Relating to Authors and Books quoted in the Pharmacographia. They may
be completed by consulting especially the following works:—
CHOULANT, Geschichte und Literatur der älteren Medicin, Part I.,
Bücherkunde für die ältere Medicin. 1841.
KOPP, Geschichte der Chemie, 4 vols., 1843-1847.
MEYER, Geschichte der Botanik, 4 vols., 1854-1857.
PEREIRA, Tabular view of the history and literature of the Materia
Medica, in the “Elements of Materia Medica,” vol ii. part ii. (1857)
836-869.
PRITZEL, Thesaurus literaturæ botanicæ. 1872.
=Acosta=, Christóbal, physician at Burgos; he travelled in the east and
visited Mosambique and Cochin; died A.D. 1580.—_Tractado_ de las Drogas
y medicinas de las Indias Orientales con sus Plantas debuxadas al
biuvo por Christoual Acosta medico y cirujano que las vio ocularmente.
Burgos, 1578. Small 4°, 448 pages (and 38 pages indices). There are
translations in Latin by _Clusius_, 1582; in Italian, 1585; in French
by _Antoine Colin_, 1619, etc.
See pages 154. 423. 462. 503. 565.
=Actuarius, Johannes=, a physician to the court of Constantinople,
towards the end of the 13th century, author of “_Methodus medendi_,”
and “_De medicamentorum compositione_.” Both these works were
repeatedly printed during the 16th century; we are not aware of any
recent editions.
See pages 222. 263.
=Ægineta=—See =Paulos=.
=Aëtius= of Amida, now Diarbekir, on the upper Tigris. He wrote,
probably about A.D. 540-550, Aëtii medici græci ex veteribus medicinæ
_Tetrabiblos_. Basileæ, 1542.
See pages 35. 175. 271. 511. 559.
=Albertus Magnus= (Count Albert von Bollstädt), 1193-1280, a Dominican
monk, Bishop of Regensburg (Ratisbon).—Alberti Magni ex ordine
Prædicatorum _De vegetabilibus_ libri vii., historiæ naturalis pars
xviii. Edit. E. Meyer and C. Jessen. 1867.
See pages 543. 568. 678.
=Alexander Trallianus=, of Tralles, now Aïdin-Güsilhissar, south-east
of Smyrna, an eminent physician who wrote about the middle of the 6th
century of our era, possibly at Rome.—Alexandri Tralliani medici libri
xii. Edit. Joanne Guintero. Basileæ, 1556. 8vo.—An admirable German
translation, together with the Greek original, has been published at
Vienna, 2 vols., 1878-1879, by Puschmann.
See pages 6. 222. 281. 325. 388. 493. 529. 595. 680.
=Alexandria=, the Roman custom-house of.
In the Pandects of Justinian there is to be found a curious list
of eastern drugs and other articles liable to duty at the Roman
custom-house in Alexandria, from the time of Marcus Aurelius and
Commodus, about A.D. 176-180. The complete list is reprinted in
Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 698; also in Meyer,
Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1855) 167.
See pages 222. 315. 321. 493. 577. 635. 644.
=Alhervi.= Abu Mansur Movafik ben Ali Alherui, a Persian physician of
the 10th century. He compiled a work on medicines and food from Greek,
Arabic, and Indian sources, which was published and partly translated
by Seligmann: Liber _fundamentorum pharmacologiæ_ ... epitome codicis
manuscripti persici bibl. caes. reg. Vienn. Vindobonæ, 1830-1833.
See pages 12. 225. 325. 490.
=Alkindi.= Abu Jusuf Jakub ben Ishak ben Alsabah Alkindi. He wrote
about A.D. 813-841 at Basra and Bagdad, about various subjects of
natural philosophy, mathematics, medicine, music.
See page 642.
=Alphita=, a curious list of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations,
probably compiled in the 13th century, and originally written in French
(according to Häser, Geschichte der Medicin, i. 1875, 648 sqq.).
Daremberg, La médecine, histoire et doctrine, 1865, attributes the
Alphita to Maranchus. The Alphita is contained in Salvatore de Renzi’s
_Collectio Salernitana_; ossia documenti inediti ... alla scuola medica
Salernitana, iii. (Napoli, 1854) 270-322.
See page 377.
=Alpinus=, Prosper, 1553-1617, Professor of Botany and “Ostensore dei
Semplici,” _i.e._ teacher of drugs, in the University of Padua. He
visited Egypt in 1580-1583. _De Plantis Ægypti_ liber etc. Venetiis,
1592.
See pages 44. 94. 222. 425. 500.
=Alrasis= or =Arrasi=—See =Rhazes=.
=Angelus= a Sancto Josepho, originally Joseph Labrousse, of Toulouse,
born 1636, died in 1697. He was at Ispahan as a Carmelite monk in 1664,
and published in 1681 at Paris a Latin translation of what he called a
_Pharmacopœia Persica_. Consult Lucien Leclerc, Histoire de la médecine
arabe, ii. (Paris, 1876) 84.
See pages 12. 415. 548.
=Anguillara=, Luigi (born at Anguillara, died in 1570 at Ferrara),
“Ostensor simplicium,” _i.e._ professor of materia medica, in the
University of Padova; author of _Semplici_, liquali in piu Pareri a
diversi nobili huomini scritti appaiono. Vinegia, 1561.
See page 303.
=Arrianos Alexandrinos=—See =Periplus=.
=Avicenna.= Abu Ali Alhosain Ben Sînâ Albochâri (of Bokhara), 980-1037.
A learned philosopher, mathematician, student of medicine, minister,
etc., the most celebrated among Arab physicians, their “doctor
princeps.” His “_Canon medicinæ_” was admired until the end of the 15th
century as the most complete system of medicine, of which there are
numerous editions, chiefly translations. We have particularly referred
to “Avicennæ libri in re medica omnes, lat. redditi a J. P. _Mongio_ et
J. _Costæo_,” 2 vols. Venetiis, ap. Vinc. _Valgrisium_, 1564.
See pages 12. 31. 125. 161. 225. 393. 429. 490. 642. 716.
=Ayurvedas=—See =Susrutas=.
=Baitar.= Abu Mohammad Abdallah Ben Ahmad Almaliqî (of Malaga),
called _Ibn Baitar_. He travelled from Spain to the east, lived
about 1238-1248 as a physician to the court in Egypt, and died in
1248 at Damascus. His great work on Materia Medica—Liber magnæ
collectionis simplicium alimentorum et medicamentorum—has been (very
unsatisfactorily) translated into German by Joseph von Sontheimer, 2
vols. Stuttgart, 1840-1842.
See pages 4. 31. 115. 211. 305. 383. 415. 425. 462. 488. 490. 675.
