Hammond, see Miall.
Hampson, on scent-glands, 391.
Haplopus, 521.
Harpes, 180.
Harpiphorus, 618.
Harpyia, 375.
Hatching, process of, 583;
spine, 585.
Hauser, on organs of smell, 267, 269, 279.
Head, 42;
blood-vessels in, 405;
completion of head of embryo, 548;
formation of, in aculeate Hymenoptera, 57;
lobes, 544;
number of segments in, 50, 54;
of Musca, post-embryonic development of, 675;
post-embryonic development of appendages of, 653.
Hearing, organs of, 287.
Heart, 397;
beat, 411;
free from histolysis, 667;
origin of, 572, 577;
pericardial diaphragm, 402;
propulsatory apparatus, 401;
supraspinal vessel, 403.
Heathcote, on double segments of Diplopods, 14.
Heider, on embryology of Hydrophilus, 530.
Heinemann, on the firefly, 426.
Helcodermatous spines, 612.
Helecomitus, 616.
Helichus, 474.
Heliconidæ, 379.
Helm, on spinning-glands, 339.
Hemelytra, 124.
Hemerobiidæ, hatching spine of, 585.
Hemimetabola, 598.
Hemiptera, cardo of, 69;
fœtid glands of, 372;
lacinia of, 74;
palps of, 68;
salivary glands of, 333;
stipes of, 69.
Hepialus, 392, 495.
Heptagenia, 467;
lingua of, 73.
Heredity, bearer of, 498;
homochronous, 708.
Heremetabola, 597.
Herold, on the metamorphosis of the butterfly, 642;
on wing-germs, 128.
Heterochrony, 542.
Heterometabola, 597.
Heymons, on homologies of the labrum, 43;
on nature of elytra, 126;
on origin of fat-body, 575;
on paired sexual openings, 493;
premandibular segment, 52;
on the primitive segments of Phyllodromia, 563;
on reproductive glands, 575;
tentorium, 50.
Hicks, on auditory organs, 293;
on olfactory organs, 266.
Histogenesis, 650.
Histolysis, 643, 650, 678, 680, 685, 688.
Hoffbauer, on the structure of elytra, 125.
Holmgren, on tracheal end-cells, 437.
Holometabola, 598.
Holometabolous insects, 595.
Holopneustic type of tracheal system, 459.
Holoptic head, 98.
Homalotylus, 623.
Homoptera, number of moults of, 616.
Homotenous insects, 597.
Honey-dew, 364;
deterrent use of, 365;
sac, 309;
stomach, 309.
Hopkins, on pigments, 207.
Hornia, hypermetamorphosis of, 693.
Horns, 187.
Horn, on loss of tarsi, 101;
on Platypsylla, 62.
House-fly, thorax of, 88.
Hum of bee, 295.
Hunter, John, on the air-sacs, 456.
Hurst, on the formation of the imago in Culex, 670.
Hybocampa, 635.
Hydrobius, 471.
Hydrophilus, 374, 432;
embryology of, 536, 537, 542, 546, 558, 575.
Hydropsyche, blood-gills of, 475;
gills of, at all stages, 469.
Hydroüs, 49, 50.
Hylotoma, 52.
Hymenoptera, composition of the head in, 55;
mouth-parts of, 79, 81;
olfactory organs of, 277;
open stigmata of, 462;
poison glands of, 357;
post-embryonic changes in, 661;
salivary glands of, 334.
Hyperchiria io, 187, 378;
poisonous spines of, 192.
Hypermetamorphosis, described, 688;
causes of, 693.
Hypodactyle, 73.
Hypoderma, 518.
Hypodermis, 188, 612;
origin of an imago, 678.
Hypopharynx, 13, 54, 68, 70.
Hypoptère, 89.
Icerya, 616, 626.
Ichneumon, 622;
hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
poison glands of, 359.
Ileum, 317.
Imaginal buds, 653;
disks, 653.
Imago, formation of, in Chironomus, 671;
Corethra, 668;
Culex, 668;
Hymenoptera, 661;
Lepidoptera, 641;
Melophagus, 686;
Musca, 673;
of fly, development of internal organs of, 678;
Simulium, 668.
Incasement theory, 641.
Indusium, 534.
Infra-anal lobe, 183.
Infraœsophageal ganglion, 227.
Ingluvies, 303.
Insecta, diagnostic characters of, 26.
Insects, ancestry of, 17;
number of species of, 1;
relation of, to other Arthropoda, 2;
Symphyla, 18.
Intestine, fore, embryonic development of, 547;
formation, imaginal, 682;
hind, 316, 547;
histology of, 316;
large, 316;
mid, 314;
origin of, 569.
Invaginations of the imaginal buds, 678.
Involution of the embryonic membranes, 556.
Isotoma, 534.
Jackson, on the structure of the cremaster and pupa, 639.
Janet on muscular fibres, 216.
Japyx, 486.
Jolia, 466.
Jugum, 123.
Julus, larva of, 14.
Katydid, 616.
Kellogg, on Androconia, 199;
on spinules, 197;
on striæ of scales, 195, 198;
on use of scales, 195.
Kennel, on origin of tracheæ of Peripatus, 443.
Kenyon, on double segments of Diplopods, 14;
on mushroom bodies, 234.
Kettelhoit, on specific characters of, 195.
Kingsley, on classification of Myriopoda, 12.
Kirbach, on salivary duct, 336.
Kirby and Spence, views of, on metamorphosis, 642.
Klapálek, on gills of case-worms, 467;
on sub-nymph of Agriotypus, 701.
Klemensiewiez, on eversible glands, 377.
Kolbe, on atrophy of tarsi, 101;
on blood, 408;
on flight of Agrioninæ, 159;
on tracheæ, 435;
on tracheal gills of Perla, 477;
on embryology of the mole-cricket, 529, 572.
Korschelt, on the egg-tubes, 502;
on egg-genesis, 504.
Korschelt and Heider, on the embryology of insects, 531, 535, 538, 554,
559, 570, 579;
on formation of the imago of Corethra, 668;
on position of genital glands in myriopods, 15;
on stem form of myriopods, 17.
Koulaguine, on dorsal opening of urinary tubes, 355.
Kowalevsky, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on embryonic membranes, 562;
on origin of blood corpuscles, 574;
experiments on feeding maggots with lacmus, 326;
on fat-body, 420;
on embryo origin of fat-body, 574;
on the mesoderm of the rudiments of the appendages, 675;
on openings of heart, 400;
on pericardial cells, 420;
on phagocytes, 421, 422, 655;
phagocytosis, 686.
Kraepelin, on homologies of the ovipositor, 168;
on organs of smell, 267;
on taste, 282.
Krancher, on the stigmata, 438.
Krauss, on eversible glands, 371.
Krawkow, on chitin, 29.
Krukenberg, on colors, 202, 205, 206.
Künckel d’Herculais, on beating of heart throughout the post-embryonic
changes, 686;
on the origin of the imaginal from the larval legs, 654.
Kupffer, on fine tracheæ, 435.
Labella, 13, 446.
Labial palpi, imaginal buds of, 658.
Labidura, 491.
Labium, 68, 549.
Labrum, 42, 79;
epipharynx, 43, 79;
origin of, 546, 547;
homologies of, 546, 547.
Lacaze-Duthiers on the ovipositor, 167, 169.
Lace-winged fly, 517.
Lachnosterna, nervous system of, 225.
Lachnus, 372.
Lacinia, 63;
of Eriocephala, 67;
mandible of Copris, 61;
Ephemera nymph, 61;
mandible of Passalus, 61;
mandible of Phanæus, 61;
mandible of Staphylinus, 61.
Lady-birds, 375;
bug, 375.
Lagoa crispata, 191, 378.
Lamarckian factors, 708.
Lamina supra-analis, 181.
Lampyris, 425, 451.
Landois, on pigment, 207;
on sense of smell, 267;
on origin of the tracheæ and veins of the wings, 145;
on wings as respiratory organs, 461.
Lang, on metamorphosis of seventeen-year Cicada, 698;
on origin of coxal from setiparous glands, 444;
on Peripatus, 9;
on relation of myriopods to insects, 17;
on segmented structure of arthropods, 32;
on respiratory system, 430.
Langley, on the light of the firefly, 426.
Larva, defined, 599;
Campodea-form, or campodeoid, 600;
growth of, 608;
voracity of, 608;
eruciform, 705.
Larvæ, apodous, 103, 653.
Larval insects, tracheal gills of, 466;
stage, 593.
Latreille, on the median segment, 163;
metamorphism, 597;
on the term pupa, 625.
Latzel, on coxal sacs, 14.
Layer, superficial protoplasmic, of egg, 524, 526;
germ, formation of, 558.
Leach, on ametabola, etc., 596.
Leaping power, 219.
Legs, abdominal, of lepidopterous larvæ, and larval saw-flies, are they
true legs?, 552;
atrophy of, 102;
mechanism of, 104;
movements of, 105;
muscles of, 215;
post-embryonic development of, 653, 654;
pulsatile organs in, 405.
Lehrman, on organs of smell, 265.
Leidy, on fœtid glands, 373.
Lens, crystalline, 250, 251.
Lendenfeld on flight, 149, 151, 159.
Léon, on labial palpi of Hemiptera, 68;
tongue of Hemiptera, 73.
Lepidoptera, embryology of, 537;
eversible sacs of, 375;
maxillæ of, 65, 67;
number of moults in, 616, 617;
origin of legs of imago, 654;
paired oviducts, 492;
pupæ of, 628;
testes of, 493, 495.
