them is a matter of deep interest to man. Portions of France have been
productive and afterwards barren because of the abundance of the trees
at first and their having afterwards been cut down to supply the wants
of man, who desired their material and the ground on which they stood.
The rivers of Michigan are not navigable now in some instances where
once they were deep with water. The destruction of the forests to
supply the lumber and furniture markets of the world has caused less
rain to fall, and the snows of winter which formerly lay late in spring
beneath the forests now melt at the return of the sun in the early
months and are swept with the rush of high water away to the great
lakes. Many of the barren wastes in Palestine and other countries,
which in olden times blossomed as the rose, have lost their glory with
the destruction of their trees.
Men have learned something of the value of the trees to a fertile
country and the science of forestry has arisen, not only to determine
the means of growing beautiful and useful trees, but also to court the
winds of heaven to drop their fatness upon the soil. In the state of
Nebraska 800,000,000 planted trees invite the rain and the state is
blessed by the response.
Man used to worship the forest. The stillness and the solemn sounds
of the deep woods are uplifting to the soul and healing to the mind.
The great gray trunks bearing heavenward their wealth of foliage, the
swaying of branches in the breeze, the golden shafts of sunlight that
shoot down through the noonday twilight, all tend to rest the mind from
the things of human life and lift the thoughts to things divine.
The highest form of architecture practiced on earth is the Gothic,
which holy men devised from contemplation of the lofty archings of
trees and perpetuated in the stone buildings erected to God in western
Europe through the centuries clustering around the thirteenth.
Trees afford hiding and nesting places for many birds and animals.
Their cooling shelter comforts the cattle; they furnish coursing-places
among their branches for the sportive climbing-animals, and their
tender twigs give restful delight to the little birds far out of reach
of any foe.
Man has always used the trees for house building; his warmth is largely
supplied from fires of wood and leaves; from the days when Adam and Eve
did their first tailoring with fig leaves, the trees have been levied
upon for articles of clothing till now the world is supplied with
hats of wood, millions of buttons of the same material are worn, and
the wooden shoes of the peasantry of Europe clump gratefully over the
ground in acknowledgment of the debt of mankind to the woods.
Weapons of all sorts, in all ages, have been largely of wood. Houses,
furniture, troughs, spoons, bowls, plows, and all sorts of implements
for making a living have been fashioned by man from timber. Every
sort of carriage man ever devised, whether for land or water travel,
depended in its origin upon the willing material the trees have
offered. Although we now have learned to plow the seas with prow of
steel and ride the horseless carriage that has little or no wood about
it, yet the very perfection of these has arisen from the employment of
wood in countless experiments before the metal thing was invented.
Our daily paper is printed from the successors of Gutenberg's wooden
type, upon what seems to be paper, but is in reality the ground-up and
whitened pulp of our forest trees. Our food is largely of nuts and
fruits presented us by the trees of all climes, which are yet brought
to our doors in many instances by wooden sailing-vessels, whose sails
are spread on spars from our northern forests.
The baskets of the white man and the red Indian are made from the
materials of the forest. Ash strips are pounded skillfully and
readily separate themselves in flat strips suitable for weaving
into receptacles for carrying the berries of the forest shades or
the products of the soil, whose richness came by reason of the
long-standing forests which stood above it and fell into it for
centuries.
Whoever has tried to stopper a bottle when no cork was at hand knows
something of the value of one sort of trees. He who has lain upon a bed
of fever without access to quinine knows more of the debt we owe the
generous forests that invite us with their cooling branches and their
carpeted, mossy floors. The uses of rubber to city people are almost
enough to induce one to remove his hat in reverence to the rubber
tree; the esteem we have for the products of the sugar maple and the
various products of the pine in their common forms of tar, pitch, and
turpentine, as well as in their subtler forms, which are so essential
to the arts and sciences, contributing to our ease, comfort, and
elegance, should cause us to cherish the lofty pine and the giant maple
with warmest gratitude.
Perhaps the most refined of the pleasures of man is found in the
playing of musical instruments. There is not one of the sweeter-toned
of all the vast family of musical instruments that is not dependent on
the sympathetic qualities of the various woods. The violin shows the
soul of this material in its highest refinement. No other instrument
has so effectually caught the tones of the glorious mountain and the
peaceful valley as has the choicely selected and deftly fashioned shell
of the fiddle. It awakens all the fancies of a lifetime in one short
hour, it brings gladness to the heart and enlivens the whole frame,
and when the master hand brings out from its delicate form the deeper
secrets of its nature the violin brings tears to our eyes and inspires
within us an earnestness of purpose which is a perpetual tribute of the
soul of man to the heart of the forest.