=Barbosa=, Odoardo (Duarte Balbosa), a Portuguese who visited Malacca
before 1511, and accompanied Magalhaes in his famous circumnavigation;
killed in 1522 by the natives of the Philippines. Barbosa wrote in 1516
an excellent account of India, published in Ramusio’s collection, Delle
navigationi et viaggi, _&c._ Venetia, 1854. Libro di Odoardo Barbosa
Portoghese, fol. 413-417. Also in “Coasts of East Africa and Malabar,”
published for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1866.—Barbosa quotes the
prices of many drugs found in 1511-1516 at Calicut. An abstract of this
interesting list will be found in Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte
der Pharmacie. Halle, 1876, 15.
See pages 43. 241. 405. 521. 595. 600. 644. 672. 675. 717.
=Batutah.= Abu Abdallah Mohammed ... Allawati Aththangi, called
Ibn Batuta, of Tangier, in Morocco. 1303-1377. The greatest of
the Arabic travellers; he visited the east as far as the Caspian
regions, Delhi, Java, and Pekin, and also Northern Africa as far
as Timbuktu.—_Voyages_ d’Ibn Batouta, texte arabe accompagné d’une
traduction par C. Defrémerie et B. R. Sanguinetti. 2 vols. Paris.
1853-1854.
See pages 404. 511. 521. 577. 669. 672.
=Bauhin=, Caspar, 1560-1624, professor of anatomy and botany in
the University of Basel. See Hess, J. W. Kaspar Bauhin’s Leben und
Charakter. Basel, 1860. 72 pages.—_Pinax_ theatri botanici. Basileæ,
1623.
See pages 31. 86. 388. 429. 439. 731. 740.
=Belon=, Pierre, 1517-1564, called Belon “du Mans,” with reference to
his native country near Le Mans, in the ancient province of Maine,
France. He travelled in the Levant from 1546 to 1549, and wrote Les
observations de plvsievrs _singvlaritez_ et choses memorables, trouuées
en Grèce, Asie, Iudée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges. Paris,
1553.
See pages 175. 222. 254. 598. 615.
=Benedictus Crispus= (Benedetto Crespo), A.D. 681, Archbishop of Milan,
died in 725 or 735.—_Commentarium_ medicinale, ed. by Ullrich, 1835,
a small pamphlet consisting of 241 verses, in which a few drugs are
alluded to.
See pages 282. 463. 493.
=Bock=—See =Tragus=.
=Brunfels=, Otto, 1488-1534, originally a Carthusian friar, then
a schoolmaster at Strassburg, author of several pamphlets against
Catholicism; doctor of medicine, and lastly physician to the republic
of Bern. His great work—Herbarum vivæ _eicones_, etc., 3 vol.,
Strassburg, 1530, 1531, 1536, containing 229 partly excellent woodcuts
of plants occurring near Strassburg—is the earliest instance of good
botanical figures.—See Flückiger, _Otto Brunfels_, in the Archiv der
Pharmacie, vol. _212_ (1878) 493-514.
See pages 170. 388. 439. 694.
=Brunschwyg=, Hieronymus, a surgeon living at Strassburg apparently
towards the end of the 15th century. His “_Liber de arte distillandi_
de simplicibus, Das buch der rechten kunst zu distilieren....”
Strassburg, 1500, with figures, was subsequently brought out in
numerous editions and translations. In English: The noble handy work of
surgery and of destillation. Southwark, 1525, fol., and The vertuose
boke of distillacyon of the waters of all manner of herbes, translate
out of duyche. London, 1527, fol.—See Choulant, Graphische Incunabeln
für Naturgeschichte und Medicin, 1858-75.
See pages 170. 456.
=Camellus= or =Camelli=—See =Kamel=.
=Camerarius=, Joachim, 1534-1598, physician at Nürnberg. _Hortus
medicus et philosophicus._ Francofurti, 1588. See _Irmisch_, Über
einige Botaniker des 16ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderts. Sondershausen, 1862, 4°. p. 39.
See pages 384. 390. 474.
=Cato=, Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius, 234-149 b.c. In the book _De
re rustica_, the earliest agricultural work in Roman literature, Cato
treats of many useful plants, the complete list of which will be found
in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, i. 342. We have usually referred to
_Nisard’s_ edition in “Les Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.
See pages 172. 245. 269. 289. 329. 627.
=Celsus=, Aulus Cornelius; about 25 B.C. to A.D. 50.—A. Cornelii Celsi
de medicina libri octo, ed. C. Daremberg. Lipsiæ, 1859. The list of
useful plants mentioned by him will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der
Botanik, ii. 17.
See pages 35. 43. 179. 234. 291. 439. 493. 677. 680.
=Charaka=, _i.e._ book of health. An old Sanskrit work, analogous to
Susruta’s Ayurvedas (see Susruta), yet reputed in India to be older
than the latter. Charaka is now being published, since 1868, at
Calcutta, and also at Bombay, but is not yet translated in any modern
idiom. There are Arabic versions of the end of the 8th century, as
stated by Albirûnî in the 11th century, and by Ibn Baitar (see B.)
For further particulars consult Roth, _Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, xxvi. (1872) 441 sqq.
=Charlemagne=, the great Emperor, 768-814. He ordered, in 812, by
the “_Capitulare_ de villis et cortis imperialibus,” a considerable
number of useful plants to be cultivated in the imperial farms. Several
other plants are also mentioned, for similar purpose, in the Emperor’s
“_Breviarium_ rerum fiscalium.” A full account of both these remarkable
documents will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik, iii.
401-412. See also B. Guérard, Explication du Capitulaire de Villis;
Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Chartes, IV. (1853) 201-247. 313-350. and
346-572.
See pages 92. 98. 172. 179. 245. 269. 308. 329. 488. 542. 545. 627.
=Chordadbeh=—See =Khurdadbah=.
=Circa instans=—See =Platearius=.
=Clusius=, Charles de l’Escluse, born at Arras, in the north of
France, A.D. 1526; died A.D. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg,
Frankfurt, Strassburg, Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and
Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to London, and again in a later year.
Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the director of the imperial gardens at
Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of botany in the University of
Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man the most important, from a
pharmaceutical point of view, are: 1. Aliquot _notæ_ in Garciæ aromatum
historiam. Antverpiæ, 1582. 2. _Rariorum plantarum historia._ Antv.,
1601. 3. _Exoticorum libri decem._ Antv., 1605.—See Morren, Charles de
l’Ecluse, sa vie et ses œuvres. Liége, Boverie, No. 1, 1875, 59 pp.
See pages 17. 21. 73. 83. 96. 202. 211. 254. 272. 287. 390. 401. 425.
429. 453. 521. 589. 648. 657.
=Collectio Salernitana=—See =Alphita=.
=Columella=, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Born at Cadiz; he wrote between
A.D. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Roman
literature: “_De re rustica_ libri xii.” It has been translated by
_Nisard_, together with Columella’s book, “_De arboribus_,” for Firmin
Didot’s “Agronomes latins.” Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous
plants mentioned by Columella will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der
Botanik ii., 68.
See pages 97. 245. 664.
=Constantinus Africanus=. Born at Carthage in the second half of the
10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and
in studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous
Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died A.D. 1106. He transmitted the
medical knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he
may be called the most distinguished fellow. See _Steinschneider_ in
_Virchow’s Archiv für patholog. Anatomie und Physiologie_, 37 (1866)
351; and in _Rohlfs’_ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22.
