORGE WALLACE MELVILLE,

_Chief of Bureau of Steam Engineering, Navy Department,

Washington, D. C._

THE CENTURY’S NAVAL PROGRESS.

SELDEN J. COFFIN, A. M.,

_Professor of Astronomy, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa._

ASTRONOMY DURING THE CENTURY.

THOMAS MEEHAN,

_Vice-President Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia_.

STORY OF PLANT AND FLOWER.

MARY ELIZABETH LEASE,

_First Woman President of Kansas State Board of Charities_.

PROGRESS OF WOMEN WITHIN THE CENTURY.

ROBERT P. HAINS,

_Principal Examiner of Textiles, United States Patent Office,

Washington, D. C._

THE CENTURY’S TEXTILE PROGRESS.

GEORGE EDWARD REED, S. T. D., LL. D.,

_President of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa._

THE CENTURY’S RELIGIOUS PROGRESS.

JAMES P. BOYD, A. M., L. B.,

GREAT GROWTH OF LIBRARIES.

WILLIAM MARTIN AIKEN, F. A. I. A.,

_Former United States Supervising Architect, Treasury Department,

Washington, D. C._

PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE.

HARVEY W. WILEY, M. D., PH. D., LL. D.,

_Chief Chemist of Division of Chemistry, Agricultural Department,

Washington, D. C._

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY.

RITER FITZGERALD, A. M.,

_Dramatic Critic “City Item,” Philadelphia_.

THE CENTURY’S MUSIC AND DRAMA.

JAMES P. BOYD, A. M., L. B.,

THE CENTURY’S LITERATURE.

MORRIS JASTROW, JR., PH. D.,

_Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania_.

THE RECORDS OF THE PAST.

MAJOR HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., LL. D.,

_Chief of Dairy Division, United States Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C._

PROGRESS IN DAIRY FARMING.

SARA Y. STEVENSON, Sc. D.,

_Secretary of Department of Archæology and Paleontology,

University of Pennsylvania_.

THE CENTURY’S MORAL PROGRESS.

CHARLES McINTIRE, A. M., M. D.,

_Lecturer on Sanitary Science, Lafayette College, Easton, Pa._

PROGRESS OF SANITARY SCIENCE.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ARTHUR L. WAGNER,

_Assistant Adjutant General United States Army_.

THE CENTURY’S ARMIES AND ARMS.

WALDO F. BROWN,

_Agricultural Editor “Cincinnati Gazette.”_

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE.

WALTER LORING WEBB, C. E.,

_Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Pennsylvania_.

PROGRESS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

D. E. SALMON, M. D.,

_Chief of Bureau of Animal Industry, Agricultural Department,

Washington, D. C._

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN THE ANIMAL WORLD.

MAJOR-GENERAL JOSEPH WHEELER,

_United States Army, and Member of Congress from Eighth Alabama

District_.

LEADING WARS OF THE CENTURY.

GEORGE J. HAGAR,

_Editor of Appendix to Encyclopædia Britannica_.

THE CENTURY’S FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS.

HON. BRADFORD RHODES,

_Editor of “Banker’s Magazine.”_

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN COINAGE, CURRENCY, AND BANKING.

H. E. VAN DEMAN,

_Late Professor of Botany and Practical Horticulture, Kansas State

Agricultural College_.

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN FRUIT CULTURE.

EMORY R. JOHNSON, A. M.,

_Assistant Professor of Transportation and Commerce, University of

Pennsylvania_.

THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS.

FRANKLIN S. EDMONDS, A. M.,

_Assistant Professor of Political Science, Central High School,

Philadelphia_.

THE CENTURY’S ADVANCES IN EDUCATION.

THOMAS J. LINDSEY,

_Editorial Staff Philadelphia “Evening Bulletin.”_

“THE ART PRESERVATIVE.”

GEORGE A. PACKARD,

_Metallurgist and Mining Engineer_.

PROGRESS IN MINES AND MINING.

JOHN V. SEARS,

_Art Critic Philadelphia “Evening Telegraph.”_

ART PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY.

J. MADISON TAYLOR, M. D., AND

JOHN H. GIBBON, M. D.,

_Surgeons Out-Patients Departments of Pennsylvania and Children’s

Hospitals_.

THE CENTURY’S ADVANCE IN SURGERY.

FRANK C. HAMMOND, M. D.,

_Instructor in Gynæcology, Jefferson Medical College_.

PROGRESS OF MEDICINE.

E. E. RUSSELL TRATMAN, C. E.,

_Assistant Editor of “Engineering News,” Chicago, Ill._

EVOLUTION OF THE RAILROAD.

LUTHER E. HEWITT, L. B.,

_Librarian of Philadelphia Law Association_.

ADVANCE IN LAW AND JUSTICE.

MICHAEL J. BROWN,

_Secretary of Building Association League of Pennsylvania_.

PROGRESS OF BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS.

REV. A. LEFFINGWELL,

_Rector Trinity Church, Toledo, O._

EPOCH MAKERS OF THE CENTURY.

ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS

WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY

I. AT THE DAWN OF THE CENTURY:—Earliest Observations on Electricity

—Study of Amber—Earliest Electric Machines—Conduction of

Electricity—The Leyden Jar—Franklin’s Discoveries. II. NEW

NINETEENTH CENTURY ELECTRICITY:—Galvanism—The Voltaic Pile

—Davy’s Arc-light—The Electro-magnet—Faraday’s Discoveries

—The Induction Coil—Fields of Force. III. THE TELEGRAPH:—

First Successful Telegraphy—The Morse System—Improvements

in Telegraphy—Ocean Telegraphy. IV. HELLO! HELLO!—Invention

of the Telephone—Principle of the Telephone—Transmitter and

Receiver—Uses of the Telephone—The Phonograph, Gramophone, and

Graphophone. V. DYNAMO AND MOTOR:—The First Motor—Perfection

of the Dynamo—How it generates Electricity—Principle and

Uses of the Motor. VI. “AND THERE WAS LIGHT:”—Various Lights of

the Past—Era of Electric Lighting—Arc and Incandescent Lamps

—Principles of Each—Value of Electric Light. VII. ELECTRIC

LOCOMOTION:—Passing of the Horse and Traction Car—Introduction

of the Trolley—Features of the Electric Railway—The Storage

Battery and Horseless Carriage. VIII. THE X RAY:—Discovery of

—What the X Ray is—Photographing by Means of the X Ray. IX.

OTHER ELECTRICAL WONDERS:—Electric Clocks—Electrotyping and

Electroplating, etc. X. ELECTRICAL LANGUAGE 19–54

THE CENTURY’S NAVAL PROGRESS

I. INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER:—Sea Powers throughout the World—

Enumeration of Great Naval Wars. II. THE CENTURY’S GROWTH IN NAVAL

STRENGTH:—American Navies at Different Eras—European Fleets

—South American and Chinese Navies. III. THE BATTLESHIP PAST AND

PRESENT:—The Old Fighting Frigate—Evolution of the Modern

Man-of-War—Comparison of Frigate with Ironclad. IV. PROGRESS OF

NAVAL ENGINEERING:—Nelson’s Vision—The 14,500 Miles Steaming of

the Oregon—Revolution in Mechanism and Material—Types of Great

Battleships—Introduction and Advantages of Steam—Invention

of the Screw Propeller—Improvement in Boilers and Engines—

The Revolving Turret—Cruiser and Torpedo Craft—Phenomenal

Speed. V. THE GROWTH OF ORDNANCE:—Description of Various Guns and

Projectiles—Power of Modern Explosives. VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF

ARMOR:—Its Necessity in Naval Warfare—How it is made, tested,

and put on. VII. THE RAM AND TORPEDO:—Evolution of the Ram—

Introduction of the Torpedo—Various Kinds of Torpedoes. VIII. THE

UNITED STATES FLEET:—Whence it sprang and how it has grown—Its

Ships, Officers, and Men—Official Naval Ranks—The Naval Academy

—Passage of the United States to a World Power 55–86

ASTRONOMY DURING THE CENTURY

I. ASTRONOMY A CENTURY AGO:—Discovery of Uranus. II. HOW “BODE’S

LAW” PROMOTED RESEARCH:—Further Discovery of Planets—Celestial

Photography. III. HOW NEPTUNE WAS FOUND:—Le Verrier, “First

Astronomer of the Age.” IV. METEORITES:—Meteoric Showers—

Various Large Meteorites. V. DO METEORS OFTEN STRIKE THE EARTH:

—The “Fire-ball” of 1860. VI. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES:

—Their Equipment and Work—Number of Observatories. VII.

IMPROVED INSTRUMENTS:—Their Effect on the Science. VIII. THE

SPECTROSCOPE:—Its Triumphs—Elements discovered. IX. WORK

IN A LARGE OBSERVATORY:—Discovery of Comets and Nebulæ. X.

WASHINGTON NATIONAL OBSERVATORY:—Its Instruments. XI. STAR

MAPS AND CATALOGUES:—Number of Stars—The Planisphere. XII.

ASTRONOMICAL BOOKS AND WRITERS:—Number of Students of Astronomy.

XIII. PRACTICAL USES OF ASTRONOMY:—Its Help in Navigation—Uses

in Geodesy. XIV. NOTABLE ASTRONOMICAL EPOCHS:—Clock Regulation

—Invention of Chronograph and Spectroscope—Great Telescopes.

XV. DISCARDED THEORIES:—Are Planets inhabited—The Orrery. XVI.

FUTURE ASTRONOMICAL PROBLEMS:—How long will the Sun endure? 87–104

STORY OF PLANT AND FLOWER

Early History of Botany—The Father of Modern Botany—Botany

at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century—Natural System of

Classification—Advance in Study of Plant Behavior—Illustrations

from the Peanut and Grape-vine—Plant Motions as regards Forms—

Origin and Development of Plant Life—The Doctrine of Evolution

—Nutrition of Plants—Fertilization of Flowers—Insectivorous

and Cruel Plants—Vegetable Physiology—Advance in Relation to

Cryptogamic Plants—Geographical Botany—Herbariums and Botanical

Gardens 105–114

PROGRESS OF WOMEN WITHIN THE CENTURY

Woman’s Misconception of her Rights—Former Oppression—Cosmic and

Moral Processes—What Christianity has done for Women—Hardship

of the Pauline Grip—The True Mission of Woman—Improvement in

her Education—Female Occupations—Competition with Men—Woman

in the Literary Field—In Philanthropy and Morals—Women’s Clubs

—Woman in Politics—The constantly Broadening Field of Woman’s

Influence 115–124

THE CENTURY’S TEXTILE PROGRESS

Antiquity of Textile Industry—The Distaff, Spindle, and Loom among

Chinese, Egyptians, and Greeks—Introduction of the Spinning-wheel

—Loom of the Eighteenth Century—The Fly-shuttle—Textiles at

the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century—Invention of the Spinning