Lepisma, 52;
double sexual openings in, 486.
Leptiform larvæ, 600.
Leptis, thorax of, 91.
Leucarctia, 391.
Leucine, 352.
Leucocytes, 407, 421, 650, 678, 680, 685;
size of, 407.
Leucopis, 113, 517.
Leydig, on colors, 202, 204;
on nerve-end apparatus in the wing, 153;
on organs of smell, 266;
on tracheæ, 432.
Libellula, 463.
Life, embryonic, length of, 582.
Light of the firefly, 426;
its use, 428.
Ligula, 68.
Limacodes scapha, 606.
Limbs, homologies of, 39;
mechanical origin of, 34, 35;
lost, reproduction of, 619;
result of disuse of, 101.
Limnephilus pudicus, 46;
maxilla of, 65.
Limulus, 5.
Lina, 374, 545, 546.
Lingua, 68, 70.
Lip, under, 68.
Lipochrome, 206.
Liponeura, 475.
Lithocolletis, 618;
its cocoon-cutter, 634.
Litognatha nubilifasciata, 102.
Lobe, axillary, 124;
infra-anal, 183.
Lobes, œsophageal, 237;
antennal, 237;
head, 544;
procephalic, 544, 548;
procerebral, 232.
Lobulus, 124.
Locomotion, 103;
on smooth surfaces, 111.
Locust, air-sacs of, 424, 456;
brain of, 231;
cæcal appendages of, 347;
digestive canal of, 298;
ear of, 288;
head-segments of, 546;
mode of breathing, 451;
hatching, 583;
moulting of, 609;
nervous system of, 223;
number of stages of, 595;
number of moults of, 616;
olfactory organs of, 272;
oviposition of, 520;
rectal glands of, 318;
reproductive organs of, 488, 489.
Locusta viridissima, rectal glands of, 318.
Locy, on pulsatile organs in legs of Nepidæ, 405.
Lonchodes, 521.
Loop of wing, 122.
Lophyrus, 59.
Lora, 68.
Lubbock, on color sense, 261;
on vision, 256–258;
on distribution of tracheæ, 433.
Lucanus, 59, 620;
thorax of, 94;
dama, nervous system of, 225.
Lucas, on segmental arrangement of salivary glands, 337.
Luciola, 424, 427, 451.
Luna moth, its mode of escape from its cocoon, 635.
Lutz, on blood, 275.
Lycæna, 381.
Lymph, 206.
Lyonet, on the imaginal buds, 656;
on wing-germs, 128.
Machilis, 164, 223, 369, 476;
hypopharynx, 72.
MacLeod, on the tænidia, 445.
Macloskie, on the tænidia, 445.
Macrotoma, 616.
Macrurocampa, 375.
Maggots, 607;
rat-tailed, 461, 474.
Malachius, 374.
Male reproductive organs, 485, 494;
origin of, 579.
Malpighi, on germs of wings, 128;
on the heart, 397;
on the metamorphosis of silk moth, 641;
on urinary vessels, 350.
Malpighian tubes, 316, 348.
Mandibles, 59;
composite structure of, 60, 61;
lacinia of, 60, 61;
vestigial, 62.
Manometabola, 597.
Mantidæ, coxal glands of, 372.
Mantis, oötheca of, 517.
Mantis religiosa, embryo of, 584;
hatching of, 584;
number of moults of, 584, 616.
Mantispa, 46, 48, 68, 95, 97;
hypermetamorphosis of, 602, 690, 705;
life-history of, 602.
Marchal on the function of the fat-body, 420.
Marey, on motion of insects, 111.
Marey’s views on flight, 148, 151.
Marshall, on the way Microgaster spins its cocoon, 622.
Mason, Wood, on jointed structure of mandibles, 60;
on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.
Mastopoda pteridis, 103.
Maxillæ, first, 62;
second, 68;
imaginal buds of, 658.
Mayer, A. G., on the development of the wings of Pieris and Danais,
136;
on formation of scales, 196;
on homologies of tracheæ, 443;
pigments, 206–208.
Mayer, Carl, on scales, 197.
May-fly, lingua of nymph of, 73;
number of moults of, 616;
thorax of, 91.
Mechanics of walking, 103.
Mechanism of motion, 32;
of limbs, 35;
of secretion, 326.
Meconium, 611.
Mecoptera, maxillæ of, 65;
number of moults of, 616.
Median segment, 90, 163.
Medifurca, 92.
Megalopyge, 191, 378.
Meinert, on buccal organs of myriopods, 13;
on coxal sacs, 14;
on elytra, 125;
on hypopharynx, 78;
on organs of taste, 281.
Melanoplus, 43, 72, 86, 456;
gastro-ileal folds of, 317;
hatching of, 583;
number of stages of, 595;
rectal glands of, 318;
tongue of, 72.
Meldola, on yellow pigment, 206.
Melipona, 359.
Meloë, 110, 374;
hypermetamorphosis of, 690;
lacinia of mandibles of, 62;
number of moults of, 617;
small eggs of, 524.
Melolontha, 213, 438, 455, 456, 458, 498, 549, 550, 551, 562.
Melophagus, 507;
post-embryonic changes in, 686.
Membrane, peritrophic, 313;
retaining, of pupæ, 638;
serous, 532;
vitelline, 520, 534.
Membranes, embryonic, 531;
formation of, 532;
embryonic, involution of, 556.
Menge on Scolopendrella, 18.
Mentum, 54, 68.
Merostomata, 5.
Mesoderm, 534, 561, 563;
cells, 576.
Mesothorax, 86.
Metabolia, 596.
Metabolous insects, 595.
Metameric structure, 33.
Metamorphoses of insects, 593;
stadia of, 594;
stages, 594.
Metamorphosis, causes of, 607, 705, 708;
significance of, 688.
Metapneustic type of tracheal system, 461.
Metathorax, 87.
Metschnikoff, on embryology of myriopods, 13, 16;
on the germs of the genital glands, 580.
Miall and Denny, on the blood, 407;
on cement glands, 361;
on chitin, 29;
on digestive canal of cockroach, 316, 317;
on heart, 398, 402;
on labium, 53;
on lingua, 72;
on reproductive organs of the cockroach, 487;
on respiration, 452;
on salivary glands, 331;
on tænidia, 447;
on the tentorium, 49;
on urinary tubes and products, 353.
Miall and Hammond, on the differences between the pupa of Lepidoptera
and Diptera, 629;
on the formation of the imago of Chironomus, 671.
Microcentrum, 616.
Microgaster, mode of spinning its cocoon, 622.
Micropteryx, 621, 626;
escape from its cocoon, 633;
hypopharynx of, 76;
labium of, 76;
pupal jaws of, 633.
Micropyle, 522;
use of, 524.
Mid-intestine, 314;
origin of, 569.
Minchin, on eversible glands, 370.
Minot, on cæca of stomach, 347;
on colors, 203;
on the cuticula, 187;
on digestive canal, 318, 320, 321;
on distribution of tracheæ, 433;
on gastro-ileal folds, 317;
on rectal glands, 318;
on tænidia, 445.
Molar, 61.
Mole-cricket, 102, 527, 543, 572, 574;
digestive canal of, 350;
urinary tubes of, 350.
Mosaic theory of vision, 257.
Moseley, on circulation of blood, 410;
on composition of chitin, 30.
Mosquito, 461, 464, 465;
poison gland of, 359;
sense of hearing of, 292.
Moulting, process of, 609;
hairs and spines, 612.
Moults, number of, 615.
Mouth, 302;
-appendages, buds of, 665;
of embryo, 537.
Müller, F., on blood-gills, 475;
on larvæ of Psychodes and of Blepharocera, 474;
on non-inheritance of the complete metamorphosis, 595.
Müller, J., on alluring glands, 391;
on heart, 399;
on sense and organs of smell, 265;
on the development of wings, 138, 143;
on vision, 255.
Müller, W., on gills of Paraponyx, 470.
Müller’s, J., thread, 577.
Mumia, 625.
Musca, 88, 111;
embryology of, 530, 536, 563;
wing-germs of, 133.
Muscidæ, appendages of imago, development of, 674;
post-embryonic changes in, 666, 673, 678, 681.
Muscles, 31;
of caterpillars, 213;
of cockchafer, 213;
of Cossus, 211;
destruction of, during metamorphosis, 680;
of flight, 149;
of Pygæra, 211;
respiratory, 454;
structure of, 215.
Muscular fibres, 214;
power, 217, 219;
system, 211.
Musculature, mode of origin of, 574.
Mushroom bodies, 233.
Mutilations, inheritance of, 102.
Myriopoda, 11.
Myrmeleon, maxilla of, 64;
palpifer of, 69.
Mystacides, scent scales of, 199.
Nagel, on saliva of larval Dyticus, 324.
Nassonow, on double sexual openings, 486.
Necrophorus, tracks of, 109.
Nematois, 496.
Nematus, 53, 54, 618.
Nemognatha, epipharynx of, 285;
maxillæ of, 64, 65;
organs of taste in, 285.
Nemoptera, larva of, 42.
Nemoura, 468.
Neolamarckian factors, 708.
Neolepidoptera, 628.
Nepa, 523.
Nephridia, 348.
Nepionic stage or form, 706.
Nepticula, 606.
Nerve-centre, 222.
Nerve-centres, functions of, 243;
antennal, 650.