Steinschneider shows that Constantin’s work, De Gradibus, is chiefly
based on that of _Ibn-al-Djazzâr_, who died about A.D. 1004.
See pages 130. 211. 377. 494. 573. 584. 600.
=Conti=, Niccolò dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from
1419 to 1444?) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most
valuable of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt
Society (ed. by Major): India in the 15th century, Lond., 1857, 39 pp.
A still more valuable edition and translation is due to Kunstmann:
Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderte. München, 1863. 66 pp.
See pages 282. 521. 577. 582. 636.
=Cordus=, Valerius. Born A.D. 1515 at Erfurt, professor of materia
medica in the University of Wittenberg, then the most eminent man
in that science. After his premature death, at Rome, in 1544, his
works were published by _Conrad Gesner_, in a large volume printed in
1561 at Strassburg. It contains: (1) Valerii Cordi _Annotationes_ in
Dioscoridem; (2) _Historiæ stirpium_ libri iv.; (3) De artificiosis
_Extractionibus_, and several other papers of V. Cordus, besides the
most remarkable book, _De Hortis Germaniæ_, by _Conrad Gesner_ himself.
A very careful biographic notice on _Cordus_ is due to Irmisch, Einige
Botaniker des 16 Jahrhunderts ... Sondershausen, 1862. 4°. pp. 1-34.
See pages 31. 148. 170. 248. 260. 429. 526. 580. 644. 648. 650. 661.
713. 733. 737.
=Cosmas=—See =Kosmas=.
=Crescenzi=, Piero de’, 1235-1320. He wrote, about A.D. 1304-1306, at
Bologna, an esteemed book on agriculture, which was repeatedly printed
towards the end of the 15th century, for instance, Opus _ruralium
commodorum_ Petri de Crescentiis, Argentine, 1486. There are numerous
later translations and editions.
See pages 6. 157. 180. 661.
=Dale=, Samuel, a physician in London, 1659-1739. _Pharmacologia_ seu
manuductio ad Materiam medicam. Lond., 1693, 12mo.
See pages 592. 615. 616. 648. 681. 731.
=Dioscorides=, Pedanios, of Anazarba, in Cilicia, Asia Minor. He
wrote, about A.D. 77 or 78, his great work on materia medica, the most
valuable source of information on the botany of the ancients.
See pages 6. 35. 43. 92. 97. 147. 161. 166. 172. 175. 179. 183. 234.
262. 276. 291. 292. 305. 310. 321. 325. 328. 331. 377. 384. 388. 434.
439. 464. 486. 493. 503. 519. 529. 556. 558. 567. 568. 581. 594. 609.
627. 638. 644. 655. 661. 664. 672. 675. 677. 680. 690. 699. 715. 723.
728. 729. 733.
=Dodonæus=, Rembert Dodoens, 1517-1585, physician at Malines, Belgium.
See pages 303. 388. 439. 699. 729. 731.
=Edrisi=, or Alidrisi, an Arab nobleman, born about A.D. 1099 in Spain,
living at King Roger’s court, Palermo, where he compiled, in 1153, his
remarkable geographical work. It summarizes all the earlier geographic
literature of the Arabs, adding much valuable information gathered by
the author from merchants and other travellers.—_Géographie_ d’Edrisi,
traduite en français, par P. Amedée Jaubert, 2 vols. Paris, 1836-1840.
_Description_ de l’Afrique et de l’Espagne, trad. par Dozy. Leyde, 1866.
See pages 115. 305. 316. 494. 503. 577. 584. 642. 644. 680.
=Fernandez=, latinized =Ferrandus=. Born at Madrid 1478. From 1514
to 1525 he was “veedor de las fundiciones do oro de Tierra-firma
in America,” _i.e._ superintendent of the foundries of gold in the
American continent; died 1537 in Valladolid. _Historia general y
natural de las Indias_ islas y tierra firme del mar oceano por el
Capitan _Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés_, primer chronista del
nuevo mundo. Publ. dal codice orig. y illustr. p. J. _Amador de los
Rios_. This complete edition has been published in 4 vols., from 1853
to 1855, by the Academy of Madrid. We have not seen the earlier partial
editions, viz. “_Summario_ de la natural y general Historia de las
Indias,” Toledo, 1526, fol., “_Primera parte_ de la Historia natural
y general de las Indias,” Sevilla, por _Cromberger_, 1535, fol.; nor
“Cronica de las Indias,” 1547. See also Colmeiro, La Botanica y los
Botánicos de la peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858, 26, No. 220
(_Fernandez_) and 149; also _Haller_, Bibl. botanica, i. 272, who calls
him _Gundisalvus_ or _Gonsalvus Hernandez_. He is also quoted by others
as _Oviedo_.
See pages 95. 101. 186. 213. 453. 466. 534.
=Fuchs=, Leonhard, 1501-1566, Professor of medicine in the University
of Tübingen from 1535 to 1566, author of De _historia stirpium_
commentarii insignes.... Basileæ, 1542, fol., a work equally remarkable
for the excellent woodcuts and the careful descriptions.
See pages 170. 429. 453. 456. 469. 652.
=Galenos=, Claudius Galenus Pergamenus, A.D. 131-200, a most
distinguished medical writer, imperial physician at Rome. Many drugs
and officinal plants are mentioned in his numerous works, which were
held in the highest reputation during the middle ages.
See pages 35. 222. 268. 503. 519. 559. 609.
=Garcia=—See =Orta=.
=Gerarde=, John, 1545-1607, London, surgeon.—The _Herball_, or generall
historie of plantes, 1597.
See pages 31. 71. 170. 218. 254. 268. 453. 459. 480. 486. 487. 537.
552. 568. 589. 611. 655. 661. 694. 700. 729.
=Gesner=, Conrad, 1516-1565, Zürich, the most learned naturalist of his
time (See also Cordus).
See pages 299. 384. 390. 439. 456.
=Helvetius=, Jean-Claude-Adrien, 1661-1727, physician at Paris.
See pages 26. 371.
=Hernandez=, Francisco, physician to King Philip II. of Spain; he lived
about the years 1561-1577 in Mexico.—Quatro libros de la naturaleza y
virtutes de las plantas y animales que estan recevidos en el uso de
medicina en la Nueva España.... Mexico, 1615.—We have only referred to
Antonio Reccho’s translation: Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium
Mexicanorum Historia, rerum medicarum Novæ Hispaniæ _Thesaurus_. Romæ,
1651, fol. (first edition, 1628). Hernandez must not be confounded with
_G. Fernandez de Oviedo_ (See _Fernandez_).
See pages 202. 206. 657.
=Hildegardis=, 1099-1179, the abbess of the Benedictine monastery St.
Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen (“Pinguia”) on the Rhine. Her “_Physica_”
one of the most interesting mediæval works of its kind, is contained
in tom. cxcvii. (1855) 1117-1352 of _J. P. Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus
completus_, under the name “Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum
creaturarum.... Liber i. De Plantis.