I took a spring journey once from the heart of old Kentucky through
some of the northern states around to the eastward to Virginia. The
dogwood was in blossom south of the Ohio. The forests and hillsides
were set forth here and there in bridal array by the glad whiteness
of myriads of these delicate flowers. Through Ohio and Indiana the
peach trees were putting forth their delicate pink blossoms that
sought us out in the cars and delighted us with their rare fragrance.
In Pennsylvania we passed out of the peach region, and I thought the
mountains could not give flowers to match the loveliness experienced
on the two preceding days, but when we were running adown the "blue
Juniata river" there burst upon me the purple radiance of the ironwood
that I had entirely forgotten as a flowering tree of beauty. Brighter
than the peach and softer than the dogwood it stood out against the
foliage of the stream and hillside. It followed the railway all down
the Susquehanna across the line into Maryland, and gave me joy until it
was lost again as the warmth of the southern sun poured itself again
before my eyes upon the purity and simplicity of the snowy dogwood.
And in the fall I once passed through the hills of New York and
Massachusetts. It was Thanksgiving Day. The matchless American forests
were then in their greatest glory. Every hill seemed to have brought
out its choicest holiday garment and was calling for admiration. So
richly blended are the reds, the yellows, and the greens that one
cannot see how people can do business with such delights for the eye
spread out before them. Why they do not come en masse and join in this
holiday of the trees is more than I can understand. It seems as if the
Creator of heaven and earth had reserved for the home of liberty the
most gorgeous colorings that prismatic light is susceptible of bearing,
and thrown them all down in luxurious profusion for the delectation of
the people who should shake off the man-serving spirit and come here to
breathe the air of freedom and rejoice with nature through the ten days
of her gorgeous Thanksgiving time.
THE CINERARIA.
PROF. WILLIAM K. HIGLEY,
Secretary Chicago Academy of Sciences.
In the early days of the Columbian Exposition, before people had ceased
to wonder at the unexpected and unusual sights, there were beautiful
displays of plants in flower, on a scale never before attempted, at
least in this part of the world.
Those wise enough to respond to the invitation to visit the long, low
green houses in Jackson Park, before the more pretentious Horticultural
Building was ready for use, will never forget the royal mass of
blossoms which greeted their eyes as they passed through long aisles of
bloom.
The announcement that the cineraria was on exhibition meant little to
many, but to those who found their way to the park during the chilly
spring days and patiently trudged over unfinished paths, and through
rubbish and incompleteness, the announcement opened the door to a sight
so wonderfully fine and complete, so astonishing, and so delightful,
that to look was to exclaim and admire, and to admire was to remember,
and, months after, to long for another sight of that billowy mass of
pinky-purplish bloom.
The Compositæ, the family of plants to which the cinerarias belong,
contains about seven hundred and sixty genera and over ten thousand
species, embracing approximately one-tenth of all the flowering forms.
This is the largest family of plants and includes the goldenrod, the
sunflower, the aster, the chrysanthemum, the thistle, the lettuce, the
dandelion, and many others. The species are widely distributed, though
more common in temperate or hot regions, the largest number being
found in the Americas.
Though a family of herbs, there are a few shrubs and in the tropics a
small number of trees. The cultivated forms are numerous, and some are
among our most beautiful fall plants.
The flowers are collected together in heads, and sometimes are of two
kinds (composite). Using the sunflower for an example we find a disk
of tubular flowers in the center and, growing around it, a row of
strap-shaped flowers, while in the dandelion they are all strap-shaped,
and in some other species all are tubular.
The cineraria is an excellent illustration of the composite form, which
bears both kinds of flowers.
The name cineraria (Latin, _cinerarius_, from _cinis_, ashes) was given
to these plants because of the grayish down that covers the surface of
the leaves.
The cinerarias form a large genus of practically herbaceous plants, and
are chiefly natives of southern Africa and southern and eastern Europe.
The varieties vary greatly from white to pinkish-purple and through
various shades to dark, bluish-purple.
They are quite easily cultivated, but are house plants in temperate
latitudes. They are peculiarly liable to attacks of insects, plant-lice
(_Aphides_) being especially an enemy.