Nerves, motor, 222;
motor, degeneration of, during metamorphosis, 684;
optic, 650;
peripheral, transformation of, 684;
sensory, 222;
stomogastric, 238;
sympathetic, 238;
visceral, 238.
Nervous system, 222;
formation of, 566;
free from histolysis during pupation, 667, 684;
origin of, 554, 566;
primitive rolls or strips, 566;
slight changes in, during metamorphosis, 684.
Neuroblasts, 567.
Neuromeres, 227, 231.
Neuroptera, 632;
lingua of, 69.
Newman, on the median segment, 163.
Newport, on changes in nervous system of Sphinx during metamorphosis,
648;
on circulation, 409;
on heart, 399;
on larval Julus, 13;
on the median segment, 163;
on muscular power, 94;
on muscles of Sphinx, 213;
on number of segments of head, 50;
on occiput, 48;
on the process of moulting in Sphinx, 610, 611;
Scolopendrella, 18;
on sense of smell, 265;
on tentorium, 49;
on tracheal gills of Pteronarcys, 476.
Nola, 618.
Nucleus, division, 530;
sperm, 525.
Nusbaum, on origin of efferent sexual passages, 578.
Nymphalid pupæ, 631.
Nymph, 706;
stage, 593, 600;
sub-, 701.
Occipital foramen, 46.
Occiput, 48, 53.
Ocellus, 249;
development of, 567.
Ockler, on feet of insects, 115.
Odonata, 53;
embryology of, 540;
labium of, its mode of origin, 549;
lateral gills of, 468;
lingua of, 73;
number of moults of, 616;
nymphs, 460, 463.
Odors, 368.
Œcanthus, 476;
embryology of, 541, 544, 549, 551, 573.
Œceticus, 634.
Œnocytes, 423.
Œsophageal valve, 311;
valvule, 312.
Œsophagus, 303.
Œstridæ, 618.
Oken, on homology of maxillæ with legs, 39.
Olfactory organs, 264.
Oligonephria, 354.
Oligoneuria, 466.
Ommateum, 250.
Onychium, 97.
Oölemma, 520.
Oötheca, 517.
Operculum, 181.
Optic nerves, 650.
Optic tract, 253.
Opticon, 253.
Oral appendages, 549.
Orchelimum, 534.
Organ, dorsal, 535, 556.
Organs, sensory, 249;
of smell, 264.
Orgyia, 377, 618;
poisonous hairs of, 192.
Orgyia antiqua, number of moults of, 618.
Orthoptera, fœtid glands of, 369;
number of moults of, 616;
phagocytes in, 421;
salivary glands of, 331;
tongue of, 70.
Orya, 424.
Osmeterium, 377.
Osten Sacken, on holoptic heads of Diptera, and on running flies, 98.
Ostia, 397, 400.
Otiocerus, 58.
Oudemans, on relation of myriopods to insects, 17.
Oustalet, on rectal respiration, 463.
Ovarian tubes, 501;
formation of, 578.
Ovaries, 500, 502;
formation of, 578;
groups of, 502.
Oviduct, 500, 503;
double openings of, 486;
origin of, 578, 579.
Oviducts, segmental arrangement of, 486.
Oviposition, 518, 520.
Ovipositor, 167;
germinal buds of, 665;
imaginal buds of, 666;
origin of, 551.
Ovum, 515, 521, 524.
Packard, A. A., on muscular power of insects, 219;
use of air-sacs, 457.
Pad, peripodal, 653.
Pædogenesis, 708.
Paleacrita vernata, maxilla of, 66.
Paleolepidoptera, 628.
Palmén, on double sexual openings, 490, 492;
on tracheal gills, 459, 466;
on the tentorium, 50.
Palmula, 97.
Palpifer, 63, 68.
Palpus, first maxillary, 63, 64, 67;
second, 68;
in Hemiptera, 68.
Palpi, labial, imaginal buds of, 658.
Pancritius, on wing-germs, 130, 143.
Paniscus, 517.
Panorpa, abdomen of, 162;
maxilla of, 65;
number of moults of, 616.
Panorpidæ, 602.
Papilio, 377.
Paraglossa, 54, 68.
Parapodial glands, 444.
Paraptera, 89.
Parnassius, 381.
Paronychium, 97.
Paraponyx, 470.
Passalus, 61;
rectal glands of, 318.
Pasteur, on the spectrum of the light of the firefly, 426.
Patagia, 89.
Patten, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on the homologies of the tracheæ, 444;
salivary glands, 337.
Patula, 391.
Pauropus, 18.
Paussus, 57.
Pawlowa, on blood-vessels in the head, 405.
Pedicel, 57.
Pediculina, embryology of, 541.
Pelidnota, moulting of, 611.
Pellicle, subimaginal, 613.
Pelobius, 461, 475.
Penis, 180;
velum of, 181.
Pericardial cells, 405;
diaphragm, 402;
septum, 574.
Periopticon, 231, 253.
Peripatus, 9, 580;
nephridia of, 349;
trachea of, 443.
Peripodal cavity, 669;
membrane, 669;
sac, 653.
Periplaneta, 72, 370;
egg-tubes of, 501;
tongue of, 72.
Peritoneal membrane, 444.
Peritracheal circulation, 397;
membrane, 444.
Peritreme, 90.
Peritrophic membrane, 313.
Perlidæ, 69, 468, 491, 493.
Perris, on organs of smell, 266.
Phagocytes, 421, 650, 655, 680, 683, 685.
Phagocytosis, 421.
Phanæus, 61;
reduced tarsi of, 101.
Phanæus pegasus, 188.
Phaneroptera, 44.
Pharynx, 302.
Phasmidæ, eggs of, 521.
Phosphorescence, 424;
physiology of, 426.
Photogenic organ of beetles, 424.
Phragma, 93.
Phryganea, 455.
Phyllium, 521.
Phyllocnistis, 606.
Phyllodromia, 506;
embryology of, 541, 563, 583;
eversible glands of, 370;
fat-body, origin of, 575;
micropyle of eggs of, 523;
pleuropodia of, 551;
origin of sexual organs of, 576, 578–580;
mode of hatching, 583;
oötheca of, 519.
Phytonomus, 617.
Phytophagous larvæ, 606.
Pictet, on blood gills, 475.
Pieris, 39, 614;
embryology of, 546;
green pigment of, 206;
post-embryonic changes of, 651;
wing-germs of, 133.
Pigment, 183, 203;
chemical nature of, 206;
of eye, 253;
physical nature of, 206.
Pits, olfactory, 271.
Planta, 638.
Plantula, 97.
Plate, extensor, of foot, 116;
pressure, 116.
Plateau, on digestion, 324;
on functions of ganglia, 244;
on muscular power, 217;
on respiration, 453;
on vision, 256, 259.
Platycrania, 521.
Platygaster, hypermetamorphosis of, 701;
sexual cells of, 581.
Platypsyllus, 62.
Platysamia, 460.
Platyzosteria, 371.
Plectoptera, 459, 466.
Pleuropodia, 476, 551, 583.
Pleurum, 87.
Plumules, 198.
Pocock, on classification of myriopoda, 12, 21.
Poduridæ, 574.
Poisonous spines, 191, 199.
Poisons, effect of, on pulsations, 412;
on hairs, 191, 199.
Poison apparatus, 357;
glands, 357;
nature of, 357.
Polar cells, 580.
Polymitarcys, 467.
Polymorphous insects, 597.
Polynema, hypermetamorphosis of, 702.
Polynephria, 354.
Polyphemus silkworm, 621.
Polypodous ancestor of insects, 22;
embryos, 550.
Polypody, 550;
suppression of in dipterous embryos, 707.
Pore-canals, 188.
Porthesia, 529.
Postfurca, 92.
Post-gula, 54, 68.
Post-retinal fibres, 231, 232.
Postscutellum, 87.
Pouch, copulatory, 505.
Poujade, on flight, 159.
Poulton, on the differences between the limbs of the pupa and imago,
628.
Præscutum, 87.
Pratt, on absence of polypodous embryo in Muscidæ, 55;
on the dorsal position of the stomodæum of Diptera, 537;
on epigenetic period, 688;
on fate of the leucocytes, 685;
post-embryonic changes of Melophagus, 686;
significance of metamorphosis, 688;
on wing-buds, 127.
Preantennal appendages, 548.
Premandibular segment, 51, 52, 549.
Press of spinning apparatus, 341.
Primitive band, 531;
streak, 531.
Prionocyphon, 472.
Prisopus, 69, 477.
Proboscis, 446.
Procephalic lobes, 544.
Proctodæum, 537, 547, 569.
Prodoxus, 606.
Progoneate myriopods, 21.
Pronotum, 87.
Pronucleus, 526.
Propodeum, 163.
Propupa, 627.
Prosopistoma, 467.
Prostheca, 61.
Prothorax, 86.
Protocerebrum, 231, 232;
its representative in annelids, 227.
Proventricular valvule, 313.
Proventriculus, 306;
“beak” of, 312;
formation of, in imago, 682;
use of, 311, 324, 325.
Prussic acid, 374.
Psephenus, 462, 473.
Pseudoglomeris, 598.
Pseudonychium, 97.
Pseudo-tracheæ, 446.
Psocus, 616.
Psychodes, 474.
Psylla, 361, 518;
glandular hairs of, 192;
nymph of, 163.
Pteronarcys, 468, 476.
Pterygodes, 89.
Pterygota, 27, 595.
Pulex, number of moults of, 617.
Pulex canis, hatching spine of, 586;
hypopharynx of, 77.
Pulling power, 218.
Pulse, 411.