See pages 305. 378. 476. 512. 551. 584.
=Ibn Baitar=—See =Baitar=.
=Ibn Batuta=—See =Batuta=.
=Ibn Khordadbah=—See =Khurdadbah=.
=Idrisi=—See =Edrisi=.
=Isaac Judæus=, or Abu Jaqûb Ishaq ..., an Egyptian Jew, living at
Kâirowan, in Northern Africa, as a physician to the prince of the
Aglabites; died about A.D. 932-941. See Choulant, _Bücherkunde für die
ältere Medicin_, 1841, 347; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii.
170.
See pages 217. 225. 325. 377.
=Isidorus=, Hispalensis, Bishop of Sevilla, about A.D. 595-636, author
of a great cyclopœdia, _Etymologiarum_ libri xx. We have referred to it
in “Sancti Isidori Opera omnia,” in the vol. lxxxii. (1859) of J. P.
Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus.
See pages 305. 380. 493. 529. 664.
=Istachri=, Abu Ishaq Alfarsi Alistachri (_i.e._ of Istachr, the
ancient Persepolis, in the Persian province Fars). His geographical
work has been translated (in the Transactions of the Academy of Ham)
by Mordtmann: Das _Buch der Länder_ von Schech Ebn Ishak el Farsi el
Isztachri. Hamburg, 1845.
See pages 316. 414. 716.
=Kamel= (or =Camellus=), George Joseph, born at Brünn, Moravia, A.D.
1661, a member of the company of Jesus A.D. 1682. By permission of
his superiors, he left in 1688 for the Marianne islands and the
Philippines. After having acquired a certain knowledge of botany and
pharmacy, he established, at Manila, a pharmaceutical shop with the
view of supplying medicaments gratis to the poor; he died there in
1706. Kamel communicated his botanical investigations to _Ray_ and
_Petiver_ (see R.); consult also A. de _Backer_, Bibliothèque des
Ecrivains de la compagnie de Jésus, iv. (Liége, 1858) 89.
See pages 148. 432.
=Kämpfer=, Engelbert. Born in 1651 at Lemgo, Westphalia; travelled
as a physician in Persia (1683-1685), India, Java, Siam (1690),
Japan (1690-1692); graduated in 1694 at Leiden, and died in 1716 at
Lemgo. His work, _Amœnitatum_ exoticarum fasciculi v., Lemgo, 1712,
was intended as a specimen of more elaborate accounts of the various
observations of the well-informed and zealous author. But only a
_History and description of Japan_ was published in German in 1777, by
Dohm at Lemgo. Kämpfer’s unpublished manuscripts and collections were
purchased, in 1753, by Sir Hans Sloane, for the British Museum.
See pages 20. 44. 167. 263. 272. 315. 512. 513. 527.
=Kazwini=, an Arabic geographer of the 13th century.—Ethé, Kazwini’s
_Kosmographie_. Leipzig, 1869.
See pages 503. 521. 573.
=Khurdadbah= or Ibn-Chordadbeh, engaged, towards the end of the 9th
century, in the police and postal administration of Mesopotamia, and
collecting informations about the products and tributes of the empire
of the Khalifes. They are translated by Barbier du Meynard: Le _livre
des routes et des provinces_, par Ibn Khordadbeh. Journal asiatique, v.
(1865) 227-296 and 446-527.
See pages 282. 512. 518. 573. 577. 642.
=Kosmas Alexandrinos Indikopleustes=, a Greek merchant, a friend
of Alexander Trallianus (p. 752), living in Egypt, travelling in
India, and lastly, towards the middle of the 6th century, a monk. His
monstrous work, _Christiana topographia_, contains, nevertheless, a
small amount of valuable information. We referred to it as contained in
Migne’s Patrologiæ cursus completus, series græca, t. lxxxviii. (1850)
374.
See pages 281. 577. 599.
=Lefebvre= or Le Fèbre, Nicolas, 16..-1674, Paris (partly also
London), “Apoticaire ordinaire du Roy, distillateur chymique de sa
Majesté”—_Traité de la Chymie_, Paris, i. (1660) 375-377.
See pages 65. 381.
=Liber pontificalis= seu de gestis Romanorum pontificum. Romæ, 1724
(edition of _Vignolius_). A new edition will be brought out in the
Monumenta Germaniæ.
See pages 137. 142. 281.
=Macer Floridus=, wrote, A.D. 1140, the book _De viribus herbarum_.
The editio princeps was printed A.D. 1487 in Naples; the best edition
is that of Choulant, Leipzig, 1832 (140 pages). Nothing exact is known
about that author himself.
See pages 627. 642. 684.
=Marcellus Empiricus=, a high functionary of the two emperors
Theodosius, towards the end of the 4th and in the beginning of the 5th
centuries.—De _medicamentis_ empiricis, physicis ac rationalibus liber.
Basileæ, 1536.
See pages 183. 729.
=Marcgraf=, Georg, 1610-1644, astronomer and geographer to Count Johann
Moriz von Nassau. See Piso.
See pages 187. 211. 228. 371.
=Masudi=, or Almasudi, Maçoudi A.D. 900-958. Born at Bagdad, travelled
in Arabia, India, and in the East of Africa. One of the distinguished
geographic writers of the Arabs. His works are being published by the
Société asiatique of Paris: _Les Prairies d’Or_, texte et traduction
par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille, 8 vols., 1869-1873 (in
continuation).
See pages 503. 573. 584. 600. 680.
=Mattioli=, Pierandrea. Born in 1501 at Siena; living as a physician
at Trento, Görz, Prag; died A.D. 1577. There are many editions of his
chief work, _Commentarii_ in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei
de medica materia. The first, in Italian, was published in 1544 at
Venice.
See pages 32. 147. 183. 390. 439. 456. 609. 650.
=Meddygon Myddvai=—See =Physicians=.
=Mesuë=, the younger. Jahjâ ben Mâsaweih ben Ahmed.... Born at Maredin,
Kurdistan, physician to the Khalif Alhakem at Cairo; died A.D. 1015.
See pages 40. 225. 493.
=Monardes=, Nicolás, 1493-1588, physician at Sevilla.—Historia
medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales,
que sirven en medicina. Sevilla, 1569. Latin edition by Clusius, _De
simplicibus medicamentis_ ex occidentali India delatis, quorum in
medicina usus est. Antwerp. 1574. See Hanbury’s appreciation of the
book: Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages 148. 202. 206. 443. 466. 534. 537. 697. 705.
=Mutis=, José Celestino, 1732-1808; 1760, physician to the viceroy of
New Granada; 1782, in charge of an “expedicion real botanica” of that
country. See Triana’s work, quoted at page 369. Triana much reduces,
apparently with good reason, the merits of Mutis, which would appear to
have been overrated by Humboldt.
See pages 106. 345.
=Nikandros Kolophonios=, of Klaros, near Kolophon in Ionia, in the 2nd
century B.C. Physician and poet.
See page 6.