The florist's varieties are chiefly produced from the species
_Cineraria cruenta_. Beautiful hybrids have been developed from this
and other species, and the flower certainly deserves the popularity it
has attained through sterling merit.
[Illustration: FROM NATURE BY CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO.
5-99
CINERARIA.
Life-size.
COPYRIGHT 1899,
NATURE STUDY PUB. CO., CHICAGO.]
INDEX.
VOLUME V.--JANUARY, 1899, TO MAY, 1899, INCLUSIVE.
Acorns, Two, 210
Animals, Among, 185
Animals, Hibernation of, 84
Arbutus, The Trailing, 229
Athena, The Birth of, 29
Azalea, The, 143
Baboon (_Cynocephalus babuin_), 217
Bat, The Hoary (_Atalapha cinerea_), 166
Bees, About, 17
Birds, Defense of Some, 211
Birds, Migratory, 37
Birds that Do Not Sing, 188
Bird Life, Destruction of, 109
Birds as Shepherds, 20
Bluebird, The, 181
Boarder, A Transient, 101
Bread Crumbs, The Charity of, 115
Busybodies, Little, 113
Butternut, The (_Juglans cinerea_), 96
Cineraria, 236
Cloves (_Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg_), 121
Cocoa-nut (_Cocos nucifera_), 95
Coffee, 197
Cony, The (_Hyrax_), 203
Crusade, The Feather, 221
Desert, The Ship of the, 37
Eagle, The, 24 and 36
Egg Collecting, 216
Fashions, Spring, 186
Feathers, 161
February, 73
Flowers, The Language of, 74
Fox, The Kit (_Vulpes velox_), 182
Ginger (_Zingiber Officinale Roscoe_), 49
God's Silence and His Voices Also, 222
Grape, The, 178
Gull, Bonaparte's (_Larus philadelphia_), 215
Hare, Epitaph of a, 98
Hare, The Northern Prairie (_Lepus campestris_), 106
Helpless, The, 72
Holly Tree, The, 12
Home, An Abandoned, 150 and 198
Humor, A Vein of, 125
Hyacinth, The (_Hyacinthus orientalis_), 191
Ibis, The White (_Guara alba_), 71
Iris, The (_Iris versicolor_), 74
Kangaroo, The, 157
Lemon, The, 13
Little Billee, The Story of, 41
Merganser, The Hooded (_Lophodytes cucullatus_), 118
Mistletoe, The (_Phoradendron flavescens_), 22
Mole, Common American (_Scalops aquaticus_), 133
Mole, The Duck, 80
Mole, The Hairy-tailed (_Scapanus breweri_), 230
Mountain Lion (_Felis Concolor_), 10
Nature at First Hand, 175
Noses, 65
Nutmeg, The (_Myristica fragrans Hantheyn_), 145
Nuts, 26
Oak, The, 134
Opossum, The Crab-eating (_Philander philander_), 59
Owl, The American Barn (_Strix pratincola_), 155
Owls, 78
Owls' Sanctuary, The, 223
Peacock, The, 77
Pine, The Edible, 96
Pineapple, The (_Ananassa sativa_), 110
Pool, The Summer, 218
Pokagon, Chief Simon, 173
Preacher Bird, The, 194
Puma (_Felis concolor_), 10
Quadrille, The Quails', 176
Quarrel between Jenny Wren and the Flycatchers, 192
Redbreast, Invitation to the, 158
Sandhill crane, The (_Grus Mexicana_), 46
Sap Action, 54
Seeds, How Birds Carry, 37
Skin, 137
Snapping Turtle, The (_Chelydra serpentina_), 38
Snowflakes, 89
Spring, The Coming of, 168
Springtime, A, 156
Study, A Window, 90
Squirrel's Use of His Tail, 103
Tarsier, The, 228
Tess (_Simia troglodytes_), 1
Thrush, The Water (_Seiurus novebora censis_), 227
Tongues, 5
Trees, 233
Trumpeters, The, 120
Tufted Titmouse, The (_Parus bicolor_), 97
Turgenief, Prose Poems of Ivan, 180
Turtle, The Geographic (_Malacoclemmys geographicus_), 62
Vultures, Vision and Scent of, 163
Walnut, The Black (_Juglans Nigra_), 96
Warning, A Timely, 89
Washington and Lincoln, 60
Warbler, The Nashville (_Helminthophila rubricapella_), 169
Warbler, The Cape May (_Dendroica tigrina_), 86
Wax Wing, Cedar (_Ampelis cedrorum_), 193
Whip-poor-will, 2 and 34
Wild Animals, Taming the Smaller, 127
Woodchuck, The (_Arctomys monax_), 130
Woodmen, Five Little, 91
Woodpecker Story, Emerson and the, 56
INDEX "BIRDS AND ALL NATURE" VOLS. I., II., III., IV., V.