Pulvillus, 97, 114, 116.
Pump, pharyngeal, 302;
adaptation of, to its surroundings, 631;
armature of, 631;
structure, 632.
Pupa, coarctate, 621, 626;
libera, 626;
mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 632;
mode of suspension, 637;
nymphalid, 631;
obtecta, 626;
spines of, 629;
state defined, 625.
Pupa, semi, 691.
Pupal, pseudo-, stage, 691;
sustainers, 638.
Puparium, 621.
Pupation, mechanism of, 661;
process of, 659.
Pupipara, post-embryonic changes in, 686.
Pushing power, 218.
Pygidium, 163.
Pyloric valvule, 315.
Pyrophorus, 424.
Pyrrarctia, 617.
Pyrrhocoris, 372.
Quiescent pupal life, 598.
Ranatra, 523.
Raphidia, 631.
Raschke, on the rectal respiration of Culex, 465.
Rath, Vom, on larval Julus, 13.
Ratzeburg, on composition of head in Hymenoptera, 55.
Réaumur, on the cremaster, 637;
on the double sexual openings of Ephemera, 489;
on germs of wings, 128;
on the heart, 403;
on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
on metamorphosis, 642;
on the origin of legs of imago from those of the larva, 654;
on rectal respiration, 463;
on sense of smell, 264;
on vision, 256.
Rectal glands, 318;
tracheal gills, 463.
Rectum, 318;
of embryo, 577.
Reinhard, on head of Hymenoptera, 55;
on the median segment, 164.
Reproduction, organs of, 485;
origin of, 575.
Repugnatorial glands, distribution of, 382.
Respiration, 430, 451;
rectal, 463.
Respiratory system, 430;
mechanism of, 451.
Resting stage, 707.
Retina, origin of, 568.
Retinula, cells of, 250, 253.
Rhabdites, 167, 517.
Rhabdom, 250.
Rhabdopoda, 176.
Rhipiphorus paradoxus, 697.
Rhopalum, 636;
pupal spines of, 636.
Rib, Semper’s, 121.
Ribs of wings, 146.
Ridges, primitive, of nervous system, 554.
Riley, on the cremaster, 637;
egg-burster, 585;
hatching of seventeen-year Cicada, 584;
life-history of Epicauta, 692.
Rods of eye, 253.
Rods, visual, of eye, origin of, 568.
Rombouts, on locomotion of insects on smooth surfaces, 114.
Ruptor ovi, 585.
Ryder, on loss of tarsi, 101;
on Scolopendrella, 19.
Sacs, air, 456;
use of, 457;
coxal, 14;
eversible, 369;
hypodermal, 653.
Saliva, 324;
poisonous, 359.
Salivary duct of Stomoxys, 446;
glands, 331, 570;
glands, formation of imaginal during metamorphosis, 683;
homologues of coxal glands, 337;
modified, 337;
segmental arrangement of, 331.
Savigny on epipharynx, 43;
on homologies of appendages, 39, 71.
Saw-fly, 374.
Scale-hairs, 198.
Scales, 187, 193, 202;
battledore, 198;
development of, 195;
distribution of, 193;
of fly’s wing, 124;
scent, 198;
flattened, 193;
striæ of, 194, 202.
Scape, 57.
Scent-glands, 39.
Scent-scales, 198.
Scepsis, 618.
Schæffer, on blood, etc., in the pupal wings, 146;
the fat-body, 420;
leucocytes, 421;
on origin of scales, 196;
on the rudimentary wings, 128.
Schatz, on colors of butterflies, 202.
Schiemenz, on salivary glands of bees, 334.
Schindler, on urinary tubes, 351.
Schiödte on blood-gills, 475.
Schmidt, on the metamorphosis of male Coccidæ, 640;
Scolopendrella, 21, 24.
Schneider, on the funnel of the proventriculus, 313;
on spermatophores, 500.
Sciara, 348, 636.
Sclerites, cervical, 46.
Scolopendrella, 18;
the ancestor of insects, 17;
spinning glands, 346.
Scudder on the glazed eye of pupal butterflies, 631.
Scutellum, 87.
Scutum, 87.
Secretion, definition of, 327;
mechanism of, 326;
products of, 329.
Sectores coconis, 634.
Segment, antennal, 227;
deutocerebral, 227;
intercalary, 51;
median, 90, 163;
premandibular, 51, 52, 228;
procerebral, 231.
Segmental arrangement of genital glands, 486.
Segments, number of, in head, 50, 68, 227, 229;
optic, 231;
origin of, 542.
Seirarctia, 618.
Selandria larva, mouth-parts of, 68.
Seminal ducts, 496.
Semipupa, 691.
Semper, ground-membrane of, 136;
on origin of hair-scales, 195.
Sense organs, special, in flies, 293.
Sensory organs, 249.
Serosa, 532.
Setæ, 188.
Sexual differences, secondary, 59, 99, 101, 114;
openings, double, 486, 490, 491.
Sharp, on causes of segmentation of Crustacea, 33;
on cervical sclerites, 46;
on sternites, 92;
homologies of elytra, 126.
Sheep-tick, 507;
post-embryonic changes of, 686.
Sialidæ, 602.
Sialis, 462, 468.
Siebold, organ of, 290;
on spermatophores, 500.
Silk, 340;
composition of, 346.
Silk-fibre, composition of, 346.
Silk-gland, 339;
anal, 346;
appendages of, 345;
histology of, 334;
modified coxal glands, 346;
moulting of, 345.
Silkworm, 331, 339, 366;
amount of food eaten by, 608;
functional salivary glands of, 331;
mode of escape of, from its cocoon, 635;
Polyphemus, 621;
voracity of, 608.
Simmermacher, on feet of insects, 113.
Simulium, 668, 678;
hypopharynx of, 78;
wing-germs of, 129.
Sinclair on double segments of Diplopods, 14.
Sisyra, abdominal appendages of, 164.
Sitaris, 691.
Slug-worm, 188.
Smell, experiments on, 269;
organs of, 264, 271;
physiology of, 268;
sense of, 368.
Smith, on lack of fore-tarsi in a moth, 102;
jointed structure and lacinia of mandibles, 61;
maxilla, 65;
on scent-glands, 391.
Sole, extensor, 116.
Somites, 30.
Sorby, on change of color in Aphides, 205.
Sounds, 293.
Specius, 585.
Spengel, on color sense, 260.
Spermatheca, 506.
Spermatid, 498.
Spermatocyte, 498.
Spermatogonium, 498.
Spermatophore cap, 499.
Spermatophores, 497, 499.
Spermatozoa, 497, 525;
formation of, 498.
Sperm-nucleus, 525.
Sphinx, 456, 552;
moulting of, 610.
Sphinx ligustri, changes during metamorphosis, 646.
Spilosoma, 391.
Spindle, directive, 525.
Spines, 187, 189;
glandular, 190;
helcodermatous, 612;
locomotor, 612;
moulting, 612;
poisonous, 189.
Spinneret, 342;
of caterpillars, 75.
Spinning apparatus, 340;
at end of body, 346;
glands, 339;
process of, 340.
Spinules, 189, 197.
Spiracles, 437;
types of, 438.
Spiral thread, 444;
absence of, 447;
origin of, 448.
Spraying apparatus, 370.
Spring of Collembola, 551.
Spuler, on pigments, 207, 208;
on structure of scales, 195, 197.
Squama, 123.
Squamæ, 124.
Squamula, 124.
Squamule, 89.
Stadia of metamorphosis, 594.
Stage, carabidoid, 692;
gastrula, 535;
metabolous, 594;
resting, 707;
scarabæidoid, 692.
Stages, ametabolous, 594.
Stagmomantis carolina, embryo of, 584;
hatching of, 584.
Staphylinus, 61, 454.
Stenobothrus sibiricus, swollen foretarsus in male, 113.
Stenosternus, 101.
Sternum, 87, 89.
Stigmata, 437;
closed, 460;
closing apparatus of, 441;
mesothoracic, 462;
number of, in the embryo, 554;
number of pairs of, 439, 461;
position of, 440;
vestigial, 460.
Sting, bee’s, 172.
Stipes, 63.
Stokes, on the tænidia, 445;
hairs in, 451.
Stomach, chyle, 314, 325;
absorbent cells of, 328;
glandular cells of, 327;
formation of, in imago fly, 681, 682;
origin of, 569.
Stomach-mouth, 309.
Stomodæum, 537, 547, 569.
Stomoxys, 446.
Strauss-Dürckheim, on the heart, 397;
on muscles of cockchafer, 213.
Streak, embryonal, 531;
primitive, 531.
Streblopus, 101.
Striæ of scales, 194, 202.
Styles, abdominal, 176;
of ovipositor, 167.
Stylopidæ, 486;
hypermetamorphosis of, 695.
Stylops childreni, triungulin larva of, 695.
Subgalea, 73.
Submentum, 54, 63, 68, 69.
Substance, fibrillar nerve, 238.
Sucking stomach, 302, 305.
Supra-anal plate, 181.
Supra-œsophageal ganglion, 231.
Supra-spinal vessel, 403.
Suranal plate, 181.
Surroundings, physical, 463.
Sustainers of the pupa, 638.
Swammerdam, on discovery of air-sacs, 456;
on germs of wings, 128;
on the mechanism of pupation, 661;
on metamorphosis, 599;
on rectal respiration, 463.
Swimming, act of, 116.
Symphyla, 18;
characters of, 22.
Synaptera, 27, 534, 594, 705.
Syromastes, 372.