=Nostredame=, Michel de. Born 1503 at Saint-Remi, Provence. Physician
and astrologer at Aix and Lyons; died A.D. 1566 at Salon, Provence.
See page 405.
=Oribasios Pergamenos=, a friend and physician to the emperor Julianus
Apostata, 4th century. We referred chiefly to _Bussemaker_ et
_Daremberg_, Oeuvres complètes d’_Oribasius_, 6 vols., 1851-1876.
See pages 35. 129. 175. 183. 222. 559. 729.
=Orta=, Garcia de, or Garcia ab Horto. (Years of birth and death
unknown.) He was a student of medicine and natural sciences in the
Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá, and a teacher and physician in
the University of Coimbra (or Lissabon?). In 1534 Garcia accompanied
Martim Affonso de Souza, grand admiral of the Indian fleet, to Goa, and
lived there as a royal physician (Physico d’El Rey) to the hospital.
Garcia appears to have been still living there in 1562, when he
obtained the vice-regal privilege for his book “_Coloquios_ dos simples
e drogas he cousas mediçinais da India, e assi dalguãs frutas achadas
nella ande se tratam.... Impresso em Goa, por Joannes de endem as x
de Abril de 1563,” 436 pp., 4°. (British Museum).—F. A. von Varnhagen
has caused the Coloquios to be reprinted in 1872 at Lisbon. Garcia
de Orta’s Coloquios are, notwithstanding the utterly diffused style
of the work, a precious source of information on eastern drugs. They
had the good chance to be translated, as early as the year 1567, by
Clusius, who omitted the insignificant parts of the book, re-arranged
it conveniently, and added valuable notes. See Flückiger in Buchner’s
Repertorium für Pharmacie, xxv. (1876) 63-69.
See pages 43. 86. 130. 154. 200. 225. 241. 272. 405. 415. 429. 462.
512. 521. 527. 547. 585. 638. 644. 712.
=Oviedo=, Capitan Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés—See =Fernandez=.
=Palladius=, Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus, an agricultural author of the
4th or 5th century of our era, living probably in northern Italy. We
have chiefly referred to _Nisard’s_ edition of the fourteen books of
Palladius “_De re rustica_,” which is contained in Firmin Didot’s “Les
Agronomes latins,” Paris, 1877.
See page 328.
=Parkinson=, John, 1567-1629 (?), an apothecary of London, and director
of the Royal Gardens at Hampton Court. _Theatrum botanicum_, or an
herball of large extent.... London, 1640. fol.
See pages 84. 189. 287. 429. 469. 470. 500. 556. 589. 616. 623. 648.
698. 731.
=Paulus Ægineta= (Paulos Aiginetes), a physician of the first half of
the 7th century of our era, who appears to have lived for some time
at Alexandria. Author of “seven books” on medicine, which have been
first published, in Greek, in 1528 at Venice, and, in Latin, in 1532
at Paris, translated by Winter (Guinterus) of Andernach: _Compendii_
medici libri septem. We have also referred to the translation of Adams.
See pages 3. 35. 175. 183. 271. 281. 559. 563.
=Pavon=, José, a Spanish botanist, who explored in common with Ruiz
the flora of Peru. Biographic particulars about Pavon are wanting
even in Colmeiro’s La botánica y los botánicos de la peninsula
Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 181.
See pages 345. 590.
=Paxi= or =Pasi=, Bartolomeo di; the author of a curious book giving
practical information about the weights and measures in use in various
countries. There are many editions, the first of which, as examined in
1876 by one of us (F. A. F..) in the library of San Marco, Venice, is
found to bear the following title:—“Qui comincia la utilissima opera
chiamata _Taripha_, la qvol tracta de ogni sorte de pexi e misure
conrispondenti per tuto il mondo fata e composta per lo excelente e
eximio Miser Bartholomeo di _Paxi_ da Venezia. Stampado in uenezia
per Albertin da lisona uercellese regnante l inclyto principe miser
Leonardo Loredano. Anno domini 1503. A di 26 del mese de luio.”
See pages 235. 609.
=Peres=—See =Pires=.
=Periplus Maris Erythræi=, a survey of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
as far as the coast of Malabar. In his interesting account, written
about between A.D. 54 and 68, the author, commonly called Arrian
of Alexandria, gives a list of imports and exports of the various
places which he had visited or of which he had good informations. See
_Vincent_, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, etc. London, vol.
i. (1800), ii. (1805); also C. _Müller_, Geographi græci minores, i.
(Paris, 1855) 257-305. Anonymi (_Arriani_ ut fertur) Periplus maris
erythræi.
See pages 35. 142. 272. 493. 520. 529. 577. 599. 664. 675. 680. 715.
=Physicians of Myddvai= (Meddygon Myddfai). Rhys Gryg (_i.e._ the
Hoarse), prince of South Wales (died in 1233 at Llandeilo Vawr), had
his domestic physician, namely Rhiwallon, who was assisted by his
three sons Cadwgan, Gruffydd, Einion, from a place called Myddvai, in
the present county of Caermarthen. They made a collection of recipes,
the original manuscript of which is in the British Museum. Another
collection has been compiled, from the original sources, by Howel the
Physician, son of Rhys, son of Llewelyn, son of Philip the Physician,
a lineal descendant of Einion, the son of Rhiwallon. Both these
compilations have been published at Llandovery in 1861, together with a
translation, by John Pughe, under the above title (470 pp.)
See pages 6. 40. 65. 71. 141. 157. 161. 170. 180. 299. 305. 310. 316.
334. 380. 383. 393. 401. 450. 464. 469. 476. 488. 556. 625. 635. 642.
652.
=Pires=, Tomé (or Pyres, Pirez, as he also writes his name himself),
a Portuguese apothecary. He was the first ambassador sent, probably
in 1511, from Europe, or at least from Portugal, to China. Pires
addressed, in 1512-1516, several letters from Cochin and Malacca to
the Admiral Affonso d’Albuquerque and to King Manuel of Portugal.
One of them, written January 27, 1516, from Cochin to the King,
enumerates many drugs which were to be met with in that place—“dando
l-lhe noticias das drogas da India,” says the writer. This letter,
still existing in the Real y Nacional Archivo da Torre do Tombo (corpo
chronologico, part i. fasc. 19, No. 102), was communicated in 1838 by
Bishop Condo Don Francisco de San Luiz to the Portuguese Pharmaceutical
Society, and published in their “Jornal de Socied. Pharm. Lusit.
ii. (1838) 36.” It will also be found in the pamphlet[2785] “Elogio
historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro
naturalista da India; e o primeiro embaixador europeo a China. Memoria
publicada na Gazeta de Pharmacia por Pedro José da Silva.” ...