*Indicates Illustrations.
Acorns, Two Vol. v. 210
Alaska, Birds of Vol. iv. 95
*Almond, Flowering Vol. iv. 193
All Nature Vol. iv. 37
*Anhinga, or Snake Bird Vol. ii. 26, 27
Animals and Music Vol. iv. 159
Hibernation of Vol. v. 84
Some Propensities of Vol. iv. 81
Rights Vol. iv. 225
*Antelope, The Pigmy Vol. iv. 94, 95
*Apple Blossoms Vol. iv. 36
Blossom Time Vol. iii. 153
*Arbutus, The Trailing Vol. v. 229
Armadillo Vol. iv. 146, 147
Athena, The Birth of Vol. v. 29
Audubon, John James Vol. ii. 161
Society, One Vol. iii. 234
Aviaries Vol. iii. 121, 122
*Avocet, American Vol. ii. 14, 15
*Azalea, The Vol. v. 143
Azamet, the Hermit, and His Dumb Friends Vol. iv. 33
*Baboon Vol. v. 217
*Bat, Black Vol. iv. 170, 171
*Bat, The Hoary Vol. v. 166
*Red Vol. iv. 170, 171
Bees, About Vol. v. 17
Lovers, Some Vol. iii. 100
Bird Life, Destruction of Vol. v. 109
Day Vol. iii. 82
Only a Vol. iii. 73
The Mound Vol. iii. 114
Superstitious Vol. iii. 172
Song Vol. i. 187, 188
Song Vol. ii. 1, 17, 41, 57
Study, The Fascinations of Vol. iii. 164
*of Paradise, The King Vol. iv. 124, 126, 127
Day in the Schools Vol. i. 129, 138
Birds in Captivity Vol. ii. 121
Answer Vol. iii. 83
in the Iliad Vol. iv. 234
of Prey, Useful Vol. iv. 88
Hints on the Study of Winter Vol. iii. 109
and Farmers Vol. i. 213
of Passage Vol. ii. 173
Pairing in Spring Vol. iii. 189
Interesting Facts About Vol. iii. 100
The Return of the Vol. i. 101
Foreign Song Birds in Oregon Vol. iii. 123
and Animals of the Philippines Vol. iv. 48
of Bethlehem Vol. ii. 223
Migratory Vol. v. 37
that Do Not Sing Vol. v. 188
Defense of Some Vol. v. 211
*Bittern, Least Vol. iii. 46, 47
*Black Bird, Red-winged Vol. i. 64, 68, 71
*Blue Bird, Mountain Vol. ii. 203, 205
The Vol. v. 181
* Vol. i. 75, 76, 78
Boarder, A Transient Vol. v. 101
*Bobolink Vol. i. 92, 93, 94
*Bob White Vol. iii. 16, 18, 19, 34
Buddha, The Youth of Vol. iii. 237
*Bunting, Indigo Vol. i. 172
*Lazuli Vol. ii. 196, 198, 199
*Butterflies Vol. iv. 63, 103, 145, 183, 223
Butterfly, The Vol. iv. 142
*Butternut, The Vol. v. 96
*Cactus Vol. iv. 210, 211
Captives Escape Vol. ii. 116
*Catbird Vol. i. 18, 186
*Chat, Yellow-breasted Vol. ii. 236, 238, 239
*Chickadee, Black-capped Vol. i. 161, 165, 168
*Chimney Swift Vol. ii. 131, 133
Christmas Trees Vol. iv. 220
Christmas, Where Missouri Birds Spend Vol. iii. 84
*Cineraria Vol. v. 236
*Cloves Vol. v. 121
*Cocoa-nut Vol. v. 95
*Cock of the Rock Vol. i. 19, 21
*Cockatoo, Rose Vol. iii. 29, 30, 31
*Coffee Vol. v. 197
Color Photographs and Conversation Lessons Vol. iv. 194
*Cony, The Vol. v. 203
*Coot, American Vol. iii. 96, 98, 99
Count, Can Animals? Vol. iv. 180
*Crane, Sandhill Vol. v. 46
*Creeper, Brown Vol. iii. 212, 214, 215