Tabanus, 629;
mouth-parts of, 79.
Tænidia, 444;
origin of, 447, 448.
Talæporia, 634.
Talocera, 57.
Tanypus, 472.
Tarsus, 96;
changes of, from larva to imago of Lepidoptera, 655;
reduction in or loss of, 101, 102.
Taste, organs of, 281.
Tegeticula yuccasella, 65, 66.
Tegmina, 124.
Tegula, 89, 124, 125.
Telea polyphemus, amount of food eaten by, 608;
cocoon of, 621;
moulting of, 610;
thorax of, 88.
Teleas, hypermetamorphosis of, 703.
Telephorus, 111, 538;
tenent hairs of, 99.
Tenebrio, 617.
Tenent hairs, 99.
Tentacle of maxilla, 65.
Tentorium, 49.
Tergum, 87.
Termen, 122.
Termes, abdomen, 162;
origin of wings of, 140, 143.
Termes flavipes, 64.
Termopsis, 48, 64.
Testes, 487, 495;
incipient eggs in the germ of the testis, 504.
Theory of incasement, 641.
Thomas, on origin of scent-scales, 199.
Thorax, 86, 95;
gills on, 468.
Thread-plate, 575.
Thread, spiral, 444;
origin of, 447, 448.
Thyridium, 124.
Thyridopteryx, 634.
Thysanoptera, nymph of, 597.
Thysanura, 72;
cercopods of, 164;
genital organs of, 486.
Tibia, 96;
formation of, in imago of Lepidoptera, 655.
Tineid larva, wing-buds of, 652;
wing-germs of, 129.
Tipula, 629;
flight of, 151, 152;
thorax of, 91.
Tissue, connective, 574.
Tongue, 70.
Torulus, 57.
Tracheæ, 431, 442;
capillary, 655;
distribution of, 432;
end-cells, 437;
hairs in, 451;
moulting of, 612;
origin of, 553;
origin of, in worms, 442;
size of, 433;
of wings, 144.
Tracheal gills, of adult insects, 476;
rectal, 463.
Tracheal system, amphipneustic type, 462;
apneustic type, 459;
closed, 459;
holopneustic type, 459;
metapneustic type, 461;
peripneustic type, 462;
propneustic type, 462;
reformation of, in metamorphosis, 683.
Tracheoles, 126, 653.
Tract, optic, 253.
Trajectory made by wings, 150.
Tribolium, 617.
Trichodes, tracks of, 110.
Trichogen, 188, 199, 366.
Trichoptera, 469;
appendages, 550;
development of wings of, 142;
embryology of, 537;
eversible glands of, 375;
haustellum of, 75;
hypopharynx of, 74;
pupal jaws of, 633;
spinneret, 74.
Trilobita, 5.
Tritocerebrum, 231, 237.
Triunguline larva, 100, 693, 695.
Trochanter, 496;
divided, 97.
Trochantine, 95.
Trogoderma, 617.
Trophi, 54, 59, 549.
Trouvelot, on the moulting fluid, 610;
process of moulting of Telea, 610;
spinning of cocoon by Telea, 621.
Truxalis, 422.
Tubercles, 187, 192.
Tubes, egg, 501;
ovarian, 501;
urinary, 316, 317, 348, 353, 572.
Tympanum, 289.
Typhlocyba, 616.
Uljanin, on the sexual cells of the honey bee, 582.
Ungues, 96.
Uranidin, 206.
Urates, 352.
Urea, 352.
Urech, on pigments, 206, 208.
Uric acid, 352.
Urinary bladder, 351;
tubes, 316, 317, 348;
absent in Collembola, 353;
excretions of, 351;
origin of, 572;
primitive number of, 352;
solid contents of, 352.
Urine, 206.
Urite, 163.
Uromeres, 163.
Uro-patagia, 183.
Urosome, 163.
Urosternites, 163.
Uterus, 507.
Utriculi, 487.
Uzel, on the embryology of Campodea, 51, 53;
premandibular segment in Campodea, 51, 52.
Vagina, 507.
Valery-Mayet, on life-history of Sitaris, 691.
Vallisneri, on the cremaster, 637.
Valvule, cardiac, 312;
proventricular, 313;
pyloric, 315.
Van Bemmelen, on colors, 208.
Vanessa antiopa, 638.
Vanessa io, 381.
Vanessa urticæ, before pupation, 644;
changes in nervous system during its metamorphosis, 646.
Van Rees, on post-embryonic changes of Muscidæ, 673, 674, 676, 680,
683, 684.
Vas deferens, 496;
origin of, 579.
Vasa deferentia, 496;
origin of, 579.
Vayssière, on lingua of Ephemera, 73.
Veins of wings, 121, 144.
Velum penis, 181.
Venomous glands, 358.
Vent, 319.
Ventriculus, 314.
Vermipsylla, tongue of, 77.
Verson, on serially arranged dermal glands, 366;
vestigial stigmata, 460.
Vesicles, air, 456;
use of, 457;
frontal, 621;
of head of semipupal fly, 677.
Vespa crabro, 217;
olfactory organs of, 276.
Vessel, dorsal, 397;
urinary, 316, 348.
Vestigial tracheæ, 460.
Viallanes, on brain, 231;
head segments, 51.
Vision, mode of, by compound eyes, 256;
by simple eyes, 255.
Vitelline membrane, 520.
Viviparous insects, 515.
Volucella, thorax of, 91.
Vosseler, on fœtid glands, 369.
Wagner, on the circulation, 419.
Walking, mechanics of, 103, 106.
Walter, on epipharynx of moths, 44;
on hypopharynx of moths, 75.
Wasps, taste-organs of, 277, 286.
Wax, of butterfly, 364;
of caterpillar, 364;
of saw-fly larva, 364.
Wax-glands, 361, 364.
Weevil, embryology of, 538;
bean and pea, hypermetamorphosis of, 700.
Weismann’s discovery of imaginal buds, 599, 643, 650;
on formation of imago, 67;
vesicle of semipupal fly, 677;
on tracheæ, 434;
on origin of tracheæ, 447;
on origin of wings, 127, 129;
theory of histolysis, 643.
West, Tuffen, on feet of fly, etc., 100;
on walking, 99.
Westwood, on head of Hymenoptera, 55.
Wheeler, on embryonic abdominal appendages, 550;
on the homologies of the ovipositor, 167;
homology and primitive number of urinary tubes, 354, 355;
on œnocytes, 423;
on pleuropodia, 476, 550, 551;
on the premandibular segment, 51;
on structure of chorion, 521.
Wielowiejski, on blood tissue, 408;
egg-tubes, 502;
fat-body, 419;
phosphorescence, 424;
tracheæ and their endings, 436.
Williston, on anal glands, 372.
Will, on organs of taste, 282.
Wing-buds, or discs, 127, 129;
rods, 146;
sheaths, 124.
Wingless insects, 598.
Wings, 120;
buds of, 664;
cells, 121;
circulation of blood in, 410;
development of tracheæ of, 144;
development of veins of, 144;
embryonic development of, 126;
folding of, 154, 156;
imaginal buds of, 653;
mechanism of, 153, 156;
origin of, 138;
primitive origin of, 137;
as respiratory organs, 461;
rudimentary, ground-membrane of, 136;
spreading of, 155;
theory of, 144;
tracheæ in, 122;
veins of, 121.
Wistinghausen, von, on tracheal endings, 436, 447.
Witlaczil, on honey dew, 364.
Wood-Mason, on gills of Paraponyx, 470;
on Scolopendrella, 19, 22.
Xiphidium, embryo of, 534;
indusium of, 534, 535.
Yersin, on results of section of commissures, 245.
Yolk, amount of, 524, 529;
membrane, 520;
segmentation of, 526;
cells, 562;
ridge, median, 563.
Zaitha, 431;
pleuropodia of, 551.
Zone, annular, 653.
-----
Footnote 1:
Zool. Anzeiger, xvi, 1893, pp. 271–5.
Footnote 2:
On the morphology of the Myriopoda, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1883, pp.
197–209.
Footnote 3:
Morphology and classification of the Pauropoda; also American
Naturalist, 1897, p. 410.
Footnote 4:
The term which we proposed for this hypothetical ancestor of insects,
“Leptus-like” or “Leptiform,” was an unfortunate one, since the name
Leptus was originally given to the six-legged larva of a mite
(Trombidium), the origin of the mites and other Arachnida being
entirely different from that of the myriopods and insects.
Footnote 5:
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1873, p. 3.
Footnote 6:
American Naturalist, May, 1880, pp. 375, 376.
Footnote 7:
Zoologische Anzeiger, Bd. xx, 1897, pp. 125 and 129. He also states
that Campodea resembles the myriopods, especially Geophilus, in the
primitive band at first lying on the surface of the yolk, and in the
absence of an amniotic cavity; also before hatching the abdomen is
pressed against the thorax, as in myriopods.
Footnote 8:
“Scolopendrella has very remarkable antennæ; they may be compared each
to a series of glass cups strung upon a delicate hyaline and
extensible rod of uniform thickness throughout; so that, like the body
of the creature, they shrink enormously when the animal is irritated
or thrown into alcohol, and they then possess scarcely two-thirds the
length they have in the fully extended condition, their cup-like
joints being drawn close together, one within the other. Peripatus,
Japyx, many (if not all) Homoptera, and the S. Asiatic relatives of
our common Glomeris have all more or less extensible antennæ.”
(Wood-Mason, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1879, p. 155.)
Footnote 9:
Lassaigne gave it the name of entomoline.