Lisboa, 1866. 47 pp. (“y 22 fac simile de sua signatura”). We had,
moreover, before us an authentic copy of the letter under notice,
obligingly written 1st December, 1869, for one of us by Senhor
Joaquim Urbano de Veiga, the Secretary of the Sociedad Pharmaceutica
Lusitana. According to _Colmeiro_, La Botánica y los Botánicos de la
Peninsula Hispano-Lusitana, Madrid, 1858. 148, Peres was attached to
the factory of Malacca as a “scribano” (secretary?) and “por tener
conocimientos farmacéuticos,” and was sent to China, with the character
of an ambassador, in order to examine more freely the plants. He was
imprisoned, says Colmeiro, at Pekin, and there died soon after 1521
in prison. Yet _Abel Rémusat_, in the 34th volume of the “Biographie
universelle” (1823), p. 498, and also in his “Nouveaux mélanges
asiatiques” ii. (1828) 203, states that Pires proceeded first to
Canton, and reached Pekin in 1521. From this place he was sent to
Canton and imprisoned for many years from political causes. He was
still living in 1543.
See pages 43. 255. 681.
[2785] Library of the Pharm. Soc. of Great Britain, London, among the
“Pamphlets. No. 30” (Sept. 1878).
=Piso=, Willem. The Dutch, having conquered in 1630 from the Spanish
the north-eastern part of the Brazilian coast, between Natal and Porto
Calvo, Count _Johann Moriz von Nassau-Siegen_ was appointed, in 1636,
Governor-General of these possessions. He left them in 1644; the
history of his reign is contained in the work of _Barlæus_, Rerum per
Octoennium ... gestarum ... historia, Amstelodami, 1647. The Count had
also instituted a scientific exploration of the environs of Pernambuco
(or Recife), his residence, by his physician _Piso_ and _Marcgraf_, the
friend of the latter (see M.), who lived also at the Count’s court.
They devoted several years (from 1638 to 1641) zealously to their
task. The results of their investigations are found in—(1) Historia
naturalis Brasiliæ, published by Joh. de Laet, Lugd. Bat., 1643. (2)
Pisonis de _medicina brasiliensi_ libri iv., et G. Marcgravii _historiæ
rerum naturalium Brasiliæ_ libri viii. Lugd. Bat., 1648. (3) Pisonis de
_utriusque Indiæ historia naturali_ et _medica_ libri xiv. Amstelodami,
1658.
See pages 27. 113. 114. 130. 152. 211. 228. 371. 591.
=Platearius, Matthæus=, one of the most distinguished writers of
the famous medical school of Salerno, about the middle of the 12th
century. He compiled the remarkable dictionary of drugs, “Liber de
simplici medicina,” which was extremely appreciated during the next
centuries, and even reprinted as late as the beginning of the 17th
century. The work begins with a definition of the signification of the
term Simplex medicina; it is in these words: _Circa instans_ negotium
de simplicibus medicinis nostrum versatur propositum. Simplex autem
medicina est, quæ talis est, qualis a natura producitur: ut gariofilus,
nux muscata et similia.... The work of Platearius is therefore usually
quoted under the name _Circa instans_. The list of the 273 drugs
enumerated in “Circa instans” will be found in Choulant (_l.c._ at
p. 751), p. 298. We have referred to “Circa instans” as contained in
the volumes—Dispensarium magistri Nicolai præpositi ad aromatarios,
Lugduni, 1517, or Practica Jo. Serapionis, Lugd. 1525.
See pages 225. 316. 581.
_Plinius_ (Cajus Plinius Secundus), A.D. 23-79, the well-known author
of the “_Naturalis historiæ_ libri xxxvii.” We have particularly used
_Littré’s_ translation, “Histoire naturelle de Pline,” published in 2
vols. by Firmin Didot, Paris, 1877.
See pages 6. 35. 43. 97. 147. 161. 179. 234. 276. 281. 291. 305. 310.
325. 329. 333. 377. 434. 439. 474. 486. 488. 493. 503. 519. 529. 543.
556. 558. 576. 595. 609. 627. 644. 661. 664. 672. 677. 680. 729. 733.
=Plukenet=, Leonard, 1642-1706, physician, director of the Royal
gardens, London; collector of a large herbarium still existing in the
British Museum.
See page 16.
=Polo=, Marco, a noble Venetian, the most famous among mediæval
travellers. He spent 25 years, from 1271 to 1295, in Asia, chiefly in
China. The account of his travels was written, in French, in 1298, by
_Rusticiano_ of Pisa, and published since in numerous translations and
abstracts. We have chiefly referred to the two following excellent
works: (1) _Pauthier._ Le livre de _Marco Polo_, publié pour la
première fois d’après trois manuscrits inédits de la Bibliothèque
impériale de Paris, 1865. (2) _Yule._ The book of Ser Marco Polo the
Venetian, concerning the kingdom and marvels of the East, with notes
and illustrations. 2 vols. London, 1871, second edition 1874.
See pages 200. 282. 494. 510. 512. 520. 584. 636. 717.
=Pomet=, Pierre, “marchand épicier et droguiste à Paris, rue des
Lombards, à la Barbe d’Or.”—Histoire générale des drogues, 1694, fol.
528 pages, 400 engravings. There are later editions in 2 vols., 4°;
that of 1735 by the author’s son, an “apotiquaire” at St. Denis. See
_Hanbury’s_ appreciation of the book, Pharm. Journ. i. (1870) 298.
See pages 21. 26. 73. 118. 126. 148. 260. 263. 479. 617. 623. 648. 657.
=Porta=, Giovanni Battista, 1539(?)-1615, a distinguished Napolitan
nobleman. Of his remarkable works we have before us—_De distillatione_,
lib. ix. Romæ 1608, 154 pp. It is partly contained also in Porta’s
Magiæ naturalis libri xx, 1589, yet not in the earlier editions of the
Magia, the first of which appeared in 1558. Another work of the same
author, the _Phytognomica_, Naples, 1583, may be mentioned as one of
the chief works treating on the “Doctrine of Signatures.” There are
several editions of it, usually containing the curious figures of the
tubers of orchids as especially connected with that superstitious
doctrine.
See pages 118. 263. 385. 479. 526. 580. 653. 655.
=Præpositus=, Nicolaus, one of the eminent physicians of the school of
Salerno (see S.) living in the first half of the 12th century. He gives
in his _Antidotarium_, first edition, Venetiis 1471, the composition of
about 150 medicines, which were much used, under his name, during the
following centuries. They are enumerated in Choulant’s book, mentioned
p. 751 before.
=Pun-tsao=, a great Chinese herbal, written by _Le-she-chin_, in the
middle of the 16th century. It consists of 40 thin octavo volumes,
the first three of which contain about 1,100 woodcuts. For more exact
information consult _Hanbury_, Science Papers, 212 et seq.
See pages 4. 76. 83. 167. 510. 520.
=Ramusio=, Giovanni Battista.—Terza editione delle navigationi e viaggi
raccolti già da G. B. Ramusio, 3 vol. fol. Venetia, 1554. A valuable
collection of accounts of mediæval travellers, chiefly Italian.
See page 4.
=Ray= (Wray, or Rajus) John, 1628-1705, a clergyman and distinguished
botanist. His Herbarium is preserved in the British Museum. Historia
plantarum, 3 vols., folio, London, 1686-1704.
See pages 254. 277. 481. 482. 615. 731. 740.
