I fear, sir, you may not be disposed to enlighten us, at this hour.
NORTH.
But I am disposed to be enlightened. Oxonians--and Double First-Class
Men--nor truants since--you will find in me a docile pupil rather than
a Teacher. I am no great Grecian.
BULLER.
But you are, sir; and a fine old Trojan too, methinks! What audacious
word has escaped my lips!
NORTH.
Epic Poetry! Tell but a Tale, and see Childhood--the harmless, the
trustful, the wondering, listen--"all ear;" and so has the wilder and
mightier Childhood of Nations, listened, trustful, wondering, "all
ear," to Tales lofty, profound--_said_, or, as Art grew up, _sung_.
SEWARD.
[Greek: EPE], Say or Tell.
BULLER.
[Greek: AEIDE], Sing.
NORTH.
Yes, my lads, these were the received formulas of beseeching with which
the Minstrels of Hellas invoked succour of the divine Muse, when their
burning tongue would fit well to the Harp transmitted Tales, fraught
with old heroic remembrance, with solemn belief, with oracular wisdom.
[GREEK: EPE], TELL, [Greek: EPOS], THE TALE. And when, step after step,
the Harp modelling the Verse, and the Verse charming power and beauty,
and splendour and pathos--like a newly-created and newly-creating
soul--into its ancestral Tradition--when insensibly the benign Usurper,
the Muse, had made the magnificent dream rightly and wholly her own
at last.--[Greek: EPOS], THE SUNG TALE. HOMER, to all following ages
the chief Master of Eloquence whether in Verse or in Prose, has yet
maintained the simplicity of _Telling_.
"For he came beside the swift ships of the Achæans,
Proposing to release his daughter, and bringing immense ransom;
Having in his hand the fillet of the far-shooting Apollo,
On the golden rod: and he implored of the Achæans,
And the sons of Atreus, most of all, the two Orderers of the People."
These few words of a tongue stately, resplendent, sonorous, and
_numerous_, more than ours--and already the near Scamandrian Field
feels, and fears, and trembles. MILTON! The world has rolled round,
and again round, from the day of that earlier to that of the later
Mæonides. All the soul-wealth hoarded in words, which merciful Time
held aloft, unsubmerged by the Gothic, by the Ottoman inundation; all
the light shrined in the Second, the Intellectual Ark that, divinely
built and guided, rode tilting over the tempestuous waste of waters;
all the mind, bred and fostered by New Europe, down to within two
hundred years of this year that runs: These have put differences
between the ILIAD and the PARADISE LOST, in matter and in style, which
to state and illustrate would hold me speaking till sunset.
BULLER.
And us listening.
NORTH.
The Fall of Hector and of his Troy! The Fall of Adam and of his World!
BULLER.
What concise expression! _Multum in parvo_, indeed, Seward.
NORTH.
Men and gods mingled in glittering conflict upon the ground that
spreads between Ida's foot and the Hellespont! At the foot of the
Omnipotent Throne, archangels and angels distracting their native
Heaven with arms, and Heaven disburthening her lap of her self-lost
sons for the peopling of Hell!
SEWARD.
Hush! Buller--hush!
NORTH.
In way of an Episode--yes, an Episode--see the Seventh Book--our
Visible Universe willed into being!
SEWARD.
Hush! Buller--hush!
NORTH.
For a few risings and settings of yon since-bedimmed Sun--Love and
celestial Bliss dwelling amidst the shades and flowers of Eden yet
sinless--then, from a MORE FATAL APPLE, Discord clashing into
and subverting the harmonies of Creation.
"Sin, and her shadow, Death; and Misery,
Death's Harbinger."
The Iliad, indeed!
SEWARD.
I wish you could be persuaded, sir, to give us an Edition of Milton.
NORTH.
No. I must not take it out of the Doctor's hands. Then, as to Milton's
style. If the Christian Theologian must be held bold who has dared
to mix the Delivered Writings with his own Inventions--bold, too,
was he, the heir of the mind that was nursed in the Aristotelian
Schools, to unite, as he did, on the other hand, the gait of an
understanding accomplished in logic, with the spontaneous and unstudied
step of Poetry. The style of Milton, gentlemen, has been praised for
simplicity; and it is true that the style of the Paradise Lost has
often an austere simplicity; but one sort of it you miss--the proper
Epic simplicity--that Homeric simplicity of the _Telling_.
SEWARD.
Perhaps, sir, in such a Poem such simplicity could not be.
NORTH.
Perhaps not. Homer adds thought to thought, and so builds up. Milton
involves thought with thought, and so constructs. Relation is with
him argumentative also, and History both Philosophy and Oratory.
This was unavoidable. He brought the mind of the latter age to the
Form of Composition produced by the primitive time. Again, the style
is fitted to the general intention of a Poem essentially didactic
and argumentative. Again, the style is personal to himself. He has
learnedly availed himself of all antecedent Art--minutely availed
himself, yet he is no imitator. The style is like no other--it is
intensely and completely original. It expresses himself. Lofty,
capacious, acute, luminous, thoroughly disciplined, ratiocinative
powers wonderfully blend their action with an imagination of the most
delicate and profound sensibility to the beautiful, and of a sublimity
that no theme can excel.
SEWARD.
Lord Bacon, sir, I believe, has defined Poetry, Feigned History--has he
not?
NORTH.
He has--and no wonder that he thought much of "Feigned History"--for
he had a view to Epos and Tragedy--the Iliad and Odyssey--the
Attic Theatre--the Æneid--Dante--Ariosto--Tasso--the Romances of
Chivalry--moreover, the whole Immense Greek Fable, whereof part and
parcel remain, but more is perished. Which Fables, you know, existed,
and were transmitted in Prose,--that is, by Oral Tradition, in the
words of the relator,--long before they came into Homeric Verse--or any
verse. He saw, Seward, the Memory of Mankind possessed by two kinds
of History, both once alike credited. True History, which remains
True History, and Fabulous History, now acknowledged as Poetry only.
It is no wonder that _other_ Poetry vanished from importance in his
estimation.
BULLER.
I follow you, sir, with some difficulty.
NORTH.
You may with ease. Fabulous History holds place, side by side, with
True History, as a rival in dignity, credence, and power, and in
peopling the Earth with Persons and Events. For, of a verity, the
Personages and Events created by Poesy hold place in our Mind--not in
our Imagination only, but in our Understanding, along with Events and
Personages historically remembered.
SEWARD.
An imposing Parallelism!
NORTH.
It is--but does it hold good? And if it does--with what limitations?
SEWARD.
With what limitations, sir?
NORTH.
I wish Lord Bacon were here, that I might ask him to explain. Take
Homer and Thucydides--the Iliad and the History of the Peloponnesian
War. We thus sever, at the widest, the Telling of Calliope from the
Telling of Clio, holding each at the height of honour.
BULLER.
At the widest?
NORTH.
Yes; for how far from Thucydides is, at once, the Book of the Games!
Look through the Iliad, and see how much and minute depicturing of a
World with which the Historian had nothing to do! Shall the Historian,
in Prose, of the Ten Years' War, stop to describe the Funeral Games of
a Patroclus? Yes; if he stop to describe the Burying of every Hero who
falls. But the Historian in Prose assumes that a People know their own
Manners, and therefore he omits painting their manners to themselves.
The Historian in Verse assumes the same thing, and, _therefore_,
strange to say, he paints the manners! See, then, in the Iliad, how
much memorising of a whole departed scheme of human existence, with
which the Prose Historian had nothing to do, the Historian in regulated
Metre has had the inspiration and the skill to inweave in the narrative
of his ever-advancing Action.
BULLER.
Would his lordship were with us!
NORTH.
Give all this to--THE HEXAMETER. Remember always, my dear
Seward, the shield of Achilles--itself a world in miniature--a
compendium of the world.
SEWARD.
Of the universe.
NORTH.
Even so; for Sun, and Moon, and Stars are there, Astronomy and all the
learned sisterhood!
SEWARD.
Then to what species of narrative in prose--to one removed at what
interval from the history of the Peloponnesian War, belongs that scene
of Helen on the Walls of Troy? That scene at the Scæan gate? In the
tent of Achilles, where Achilles sits, and Priam kneels?
NORTH.
Good. The general difference is obviously this--Publicity almost
solely stamps the Thucydidean story--Privacy, more than in equal part,
interfused with Publicity, the Homeric. You must allow Publicity
and Privacy to signify, besides that which is done in public and in
private, that which proceeds of the Public and of the Private will.