Jenny—Arkwright’s Drawing-rollers—Whitney’s Cotton-gin—Its

Influence—Invention of the Spinning-mule—The Spinning-frame

—Rapid Improvements in Spinning Machinery—Evolution of the

Spindle—Increase of Speed—Introduction of the Carding-machine

—Carding-combs—Advent of Power-looms—Description of their

Machinery and Products—The Jacquard Loom—Of Pile Fabrics—The

Bigelow Loom—How Tufted Pile Fabrics are made—Weaving of Fancy

Cloths—Various Forms of Looms—Hair-cloth Looms—Weaving of

Tubular Fabrics—Infinitude of Uses to which the Loom can be put—

The Coming Automatic Loom—Advent of the Knitting-machine—Its

Wonderful Perfection and Products—The Century’s Patents of Textile

Machinery—Beauty of Textile Art—Its Influence on Taste and

Comfort 125–146

THE CENTURY’S RELIGIOUS PROGRESS

Religious Status in Eighteenth Century, in England, France, and on

the Continent—Condition in the United States—The Reign of

Skepticism—Doctrinal Divisions in the Churches—The Nineteenth

Century Revival—Variety and Growth of Religions in the United

States—Freedom of the Church—Kinship of Denominations—

Increase in Material and Spiritual Forces—Church Edifices and

Capacities—Religious Population—Number of Communicants

—Distribution of Communicants—Ministers and Organizations

—Missionary Enterprises—Service of Religion in Education,

Philanthropy, and Reform—Gifts to Educational Institutions

—Growth of Charitable Institutions—Religion and Republican

Institutions 147–158

GREAT GROWTH OF LIBRARIES

Antiquity of Libraries—Evidences of Civilized Progress—Character

of Ancient Writings—Books of Clay—Mesopotamian Literature

—Egyptian Hieroglyphics—Papyrus Manuscripts—Sacred Books

of Thoth—Greek Libraries—Their Number and Extent—Roman

Libraries—Imperial Library of Constantinople—Effects of

Christianity upon Literature—Church Book-making and Collecting—

All Books written or copied by Priests—Fate of Monastic Libraries

—Early Libraries in France—Royal Libraries in Europe—The

French National Library—Introduction of Copyright—Growth and

Extent of European Libraries—Their Location and Management—The

British Museum—Libraries of Great Britain—Canadian Libraries

—English Colonial Libraries—Libraries of the Latin Republics

—Phenomenal Growth of Libraries in the United States—Wide

Ramification of the System—The Oldest United States Library—

Colonial Libraries—Libraries of 1800—Number founded during the

Century—State Libraries—School-district Libraries—Library

Systems—The Library of Congress—Its Vast Extent and New

Repository—Copyright System—United States Free Libraries—

Noted Libraries of the Country—Libraries of over 100,000 Volumes

—Munificence of Library Founders—Noted Givers to Libraries—

Progress in Library Management 159–170

PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY IN ARCHITECTURE

English Architecture at the Beginning of the Century—The Queen

Anne Style—French Architecture and Architects—Architectural

Styles in Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and throughout

Europe—Canadian Styles and Notable Buildings—Early Architecture

in the United States—Old New England and Southern Homes—The

Colonial Styles—The White House and United States Capitol—

Progress in Public Building Architecture—Notable Changes after

the War of 1812—The Gothic Cottage and Italian Villa—The

First School of Architecture—Comparison of Styles in Different

Cities—Introduction of Iron—Styles for Hotels and Summer

Resorts—Effect of Chicago and Boston Fires on Architecture—

How the Centennial Exposition changed Styles—Church and Library

Architecture—The Congressional Library and Other Notable Specimens

of American Architecture—Advent of the Sky-scraper—General

Review of Architectural Effects—Monumental Works the Poetry of

Architecture 171–190

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY

Status of Chemical Science at Beginning of the Century—The Century’s

Main Lines of Progress: I. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY:—

Lavoisier’s Cardinal Propositions—Rapid Advance of Chemical

Science—Sir Humphrey Davy’s Achievements—Elementary Bodies

of Eighteenth Century—Same in Nineteenth Century. II. PHYSICAL

CHEMISTRY:—Properties of Elements—Of Matter and Energy—Rates

of Reaction—Conditions of Equilibrium. III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

—Of Carbon Compounds—Theory of Substitution—Atoms in the

Molecule—Space Relations—The Carbon Atom—The Organic

Body. IV. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY:—Development of the Blow-pipe—

Gas Analysis—Electricity as a Factor—Discovery of Spectrum

Analysis. V. SYNTHETICAL CHEMISTRY:—Building up of Complex Forms

—Synthesis of Coloring Matters and Sugars—Future Food of Man.

VI. METALLURGICAL CHEMISTRY:—Oldest Branch of Chemical Science

—Reduction of Ores—Advantage to Agriculture. VII. AGRICULTURAL

CHEMISTRY:—Utilization of Fertilizers—Nitrogen as a Plant Food

—Advantages to Practical Agriculture. VIII. GRAPHIC CHEMISTRY:

—Fundamental Principles—Daguerreotype and Photograph. IX.

DIDACTIC CHEMISTRY:—The Student and the Laboratory—Advantages

of Laboratory Training. X. CHEMISTRY OF FERMENTATION:—Bacterial

Action—Process of Digestion—Decay of Meats and Vegetables—

Sterilization—Fermentation. XI. ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY:—Combination

of Carbon with Metals—Uses of Electricity in Chemistry.