=Redi=, Francesco, a physician of Arezzo, who lived at Florence.
_Esperienze_ intorno a diverse cose naturali e particularmente a quelle
che ci son portate dell’ India. Firenze, 1671.
See pages 24. 111. 287.
=Rhazes= (Abu Bekr Muhammad ben Zakhariah Alrazi) from Raj, in the
Persian province Chorassan, where he was a physician to the hospital
and subsequently at Bagdad; died A.D. 923 or 932.
See pages 3. 271. 393. 642. 716.
=Rheede= tot Draakestein, Hendrik Adriaan van, 1636-1691, Dutch
governor of Malabar. He ordered the most conspicuous plants of India
to be figured and to be described, mostly by Jan Commelin, professor
of botany at Amsterdam. This great and valuable work is the _Hortus
indicus malabaricus_, 12 vols. folio, Amstelodami 1678-1703, with 794
plates.
See pages 130. 189. 211. 297. 403. 421. 425. 547. 565. 580. 644. 677.
726.
=Ricettario Fiorentino=; one of the earliest, if not the very first,
printed Pharmacopœia published by authority. It bears title: Ricettario
di dottori dell’ arte, e di medicina del collegio Fiorentino all’
instantia delli Signori Consoli della universita delli speciali.
Firenze, 1498. Folio. We have referred to the edition of 1567, printed
at “Fiorenza, Nella Stamperia dei Giunti 1574.” There are other
editions of that Florentine Pharmacopœia down to the year 1696.
See pages 40. 410. 706.
=Roteiro.= The account of the famous expedition of _Vasco da Gama_ to
the Cape (22nd November, 1497), due to one of his companions, _Alvaro
Velho_. The author enumerates in his remarkable pamphlet (see title at
page 496) several spices and drugs of India, stating their prices there
and in Alexandria. See also _Heyd_, Geschichte des Levantehandels, ii.
(1879) 507.
See pages 404. 496.
=Ruel=, or =Ruellius=, also =de la Rouelle=, Jean. 1474-1537. Physician
at Soissons, lastly canon at Paris. De natura stirpium libri iii.
Parisiis, 1536. Folio. (See also _Scribonius Largus_.)
See pages 31. 388.
=Ruiz=, Hipolito. 1754-1816. A Spanish botanist, in 1777 appointed
director of the celebrated exploration of Peru and Chile. (See also
Pavon.)
See pages 79. 345. 590.
=Rumphius= (Rumpf), Georg Eberhard, 1627-1702. Dutch governor of
Amboina. He figured and described 715 plants of that island in the
Herbarium amboinense, 7 vols., Amstelodami, 1741-1755, folio, 696
plates.
See pages 130. 189. 211. 278. 297. 336. 421. 565. 600. 673. 726. 749.
=Saladinus=, of Ascoli (probably Ascoli di Satiano in the Capitanata,
Apulia), physician to one of the Princes of Tarentum (and apparently
also to the grand constable of Naples, Prince Giovanni Antonio de Balzo
Ursino). He is the author of the “_Compendium aromatariorum_ Saladini,
principis tarenti dignissimi medici, diligenter correctum et emendatum.
Impressum in almo studio Bononiensi, 1488;” 4°. 58 pages. Further on,
the author calls himself Dominus Saladinus de Esculo, Serenitatis
Principis Tarenti phisicus principalis. At the end of his pamphlet he
gives the list of drugs “communiter necessariis et usitatis in qualibet
_aromataria_ vel _apotheca_.” ... This book intended for the druggists,
_aromatarii_, was written between A.D. 1442 and 1458, as shown by
Hanbury, Science Papers, 358.
See pages 148. 183. 225. 377. 388. 456. 582. 585. 600.
=Salerno=, the school of medicine. During the middle ages, from about
the 9th century, there were flourishing in the said Italian town a
large number of distinguished medical practitioners and teachers. It is
one of their merits to have transmitted the medical art and knowledge
of the Arabs to mediæval Europe.—See also _Alphita_, _Constantinus
Africanus_, _Platearius_, _Nicolaus Præpositus_. That once famous
institution continued an obscure existence even down to the year 1811,
when it was suppressed, November 29th, by order of Napoleon.—See pages
31. 225. 321. 334. 377. 690.
=Sanudo=, Marino, a well informed Venetian writer, author of (1) Vite
de _duchi_ di _Venezia_, in Muratori, Scriptores rerum italicarum xxii.
(Mediolani, 1733) 954 et seq. (2) _Marinus Sanutus_ dictus Torsellus
Patricius Venetus, _Liber Secretorum_ fidelium crucis super terræ
sanctæ recuperatione et conservatione, in Orientalis Historiæ, tom ii.
(Hanoviæ, 1611) 22; lib. i. part i. cap. 1. The latter work contains,
at page 23, a classified list of eastern drugs; among the most valuable
spices, Sanudo mentions cloves, cubebs, mace, nutmegs, spikenard; among
those less costly, cinnamon, ginger, olibanum, pepper.
See pages 245. 636.
=Scribonius Largus=, a Roman physician of the first century of our era.
He accompanied, in A.D. 43, the emperor Claudius when he attempted the
definite conquest of the island of Britain. Scribonius is the author
of the valuable book, _Compositiones Medicamentorum_ seu Compositiones
medicæ, the earliest edition of which is due to Ruel, Paris, 1529.
See pages 6. 35. 42. 147. 179. 219. 245. 331. 493. 503.
=Simon Januensis=—See pages 6. 44. 582. 652.
=Sloane=, Sir Hans, 1660-1753. In 1687 physician to the governor of
Barbados and Jamaica. His library and large collections of natural
history formed the nucleus of the British Museum. He wrote (1)
_Catalogus_ plantarum quæ in insula Jamaica sponte proveniunt vel vulgo
coluntur ... adjectis aliis quibusdam, quæ in insulis Maderæ, Barbados,
Nieves et St. Christophori nascuntur, Londini, 1696. (2) A _voyage_ to
the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica.
London, 1707-1725, fol.
See pages 18. 73. 188. 203. 288. 591. 615. 629. 710.
=Susruta.= The author of “_Ayurvedas_,” _i.e._ the book of health,
an old Sanskrit medical work in which a large number of eastern
drugs are mentioned. It was first printed in the original language
at Calcutta, 2 vols., 1835-1836, and afterwards translated under
the name _Susrutas Ayurvedas_, id est medicinæ systema a venerabili
_D’hanvantare_ demonstratum, a Susruta discipulo compositum. Nunc
primum ex Sanskrita in Latinum sermonem vertit.... Fr. Hessler,
Erlangæ, 3 vols., 1844-1850. And by the same translator, Commentarii et
annotationes in Susrutæ ayurvedam, 1852-1855. Susruta was once supposed
to have written centuries before Christ, but chiefly the researches of
Prof. Haas, London, in the _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_, xxx. (1876) 617 _sqq._ and xxxi. (1877) 647, make it not
improbable that the Sanskrit “Susruta” might have been generated from
the Greek Hippokrates by way of the intermediate form “Bukrat.” The
oldest testimony as to the time of Susruta (and Charaka, see before) is
the statement of Ibn Abu Oseibiah, in the 13th century, that Susruta
had been translated into Arabic about the end of the 8th century.