*Crossbill, American Vol. i. 126, 127
*Crow, American Vol. i. 97, 98, 100
Crusade, The Feather Vol. v. 221
*Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Vol. ii. 94, 95
*Dickcissel Vol. iii. 146, 147, 149
*Duck, Golden-eye, American Vol. iv. 230
*Duck, Bald Pate Vol. iii. 48, 50, 51
American Golden-eye Vol. iv. 230
*Black Vol. iii. 86, 87
*Canvas-back Vol. ii. 18, 20
*Mallard Vol. ii. 10, 11, 13
*Mandarin Vol. i. 8, 9, 11
*Old Squaw Vol. iii. 223, 225
*Pintail Vol. iii. 176, 178, 179
*Red Head Vol. iv. 150, 151
*Wood Vol. ii. 21, 23, 24
*Dolphin, Bottlenose Vol. iv. 134, 135
*Dove, Mourning Vol. ii. 111, 113
Eagle, The Vol. v. 24, 36
*Bald-headed Vol. ii. 2, 3, 5
Ears Vol. iv. 121
Egg Collecting Vol. v. 216
*Eggs Vol. iii. 154, 155, 195, 235
Eyes Vol. iv. 117
Fashions, Spring Vol. v. 186
Feathers Vol. v. 161
Feathers or Flowers? Vol. iii. 180
*Finch, Purple Vol. iii. 54, 55
*Flicker Vol. i. 89, 90
*Flamingo Vol. ii. 218, 221
Flowers, The Language of Vol. v. 74
*Fly-catcher, Arkansas Vol. iii. 230, 231
*Scissor-tailed Vol. i. 161, 163
*Vermillion Vol. ii. 192, 193
*Fox, American Gray Vol. iv. 105, 106, 107
*The Kit Vol. v. 182
*Red Vol. iv. 66, 67, 69
Gallinule, Purple Vol. i. 120, 121
*Ginger Vol. v. 49
God's Silence and His Voices Also Vol. v. 222
*Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray Vol. iii. 94, 95
*Goldenrod Vol. iv. 154, 155
*Goldfinch, American Vol. ii. 128, 129, 130
*Goose, Canada Vol. iii. 208, 210, 211
*White-fronted, Vol. ii. 166, 168, 169
*Grackle, Bronzed Vol. ii. 228, 230, 231
*Grape, The Vol. v. 178
*Grebe, Pied-billed Vol. i. 134, 135, 137
*Grosbeak, Evening Vol. ii. 68, 70, 71
*Rose-breasted Vol. i. 113, 115
*Grouse, Black Vol. ii. 217, 220
*Dusky Vol. iii. 150, 151
*Prairie Sharp-tailed Vol. iv. 166, 167
*Ruffed Vol. i. 218, 220
*Gull, Bonaparte's Vol. v. 215
*Herring Vol. iv. 86, 87
*Ring-billed Vol. i. 198, 199
Halo, The Vol. i. 150
Hare, Epitaph of a Vol. v. 98
*Hare, The Northern Prairie Vol. v. 106
*Hawk, Marsh Vol. i. 158, 159
*Night Vol. i. 175, 176, 178
*Red-shouldered Vol. iv. 96, 98, 99
*Sparrow Vol. iii. 105, 106, 107
*Hen, Prairie Vol. iv. 18
*Heron, Black-crowned Vol. i. 196, 197
*Great Blue Vol. iii. 190, 191, 193
*Snowy Vol. ii. 38, 39
Holly Tree, The Vol. v. 12
Home, An Abandoned Vol. v. 150, 198
How the Birds Secured Their Rights Vol. ii. 115
Humming Birds Vol. iv. 216, 218, 219
*Humming Bird, Allen's Vol. ii. 210, 211
*Humming Bird, Ruby-throated Vol. ii. 97, 100, 103
Humor, A Vein of Vol. v. 125
*Hyacinth Vol. v. 191
*Ibis, The White Vol. v. 71
*Ibis, White-faced Glossy Vol. iii. 226, 227
Instinct and Reason Vol. iv. 73
*Iris Vol. v. 74
*Jay, American Blue Vol. i. 39, 41
*Jay, Arizona Green Vol. i. 146, 148