CONCLUSION. 191–206

THE CENTURY’S MUSIC AND DRAMA

I. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MUSIC:—Leading Composers—Nineteenth

Century Music—The Great Composers and their Works—Different

Schools and Styles of Composition—Analysis of Operas—Musical

Characteristics of the Nations—Verdi and Wagner compared—

The American Opera. II. THE DRAMA:—The Theatre of the Past—

Great Modern Improvement—Scenery and Appointments—Actors and

Actresses—The Century’s Illustrious Role—Theatres in the

United States—Character of Actors—Public Estimation of the

Drama 207–214

THE CENTURY’S LITERATURE

Contrast with Eighteenth Century Literature—Tone of Modern

Literature—How it types Progress—English Literature—

Literature of Other Nations—Various Authors—English Criticism

of American Literature—Newspaper Literature—Evolution of

the Newspaper—Newspapers of the Nations—Nineteenth Century

Journalism—Beginning of Newspaper Enterprise in the United States

—Colonial Papers—Papers of the Revolution—Appearance of

the Daily—The Penny Press—Newspaper Growth up to 1861—War

Journalism—The Sunday Newspaper—Illustrated Journalism—

Reaction in Newspaper Prices—Cost of running a Newspaper—Number

of World’s Newspapers—The Comic Paper—Evolution of the Magazine

—Growth of Magazine in the United States—Character of Magazine

Literature—Advent of the Cheap Magazine—Features of

Publication 215–230

THE RECORDS OF THE PAST

Extension of Knowledge into the Past—Spade of the Archæologist—

General View of the Revelations—Documents of Stone, Clay, and

Papyrus—Assyrian Revelations—Egyptian Explorations—Eloquence

of Obelisk, Tomb, and Pyramid—Cuneiform Scripts of Babylon—

Discovery of the Rosetta Stone—Champollion’s Key—Story of

the Ruins in Greece and Rome—Revelation of Temples and Statues

—Phœnician Remains—The Moabite Stone—Ruins in Palestine—

Revelations in Jerusalem—Hittite Remains—Continuing Interest in

Archæological Discovery—Vast Importance from an Historic Point of

View 231–244

PROGRESS IN DAIRY FARMING

Requisites for Successful Dairying—Enterprise of Dairying Districts

—Advantages of Dairying—Dairying Areas—Dairying at the

Beginning of the Century—Early Methods—The Great Change

midway of the Century—Improvement in Milch Cows—Growth of

Cheese-Making—Institution of Creameries—Application of

Mechanics to Dairying—Dairy Associations—Best Dairy Breeds—

Invention of the Separator—Its Operation and Advantages—The

Fat-test for Milk—Growth in Butter-making Illustrated—Labor

in Dairying—Dairy and Food Commissions—Dairying Publications

—City Milk Supplies—Annual Production of Cheese—Character

of Cheeses—Annual Butter Product—Butter and Cheese-producing

States—Number and Value of Cows—Dairy Values as compared with

Value of Other Products—Necessity for guarding Dairy

Interests. 245–260

THE CENTURY’S MORAL PROGRESS

Morals among the Ancients—Moral Precepts common to all Communities

—Evolution of Ethics—Early Christian Morals—Spirit of the

Reformation—Low Moral Condition of the Eighteenth Century—Birth

of a New Moral Epoch—A National Conscience—Abolition of Slavery

—Larger Application of the Principles of Right and Justice—How

Women are affected—Effect of Invention and Education on Social

and Moral Conditions—Broadening of Woman’s Sphere—Increase of

Self-respect—Influence of Women on Moral Status—Legislation and

Morals—How to meet Ethical Problems—Business Success and the

Moral State—Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor—Cruelties

of War and Blessings of Peace—The Century’s Moral Gain—Changed

Treatment of Vice and Poverty—The Principle of Well-doing—

Growth of Tolerance and Altruism—A Higher Individual and Public

Conscience 261–270

PROGRESS OF SANITARY SCIENCE

Hygienic Code of Moses—Hippocrates and Disease—Sanitation

and Sanitary Science—Foundation Rules—Spirit of Scientific

Investigation—Effect of Act of Parliament of 1837—Value of

Official Figures—The Riddle of Samson—Health Reports in

United States—Duty of Separate States—Mortality in London of

Filth Diseases—Progress of Sanitation—Diminution of Scourges

—Effect of Sanitation upon the Weak and Helpless—Value of

Culture Tubes—Discovery of Disease Causes—Of Trichinæ in Pork

—Communicable Diseases caused by Living Organisms—Infectious

and Contagious Diseases—Uses of Biology in Sanitary Science—

Purification of Waters—Of Consumption and Cholera—Effects of

Filtration—What Bacteria are—Of Isolation and Disinfection—

Modern Quarantines—Fumigation of Ships—Lowering of Death Rates

—Influence of the Sanitarium—Improved Construction of Dwellings

—Care for Paving and Sewage—Disposal of Refuse—Of Food

Inspection—State Boards of Health—Care of Employees—Of Play

and Athletic Grounds—Public Breathing Spaces—Duty of Caring for

Personal Health—Bearing of Public Health on Community and

Nation 271–282

THE CENTURY’S ARMIES AND ARMS

Armies and Arms of the Eighteenth Century—Alteration in War Methods

—European Army Systems—Changes made by Napoleon—Battle

Weapons and Tactical Movements—Growing Use of Cannon—The

Congreve Rocket—Infantry Formations—The Introduction of the

Rifle—The Crimean War and Rifled Siege Guns—The Italian War

and Rifled Cannon—Advent of the Breech-loader—Introduction

of Heavy Guns—Arms and Tactics in the Civil War—Use of Steam

and Electricity in War—Advantage of Railroad and Telegraph—

Introduction of Armored Vessels—Siege Artillery—Advent of the

Machine Gun—New System of Entrenchment—German Military System

—Coming of the Needle Gun—French Military System—Comparison

of Russian and Turkish Methods—Strength of the World’s Armies—

United States Army Organization—Steel Guns and Smokeless Powder