SEWARD.
In other words, if I apprehend you aright, the Theme given being some
affair of Public moment, Prose tends to gather up the acts of the
individual agents, under general aspects, into masses.
NORTH.
Just so. Verse, whenever it dare, resolves the mass of action into
the individual acts, puts aside the collective doer--the Public,
and puts forward individual persons. Glory, I say again, to THE
HEXAMETER!
BULLER.
Glory to the HEXAMETER! The HEXAMETER, like the
Queen, has done it all.
NORTH.
Or let us return to the Paradise Lost? If the mustering of the
Fallen Legions in the First Book--if the Infernal Council held in
the Second--if the Angelic Rebellion and Warfare in the Fifth and
Sixth--resemble Public History, civil and military, as we commonly
speak--if the Seventh Book, relating the Creation by describing
the kinds created, be the assumption into Heroic Poetry of Natural
History--to what kind of History, I earnestly ask you both, does that
scene belong, of Eve's relation of her dream, in the Fifth Book,
and Adam's consolation of her uneasiness under its involuntary sin?
To what, in the Fourth Book, her own innocent relation of her first
impressions upon awaking into Life and Consciousness?
BULLER.
Ay!--to what kind of History? More easily asked than answered.
NORTH.
And Adam's relation to the Affable Archangel of his own suddenly-dawned
morning from the night of non-existence, aptly and happily crowned upon
the relation made to him by Raphael in the Seventh Book of his own
forming under the Omnipotent Hand?
SEWARD.
Simply, I venture to say, sir, to the most interior autobiography--to
that confidence of audible words, which flows when the face of a friend
sharpens the heart of a man--and Raphael was Adam's Friend.
NORTH.
Seward, you are right. You speak well--as you always do--when you
choose. Behold, then, I beseech you, the comprehending power of that
little magical band--_Our Accentual Iambic Pentameter_.
SEWARD.
"Glory be with them, and eternal praise,
The Poets who on earth have made us heirs
Of Truth and pure Delight by heavenly lays!"
NORTH.
Glory to Verse, for its power is great. Man, from the garden in Eden,
to the purifying by fire of the redeemed Earth--the creation of things
Visible--Angels Upright and Fallen--and Higher than Angels--all
the Regions of Space--Infinitude and Eternity--the Universality of
Being--this is the copious matter of the Song. And herein there is
place found, proper, distinct, and large, and prominent, for that
whispered call to visit, in the freshness of morning, the dropping
Myrrh--to study the opening beauty of the Flowers--to watch the Bee
in her sweet labour--which tenderly dissipates from the lids of Eve
her ominously-troubled sleep--free room for two tears, which, falling
from a woman's eyes, are wiped with her hair--and for two more, which
her pitying husband kisses away ere they fall. All these things Verse
disposes, and composes, in One Presentment.
BULLER.
Glory to Verse, for its power is great--glory to _our Accentual Iambic
Pentameter_.
NORTH.
Let us return to the Iliad. The Iliad is a history told by a mind that
is arbiter, to a certain extent only, of its own facts. For Homer
takes his decennial War and its Heroes, nay, the tenor of the story
too, from long-descended Tradition. To his contemporary countrymen he
appears as a Historian--not feigning, but commemorating and glorifying,
transmitted facts.
SEWARD.
Ottfried Müller, asking how far Homer is tied up in his Traditions,
ventures to suspect that the names of the Heroes whom Achilles kills,
in such or such a fight, are all traditionary.
NORTH.
Where, then, is the _Feigned_ History? Lord Bacon, Ottfried Müller, and
Jacob Bryant, are here not in the main unagreed. "I nothing doubt,"
says Bacon, "but the Fables, which Homer having received, transmits,
had originally a profound and excellent sense, although I greatly doubt
if Homer any longer knew that sense."
BULLER.
What right, may I ask, had Lord Bacon to doubt, and Ottfried Müller to
suspect----
NORTH.
Smoke your cigar. Ottfried Müller----
BULLER.
Whew!--poo!
NORTH.
Ottfried Müller imagines that there was in Greece a pre-Homeric Age,
of which the principal intellectual employment was Myth-making. And
Bryant, we know, shocked the opinion of his own day by referring the
War of Troy to Mythology. Now, observe, Buller, how there is feigning
and feigning--Poet after Poet--and the Poem that comes to us at last is
the Poem of Homer; but in truth, of successive ages, ending in Homer----
SEWARD.
Who was then a real living flesh and blood Individual of the human
species.
NORTH.
That he was----
SEWARD.
And wrote the Iliad.
NORTH.
That he did--but how I have hinted rather than told. In the Paradise
Lost, the part of Milton is, then, infinitely bolder than Homer's in
the Iliad. He is far more of a Creator.
SEWARD.
Can an innermost bond of Unity, sir, be shown for the Iliad?
NORTH.
Yes. THE ILIAD IS A TALE OF A WRONG RIGHTED. Zeus, upon
the secret top of Olympus, decrees this RIGHTING with his
omnipotent Nod. Upon the top of Ida he conducts it. But that is done,
and the Fates resume their tenor. Hector falls, and Troy shall fall.
That is again the RIGHTING OF A WRONG, done amongst men. This
is the broadly-written admonition: "DISCITE JUSTITIAM."
SEWARD.
You are always great, sir, on Homer.
NORTH.
Agamemnon, in insolence of self-will, offends Chryses and a God. He
refused Chyseis--He robs Achilles. In Agamemnon the Insolence of
Human Self-will is humbled, first under the hand of Apollo--then of
Jupiter--say, altogether, of Heaven. He suffers and submits. And
now Achilles, who has no less interest in the Courts of Heaven than
Chryses--indeed higher--in overweening anger fashions out a redress
for himself which the Father of Gods and Men grants. And what follows?
Agamemnon again suffers and submits. For Achilles--Patroclus' bloody
corse! [Greek: Keitai Patroklos]--that is the voice that rings! Now he
accepts the proffered reconciliation of Agamemnon, before scornfully
refused; and in the son of Thetis, too, the Insolence of Human
Self-will is chastened under the hand of Heaven.
SEWARD.
He suffers, but submits not till Hector lies transfixed--till Twelve
noble youths of the Trojans and their Allies have bled on Patroclus'
Pyre. And does he submit then? No. For twelve days ever and anon he
drags the insensible corse at his horses' heels round that sepulchral
earth.
BULLER.
Mad, if ever a man was.
NORTH.
The Gods murmur--and will that the unseemly Revenge cease. Jove sends
Thetis to him--and what meeter messenger for minister of mercy than a
mother to her son! God-bidden by that voice, he submits--he remits his
Revenge. The Human Will, infuriated, bows under the Heavenly.
SEWARD.
Touched by the prayers and the sight of that kneeling gray-haired
Father, he has given him back his dead son--and from the ransom a
costly pall of honour, to hide the dead son from the father's eyes--and
of his own Will and Power Twelve Days' truce; and the days have
expired, and the Funeral is performed--and the pyre is burned out--and
the mound over the slayer of Patroclus is heaped--and the Iliad is
done--and this Moral indelibly writes itself on the heart--the words of
Apollo in that Council--
[Greek: Tlêton gas Thymon Moisai Thnêtôsie edôchan.]
THE FATES HAVE APPOINTED TO MORTALS A SPIRIT THAT SHALL SUBMIT AND
ENDURE.
NORTH.
Right and good. [Greek: Tlêton] is more than "shall suffer." It is,
that shall accept suffering--that shall _bear_.
SEWARD.
Compare this one Verse and the Twenty-four Books, and you have the
poetical simplicity and the poetical multiplicity side by side.
BULLER.
Right and good.
NORTH.
Yes, my friends, the Teaching of the Iliad is Piety to the Gods--
SEWARD.
Reverence for the Rights of Men--
NORTH.
A Will humbled, conformed to the Will of Heaven--
BULLER.
That the Earth is justly governed.
NORTH.
Dim foreshadowings, which Milton, I doubt not, discerned and cherished.
The Iliad was the natural and spiritual father of the Paradise Lost--
SEWARD.
And the son is greater than the sire.
NORTH.
I see in the Iliad the love of Homer to Greece and to humankind. He
was a legislator to Greece before Solon and Lycurgus--greater than
either--after the manner fabled of Orpheus.