See pages 154. 188. 211. 225. 295. 315. 421. 425. 436. 503. 547. 572.
644.
=Tabernæmontanus=, Jacob Theodor, physician at Heidelberg; died A.D.
1590. A pupil of Tragus.—Neuw Kreuterbuch, Frankfurt, 1588, folio;
second part, 1591, both with fig. Later editions, also in German,
by Caspar Bauhin and Hieronymus Bauhin. Latin translation, Eicones
plantarum seu stirpium ... Francofurti, 1590, with 2225 engravings.
See pages 308. 390. 731.
=Talbor=, or also =Tabor=, Robert, 1642-1681. This singular personage
having been apprenticed to Dear, an apothecary of Cambridge, settled
in Essex, where he practised medicine with much success. He afterwards
came to London, and in 1672 published a small book called Πυρετολογία,
_a rational account of the cause and cure of agues_ (London, 12°). As
stated at page 344, he was appointed physician to the king, and on 27th
July of the same year, received the honour of knighthood at Whitehall.
But he was not a member of the College of Physicians; and to save him
from attack, Charles II. caused a letter to be written restraining
that body from interfering with him in his medical practice. (Baker,
_l.c._ at page 344, note 1). The appointment as royal physician, made
in consideration of “good and acceptable services performed,” led
to the issuing of a patent under the Privy Seal, dated 7th August,
1678, granting to Sir Robert Talbor an annuity of £100 per annum,
together with the profits and privileges appertaining to a physician
in ordinary to the sovereign. In 1679 Talbor visited France and Spain,
as recorded in the _Recueil des nouvelles_ etc. pendant l’année 1679
(Paris, 1780) 466 (this includes the _Gazette de France_, 23rd Sept.,
1679). The journey to Spain he made in the suite of the young queen of
Spain, Louise d’Orléans, niece of Louis XIV., of whom he is described
as _premier médecin_. During Talbor’s absence, his practice in London
was carried on by his brother, Dr. John Talbor, as is proved by an
advertisement in the _True News_ or _Mercurius Anglicus_, January
7-10, 1679. In France Talbor had the good fortune to cure the Dauphin
of an attack of fever, and also treated with success other eminent
persons. (See _Lettres de Madame de Sévigné_, nouv. ed. tome v., 1862,
559; also tome vi., letters of 15th and 29th Sept, and 6th Oct. 1679.)
The physicians both in England and France were exceedingly jealous of
the successes of an irregular practitioner like Talbor, and averse to
admit the merits of his practice. Yet D’Aquin, first physician to Louis
XIV., prescribed _Vin de Quinquina_, as well as powdered bark, for the
king in 1686.—See J. A. Le Roi, J. _Journal de la santé du roi Louis
XIV._, Paris, 1862. 171. 431. But Talbor’s happy results brought him
into favour with Louis XIV., who induced him, in consideration of a sum
of 2,000 louis d’or and an annual pension of 2,000 livres, to explain
his mode of treatment, which proved to consist in the administration of
considerable doses of cinchona bark infused in wine, as will be seen
in the pamphlet: _Les admirables qualitez du Kinkina confirmées par
plusieurs expériences_, Paris, 1689. 12°. Talbor did not long enjoy his
prosperity, for he died in 1681, aged about 40 years. He was buried in
Trinity Church, Cambridge, where a monumental inscription describes
him as—“_Febrium malleus_” and physician to Charles II., Louis XIV,
and the Dauphin of France. In Talbor’s will, proved by his widow, Dame
Elizabeth Talbor, alias Tabor, relict and executrix, 18th Nov. 1861,
and preserved at Doctors’ Commons, mention is made of an only son,
Philip Louis.
See page 344.
=Theophrastos Eresios=, of Eresos, in the island of Lesbos, about
370-285 B.C. The earliest botanical author in Europe, having consigned
in his works, written about the year 314 B.C. or later, an admirable
amount of excellent observations, either of his own, or, as many
suggest, originated from Aristotle. Among the numerous editions of
Theophrast’s works (printed as early as A.D. 1483) we may point out
Wimmer’s Latin translations, tom. i. _Historia plantarum_, tom. ii. _De
Causis plantarum._ Leipzig, 1854; or the French edition of the same
translator, Théophraste, Oeuvres complètes. Paris, 1866, Firmin Didot.
See pages 42. 97. 136. 142. 146. 147. 161. 166. 175. 179. 234. 259.
292. 310. 321. 393. 418. 439. 519. 529. 567. 576. 595. 598. 620. 644.
661. 664. 677. 690. 715. 723. 733.
=Tournefort=, Joseph Pitton de, 1656-1708. Important as are his
attempts to establish a scientific classification of plants, his merits
as a careful observer (1700-1702) of eastern plants are of still more
weight from a pharmaceutical standpoint. The latter is evidenced by his
Relations d’un _voyage_ du Levant.... Paris, 1717, 2 vols.
See pages 163. 175.
=Tragus= (Bock), Hieronymus, 1498-1554. A friend and pupil of Brunfels
(see B.), protestant clergyman at Hornbach, near Zweibrücken, Bavarian
Palatinate. He gave remarkably good descriptions of the indigenous
plants, with figures, in his “_Kreuterbuch_,” the best edition of which
was published in German at Strassburg, A.D. 1551, and a translation in
1552: Hieronymi Tragi, de stirpium, maxime earum quæ in Germania nostra
nascuntur usitatis nomenclaturis, etc. libri très.
See pages 170. 295. 384. 388. 434. 450. 456. 469. 540. 665. 676. 694.
699. 731. 734.
=Turner=, William, born at Morpeth, Northumberland (date not known),
died 1568. In 1538 he was a student of theology and medicine in
Pembroke College, Cambridge. Turner lived many years in Germany, and
was an intimate friend of _Conrad Gesner_. The “New _Herball_, wherein
are contayned the names of herbes in Greeke, Latin, ... and in the
potecaries and herbaries ... with the properties etc., by William
Turner, London, 1551; the seconde parte, Collen (Cologne), 1562; the
third parte, London, 1568,” is the earliest scientific work on botany
in the English literature. To its author is also due the foundation of
the Kew Gardens.
See pages 292. 378. 480. 556. 568. 571. 729.
=Vasco da Gama=—See =Roteiro=.
=Vegetius Renatus.= A treatise on veterinary medicine, written
apparently about the beginning of the 5th century of our era, is
attributed to an author of the above name. See _Choulant_, p. 223 of
the work quoted before (p. 751).
See pages 175. 380.
=Vignolius=—See =Liber pontificalis=.
=Vindicianus=, physician to the Emperor _Valentinianus_ I., about A.D.
364-375. For further information see _Choulant’s_ work (quoted at p.
751), p. 215; also _Haller_, Bibl. bot. i. 151.
See page 559.