—Improvement in Mortars—The Dynamite Gun—Modern Shrapnel—

Sea-Coast Guns—Perfection of Modern Rifles—Their Great Range

and Power—The Gatling Gun—The Maxim Automatic—Introduction

of the Torpedo—General Review of the Increase in Military

Efficiency 283–306

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURE

I. VICISSITUDES OF EARLY FARMING:—First National Road—Canal

Building—Coming of Railroads—Farming Conditions before the

50’s—Hardships of Marketing. II. IMPROVEMENTS IN FARM IMPLEMENTS

AND MACHINERY:—Farmers’ Draft upon Nature—The Sickle, Flail,

and Cradle—Coming of Harvesters—Improvement in Threshers

—Portable and Traction Engines—Separators and Stackers—

Improvements in Other Implements. III. IMPROVEMENT IN STOCK:—

Various Breeds of Cattle—Breeding of Horses, Sheep, and Swine

—Best Breeds. IV. IMPROVEMENT IN FARMING METHODS:—In Drainage

—Care of Animals—Barns and Stabling—Proper Food Rations

—Fencing. V. HOME IMPROVEMENTS:—Home Architecture—The

Yard and Garden—Maintaining Soil Fertility—Proper Manures

—Soil Analysis—Use of Modern Fertilizers. VI. IMPROVEMENT IN

AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE:—Agricultural Literature—Farmers’ Clubs

and Institutes—Granges—Agricultural Colleges—Experimental

Stations—The Department of Agriculture—Bureau of Animal

Industry—Agricultural Newspapers and Periodicals—Summary of

Agricultural Progress 307–338

PROGRESS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

I. AN INTRODUCTORY VIEW:—Antiquity of Engineering—Ancient Roads

and Bridges—Nineteenth Century Advances. II. BRIDGES:—Primitive

Bridges—Iron and Steel Bridges—The Brooklyn Bridge—Niagara

Suspension Bridge—Pecos River Viaduct—The Forth Bridge—

Remarkable Arches—Stone Bridges. III. CAISSONS:—Invention of

the Caisson—Its Principle and Use—Caisson Adventures. IV.

CANALS:—The First Suez Canal—Nicaragua and Panama Canals

—Modern Suez Canal—The Manchester Canal—Chicago Drainage

Canal—What it is for. V. GEODESY:—Ancient Methods of Earth

Measurements—The Century’s Advance in Methods of Measurement.

VI. RAILROADS:—Their Invention and Development—Immense Value.

VII. TUNNELS:—Ancient Origin of—Tunnels of Egypt, Babylonia,

and India—Roman Tunnels—Of the Modern Tunnel—Advance in

Machinery and Constructive Processes—Mount Cenis Tunnel—Tunnel

Surveying and Excavating—The Hoosac Tunnel—St. Gothard Tunnel

—St. Clair Tunnel—Its Construction and Commercial Effects 339–360

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN THE ANIMAL WORLD

I. OF ANIMAL DISEASES:—Effect of Napoleonic Wars—Various

Animal Diseases—How controlled. II. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF

ANIMALS:—Showing in Europe, United States, and Other Countries.

III. IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS:—Shortening the Time of Growth—

Development of Dairy and Beef Breeds—Improvement in Wool Growing

—Poultry Breeds—Thoroughbred Horses—The American Trotter—

Animal Exports—Foreign Animal Imports—Displacement of Horses by

Mechanical Motors—Prices of Animal Products—American Command of

World’s Animal Markets 361–374

LEADING WARS OF THE CENTURY

I. WARS OF THE UNITED STATES:—First War with Barbary States—

Indian Wars—War of 1812—Battles by Land and Sea—Exploits on

the Lakes—Victory of New Orleans—Second War with Barbary States

—The Mexican War—General Taylor’s Victories—Siege of Vera

Cruz—General Scott’s March and Battles—Capture of Mexico—

Results of the War—The Civil War, 1861–65—Secession of States

—Calling out the Armies—Building of the Navies—The First

Battles—Operations in 1862—Battles of 1863—The Emancipation

Proclamation—The Turning Point at Gettysburg—Opening of the

Mississippi—Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge—Battles of 1864

—Appomattox and Surrender—The Spanish-American War—Its

Causes—Destruction of Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay—Destruction

of Cervera’s Fleet—Capitulation of Santiago—Invasion of Porto

Rico. II. FOREIGN WARS:—Wars of Napoleon—Battle of Marengo

—Treaty of Amiens—Third Coalition against France—Battle of

Austerlitz—Nelson’s Victory at Trafalgar—Wars of the Fourth

Coalition—Wars of the Fifth Coalition—Wars of the Sixth

Coalition—Battle of Waterloo—Final Defeat of Napoleon—Greek

Wars for Independence—Battle of Navarino—Greek Independence—

French Revolution of 1830—Polish Insurrection—England’s Wars in

India—French Republic of 1848—Hungarian Wars for Independence

—Italian Wars—The Crimean War—Sebastopol and Balaklava—

Peace of Paris—The Indian Mutiny—Wars of the Alliance against

Austria—Battle of Solferino—Danish Wars—Wars for German

Unity—Verdict of Sadowa—The Franco-Prussian War—Siege and

Capture of Paris—The French Republic—The Turco-Russian War—

Chino-Japanese War—Greco-Turkish War—Interference of the Powers

—Wars in the Soudan—Review of the Century’s Martial

Results 375–420

THE CENTURY’S FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS

The Primitive Fair—Growth and Influence of Fairs—Their History

in Different Countries—Of Agricultural Fairs, Societies, and

Institutes—Their Origin and Purpose—National and State

Agricultural Departments—Sanitary Fairs—Special Exhibitions

—Evolution of International Expositions—The First World’s

Exposition at London—Expositions at Dublin, Paris, New York—

Continental Expositions—Second and Third Expositions at London

and Paris—The Vienna Exposition—The Centennial at Philadelphia

—Description of Subsequent Expositions at Atlanta, Louisville, New

Orleans, Chicago, Nashville, and Omaha—The American Commercial

Museums 421–442

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN COINAGE, CURRENCY, AND BANKING