SEWARD.
Sprung from the bosom of heroic life, the Iliad asked heroic listeners.
NORTH.
See with what large-hearted love he draws the Men--Hector, and Priam,
and Sarpedon--as well as the Woman Andromache--enemies! Can he so paint
humanity and not humanise? He humanises _us_--who have literature
and refined Greece and Rome--who have Spenser, and Shakspeare, and
Milton--who are Christendom.
SEWARD.
He loves the inferior creatures, and the face of nature.
NORTH.
The Iliad has been called a Song of War. I see in it--a Song of Peace.
Think of all the fiery Iliad ending in--Reconciled Submission!
SEWARD.
"Murder Impossibility," and believe that there might have been an Iliad
or a Paradise Lost in Prose.
NORTH.
It could never have been, by human power, _our_ Paradise Lost. What
would have become of the Seventh Book? This is now occupied with
describing the Six Days of Creation. A few verses of the First Chapter
of Genesis extended into so many hundred lines. The Book, as it stands,
has full poetical reason. First, it has a sufficient motive. It founds
the existence of Adam and Eve, which is otherwise not duly led to. The
revolted Angels, you know, have fallen, and the Almighty will create a
new race of worshippers to supply their place--Mankind.
SEWARD.
For this race that is to be created, a Home is previously to be
built--or this World is to be created.
NORTH.
I initiated you into Milton nearly thirty years ago, my dear Seward;
and I rejoice to find that you still have him by heart. Between the
Fall of the Angels, and that inhabiting of Paradise by our first
parents, which is largely related by Raphael, there would be in
the history which the poem undertakes, an unfilled gap and blank
without this book. The chain of events which is unrolled would be
broken--interrupted--incomplete.
SEWARD.
And, sir, when Raphael has told the Rebellion and Fall of the Angels,
Adam, with a natural movement of curiosity, asks of this "Divine
Interpreter" how this frame of things began?
NORTH.
And Raphael answers by declaring at large the Purpose and the Manner.
The Mission of Raphael is to strengthen, if it be practicable, the
Human Pair in their obedience. To this end, how apt his discourse,
showing how dear they are to the Universal Maker, how eminent in his
Universe!
SEWARD.
The causes, then, of the Archangelic Narrative abound. And the personal
interest with which the Two Auditors must hear such a revelation
of wonders from such a Speaker, and that so intimately concerns
themselves, falls nothing short of what Poetry justly requires in
relations put into the mouth of the poetical Persons.
NORTH.
And can the interest--not now of Raphael's, but of Milton's "fit
audience"--be sustained throughout? The answer is triumphant. The Book
is, from beginning to end, a stream of the most beautiful descriptive
Poetry that exists. Not however, mind you, Seward, of stationary
description.
SEWARD.
Sir?
NORTH.
A proceeding work is described; and the Book is replete and alive with
motion--with progress--with action--yes, of action--of an order unusual
indeed to the Epos, but unexcelled in dignity--the Creative Action of
Deity!
SEWARD.
What should hinder, then, but that this same Seventh Book should have
been written in Prose?
NORTH.
Why this only--that without Verse it could not have been read! The
Verse makes present. You listen with Adam and Eve, and you hear the
Archangel. In Prose this illusion could not have been carried through
such a subject-matter. The _conditio sine quâ non_ of the Book was
the ineffable charm of the Description. But what would a series of
botanical and zoological descriptions, for instance, have been, in
Prose? The _vivida vis_ that is in Verse is the quickening spirit of
the whole.
BULLER.
But who doubts it?
NORTH.
Lord Bacon said that Poetry--that is, Feigned History--might be worded
in Prose. And it may be; but how inadequately is known to Us Three.
BULLER.
And to all the world.
NORTH.
No--nor, to the million who do know it, so well as to Us, nor the
reason why. But hear me a moment longer. Wordsworth, in his famous
Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, asserts that the language of Prose
and the language of Verse differ but in this--that in verse there is
metre--and metre he calls an adjunct. With all reverence, I say that
metre is not an adjunct--but vitality and essence; and that verse, in
virtue thereof, so transfigures language, that it ceases to be the
language of prose as spoken, out of verse, by any of the children of
men.
SEWARD.
Remove the metre, and the language will not be the language of prose?
NORTH.
Not--if you remove the metre only--and leave otherwise the order of
the words--the collocation unchanged--and unchanged any one of the
two hundred figures of speech, one and all of which are differently
presented in the language of Verse from what they are in Prose.
SEWARD.
It must be so.
NORTH.
The fountain of Law to Composition in Prose is the Understanding. The
fountain of Law to Composition in Verse is the Will.
SEWARD.
?
NORTH.
A discourse in prose resembles a chain. The sentences are the
successive links--all holding _to_ one another--and holding one
another. _All is bound._
SEWARD.
Well?
NORTH.
A discourse in verse resembles a billowy sea. The verses are the waves
that rise and fall--to our apprehension--each by impulse, life, will of
its own. _All is free._
SEWARD.
Ay. Now your meaning emerges.
NORTH.
_E profundis clamavi._ In eloquent prose, the feeling fits itself into
the process of the thinking. In true verse, the thinking fits itself
into the process of the feeling.
SEWARD.
I perpend.
NORTH.
In prose, the general distribution and composition of the matter
belong to the reign of Necessity. The order of the parts, and the
connexion of part with part, are obliged--logically justifiable--say,
then, are demonstrable. See an Oration of Demosthenes. In verse, that
distribution and composition belong to the reign of Liberty. That order
and connexion are arbitrary--passionately justifiable--say, then, are
delectable. See an Ode of Pindar.
SEWARD.
Publish--publish.
NORTH.
In prose the style is last--in verse first; in prose the sense controls
the sound--in verse the sound the sense; in prose you speak--in
verse you sing; in prose you live in the abstract--in verse in the
concrete; in prose you present notions--in verse visions; in prose you
expound--in verse you enchant; in prose it is much if now and then you
are held in the sphere of the fascinated senses--in verse if of the
calm understanding.
BULLER.
Will you have the goodness, sir, to say all that over again?
NORTH.
I have forgot it. The lines in the countenance of Prose are austere.
The look is shy, reserved, governed--like the fixed steady lineaments
of mountains. The hues that suffuse the face of her sister Verse vary
faster than those with which the western or the eastern sky momently
reports the progress of the sinking, of the fallen, but not yet lost,
of the coming or of the risen sun.
BULLER.
I have jotted that down, sir.
NORTH.
And I hope you will come to understand it. Candidly speaking, 'tis more
than I do.
SEWARD.
I do perfectly--and it is as true as beautiful, sir.
BULLER.
Equally so.
NORTH.
I venerate Wordsworth. Wordsworth's poetry stands distinct in the
world. That which to other men is an occasional pleasure, or possibly
delight, and to other poets an occasional transport, THE SEEING
THIS VISIBLE UNIVERSE, is to him--a Life--one Individual Human
Life--namely, his Own--travelling its whole Journey from the Cradle to
the Grave. And that Life--for what else could he do with it?--he has
versified--sung. And there is no other such Song. It is a Memorable
Fact of our Civilisation--a Memorable Fact in the History of Human
Kind--that one perpetual song. Perpetual but infinitely various--as
a river of a thousand miles, traversing, from its birthplace in the
mountains, diverse regions, wild and inhabited, to the ocean-receptacle.
BULLER.
Confoundedly prosaic at times.
NORTH.
He, more than any other true poet, approaches Verse to Prose--never, I
believe, or hardly ever, quite blends them.
BULLER.
Often--often--often, my dear sir.
NORTH.
Seldom--seldom--seldom if ever, my dear sir. He tells his Life. His
Poems are, of necessity, an Autobiography. The matter of them, then,
is his personal reality; but Prose is, all over and properly, the
language of Personal Realities. Even with him, however, so peculiarly
conditioned, and, as well as I am able to understand his Proposition,
against his own Theory of writing, Verse maintains, as by the laws of
our insuppressible nature it always will maintain, its sacred Right and
indefeasible Prerogative.
To conclude our conversation--
BULLER.
Or Monologue.
NORTH.
Epos is Human History in its magnitude in Verse. In Prose, National
History offers itself in parallelism. The coincidence is broad
and unquestioned; but on closer inspection, differences great and
innumerable spring up and unfold themselves, until at last you might
almost persuade yourself that the first striking resemblance deceived
you, and that the two species lack analogy, so many other kinds
does the Species in Verse embosom, and so escaping are the lines of
agreement in the instant in which you attempt fixing them.