Footnote 10:
Miall and Denny ex Krukenberg; Kolbe gives the formula as
C_{9}H_{15}NO_{6} or C_{18}H_{15}NO_{12}. As the result of his recent
researches, Krawkow (Zeits. Biol., xxix, 1892, p. 177) states that the
chemical composition of chitin may prove to be somewhat variable.
Footnote 11:
On allowing portions of a locust, a piece of the integument of
Limulus, a scorpion, and a myriopod to soak for a month in white
potash, neither were dissolved or affected by the reagent.
Footnote 12:
We may add, while correcting the proofs of this book, that the
important summary, by Uzel, of his work on the embryology of Campodea
appears in the Zoologischer Anzeiger for July 5, 1897. He observes
that the premandibular segment in the embryo is very distinct, and
that the two projections arising from it persist in the adult.
“Campodea is now the first example where these appendages are present
in the sexually mature insect and function as constituents of the
completed mouth parts. I propose for these hitherto overlooked
structures the name of intercalary lobes.” They each form a slightly
developed chitinous lobe covering a gap between the base of the labium
and the fused external lobe and palpus of the first maxillæ (which are
inclined near the labium) in place of the mandibles which have sunken
inward. Uzel also homologizes these appendages with two similar
projections (Höcker) observed in the embryo of Geophilus by Zograf to
be situated in front of the mandibles. Heymons has also detected this
segment in the embryo of Lepisma.
Footnote 13:
While these pages are still in type, we may add, in confirmation of
this view, that Uzel states, from his researches on the embryology of
Campodea, that the maxillary tergites of the embryo only slightly
share in building up the tergal region (occiput) of the head, but that
they form the genæ of the maxillary segments. (Zool. Anzeiger, July 5,
1897, p. 235.)
Footnote 14:
Miall and Denny in their work on the cockroach, in describing the
labium, remark: “The upper edge is applied to the occipital frame, but
is neither continuous with that structure nor articulated thereto. By
stripping off the labium upwards it may be seen that it is really
continuous with the chitinous integument of the neck” (p. 95). This
is, we think, a mistaken view, as proved by the embryology of the
Odonata and of Nematus. Our statements on this subject were first
published in part in 1871, and more fully in the third Report, U. S.
Ent. Commission, 1883, pp. 284, 285. We also stated that all the gular
region of the head probably represents the base of the primitive
second maxillæ.
Footnote 15:
After we had arrived at this conclusion, and written the above lines,
we received the Zoologischer Anzeiger for March 29, 1897, in which Dr.
N. Léon publishes the same view, stating that each side of the
submentum is the homologue of the cardo, and each side of the mentum
corresponds to the stipes of a single maxilla (p. 74).
Footnote 16:
Miall and Denny were the first to homologize the paraglossæ with the
galea and lacinia, showing the complete resemblance of the second
maxillæ to the first pair, remarking that “the homology of the labium
with the first pair of maxillæ is in no other insects so distinct as
in the Orthoptera.” We have also independently arrived at a similar
conclusion, but believe that the mentum corresponds to the first
maxillary cardo, and the palpifer to the first maxillary stipes, the
sclerite of each maxilla being fused to form the base of the labium,
_i.e._ the unpaired mentum and submentum.
Footnote 17:
Uzel states that what is regarded as the ligula of Campodea is formed
from the sternite of the first maxillary segment; while the two parts
regarded as paraglossæ grow out from the sternite of the mandibular
segment, and these three structures together he regards as the
hypopharynx. (Zool. Anzeiger, July 5, 1897, p. 234.)
Footnote 18:
See, also, Breithaupt, Ueber die Anatomie und die Functionen der
Bienenzunge, 1886. It confirms and extends Cheshire’s work.
Footnote 19:
Cholodkowsky, Zool. Anz., ix, p. 615; x, p. 102.
Footnote 20:
Zool. Anz., ix, p. 711.
Footnote 21:
Ent. Amer., v, p. 110, Pl. II, Fig. 7.
Footnote 22:
In his account of his studies on the locomotion of insects, De Moor
states that he obtained the track of each of the feet in different
colors by coating them with different pigments; the insect, as it
moved, left its track on a strip of paper. (Archives de Biologie,
Liège, 1890.)
Footnote 23:
Carlet and also De Moor (1890) confirm Graber’s statement that in
beetles the first and last appendages on the same side are in contact
with the ground, while the middle one is raised. On the other side of
the body the middle appendage is on the ground and the first and last
one raised.
Footnote 24:
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xx, p. 168.
Footnote 25:
Proc. Ent. Soc. London. Feb. 19, 1896. Heymons also shows that the
germs of the elytra of the larva of _Tenebrio molitor_ in the prepupal
stage are like those of other insects. (Sitzungs-Ber. Gesell. natur f.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1896, pp. 142–144.)
Footnote 26:
Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte und Reproductionsfähigkeit der
Orthopteren. Von Vitus Graber. Sitzungsberichte d. math.-naturw.
Classe der Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien. Bd. lv, Abth. i, 1867; also Die
Insekten.
Footnote 27:
On the transformations of the common house fly, by A. S. Packard, Jr.
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xvi, 1874. See Pl.
3, Figs. 12_a_, 12_b_.
Footnote 28:
See our Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 66, Figs. 65, 66.
Footnote 29:
Our Common Insects, 1873, p. 171.
Footnote 30:
Compare the observations of Palmén, Gerstäcker, Vayssière, and others.
Footnote 31:
Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Termiten. Jenaische Zeitschrift für
Naturwissenchaft, Bd. ix, Heft 2, p. 253, 1875. Compare, however,
Palmén’s Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems, Helsingfors, 1877,
wherein he opposes Müller’s view and adopts Gegenbaur’s. See p. 8,
footnote.
Footnote 32:
Pancritius, who also adopted Müller’s views, lays much stress on the
fact that in larvæ of some orders the tracheæ do not enter the
rudimentary wings until the end of larval life, and hence the wings
have not originated from tracheal gills, but were originally “perhaps
only protective covers for the body.”
Footnote 33:
Reproduced from the author’s remarks in Third Report U. S. Ent.
Commission, pp. 268–271, 1883.
Footnote 34:
Von Lendenfeld, however, points out the fact that Straus-Durckheim
proved that the wings of beetles are moved by a complicated system of
numerous muscles. “In the Lepidoptera I have never found less than six
muscles to each wing, as also in the Hymenoptera and Diptera.” “The
motions of the wings of Libellulidæ are the combined working of
numerous muscles and cords, and of a great number of chitinous pieces
connected by joints.”
Footnote 35:
Heymons, however, denies that the so-called cerci in Odonata are such,
and claims that they are the homologues of the “caudal processes”
(superior terminal appendages of Calvert), because they arise from the
tenth abdominal segment.
Footnote 36:
Amer. Nat., iv, December, 1870.
Footnote 37:
Handbuch der Zoologie, p. 17, 1863, Fig. 162.
Footnote 38:
In my account of the anatomy of _Melanoplus spretus_, 1st Report U. S.
Entomological Commission, p. 259, I have called these the infra-anal
flaps or _uro-patagia_.
Footnote 39:
It has been suggested to us by A. A. Packard that the power possessed
by insects of transporting loads much heavier than themselves is
easily accounted for, when we consider that the muscles of the legs of
an insect the size of a house-fly (¼ inch long), and supporting a load
399 times its own weight, would be subjected to the same stress (per
square inch of cross-section) as they would be in a fly 100 inches
long of precisely similar shape, that carried only its own weight;
from the mechanical law that, while the weight of similar bodies
varies as the cube of the corresponding dimensions, the area of
cross-section of any part (such as a section of the muscles of the
leg) varies only as the square of the corresponding dimensions. In
short, the muscles of a fly carrying this great proportional weight
undergo no greater tension than would be exerted by a colossal insect
in walking.
Footnote 40:
This has been shown to be the case by Michels, who states that each
commissure is formed of three parallel bundles of elementary
nerve-fibres, which pass continuously from one end of the ventral or
nervous cord to the other. “The commissures take their origin neither
out of a central punctsubstanz (or marksubstanz), nor from the
peripheral ganglion-cells of the several ganglia, but are mere
continuations of the longitudinal fibres which decrease posteriorly in
thickness, and extend anteriorly through the commissures, forming the
œsophageal ring, to the brain.”
Footnote 41:
The following extract from Newton’s paper shows, however, that the
infra or subœsophageal ganglion, according to Faivre, has the power of
coördinating the movements of the body; still, it seems to us that the
brain is primarily concerned in the exercise of this power, as the
nerves from the subœsophageal ganglion supply only the mouth-parts.
“The physiological experiments of Faivre in 1857 (Ann. des Sci. Nat.
tom. viii, p. 245), upon the brain of Dyticus in relation to
locomotion, are of very considerable interest, showing, as they appear
to do, that the power of coördinating the movements of the body is
lodged in the infraœsophageal ganglion. And such being the case, both
the upper and lower pairs of ganglia ought to be regarded as forming
parts of the insect’s brain.”—Quart. Jour. Micr. Sc., 1879, p. 342.
Footnote 42:
The arthropod protocerebrum probably represents the annelid brain
(supraœsophageal ganglion). The antennal segment (deutocerebrum), with
the premandibular (intercalary) segment (tritocerebrum) originally
postoral, have, as Lankester suggests, in the Arthropoda moved forward
to join the primitive brain. See Wheeler, Journ. Morphology, Boston,
viii, p. 112.