I. BANKS AND BANKING RESOURCES:—Banks as Gauges of Wealth—

Civilization reflected in Monetary Machinery—Features of United

States Financial Policy—Gold Store of Various Countries—

Banking Resources—Number and Resources of Banks. II. COINAGE

AND PRODUCTION OF PRECIOUS METALS:—Why Gold is a Standard—

Primitive Measures of Value—History of Coinage—First United

States Mint—Coin Ratios—Gold and Silver Production and Mintage

—Exports and Imports of Precious Metals—Circulation per Capita

—Coinage Act of 1873. III. EARLY BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES:

—First Banking Associations—First United States Bank and its

Branches—Early State Banks—Second United States Bank—How

it fell—State Banks and Independent Treasury. IV. HISTORY OF

LEGAL TENDER NOTES:—The Treasury Reserve—Treasury Notes—

Manner of Issue and Redemption. V. THE NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM:—

Formation of National Banks—Law’s and Regulations—Number and

Circulation. VI. FOREIGN BANKING AND FINANCE:—Banks of England and

the Continent of Europe—Their Strength and Methods. VII. UNITED

STATES GOVERNMENT DEBT SINCE 1857:—Gross Receipts and Expenditures

—Interest Charges. VIII. POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS:—Why they are not

adopted in the United States. IX. SAVINGS BANKS IN THE UNITED

STATES:—Their Number and Strength. X. THE CLEARING HOUSE:—How

conducted—Its Economic Uses. XI. PANICS OF THE CENTURY AND

THEIR CAUSES 443–470

THE CENTURY’S PROGRESS IN FRUIT CULTURE

Early Cultivation of Fruits—Beauty and Uses of Fruits—Fruits

brought to the New World—Culture at the Beginning of the Century

—Early Fruit Districts—The Experimental Stage—Pioneers in

Culture—The Age of Progress—First Commercial Orchards—The

Age of Triumph—Spread of Culture in Various States and Areas—

Revolution in Science of Fruit Growing—Success and Failure of

Different Species—Vine Culture—Improved Culture with Implements

—Home Consumption and Export of Fruits—Our Fruits a Favorite

in Europe—Apple Culture—Uses of Apples—Typical Orchards—

Notable Varieties—Extent of Apple Orchards—Apple Exports—

Progress in the Culture of Other Fruits—Varieties and Best Soils

—History and Progress of Berry Culture—The Citrous Fruits—

Where and how grown—Their Great Value to Man—General Review of

Fruit Culture and Fruits 471–490

THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS

I. WORLD’S COMMERCE AT END OF EIGHTEENTH CENTURY:—Methods of Traffic

—Volume of Trade. II. REVOLUTION IN COMMERCE:—Change from Sails

to Steam—First Ocean Steamers—Steamship Lines—Change from

Wood to Iron—The Compound Engine—Advent of Steel Vessels—

The Twin Screw—Immense Size of Ships—Their Great Velocity—

Appointment and Service. III. IMPROVEMENT IN COMMERCIAL AUXILIARIES:

—Betterment of Waterways—Ship Canals—Harbor Improvements—

Cable and Banking Facilities. IV. EXPANSION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE:

—European Commercial Growth—Food Importations. V. TRADE OF THE

UNITED STATES:—Extent of Domestic and Foreign—Vast Extension

—Imports and Exports—Character of. VI. THE AMERICAN MARINE:—

Former Carrying Trade—Modern Carrying Trade—Decline of United

States Maritime Importance. VII. AMERICAN SHIPBUILDING. VIII. CAUSES

FOR THE CENTURY’S COMMERCIAL PROGRESS:—Economic, Political, and

Social Causes. IX. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY PROSPECT 491–514

EDUCATION DURING THE CENTURY

Education a Hundred Years ago—Pestalozzi’s Influence—Froebel’s

Kindergarten System—Its Introduction into the United States—

English and German Schools—Great European Teachers—Foundation

of Public School Systems in the United States—The Battles for

Public Schools—Immensity of Common School Systems—Number

of Schools and Pupils—Expenditure for Schools—Primitive

Schoolhouses—Old-time Teachers and Methods—The Modern

Schoolhouse—Improvements in Teachers and Methods—Of the High

School—College and University—Teachers’ Institutes—State

Associations—School Publications—National Bureau of Education

—Normal Schools—Teachers’ Salaries—Girls’ Seminaries—

Change to Female Teachers—Modern School Furnishings—Text-books

—University Courses of Lectures—Schools of Manual Training and

Business—Education of the Negro Race—Experiment of Booker T.