BULLER.
Would that Lord Bacon were here!
NORTH.
And thus we are led to a deeper truth. The Metrical Epos imitates
History, without doubt, as Lord Bacon says--it borrows thence its
mould, not rigorously, but with exceeding bold and free adaptations, as
the Iliad unfolds the Ten Years' War in Seven Weeks. But for the Poet,
more than another, ALL IS IN ALL.
SEWARD.
Sir?
NORTH.
What is the Paradise Lost, ultimately considered?
BULLER.
Oh!
NORTH.
It is, my friends, the arguing in verse of a question in Natural
Theology. Whence are Wrong and Pain? Moral and Physical Evil, as we
call them, in all their overwhelming extent of complexity sprung? How
permitted in the Kingdom of an All-wise and Almighty Love? To this
question, concerning the origin of Evil, Milton answers as a Christian
Theologian, agreeably to his own understanding of his Religion,--so
justifying the Universal Government of God, and, in particular, his
Government of Man. The Poem is, therefore, Theological, Argumentative,
Didactic, in Epic Form. Being in the constitution of his soul a Poet,
mightiest of the mighty, the intention is hidden in the Form. The
Verse has transformed the matter. Now, then, the Paradise Lost is
not a history told for itself. But this One Truth, in two answering
Propositions, that the Will of Man spontaneously consorting with God's
Will is Man's Good, spontaneously dissenting, Man's Evil. This is
created into an awful and solemn narrative of a Matter exactly adapted,
and long since authoritatively told. But this Truth, springing up
in the shape of narrative, will now take its own determination into
Events of unsurpassed magnitude, now of the tenderest individuality and
minuteness; and all is, hence, in keeping--as one power of life springs
up on one spot, in oak-tree, moss, and violet, and the difference of
stature, thus understood, gives a deep harmony, so deep and embracing,
that none without injury to the whole could be taken away.
BULLER.
What's all this! Hang that Drone--confound that Chanter. Burst, thou
most unseasonable of Bagpipes! Silence that dreadful Drum. Draw in your
Horns--
SEWARD.
Musquetry! cannon! huzzas! The enemy are storming the Camp. The Delhis
bear down on the Pavilion. The Life is in danger. Let us save the King.
NORTH.
See to it, gentlemen. I await the issue in my Swing-chair. Let the
Barbarians but look on me and their weapons will drop.
BULLER.
All's right. A false alarm.
NORTH.
There was no alarm.
BULLER.
'Twas but a SALUTE. THE BOYS have come back from
Kilchurn. They are standing in front beside the spoil.
NORTH.
Widen the Portal. Artistically disposed! The Whole like one
huge Star-fish. Salmo ferox, centre--Pike, radii--Yellow-fins,
circumference--Weight I should say the tenth of a ton. Call the
Manciple. Manciple, you are responsible for the preservation of that
Star-fish.
BULLER.
Sir, you forget yourself. The People must be fed. We are Seven. Twelve
are on the Troop Roll--Nine Strangers have sent in their cards--the
Gillies are growing upon us--the Camp-followers have doubled the
population since morn, and the circumambient Natives are waxing strong.
Hunger is in the Camp--but for this supply, Famine; _Iliacos intra
muros_ PECCATUR _et extra_; Dods reports that the Boiler is
wroth, the Furnace at a red heat, Pots and Pans a-simmer--the Culinary
Spirit impatient to be at work. In such circumstances, the tenth of a
ton is no great matter; but it is better than nothing. The mind of the
Manciple may lie at rest, for that Star-fish will never see to-morrow's
Sun; and motionless as he looks, he is hastening to the Shades.
NORTH.
Sir, you forget yourself. There is other animal matter in the world
besides Fish. No penury of it in camp. I have here the Manciple's
report. "One dozen plucked Earochs--one ditto ditto Ducklings--d. d.
d. March Chick--one Bubblyjock--one Side of Mutton--four Necks--six
Sheep-heads, and their complement of Trotters--two Sheep, just
slaughtered and yet in wholes--four Lambs ditto--the late Cladich
Calf--one small Stot--two lb. 40 Rounds in pickle--four Miscellaneous
Pies of the First Order--six Hams--four dozen of Rein-deer Tongues--one
dozen of Bears' Paws--two Barrels of----"
BULLER.
Stop. Let that suffice for the meanwhile.
NORTH.
The short shadow-hand on the face of Dial-Cruachan, to my instructed
sense, stands at six. You young Oxonians, I know, always adorn for
dinner, even when roughing it on service; and so, V. and W., do you.
These two elderly gentlemen here are seen to most advantage in white
neckcloths, and the OLD ONE is never so like himself as in a
suit of black velvet. To your tent and toilets. In an hour we meet in
the--DEESIDE.
INDEX TO VOL. LXV.
Aculcho, storming of, 139.
Africa, physical conformation of, 408.
AFTER A YEAR'S REPUBLICANISM, 275.
AGRICULTURE, SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL, 255.
Albuquerque, minister to Pedro the Cruel, career of, 339, _et seq._
--his fall, 343, _et seq._
Alcherius, Jehan, the works of, on painting, 441, 442.
Alexandropol, great fortress at, 582.
ALGERIA, REVIEW OF WORKS ON THE WAR IN, 20.
Alphonso, king of Castile, 337, 338.
Alps, chain of the, 408.
America, the colonisation of, 416.
AMERICAN THOUGHTS ON EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS, 190.
ANCIENT PRACTICE OF PAINTING, 436.
Angels, the representation of, in early art, 182.
Angoulême, the duchess d', 597.
Anne, empress of Russia, cruelties of, 674.
Apennines, chain of the, 408.
Arabs, hatred of the, to the French, 25.
ARARAT AND THE ARMENIAN HIGHLANDS, 577.
ARBOUVILLE'S VILLAGE DOCTOR, 542.
ARISTOCRATIC ANNALS, 468.
Arlingcourt, the vicomte d', "Dieu le Veut" by, 599.
Armenian Highlands, the, 577.
Arms, original connexion of all nobility with, 713.
Army, proposed reduction of the, 360.
ART AND ARTISTS IN SPAIN, 63.
ART, SACRED AND LEGENDARY, 175.
Art, peculiarities of the early history of, in England, 64
--state of, during the middle ages, 436.
Asia, the table-lands, &c. of, 408.
Australia, physical conformation, &c., of, 414.
AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY, 614.
--Part II. 697.
Austria, the revolutionary movement in, 2
--reaction in, 4
--her administration in Dalmatia, 204, 206
--progress of conservatism in, 357
--system, &c., of education in, 567, 569
--composition, growth, &c. of the empire of, 614
--character of the officers of her army, 204
--ignorance in, regarding Hungary, 702.
Austrian empire, statistics of the, 706.
Bacon, lord, on history and poetry, 759, _et seq._
Baden, statistics of education in, 568.
Bairam, the feast of, in Egypt, 50.
Bari, African kingdom of, 60.
Bathyanyi, count Louis, Hungarian minister, 697, 698.
Bavaria, system, &c., of education in, 568, 569.
Beaton, cardinal, 114, 115
--his murder, 116.
BEATTIE'S LIFE OF CAMPBELL, review of, 219.
Belgium, system, &c., of education in, 568, 569
--its revolt from Austria, 615.
Bengal, Macaulay's description of, 390.
Beni-Abbez, extermination of the tribe of, 28.
Biography, remarks on, 219.
Black-hole of Calcutta, Macaulay's picture of the, 389.
Blake the painter, 183.
BLANC, A., HIS HISTORY OF CONSPIRACIES, &C., reviewed, 664.
Blanche of Bourbon, marriage of Pedro the Cruel to, 345
--her murder, 351.
Blue Nile, the, 47.
Bohemia, despotic power of Austria in, 615
--its attempted revolt, 618.
Bolognese MS. on painting, the, 442.
Bolotnikoff, a Russian impostor, 669.
Bonald, M. de, 537.
Bonnetat, the Abbé, on the religious state of France, 539.
BOOK OF THE FARM, review of the, 255.
Bordeaux, the Duke de, his claim to the throne of France, 194
--general inclination toward him, 284
--Didier's account of him, 592, _et seq._
Bordeaux, the duchess de, 598.