*Jay, Canada Vol. i. 116, 117, 119
*Junco, Slate Colored Vol. ii. 153, 155
June Vol. iii. 201, 202
*Kangaroo Vol. v. 157
*Kingbird Vol. ii. 156, 158, 159
*Kingbird, Arkansas Vol. iii. 230
*Kingfisher, American Vol. i. 60, 61, 63
*European Vol. ii. 188, 190, 191
*Kinglet, Ruby-crowned Vol. ii. 108, 110
*Lark, Horned Vol. ii. 134, 135
*Meadow Vol. i. 105, 106, 108
*Lemon, The Vol. v. 13
Little Billee, The Story of Vol. v. 41
*Little Busy Bodies Vol. v. 113
*Lion, African Vol. iv. 206, 207
*Loon Vol. iv. 58, 59
*Long Spur, Smith's Vol. i. 123, 125
*Lory, Blue Mountain Vol. i. 66, 67
Lost Mate Vol. ii. 126
March Vol. iii. 82
Memory, Bird Songs of Vol. iii. 124
*Merganser, The Hooded Vol. v. 118
*Red Breasted Vol. ii. 54, 55
*Mistletoe, The Vol. v. 22
*Mole, Common American Vol. v. 133
*The Duck Vol. v. 80
*The Hairy-tailed Vol. v. 230
*Mot Mot, Mexican Vol. i. 49, 57
*Mocking Bird, American Vol. i. 192, 193, 201
*Mountain Lion Vol. v. 10
Music, Color in Vol. iii. 161, 162
*Murre, Brunnichs Vol. iii. 206, 207
Nature at First Hand Vol. v. 175
Natures, Grotesque Vol. iv. 149
Nature's Adjustments Vol. iv. 41
Nests, Birds' Vol. iii. 204
Nesting Time Vol. i. 149, 150
*Nightingale Vol. iii. 136, 138, 139
To a Vol. iii. 141
*Nonpareil Vol. i. 1, 3, 15
Noses Vol. v. 65
*Nutmeg Vol. v. 145
*Nuthatch, White-breasted Vol. ii. 118, 119
*Nuts Vol. v. 26
Oak, The Vol. v. 134
*Ocelot Vol. iv. 30, 31
Old Abe Vol. ii. 35
*Opossum, The Crab-eating Vol. v. 59
Ornithological Congress, 1897 Vol. ii. 201
*Oriole, Baltimore Vol. i. 205, 206, 207
*Orchard Vol. i. 156, 157
*Golden Vol. i. 34, 36
*Osprey, American Vol. ii. 42, 43, 45
Otter, American Vol. iv. 172, 174, 175
*Ovenbird Vol. iii. 126, 127
Owls Vol. v. 78
*Owl, The American Barn Vol. v. 155
*Long-eared Vol. i. 109, 111, 112
Sanctuary, The Vol. v. 223
*Screech Vol. i. 151, 153, 154
*Sawwhet Vol. iii. 61, 62, 63
*Short-eared Vol. iii. 25, 26, 27
*Snowy Vol. i. 209, 210, 211
Paradise, Birds of Vol. iii. 140
*Paradise, Red Bird of Vol. i. 22, 23, 25
*Parrakeet, Australian Vol. i. 16, 18
*Parrot, Double Yellow-headed Vol. iii. 181, 182, 183
*Parrot, King Vol. i. 50, 51
*Partridge, Gambel's Vol. ii. 78, 79
Mountain Vol. iii. 34, 35
Scaled Vol. iii. 114, 115
Peacock, The Vol. v. 77
*Peccary Vol. iv. 128, 130
*Petrel, Stormy Vol. iii. 88, 90, 91, 92
*Pheasant, Golden Vol. i. 12, 13
*Japan Vol. i. 86, 88
*Ringnecked Vol. ii. 232, 233
*Silver Vol. iii. 110, 111
*Phalarope, Wilson's Vol. ii. 66, 67
*Phoebe Vol. ii. 106, 107
*Pigeon, Crowned Vol iii. 6, 7
*Passenger Vol. iii. 21, 22, 23
Vol. iv. 25
*Pine, The Edible Vol. v. 96
*Pineapple Vol. v. 110
Plea for the Speechless Vol. iii. 33
*Plover, Belted Piping Vol. ii. 174, 175