Footnote 43:
Viallanes’ assertion that the instincts of the horse-flies and
dragon-flies are “lower” than those of the locusts, may, it seems to
us, well be questioned.
Footnote 44:
A. S. Packard, Experiments on the vitality of insects, Psyche, ii, 17,
1877.
Footnote 45:
Waterhouse, Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1889, p. xxiv.
Footnote 46:
J. Müller, Physiology of the Senses. Trans. by Baly, copied from
Lubbock, p. 176.
Footnote 47:
Hauser here uses the word _taster_, but this means palpus or feeler.
It is probably a _lapsus pennæ_ for teeth (Kegeln).
Footnote 48:
In 1870 I observed these sense-pits in the antennæ and also in the
cercopoda of the cockroach (_Periplaneta americana_). I counted about
90 pits on each cercus. They are much larger and much more numerous
than similar pits in the antennæ of the same insect. I compared them
to similar pits in the antennæ of the carrion-beetles, and argued that
they were organs rather of the smelling than hearing. (Amer. Nat.,
iv., Dec. 1870.) Organs of smell in the flies (Chrysopila) and in the
palpi, both labial and maxillary, of Perla were described in the same
journal (Fig. 270). Compare Vom Rath’s account of the organs in the
cercopods of Acheta (Fig. 271); also the singular organ discovered by
him on the end of the palpus of butterflies, in which a number of
hair-like rods (_sh_) are seated on branches of a common nerve (_n_,
Fig. 272).
Footnote 49:
Forel, however (_Recueil Zoologique Suisse_, 1887), denies that these
tympanic organs are necessarily ears, and thinks that all insects are
deaf, with no special organs of hearing, but that sounds are heard by
their tactile organs, just as deaf-mutes perceive at a distance the
rumbling of a carriage. But he appears to overlook the fact that many
Crustacea, and all shrimps and crabs, as well as many molluscs, have
organs of hearing. The German anatomist Will believes that insects
hear only the stridulation of their own species. Lubbock thinks that
bees and ants are not deaf, but hear sounds so shrill as to be beyond
our hearing.
Footnote 50:
Weismann, Die nachembryonale Entwicklung der Musciden. Zeitschr. für
wissen. Zoologie, xiv, p. 196, 1864.
Footnote 51:
Plateau (1877) states that the digestive fluid of insects, as well as
of Arachnids, Crustaceans, and Myriopods, has no analogy with the
gastric juice of vertebrates; it rather resembles the pancreatic sugar
of the higher animals. The acidity quite often observed is only very
accessory in character, and not the sign of a physiological property.
“Farther, I have found it in insects; Hoppe-Seyler has demonstrated in
the Crustacea, and I have proved in the spiders, that the ferment
causing the digestion of albuminoids is evidently quite different from
the gastric pepsine of vertebrates; the addition of very feeble
quantities of chlorhydric acid, far from promoting its action, retards
or completely arrests it.” (Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, 1877, p. 27.)
Footnote 52:
The word _grès_ we translate as the layer of gum. Not sure of the
English equivalent for _grès_, I applied to Dr. L. O. Howard, U. S.
Entomologist, who kindly answers as follows: “I have consulted Mr.
Philip Walker, a silk expert, who writes me the following paragraph:
‘_Grès_, as I understand it, is the gum of the silk fibre, hence the
French name for raw silk, _grèye_, which is in distinction to the silk
that has been boiled out in soap after twisting, or throwing, as it is
called. As I understand it, the silk fibre is composed of the _grès_
and fibroin. The former is soluble in alkali, like soap water, and the
latter is not.’” While Blanc considers the _grès_ as the product of a
special secretion of the wall of the reservoir, Gilson regards its
production as simultaneous with that of the silk or of the fibroin
(_l.c._ 1893, p. 74).
Footnote 53:
On cytological differences in homologous organs. Report 63d meeting of
British Assoc. Adv. Sc. for 1893. 1894. p. 913.
Footnote 54:
See also Giard, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. viii, 1894.
Footnote 55:
“The contents of the Malpighian tubules may be examined by crushing
the part in a drop of dilute acetic acid, or in dilute sulphuric acid
(10 per cent). In the first case a cover-slip is placed on the fluid,
and the crystals, which consist of oblique rhombohedrons or derived
forms, are usually at once apparent. If sulphuric acid is used, the
fluid must be allowed to evaporate. In this case they are much more
elongated, and usually clustered. The murexide reaction does not give
satisfactory indications with the tubules of the cockroach.” (Miall
and Denny, The cockroach, p. 129, footnote.)
Footnote 56:
“There is a curious analogy between the excretory organs of these
insects and the mesonephros of some vertebrates, where a second,
third, etc., generation of tubules is added to the primitive metameric
series. When the embryonic number of Malpighian vessels persists in
insects, the demand for greater excreting surface is supplied by a
lengthening of the individual vessels.”
Footnote 57:
For the mode of adhesion of Cynips eggs, see Adler in Deutsche Ent.
Zeits. 1877, p. 320.
Footnote 58:
Mercaptan is a mercury, belonging to a class of compounds analogous to
alcohol, having an offensive garlic odor. Methyl mercaptan is a highly
offensive and volatile liquid.
Footnote 59:
Embryonic or temporary glands, the “pleuropodia” of Wheeler, viz. the
modified first pair of abdominal legs, occur in Œcanthus, Gryllotalpa,
Xiphidium, Stenobothrus, Mantis (occasionally a pair on the second
abdominal segment, Graber); Blatta, Periplaneta, Cicada, Zaitha,
Hydrophilus, Acilius, Melolontha, Meloë, Sialis, Neophylax. (See
Wheeler, Appendages of the First Abdominal Segment, etc., 1890.)
Footnote 60:
These midges owe their phosphorescence to bacteria in their bodies
during disease.
Footnote 61:
Untersuchungen zur Anatomie und Histologie der Tiere, 1884, p. 72.
Footnote 62:
Zelle und Gewebe, 1885, p. 43. (See also our p. 217.)
Footnote 63:
Studien über die Lampyriden, Zeits. für wiss. Zool., xxxvii, 1882.
Both Wielowiejski and M. Wistinghausen have completely disproved the
view of Schultze, that the tracheæ end in star-like cells, where
respiration takes place, as the “star-like cells” are simply net-like
expansions of the peritoneal membrane of the tracheæ.
Footnote 64:
The following summary compiled from Krancher, is translated, with some
minor changes, from Kolbe’s work.
Footnote 65:
Miall and Denny state that in the cockroach the abdominal spiracles
are permanently open, owing to the absence of a valve, but
communication with the tracheal trunk may be cut off at pleasure by an
internal occluding apparatus.
Footnote 66:
Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Biene, Zeitschr. wissens. Zoologie, xx,
p. 519, 1870.
Footnote 67:
Die Entwicklung der Dipteren im Ei, Zeitschr. wissens. Zoologie, xiii,
1863.
Footnote 68:
Amer. Naturalist, May, 1886, p. 438.
Footnote 69:
Zeitschr. wissens. Zoologie, xl, 1884, Taf. xix, Fig. 8, _T_.
Footnote 70:
_Science_, 1893, pp. 44–46.
Footnote 71:
Art. Thorax, Todd’s Cycl. of Anat. and Phys.
Footnote 72:
The mesothoracic stigmata are open in Carabus, Potamophilus, Elmis,
Macronychus, Buprestis, Elater, Lampyris, Lycus, Triphyllus,
Eucinetus, Dascillus, Psephenus, Ergates, Micralymna, and probably
many others. The metathoracic stigmata are open in Lycus and Elmis.
Footnote 73:
In the Hymenoptera the two pairs on the meso- and metathoracic
segments are open in the Aculeata, also in the Siricidæ, among which
sometimes that on the third segment is closed. In Pimpla and
Microgaster (fully grown larvæ) only the mesothoracic stigmata are
open.
Palmén adds that most dipterous larvæ are amphipneustic; Cecidomyia,
the Mycetophilidæ, Bibionidæ, and Stratiomys are typically
peripneustic. (p. 92.)
Moreover, a single insect, as Sialis, may be apneustic as a larva,
peripneustic as a pupa, and holopneustic in the imago stage.
Footnote 74:
Mr. J. W. Folsom, who has made the accompanying sketch of the nymph of
_Euphæa splendens_ in the Cambridge Museum, finds only seven pairs of
gills, there being no traces of them on segments 1, 9, and 10. A stout
trachea, he writes us, enters the base of each gill, and subdivides
into several long branches, which course along the periphery. Hagen in
his original account said there were eight pairs on segments 1–8
respectively.
Footnote 75:
Harris, Correspondence, p. 226, Pl. III., Fig. 7.
Footnote 76:
Nusbaum’s view has been questioned by Heymons, who, from his studies
on the embryology of the cockroach (Periplaneta and Phyllodromia),
Forficula, and Gryllus, concludes that the ectodermal ends of the
sexual outlets owe their origin to an unpaired median hypodermal
invagination, and that it is quite doubtful whether the ectodermal
portions of the sexual passages of insects were ever paired (p. 104).
On the other hand he appears, even throwing out the case of Ephemera,
to have overlooked Nassonow’s discovery of paired outlets in the young
of Lepisma.
Footnote 77:
Acta Acad. German., xxxiii, 1867, No. 2, p. 81. Quoted by Dr. Sharp,
Insecta, p. 142.
Footnote 78:
Journ. Morph., iii, Boston, pp. 299, 300.
Footnote 79:
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, pp. 88, 89.