Borgona, Juan de, 65.
Boris Godunoff, usurpation of the Russian throne by, 666.
Borneo, the island of, 415.
Borrer's campaign in the Kabylie, review of, 20, 23.
Bothwell, the duke of, his marriage to Mary, &c., 121.
Bougie, French colony of, 30.
Bourbon, isle of, bird resembling the Dodo found in, 96.
Bourbons, era of the, in France, 6
--reaction in France in their favour, 190
--on their prospects there, 590.
Bourgoing, M., on the policy, &c., of Russia, 709.
Brandon, Charles, career of, 473.
Bribery, parliamentary, under William III., 401.
Brussels MS. on painting, the, 442.
BUDDLE, T., LETTERS TO THE REV. CHARLES FUSTIAN, by
--Letter I., 679
--Letter II., 683
--Letter III., 688
--Letter IV., 694.
Bugeaud, marshal, his atrocities in Algeria, 21, 26, _et seq._
Burke, E., on the religious spirit of England, 536.
BURKE'S ANECDOTES OF THE ARISTOCRACY, review of, 468.
BURKE'S CELEBRATED TRIALS, review of, 468.
Cabardia, inroad of Chamyl into, 142.
Cabezon, siege of, by Peter the Cruel, 352.
Cabrera, renewed insurrection under, 248
--his character, 250.
Californian gold country, probable effects of the discovery of the,
416, _et seq._
Cambraso, Luca, 69.
Cambridge university, reforms proposed at, 238.
Camel, flesh of the, 57.
CAMPBELL, BEATTIE'S LIFE OF, reviewed, 219.
Canadas, revolutions in progress in, circumstances which have led to
it, &c., 727.
Canadian rebellion, causes, &c., of the, 727
--compensation proposed to actors in, 736.
Cano, Alonzo, the Spanish artist, 76.
Capital, Prudhon on, 310.
CARLISTS IN CATALONIA, the, 248.
Castellane, general, on the atrocities in Algeria, 21.
Cat, the Nubian, 54.
Catalonia, the new Carlist outbreak in, 248.
Cattle, on the management of, 266
--names of, at different ages, 268.
Caucasus, the, 409.
CAUCASUS AND THE COSSACKS, the, 129.
CAXTONS, the, Part IX. chap. xxxix., 33
--chap. xl., 34
--chap. xli., 36
--chap. xlii., 39
--chap. xliii., My father's crotchet on the Hygienic chemistry of
books, 40
--chap. xliv., 42
--chap. xlv., 44
--Part X. chap. xlvi., 147
--chap. xlvii., 150
--chap. xlviii., 151
--chap. xlix. 156
--chap. l., 158
--chap. li., 160
--Part XI. chap. lii., 287
--chap. liii., 291
--chap. liv., 292
--chap. lv., 293
--chap. lvi., 294
--chap. lvii., 298
--chap. lviii., 300
--Part XII. chap. lix., 420
--chap. lx., 422
--chap. lxi., 424
--chap. lxii., 426
--chap. lxiii., 428
--chap. lxiv., Letter from Pisistratus Caxton to Albert Trevanion,
Esq., 430
--Reply, 432
--chap. lxv. 435
--Part XIII. chap. lxvi., 637
--chap. lxvii., 638
--chap. lxviii., 639
--chap. lxix., 640
--chap. lxx., 644
--chap. lxxi., 645
--chap. lxxii., 647
--chap. lxxiii., being a chapter on housetops, 648
--chap. lxxiv., 650
--chap. lxxv., 653
--chap. lxxvi., 654
--chap. lxxvii., 657
--chap. lxxviii., 660
--chap. lxxix., 661.
Cellini, crucifix by, for the Escurial, 68.
Chamyl Bey, the Caucasian chief, 130 note, 131, _et seq._, 139.
Changarnier, general, 276, 277.
Charles I., Macaulay's views on, 394.
Charles II., picture of England under, 398.
Chartists, revolutionary agitation of the, 2.
Chasi Mollah, a Caucasian chief, 131.
Chateaubriand, auguries of, relative to the restoration of the
Bourbons, 196.
Chateaubriand's Génie du Christianisme, on, 537, 538.
Chemistry, importance of, to agriculture, 5.
Chora-Beg, a Caucasian chief, 135.
Christian art, superiority of, to Greek, 179.
CHRISTOPHER UNDER CANVASS, 742.
Church, fostering of art by the, in Spain, 64.
Circassians, sketches of the, and their struggles against Russia, 129.
CIVIL REVOLUTION IN THE CANADAS, 727.
Cladich-Cleugh, description of, 742.
CLAUDIA AND PUDENS, 487.
Clergy, the Armenian, 584.
Clive, lord, Macaulay on, 387.
Coats of arms, proposed restrictions regarding, 726.
Cobden, falsification of the predictions of, as to the pacific
character of the era, 5
--his financial schemes, 362.
Cocks, Mr, his translation of Quinet's Ultramontanism, 531, 532.
Coello, Alonzo, the Spanish painter, 69--Claudio, 77.
COLLEGE, the, a sketch in verse, 601.
Collo dance, the, 209.
Colonial government, defects in the existing system of, 524.
Colonies, Whig policy regarding the, 15
--threatened abandonment of them, 363.
COLONISATION, Mr Wakefield's theory of, 509.
Colonisation, remarks on, 416
--French, in Algeria, 30, _et seq._
Colours, early, used in painting, 449.
Commercial policy, change in the system of, by the Whigs, 15.
Commerce, English policy directed to the encouragement of, 10
--its state, 374, _et seq._
Committee of defence, the Hungarian, 698.
Compensation bill, the Canadian, 736.
Conservatism, reaction abroad in favour of, 529.
Constitutional association of Montreal, the, 728.
Continent, decreased consideration of Britain on the, 365.
Cony, N., murder of, 480.
COOPER, SIR ASTLEY, Part I., 491.
Coronel, Alonzo, rebellion and death of, 343.
Correggio, the angels of, 184.
Corruption, system of, introduced by William III., 400, 401.
Cossacks, sketches of the, 134, 135.
Council of Trent, political influence of the, 533.
Country gentlemen, proposed volunteer force from the, 718.
COVENANTERS' NIGHT-HYMN, by [Greek: D], 244.
CRAIK'S ROMANCE OF THE PEERAGE, review of, 468.
Creation, on the modern theories of, 406.
Critical essay, the, introduced by the Edinburgh Review, 334.
Croatia, the revolt of, against Hungary, 630.
Croats, numbers, &c., of the, 703, 704.
Crocodile, flesh of the, 57.
Cromwell, examination of Macaulay's views regarding, 396.
Cruachan, Ben, ascent of, &c., 744, _et seq._
Currency, Whig policy regarding the, 15.
Currents, oceanic, on, 411, _et seq._
Dadian, Prince, degradation of, 144.
DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO, 202.
Dances, national, on, 209.
Daniloff, Demetrius, 672.
Dargo, defeat of the Russians at, 140.
Darien, the isthmus of, the projected canal at, 417.
Delta, The Covenanters' Night-hymn by, 244
--the sycamine, by, 274.
Demetrius, the Russian impostor, career of, 666, _et seq._
Democracy, spread of, in Canada, 729.
Desjobert, A., on the war and the atrocities in Algeria, 21, 24.
Didier's visit to the Duke de Bordeaux, review of, 590.
DIES BOREALES. No. I. Christopher under Canvass, 742.
Diet, the Hungarian, 620.
Diocletian, the retreat of, 203.
Discipline, the Russian system of, 144.
D'Israeli, speech of, on the proposed reduction in the army,
&c., 369, 371
--on the state of trade, 376.
Division of labour, Prudhon on, 309.
DODO AND ITS KINDRED, THE, 81.
Dolgorucki, prince, fortitude of, 675.
Dugueselm, Bertrand, 355, 356.
Durham, lord, policy, &c. of, in Canada, 733, 735, 740.
Duvivier, general, on the atrocities in Algiers, 25.
Dyeing, early history of, 448.
Edinburgh Review, influence of the, on general literature, 383.
Education, systems of, in various countries, 567, _et seq._
Education committee, proceedings of the, in Scotland, 569.
Education scheme, the Church of Scotland's, 573.
Edward the Black Prince in Spain, 355.
Edwards, signor, MS. of, on painting, 442.