*Golden Vol. iv. 178, 179
*Semipalmated Ring Vol. ii. 6, 8, 9
*Snowy Vol. iii. 70, 71
Pokagon, Chief Simon Vol. v. 173
*Porcupine, Canadian Vol iv. 186, 187
*Prairie Hen, Lesser Vol. iii. 74, 75
*Puffin, Tufted Vol. iv. 138, 139
*Puma Vol. v. 10
Quadrille, The Quails' Vol. v. 176
Quarrel Between Jenny Wren and the Flycatchers Vol. v. 192
*Rabbit, American Vol. iv. 26, 27
*Raccoon, American Vol. iv. 90, 91
Rail, Sora Vol. ii. 46, 48, 49
*Red Bird, American Vol. i. 72, 74
Redbreast, Invitation to Vol. v. 158
*Rhea, South American Vol. iii. 166, 167, 168
*Robin, American Vol. i. 54, 55, 59
*Roller, Swallow-tailed Indian Vol. i. 42, 43
*Sandpiper, Bartramian Vol. iii. 134, 135
*Sandpiper, Least Vol. iv. 70, 71
*Sandpiper, Pectoral Vol. iv. 114, 115
*Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Vol. ii. 137, 140, 143
Sap Action Vol. v. 54
*Scoter, American Vol. ii. 32, 33
*Sheep, Mountain Vol. iv. 74
*Shrike, Loggerhead Vol. i. 202, 203
*Silk Worm Vol. iv. 222, 223
Skin Vol. v. 137
*Skunk, American Vol. iv. 233, 235
*Skylark Vol. ii. 61, 63, 64
*Snake Bird (Anhinga) Vol. ii. 26, 27
*Snipe, Wilson's Vol. iv. 6, 7
*Snowflake Vol. ii. 150, 151, 152
Snowflakes Vol. v. 89
*Sparrow, English Vol. ii. 206, 208, 209
*Fox Vol. iii. 14, 15
*Song Vol. ii. 90, 91, 93
*Spoonbill, Roseate Vol. iii. 142, 143, 145
Spring, The Coming of Vol. v. 168
Springtime, A Vol. v. 156
*Squirrel, American Gray Vol. iv. 110, 111
*Flying Vol. iv. 214, 215
*Squirrel, Fox Vol. iv. 54, 55, 56
*Red Vol. iv. 14
Squirrel's Use of His Tail, The Vol. v. 103
*Stilt, Black-necked Vol. iii. 174, 175
Study, A Window Vol. v. 90
*Swallow, Barn Vol. i. 79, 80
*Swan, Black Vol. iii. 65, 66, 67
Symbol, A Vol. iv. 208
*Tanager, Summer Vol. ii. 163, 165
*Tanager, Red-rumped Vol. i. 30, 31, 33
*Tanager, Scarlet Vol. i. 214, 216, 217
Tarsier, The Vol. v. 228
*Teal, Green-winged Vol. ii. 213, 214, 215
Tenants, The New Vol. iii. 37, 77, 117, 157, 197, 220
*Tern, Common Vol. iv. 46, 47
*Black Vol. i. 103, 104
*Caspian Vol. iv. 190, 191
*Tess Vol. v. 1
*Thrush, The Water Vol. v. 227
*Hermit Vol. ii. 86, 88, 89
*Brown Vol. i. 82, 83, 84
*Wood Vol. i. 179, 180, 181
*Titmouse, Tufted Vol. v. 97
To a Water Fowl Vol. ii. 76
Tongues Vol. v. 5
*Toucan, Yellow-throated Vol. i. 26, 27, 29
Trees Vol. v. 233
*Trogon, Resplendent Vol. i. 4, 7
*Tropic Bird, Yellow-billed Vol. ii. 184, 186, 187
Trumpeters, The Vol. v. 120
Turgenief, Ivan, Prose Poems of Vol. v. 180
*Turkey, Wild Vol. ii. 177, 180, 183
*Turnstone Vol. ii. 170, 171
*Turtle, The Geographic Vol. v. 62
*Snapping Vol. v. 38
*Verdin Vol. ii. 226, 227
*Vireo, Red-eyed Vol. iii. 8, 10, 11
*Vireo, Warbling Vol. ii. 138, 141
*Yellow-throated Vol. i. 189, 191
Voices Vol. iv. 201