Footnote 80:
In the following general account of the embryology of insects, I have
closely followed the admirable arrangement and description of
Korschelt and Heider, in their Lehrbuch der vergleichenden
Entwicklungsgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere, pp. 764–846, often
translating their text literally, though not omitting to state the
results of other writers.
Footnote 81:
Korschelt and Heider state that no cellular embryonal membranes are
present in Synaptera, Uljanin finding none in the Podurids. In the
embryo of _Isotoma walkerii_ we, however, observed a membrane which we
compared to the larval skin of many Crustacea, and both Sommer and
Lemoine have detected in eggs of the same group a cuticular larval
skin which is provided with spines for rupturing the chorion. The
amnion is also wanting in Proctotrupids (Ayers), and is rudimental in
Muscidæ (Kowalevsky, Graber), in viviparous Cecidomyidæ, according to
Metschnikoff, who also states that in certain ants of Madeira the
envelopes are represented only by a small mass of cells in the dorsal
region.
Footnote 82:
In Diptera the stomodæum may be dorsal, Dr. Pratt tells us.
Footnote 83:
Will (Aphis) and also Cholodkowsky’s statement (Blatta), as well as
Balfour and Schimkewitch’s statements that the brain is at first
disconnected from the ventral cord, are apparently erroneous.
Footnote 84:
The description perhaps applies not only to the cockroaches, but, as
seen from the similar but fragmentary notices of Heider and of Wheeler
on the Coleoptera, may be common to insects in general.
Footnote 85:
Report on the Rocky Mountain locust, etc. Ninth Annual Report U. S.
Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories for 1875, pp. 633, 634.
Footnote 86:
Orthoptera Europæa, 1853, p. 37.
Footnote 87:
In his Für Darwin (1863), Fritz Müller gives his reasons for the
opinion that the so-called “complete metamorphosis” of insects was not
inherited from the primitive ancestor of all insects, but acquired at
a later period.
Footnote 88:
For further details see the 1st Report of the U. S. Entomological
Commission, 1878, pp. 279–281.
Footnote 89:
See Köppen ueber die Heuschrecken in Südrussland, 1862, pp. 22, 23.
Footnote 90:
In Samouelle’s The Entomologist’s Useful Compendium, 1819. See
Westwood’s Class. Insects, i, p. 2; Leach’s Ametabolia comprised the
Thysanura (Synaptera) and the lice.
Footnote 91:
From the Greek μανός, scanty; μεταβολή, change.
Footnote 92:
Greek, ἤρεμα, quiet; μεταβολή, change.
Footnote 93:
At the same date (March, 1869) we independently suggested that the
insects had originated from some form like the hexapodous young of
Pauropus and Podura. In November, 1870, we suggested that the
Thysanura and the hexapodous Leptus may have descended from some
Peripatus-like worm. Afterwards (1871) we proposed for the ancestral
form the term _leptiform_, which was later abandoned for Brauer’s term
_Campodea-form_.
Footnote 94:
Amer. Naturalist, i, p. 85, 1867.
Footnote 95:
First Rep. U. S. Ent. Commission, p. 281–283.
Footnote 96:
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, iii, p. xv. See also Ashton, R. J., Trans.
Ent. Soc. London, iii, 1841–43, pp. 157–159.
Footnote 97:
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, p. 283.
Footnote 98:
See Max Braun’s article entitled Ueber die histologischen Vorgange bei
der Hautung von _Astacus fluviatilis_, with a full bibliography, in
Semper’s Arbeiten aus dem Zool. zoot. Institut in Würzburg, ii, pp.
121–166. Also Semper’s Animal Life, p. 20. Trouvelot also discovered
the moulting fluid. (Amer. Nat., i, p. 37.)
Footnote 99:
American Naturalist, xvii, May, 1883, pp. 547, 548.
Footnote 100:
Le Pelletier. A. M. L., Bulletin de la Société Philomathique, Paris,
April, 1813.
Footnote 101:
Heineken, Carl. Observations on the reproduction of the members in
spiders and insects. (Zool. Journ., 1829, vi, pp. 422–432.)
Footnote 102:
Bees and Bee-keeping, pp. 21, 22.
Footnote 103:
Butterflies, their structure, changes, and life-histories. New York,
1881, pp. 37–42. Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada,
1888, 1889. Also, Frail children of the air, 1895, pp. 232, 233 _a_.
Dr. Chapman, however, finds that this piece in micropupæ has no
connection whatever with the head or eye, but belongs rather with the
prothoracic segment. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 102.) We have
been able to confirm his statements, but still this piece is peculiar
to the pupal state.
Footnote 104:
Rep. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1879, pp. 228, 229, Pl. IV, Fig. 4.
Footnote 105:
Monograph of bombycine moths, Pt. I, 1897. Figs. 24, 28, 29, 33, 34,
40, 77.
Footnote 106:
Amer. Naturalist, xii, pp. 379–383.
Footnote 107:
_Hybocampa milhauseni_, Dr. Chapman tells me, has a pupal spine
(imperfectly present in Cerura) with which it cuts out a lid of the
cocoon.
Footnote 108:
Riley’s Report for 1892, p. 203.
Footnote 109:
Philosophy of the pupation of butterflies, and particularly of
Nymphalidæ, by Charles V. Riley. (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science,
xxviii, Saratoga Meeting, August, 1880, pp. 455–463.)
Footnote 110:
The homology of the suranal plate of the larva with the cremaster of
the pupa, established by Riley in 1880, is also affirmed by Jackson
(1888) and by Poulton, and for some years we have been satisfied that
this is the correct view; Professor Hatchett-Jackson discovered it, he
states, in 1876.
Footnote 111:
In his remarkable studies on the morphology of the Lepidoptera,
Professor W. Hatchett-Jackson states his belief that Riley’s homology
of the sustentors with the soles or plantæ of the anal prolegs, and
the sustentor ridges with their limbs, is wrong, and that the
eminences on either side the anal furrow, or the “anal prominences,”
as they are termed by Riley, represent the prolegs, and that the
sustentor ridges and sustentors are probably peculiar developments of
the body of the 10th somite, found only in some Lepidoptera. From our
examination of pupa of different families of moths, we are satisfied
that Jackson’s view is the correct one. We have not found the
sustentors and their ridges in the pupæ of the more generalized moths,
but the vestiges of the anal legs are almost invariably present, their
absence in the pupa of Nola and Harrisina being noteworthy.
Footnote 112:
We copy from Kirby and Spence their abstract of Herold’s conclusions:
“The successive skins of the caterpillar, the pupa-case, the future
butterfly, and its parts or organs, except those of sex, which he
discovered in the newly excluded larva, do not preëxist as germs, but
are formed successively from the _rete mucosum_, which itself is
formed anew upon every change of skin, from what he denominates the
_blood_, or the chyle after it has passed through the pores of the
intestinal canal into the general cavity of the body, where, being
oxygenated by the air-vessels, it performs the nutritive functions of
blood. He attributes these formations to a _vis formatrix_ (bildende
Kraft).
“The caul or epiploon (_fett-masse_), the _corps graisseux_ of
Réaumur, etc., which he supposes to be formed from the superfluous
blood, he allows, with most physiologists, to be stored up in the
larva, that in the pupa state it may serve for the development of the
imago. But he differs from them in asserting that in this state it is
destined to two distinct purposes: first, for the production of the
muscles of the butterfly, which he affirms are generated from it in
the shape of slender bundles of fibres; and, secondly, for the
development and nutrition of the organs formed in the larva, to effect
which, he says, it is dissolved again into the mass of blood, and
being oxygenated by the air-vessels, becomes fit for nutrition, whence
the epiploon appears to be a kind of concrete chyle.”
(Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge, pp. 12–27.) It seems that
Herold was right in deriving the pupa and imago from the hypodermis
(his _rete mucosum_), but wrong in denying that the germs did not
preëxist in the young caterpillar, and wrong in supposing that the
latter originated from the blood, also in supposing that the muscles
owe their origin to the fat-body. Swammerdam, and also Kirby and
Spence, were correct in supposing that the imago arose from “germs” in
the larva, though wrong in adopting the “emboîtement” theory.
Footnote 113:
In the regions where the imaginal buds are not present (dorsal aspect
of the prothorax, and abdomen), the epithelium (hypodermis) may
proliferate independently of these buds.
Footnote 114:
We shall translate portions and, when the text allows, make an
abstract of parts of Gonin’s clear and excellent account, often using
his own words.
Footnote 115:
C. Herbert Hurst, The Pupal Stages of Culex.
Footnote 116:
Lowne on the Blow-fly, new edit., pp. 2, 41, Fig. 7.
Footnote 117:
Miall, Natural History of Aquatic Insects, pp. 136–138. Also Trans.
Linn. Soc. London, V, Sept., 1892.
Footnote 118:
This account is translated from Korschelt and Heider, with some
omissions and slight changes.
Footnote 119:
Westwood in his excellent account of this group remarks: “Hence, as
well as from the account given by Jurine, it is evident that the pupa
of the Stylops is enclosed in a distinct skin, and is also in that
state enveloped by the skin of the larva, contrary to the suggestion
of Mr. Kelly.” (Class. Insects, II. 297.) This is all we know about
the supernumerary larval stages.
Footnote 120:
Some facts towards a life history of _Rhipiphorus paradoxus_. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History for October, 1870.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
● P. 316, changed “abdominal cells” to “absorbent cells”.
● Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
● Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
● Enclosed bold font in =equals=.
● Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript
character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly
braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.
● Subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of
subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.