Egypt, sketches in, 47.
Emigrant, value of a knowledge of agriculture to the, 263.
Emigration, advantages of, to Great Britain, 509
--duties of government regarding, 511.
England, peculiarities of the early history of art in, 64
--Macaulay's History of, reviewed, 383
--capabilities of, for colonisation, 509
--long resistance of, to the Papacy, 533.
ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES AND THEIR REFORMS, THE, 235.
English and French Revolutions, contrast between the, 536.
English ritual, Christopher on the, 751.
Epic, on the, its origin, characteristics, &c., 757, _et seq._
Episcopacy, Christopher on, 749.
Erachus, MS. of, on painting, 442.
Erivan, fort of, 582, 583.
Ernest, American thoughts on European revolutions by, 190
--the reaction, or foreign conservatism, by, 529.
Escoffier, captivity of, among the Arabs, 22.
Escurial, the, 68.
Eshmiadzini, convent of, 583, 584.
Essay, remarks on the, 383.
Ethnography, remarks on, 418.
Europe, decreased consideration of Britain throughout, 365.
EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS, AMERICAN THOUGHTS ON, 190.
Evangelists, the early representations of the, 184.
Exports, diminution in, 375, _et seq._
Factor, necessary qualifications of the, 262.
Fadrique, brother of Pedro the Cruel, sketches of, 339, _et seq._
--his murder, 351.
Family Compact party in Canada, the, 730.
Farmer, obligations of the, to the man of science, 258.
Farmers, formation of a volunteer force from among the, 718.
Feodor, czar of Russia, 666.
FEUDALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, 718.
Finance, Whig policy regarding, 15.
Finances, the, 359.
Financial Reform Association, schemes of the, 359.
Foreign conservatism, on, 529.
Form, relations of, to worship, 750, _et seq._
France, the revolution in, 2
--era of the restoration in, 6
--progress of legitimism in, 190
--an American on the state of, 194
--after a year's republicanism, 275
--conservative reaction in, 357, 529
--legitimacy in, 590.
Francis II., measures of, toward Hungary, 622, _et seq._
Francis Joseph, the accession of, and his position toward the
Hungarians, 700.
Frankfort, the atrocities of the Red Republicans at, and their
effects, 4.
Frankfort parliament, degraded condition of the, 358.
Free Church schools, undue favour shown by government to the, 569, 570.
Free trade, principles of, as advocated by Adam Smith, 12.
Free-trade system, influence of, on commerce, 374, _et seq._
FRENCH CONQUERORS AND COLONISTS, 20.
French Canadians, character, objects, &c. of the, 727.
French revolution, influence of the, on English literature, 383.
Frohsdorf, the Duke de Bordeaux at, 594.
FUSTIAN, REV. CHARLES, LETTERS TO THE, Letter I., 679
--Letter II., 683
--Letter III., 688
--Letter IV., 694.
Gaddi, Agnolo, a mosaic painter, 445.
Galitzin, prince, 673.
Garci Laso, a Spanish noble, murder of, 341, _et seq._
Geology, importance of, to agriculture, 256
--on the modern theories of, 406.
Georgia, struggle of the Circassians against, 129.
Germany, the revolutionary fervour in, 2.
Gertrude of Wyoming, publication of, 229.
Glass-painting, on, 446.
Glass trade, state of the, 378, 379.
Godunof, the Russian usurper, 666.
Godwin's Political Justice, remarks on, 305.
Gold, expedition up the Nile in search of, 47
--employment of, in mediæval painting, 447.
Golden eagle, sketch of a, 747.
Government, duties of, as regards emigration, 511.
Grabbe, General, storming of Aculcho by, 139
--operations of, in the Caucasus, 140.
Great Britain, revolutionary agitation in, 2
--reaction against it, 4
--countenance given to revolution abroad by, 8
--nature of the party contests in, 9
--picture of, at the present time, 403
--her capabilities for colonisation, 509.
Great Rebellion, examination of Macaulay's views on the, 393.
Greco, El, the Spanish painter, 66.
Greek art, remarks on, and its religious character, 177
--its inferiority to Christian, 179.
Greek colonisation, system of, 513.
Greek convent, a, 212.
GREEN HAND, THE, Part II., 314.
Gumri, fortress at, 582.
Guzman, Leonora de, mistress of Alphonso of Castile, 339, _et seq._
--her death, 340.
Habitans of Canada, character, &c. of the, 727.
Hallberg, the Baron von, 578.
Hamilton, the Duke of, his duel with Lord Mahon, 479.
Hastings' trial, Macaulay's sketch of, 388.
Head, sir Francis, on Canada, 734.
Hegel, errors of Prudhon regarding the system of, 308.
Henry V., see Bordeaux.
Henry of Trastamara, sketches of, 339, _et seq._
Hermentschuk, a Caucasian village, desperate defence of, 131.
Hermes and Moses, identity of, 178.
Himalaya range, the, 408.
Hind, Dr, his theory of colonisation, 512.
Historical essay, remarks on the, 383.
History and poetry, relations of, 759.
Holland, system, &c., of education in, 568, 569.
Homer, characteristics, &c. of, 757, _et seq._
Horses, names of, at different ages, 268.
Hoste, Sir William, his naval action at Lissa, 207.
Hume, views of, on the Great Rebellion, 394.
HUNGARY, relations of, to Austria, the recent transactions, &c., 614
--Part II. 697.
Hungary, statistics, population, &c. of, 702, _et seq._
Hussein Khan, an Armenian chief, 583.
Icebergs, sizes, &c., of, 411.
Iliad, on the, its leading characteristics, &c., 757, _et seq._
--its religious character, 762.
Imports, manufactured, increase in, 377.
Indian ocean, the, 413.
Infantry, the Spanish and English, under Pedro the Cruel, 354.
Infidelity, prevalence of, in France, 529, 539.
Inglesmendi, origin of the name of, 355.
Ireland, policy of the Whigs toward, 17.
Isly, the battle of, 21, 22.
Italy, the revolutionary movement in, 2
--its arrestment in the North, 4.
Ivan IV., or the Terrible, sketch of, 665.
Ivan, a Cossack servant, sketches of, 583.
Ivanowa, mistress of Peter the Great, 672.
JACK MOONLIGHT, 606.
JAMIESON'S SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART, review of, 175.
Jeffrey, Lord, character of the writings of, 385.
Jellachich, baron, 630, 697, _et seq._
Jews, early toleration enjoyed by the, in Spain, 338, 353, _notes_.
JOHNSTON'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, review of, 406.
Joseph II., measures of, toward Hungary, 617.
Judaism, connexion of, with the Grecian mythology, 178.
KABYLE WAR, review of works on the, 20.
Kabyles, account of the, 23.
Kant, affinity claimed by Prudhon to, 307.
Keks, the, a Nubian tribe, 57, 58.
Kerka, falls of the, 211, 212.
KIRKALDY OF GRANGE, memoirs of, reviewed, 112.
Kirkaldy, sir James, 113.
Kneves, sir Edmond, trial of, 477.
Knighthood, the orders of, proposed restrictions regarding, 725.
Knout, the, in Russia, 144.
Knox, connexion of with the death of Beaton, 117.
Konigsmark, count, career of, 471.
Kossuth, the Hungarian leader, 697.
Labour, Prudhon on, 306, 309.
Lady of Shalott, Tennyson's, 458.
Lafontaine, M., in Canada, 736.
Lamberg, general, murder of, 698.
Lamoricière, general, his proposed system of colonisation in Algeria, 30.
Lance, superiority of the, to the sabre, 145.
Land, rent and property of, Prudhon on, 312.
Landlord, qualifications necessary for the, 262.
Lara, Juan Nunez de, 340, _et seq._
Last Supper, early paintings representing the, 185.
League, the Manchester, 370.
Leather, ancient employment of, for hangings, 448.
Le Begue, Jehan, MS. of, on painting, 441.
Legendary art, on, 175.
LEGITIMACY IN FRANCE, 590.
Legitimism, progress of, in France, 190.
Leslie, Norman, death of, 119.
Levis, the duke de, 594, 595.
LIFE OF THE SEA, the, by B. Simmons, 482.
Lissa, the naval action of, 207.
Literature, influence of the French revolution on, 383.
Liturgy, the English, Christopher on, 751.
Lombardy, education in, 568
--establishment of the Austrian despotic system in, 615
--its revolt, 618.