Washington—School Funds—Compulsory Education 515–542

“THE ART PRESERVATIVE”

I. THE PRINTING PRESS:—Printing Art in the Eighteenth Century—

Franklin’s Influence—The Hand Press—Various Improved Presses

—Coming of the Power Press—Order of the Countries in Printing

Progress—Impetus to Printing in the United States—Wonderful

Improvement in Presses—How a Swift-motioned Press operates—

Quadruple Presses—Printing, Folding, and Pasting—Counting and

Delivering—The Sextuple Press—Its Wonderful Achievements—

Color Printing Presses. II. THE SETTING OF TYPE:—The Art at the

Beginning of the Century—Dawn of Mechanical Composition—First

Type-setting Machines—The Linotype—How it sets Type. III. OTHER

EVENTS IN THE PRINTING LINE:—Old Methods of spreading News—

Modern Electric Methods—Cables and Overland Wires—Vast Extent

of Newspapers—Code Systems. IV. TYPE-MAKING, STEREOTYPING, AND

PICTURE-MAKING:—From Wood to Metal Type—Introduction of the

Type Foundry—The Stereotyping Process—How it preserves Type

—Introduction of Electrotyping—Its Advantages in Printing—

Disappearance of Wood Engraving—The Art of Illustration—Triumph

of Mechanical Processes in Printing—Tendency of the Future 543–570

PROGRESS IN MINES AND MINING

Search for American Mines—Progress of Mining prior to 1800—

Methods at Beginning of the Century—Coal Mining Methods—

Hoisting and Ventilation—Introduction of Steam—European and

South American Mines—Mining in the United States—Opening of

Mines—Various Working Appliances—Invention of Davy’s Safety

Lamp—The Safety Fuse—Mine Elevators—Mining at the Middle of

the Century—Gold and Copper Mines of United States—Uses of Man

Engine—Hoisting Machines—Pumping Engines—Introduction of

Machine and Dynamite—Uses of Compressed Air—Mine Ventilation—

Improved Fans—Coal-cutting Machines—Placer and Hydraulic Mining

for Gold—The Timbering of Mines—Lake Superior Iron Mining—

Room Mining—Rise of Mining Schools and Societies—Mining Laws

in England and United States—Unwise Action of Congress—Mining

Claims and Rights—Miners’ Qualifications 571–586

ART PROGRESS OF THE CENTURY

I. PAINTING:—Effect of the French Revolution on Fine Art—Rapid

Advance of French Art—Artists and their Works—Revolution

of 1830—English Art and Artists—Landscape Art—Millet’s

“Angelus”—The Landseer Family—Ruskin’s Influence on English

Art—Edwin Abbey as a Colorist—Works of Rosa Bonheur—Later

English Masters—Continental Artists—American Masters—Rise of

American Art Schools—Their Influence on Art—Some Distinguished

Schools—Era of Excessive Coloring—American Landscapes—Women

Artists of America—Their Style and Influence—Scandinavian

Artists—Modern Art in Scotland—Masterpieces in European

Galleries—Masters of Current Art in America—Some of their

Great Works. II. SCULPTURE:—Old World Sculptors at Beginning of

Century—Centres of the Art—Advance in Different Countries—

Masterpieces—American Sculpture—Notable Artists and their Works

—Characteristics of Sculptors—Effect of the Columbian Exposition

—Names and Works of Modern Sculptors 587–614

THE CENTURY’S ADVANCE IN SURGERY

Surgery at the Dawn of the Century—Methods in Early Part of the

Century—Discovery of Anæsthesia—Its Great Advantages—

Antiseptic Surgery—Healing by First Intent—Setting of Fractures

—Modern Treatment of Bone Diseases—Of Amputations—Control

of Hemorrhages—Advance in Wound Treatment—Surgery of the

Alimentary Canal—Stomach Surgery—Kidney and Bladder Surgery—

Hernia or Rupture—Of Diseases of Female Organs—Modern Brain

Surgery—Its Wonderful Advance—Astounding Operations—The

Röntgen or X Rays—Their Value in Surgery—General Review of

Surgical Progress 615–630

PROGRESS OF MEDICINE

Early Medical Science—Progress to Beginning of Nineteenth Century

—Famous Ancient Physicians—Noted Schools of Medicine—Medical

Charlatans—Evolution of Medical Remedies—Important Changes in

Treatment—First American Schools of Medicine—Advance in Materia

Medica—Growth of Medical Associations—Medical Literature—

High Standard of Modern Medical Education—Students and Colleges

—Tendency to Special Practice—Great Importance of Modern

Medical Discoveries—Use of Anæsthetics in Medicine—Advance in

Physiology and Anatomy—Importance of Trained Nurses—Review of

Medical Progress 631–642

EVOLUTION OF THE RAILWAY

First Railways—Vast Development—Uses of Railways—Importance

to Farmers and Producers—Various Railway Systems—Government

Ownership and Operation—Mileage of Railways—The World’s Great

Railways—Methods of building and operating Railways in Different

Countries—Bridge Structures—Use of Steel Rails—Railway

Signals—The Block System—Single and Double Tracks—First

Steam Locomotives—Weight and Power of Modern Locomotives—The

Old-fashioned Passenger Car—Luxury of the Modern Palace Car—

Improvement in Freight Cars—The Modern Air-brake—Advance in

Train Equipment and Service—Rates of Speed—Railway Mail Service

—Passenger and Freight Rates—Railway as compared with Water

Transportation—Railway Labor—Relief Associations and Insurance

—Mountain Railways—Rapid Transit—Military Railways—

Portable and Ship Railways 643–664

ADVANCE IN LAW AND JUSTICE

Progress in International Law—Its Subdivisions—Law-making Bodies

—Powers and Duties of Legislators—Courts of Justice—Duties

of Judges—Of Jurors—Of Civil Procedure—Codification of

Laws—Criminal Jurisprudence—Punishments for Crimes—Capital

Punishment—Police Powers—Rights of Married Women under Law—

Laws regarding Parents and Children—Transfer of Real Estate—

Copyright Laws—Their Effect on Publication—Admiralty Laws—Of

Seamen and Shipping—Advance in Corporation Laws—Laws relating

to Religion—Of Religious Freedom—General Review of Legal

Progress 665–676

EVOLUTION OF BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:—Objects and Uses of Building Associations—