LONDON CRIES, by B. Simmons, 484.
London university, Campbell's connexion with the, 230.
Long parliament, examination of the conduct of, 394.
Lotos Eaters, Tennyson's, 460.
Louis Napoleon, as president, on, 282.
Louis Philippe, state of France under, 6
--the extent of his constitutional right, 194.
MACAULAY'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 383.
Macaulay, T. B., on the revolutionary aspect of the times, 5
--remarks on his contributions to the Edinburgh Review, 386.
Machinery, Prudhon on, 310.
Mackintosh, Sir James, his contributions to the Edinburgh Review, 386.
Magdalene, early representations of the, 186.
Maistre, the count de, notices and extracts from the works of,
191, 195, 198, 530, _et seq._, 532
--his Considerations sur la France, 538.
Maitland's History of the Dark Ages, remarks on, 439.
Majjar races, numbers, &c., of, in Hungary, 703
--language, the general introduction of, there, 704.
Manners, ancient and modern, picture of, by Macaulay, 402.
Manufactures, state of, 375, _et seq._
--increased importation of, 377.
Marciana MS. on painting, the, 442.
Maria Coronel, the legend of, 349.
Maria de Padilla, career of, 343, _et seq._
Maria Theresa, devotion of the Hungarians to, 616.
Marlborough, the duke of, Macaulay's account of, 399.
Mary Queen of Scots, sketches of, 120, _et seq._
Mary Tudor, career of, 473.
Mauritius, the Dodo in, 84.
Mazaros, Hungarian minister, 697.
Mechanics, aid given by, to agriculture, 258.
MEDECIN DU VILLAGE, translation of the, 542.
Melgund, lord, his proposed changes on the Scottish system of
education, 567, 569.
MEMOIRS OF KIRKALDY OF GRANGE, 112.
MERIMÉE'S PETER THE CRUEL, 337.
MERRIFIELD'S ORIGINAL TREATISES ON PAINTING, review of, 436.
Merritt, Mr, on the Canada compensation bill, 737.
Meteorology, value of, to agriculture, 258.
Methodists, influence, &c., of the, in Canada, 729.
Metidja, the, in Algeria, 31, 32.
Michailoff, defence of the fort of, 136.
Middle ages, defence of the, 436.
Military supremacy, establishment of, in France, 4, 7.
Military tenure, origin of nobility in, 713.
Militia, importance of a, 717.
Milton, characteristics of the epic of, as distinguished from Homer,
758, _et seq._
Minto, lord, proceedings of, in Italy, 366.
MODERN BIOGRAPHY, Beattie's Life of Campbell, 219.
Mohun, lord, career of, 478.
Monarchy, the elective, of Hungary, 619.
Monastic institutions, value of, during the middle ages, 438.
Money and capital, Prudhon on, 310.
Monkey republic, a Nubian, 51.
Monmouth, the duke of, his defeat at Sedgemoor, 393.
Montagnards, party of the, in the French Assembly, 279, _et seq._
Montemolin, the count de, movement in favour of, 249.
Montenegro and Montenegrini, sketches of the, 214.
Montesquieu, the deathbed of, 540.
Montreal constitutional association, the, 728.
MOONLIGHT MEMORIES, by B. Simmons, 613.
Moore, Thomas, the reputation of, 453.
Moors, early toleration shown the, in Spain, 338, note.
Morales, the Spanish painter, 69.
Moray, the regent, sketches of, 122.
Morlacci, tribe of the, 205.
Mosaic painting, on, 445.
Moscow, massacre at, 669
--capture of, by the Poles, 670.
Moses, alleged identity of, with Hermes, 178.
Mountain chains of the earth, the, 407.
Mountaineer, character of the, 409.
Mountford the actor, murder of, 478.
Mudo, El, the Spanish painter, 69.
Müller, Ottfried, on the Iliad, 761.
Muntz, Mr, on the state of trade, 378.
Murides, the, a class of Circassian fanatics, 131, 139.
Murillo, the painter, 73
--his paintings of angels, 184.
Mythology, Grecian, connexion of, with Judaism, 177.
Najera, the battle of, 355.
Naples, the revolutionary movement in, 2
--interference in the affairs of, by the ministry, 366.
Narses, patriarch of Armenia, 587.
National Assembly of France, the, 278.
National debt, rise of the, under William III., 401.
NATIONAL EDUCATION IN SCOTLAND, 567.
National policy, characteristics of the English, 10.
Navarete, Juan Fernandez, (El Mudo,) 69.
Navigation, contributions of science to, 255.
Navy, Whig policy regarding the, 15
--proposed reductions in the, 360.
Nelson, Dr Wolfred, 736
--his career in Canada, &c., 738.
New Guinea, island of, 415.
New Zealand, island of, 415
--character, &c., of its aborigines, 527.
Nicholas, the emperor, 579, 581
--example of summary justice by, 144
--his interference in Hungary, 707, _et seq._
NILE, WERNE'S EXPEDITION TOWARDS THE SOURCES OF, reviewed, 47.
Noah, traditions regarding, in Armenia, 577, 578.
Nobility, origin of, 713
--proposed volunteer force from the, 718, _et seq._
--territorial depression of, 723
--proposed changes in the system of creating, &c., 724.
Nobility, the Russian, servility of, 673, 674.
Novogorod, massacre at, 665.
Nubia, sketches in, 51.
Oat, varieties of the, 269
--meal, 271.
Ocean, the, its physical conformation, &c., 410.
Oil-painting, early history of, 449.
OPENING OF THE SESSION, the, 357.
Orloff, Alexis, 676.
Otrepief, the Russian impostor, career of, 666
--his death, 669.
Oxford, proposed reforms at, 235, 243.
Pacific character of the age, Cobden on the, 5.
Paduan MS. on painting, the, 442.
Paget, Mr, on the state of Hungary, 702.
Painting, ancient practice of, 436.
Palace of art, Tennyson's poem of the, 459.
Pantheon, the, in the Escurial, 70.
Papacy, formal organisation of the, by the council of Trent, 533.
Paradise Lost, characteristics of, 758, _et seq._
Paris, state of, during the revolution of 1848, 6, _et seq._
--the affair of the 29th January at, 275.
Parker, admiral sir William, at Messina, 367.
Parliament, meeting and proceedings of, 357.
Parochial school system of Scotland, review of the, 567.
Party contests, nature of the, in England, 9.
Passport system, the, 204.
Patron saints, on, 177.
Pauperism, emigration as a security against, 509.
Pelenja, African town of, 60.
Pembroke, the earl of, 479.
Pennsylvania, system, &c., of education in, 567, 569.
Pensioners, the corps of, 716.
Percy, lady Elizabeth, career of, 471.
Percys, origin of the, 469.
Peter the cruel, sketches of the life, &c., of, 337.
Peter the Great, sketches of, 671.
Physical Atlas, Johnston's, review of, 406.
Pigs, names of, at different ages, 269.
Pipis, the town of, 579.
Pius IX., commencement of revolutionary innovation by, 2
--his overthrow, 4.
Pleasures of Hope, publication of the, 228.
POETRY OF SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART, the, 175.
Poetry and history, relations of, 759.
Poetry. The Covenanter's Night Hymn, by [Greek: D], 244
--The Sycamine, by [Greek: D], 274
--Life of the Sea, by B. Simmons, 482
--London Cries, by the same, 484
--Moonlight Memories, by the same, 613
--The College, 601.
Poles, massacre of, at Moscow, 669
--and by the, 670.
Political essay, new character given to the, by the Edinburgh
Review, 384.
Presbyterianism, Christopher on, 749, _et seq._
Prince, colonel, on the Canada compensation bill, 739.
Princess, Tennyson's, 463.
Prometheus Vinctus, myth of the, 178.
Property, Prudhon on, 307.
PRUDHON, CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES, 304.
Prussia, the revolutionary movement in, 2
--reaction in, 4
--system and statistics of education in, 567, _et seq._
Pugatscheff, a Russian pretender, 675.
Puseyism, letters on, 679.
Pym, Sir Charles, murder of, 478.
Pyrenees, range of the, 408.
Quinet, Professor, 530
--his Ultramontanism, 531, _et seq._
Raffaelle, last supper by, 185.
Rajewski, General, 137.
Razzia, sketch of a, in Algeria, 27.
REACTION, THE, or Foreign Conservatism, 529.