Explanation of the System—The Various Plans of Operation—Loan

Series—Maturity and Payment of Shares—Cost of Shares and Loans

—Early History of These Associations—Their Character abroad—

History of American Associations—The First Founded—Eulogies

of Building Societies—Vast Membership and Capital—Management

in Respective States—Amounts returned to Members—Teachers of

Practical Thrift—Value of One’s Own Home—Comfort for Those

of Modest Means—Makers of Better Citizens—Duties of Officers

and Members—Responsibility of Members—Size and Cost of Houses

usually built—Typical Houses—The Social Features of Building

Societies 677–690

EPOCH-MAKERS OF THE CENTURY

Statesmen, Orators, and Jurists—Great Generals—Naval Heroes—

Noted Preachers and Teachers—Eminent Historians—Distinguished

Editors—Noted Scientists—Leading Philanthropists—Famous

Inventors—Popular Novelists—Greatest Poets—Best Actors and

Lyric Dramatists 691–720

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

“Triumphs and Wonders of the XIX Century” _Frontispiece_

Puck 19

Old Franklin Electrical Machine 20

Leyden Jar 22

Franklin Institute, Philadelphia 23

Induction Coil 25

Magnetic Fields of Force 26

Daniell’s Cells 27

Morse Telegraph and Battery 27

Samuel Finley Breese Morse 28

Cyrus W. Field 28

Ocean Cable 29

Great Eastern laying an Ocean Cable 31

A String Telephone 32

Thomas Alva Edison. _Full page_ 32

A Graphophone 35

A Dynamo 37

The Golden Candlestick 39

An Ancient Lamp 39

A Tallow Dip 40

Modern Lamp 40

Electric Arc Light 43

Electric Locomotive. From _Electrical Age_ 45

Electric Railway—Third Rail System 47

Geissler’s Tubes 49

Sciagraph or Shadow Picture 50

An August Morning with Farragut 56

British Battleship Majestic 57

French Battleship Magenta 57

German Battleship Woerth 58

Italian Battleship Sardegna 59

Nelson’s Flagship Victory 60

Constitution (1812) under Sail. Permission of the artist.

_Full page_ 61

Side View of Constitution. _Full page_ 63

The U. S. Steamship Oregon. Copyright by W. H. Rau. _Full page_ 65

Action between Monitor and Merrimac 66

The Turbinia—Fastest Craft afloat. Permission of S. S. McClure

Co. 67

Engine of U. S. Steamship Powhatan, A. D. 1849. _Full page_ 68

Engine of U. S. Steamer Ericcson 69

Battle of Trafalgar. _Full page_ 71

The Growth of Ordnance. Four cuts. _Full page_ 73

The Distribution of Armor. Twelve cuts. _Full page_ 78–79

The Growth of Armor. Eight cuts. _Full page_ 81

The Movement of Uranus and Neptune 89

Professor James H. Coffin 91

The Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, Cal. _Full page_ 93

The Spectroscope 94

Yerkes Telescope, University of Chicago. _Full page_ 95

Professor William Harkness 97

Zenith Telescope, made for University of Pennsylvania 100

Three-inch Transit. By Warner & Swasey 103

Carolus Linnæus of Sweden 105

The Green Rose 106

Head of White Clover, with Branch from Centre 107

The Peanut-Pod Magnified 108

Outline of White Dogwood Flower 109

Yellow Toad-Flax in Peloria State 110

Grained Corn-Tassel 111

Banana Flowers 112

The Cruel Plant 113

Old Potato penetrated by Rootlet 113

Fungus growing from Head of Caterpillar 114

Mary Elizabeth Lease 117

Emma Willard 119

George Eliot 121

Frances Willard 123

Distaff and Spindle 126

Spinning Wheel 126

Primitive Hand Loom 127

Early Spinning Jenny 128

Ginning Cotton. Old way prior to 1800 129

Ginning Cotton. New way 129

The Modern Mule 130

Hand Comb of the Eighteenth Century 131

Noble Comb of 1890 132

Plain Power Loom, 1840 133

Weaving. The Old Way 135

Weaving. The New Way 135

Loom of 1890 136

Jacquard Machine 137

Smith and Skinner Loom for Moquette Carpets 139

Circular Loom 141

The First Knitting Machine, Lee 143

Knitting in the Old Way 145

Knitting in the New Way 146

Ancient Birmingham Meeting-house 148

Salisbury Cathedral, England. _Full page_ 148

P. E. Cathedral of St. John the Divine (?) 150

Father Damien, Missionary to Leper Colony 151

Young Men’s Christian Association, Philadelphia 153

Baptist Mission School, Japan 155

Methodist Episcopal Hospital 157

The New Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. _Full page_ 161

Ridgway Branch of Philadelphia Library. _Full page_ 163

Public Library of the City of Boston. By permission of librarian.

_Full page_ 164

John Russell Young 166

Carnegie Free Library, Pittsburgh. _Full page_ 169

Arc de l’Étoile, Paris 173

Natural History Museum, Kensington, London. _Full page_ 175

Glass Covered Arcade, Milan 177