Rebellion, the Canadian, causes, &c., of the, 727
--compensation to actors in, 736.
Red Republicans, conspiracy of the, on the 29th January, 275.
Reform party in Canada, objects, &c., of the, 729.
Reformation, influence of the, on the character of social conflicts, 8
--in Scotland, sketches of its history, &c., 112, _et seq._
--influence of its failure in France on French history, 535.
Reforme, the, on the state of Paris, 7.
Religion, on the relation between, and art, 175
--subordination of art to, during the middle ages, 436
--connexion of French history with, 529.
Rembrandt, the religious paintings of, 183.
Rent and property in land, Prudhon on, 312.
Representation scheme, proposed new, in Canada, 740.
Republicanism, France after a year's experience of, 275.
Restoration, era of the, in France, 6.
Revolution, countenance given to, by the Whigs, 8, 16
--that of 1688, examination of Macaulay's views on, 398.
REVOLUTIONS, THE YEAR OF, 1.
Revolutions, the recent, thoughts of an American on, 190.
Ribera, José de, El Spagnoletto, 77.
Ricos Hombres of Spain, the, 337.
Ricsay, Count Adam, 698.
Ritual of the English Church, on the, 751.
River systems of the earth, the, 409.
Rodriguez, the Solitaire of, 94
ROMANCE OF RUSSIAN HISTORY, the, 664.
Romanism, influence of the Council of Trent on, 533.
Rome, commencement of the revolutionary agitation in, 2.
Rosen, Baron, in the Caucasus, 131.
Royalist tendency, progress of, in France, 190.
Russia and the Circassians, sketches of the war between, 129
--statistics, &c., of education in, 568, 569
--the interference of, in Hungary, 706, _et seq._
RUSSIAN HISTORY, sketches of, 664.
Sabre and lance, comparative merits of the, 145.
SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART, on, 175.
Saddle-bag party in Canada, the, 730.
St Andrews, siege of the castle of, 118.
St Archangelo, convent of, 212.
St Audemar, Petrus de, MS. of, on painting, 442.
St Filomena, legend of, 187.
St Nicholas, legend of, 187.
St Paolo fueré-le-mura, church of, 185.
Salona, the antiquities of, 208.
Sass, General, in the Caucasus, 135.
Say, J. B., on the division of labour, 309.
Scardona, town of, 210.
Science, obligations of agriculture to, 255.
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE, 255.
Schilluks, race of the, 54.
Schoolmasters of Scotland, the memorial of, 571.
Sclavic races, numbers, state, &c., of, in Hungary, 703.
Scotland, sketches of the history of, at the period of the
Reformation, 112, _et seq._
--the statistical accounts of, reviewed, 162
--the system of national education in, 567.
Scottish Kirk, Christopher on the, 749, _et seq._
Secular education, insufficiency of, 569.
Sedgemoor, battle of, Macaulay's picture of, 391.
Serbe races of Hungary, the, 703.
SESSION, OPENING OF THE, 357.
Sheep, feeding of, on turnips, 265
--names of, at different ages, 267.
Shusky, Andrew, a Russian Boyar, death of, 665.
Shusky, Basil, heroic courage of, 668
--becomes Czar, 669.
Sicily, the revolutionary movement at, 2.
Sign, sketches at the city of, 213.
Silk trade, state of the, 377.
Simuel Levi, treasurer to Pedro the cruel, 347
--his disgrace and death, 352.
Simmons, B., Life of the Sea, by, 482
--London Cries, 484
--Moonlight Memories, 613.
Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, remarks on, 164.
SIR ASTLEY COOPER. Part I., 491.
Sisters, the, Tennyson's poem of, 458.
Slave-trade and slavery, policy of the Whigs regarding, 16.
Slave-trade of Circassia, the, 137.
Slovacks, numbers, feeling, &c., of the, in Hungary, 703, 712.
Smith, Adam, free-trade principles as advocated by, 12.
Smith, Sidney, his contributions to the Edinburgh Review, 386.
Solitaire, the, a congener of the Dodo, 94.
Somerset, the proud duke of, 473.
Spagnoletto, El, 77.
Spain, the new Carlist movement in, 248
--under Pedro the cruel, sketches of, 337
--present state of our relations with, 365
--the mountain chains, &c., of, 408.
Spalato, sketches of, 207.
SPANISH ART AND ARTISTS, 63.
Stadion, Count, the Austrian minister, 701.
Stanley, Lord, on the present position of the country, &c., 365, 569.
STATISTICAL ACCOUNTS OF SCOTLAND, 162.
Statistics, remarks on the study of, 162, _et seq._
Stenka, Razin, a Russian robber, career of, 671.
Stephen, the archduke, Palatine of Hungary, 697.
STEPHENS' BOOK OF THE FARM, vol. I., review of, 255.
STIRLING'S ART AND ARTISTS OF SPAIN, review of, 63.
Stourton, Lord, trial, and execution of, 477.
Strathaven veal, fattening, &c., of, 273.
STRICKLAND'S THE DODO AND ITS KINDRED, review of, 81.
Suez, isthmus of, railway or canal for the, 418.
Surgeon, Sir A. Cooper on the qualifications of the, 494.
Sweden, education in, 569.
SWORD OF HONOUR, the, chapter i., 98
--chap. ii., 102
--chap. iii., 103
--chap. iv., 105
--chap. v., 107.
SYCAMINE, the, by [Greek: D], 274.
SYSTÈME DES CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES, on the, 304.
Szemere, the Hungarian minister, 697.
Talking Oak, Tennyson's, on, 462.
Tarrakanoff, the princess, adventures of, 676
--her death, 678.
Tartars, contests of the Circassians with the, 129.
Taxation, change in the system of, by the Whigs, 16.
Tcherkesses or Circassians, the, 130.
Tello, brother of Pedro the cruel, sketches of, 340, 344, 345.
TENNYSON'S POEMS, 453.
Theotocopuli, the Spanish painter, 66.
Thibet, the physical conformation of, 408.
Thucydides and Homer, parallel between, 759.
Thynne, Thomas, Esq., career of, 471.
Tibaldi, Pellegrino, 69.
Tilting festival in Dalmatia, a, 213.
Titian, paintings executed for the Escurial by, 68
--angels of, 184
--alleged practice of, in painting, 450.
Toledo, cathedral of, concentration of artistic skill on the, 65.
Toro, capture of, by Pedro the cruel, 348.
Tractarianism, letters on, 679.
Trade, effects of the free-trade system on, 374, _et seq._
Transcribers of the middle ages, the, 439, 444.
Traü, town of, 210.
Tridentine council, political influence of the, 533.
Tristan, Luis, the painter, 67.
Tshetshens, the, and their struggles against Russia, 130, 131, _et seq._
Turkey, danger to, from Russian interference in Hungary, 709.
Turnau, Baron, residence of, in Circassia, 132.
Turnip, on the, 264.
Ultramontanism, prospects, &c., of, in France
--Quinet's work on, &c., 531, _et seq._
Ulysses, Tennyson's, 461.
United States, systems, statistics, &c., of education in, 568, 569.
Universities, reforms proposed at the, 235.
Urban population, disqualification of, to form a volunteer force, 718.
Van Diemen's Land, physical conformation, &c., of, 415.
Vegetable physiology, importance of, to agriculture, 257.
Velasquez, the painter, 70.
Vienna, suppression of the revolutionary movement in, 4
--revolt of, connexion of the Hungarians with, 699
--ignorance in, regarding Hungary, 702.
VILLAGE DOCTOR, the, a tale, 452.
Vision of Sin, Tennyson's poem called the, 459.
Vissomaz, convent of, 211.
Vitoria, combat at, in the time of Pedro the cruel, 354.
Vladika of Montenegro, the, 216, _et seq._
Volpato MS. on painting, the, 442.
Volunteer force, proposals for a new, 717, _et seq._
WAGNER'S CAUCASUS AND THE COSSACKS, review of, 129
--his ARARAT AND THE ARMENIAN HIGHLANDS, review of, 577.
WAKEFIELD'S ART OF COLONISATION, review of, 509.
Walckvogel or Dodo, the, 84.
Wallace's Dirge, 227.
Walpole, sir Robert, system of parliamentary corruption employed by, 401.
War, necessity and advantages of, 716.
Waste lands, colonial, necessity for proper distribution of, 511
--Wakefield's proposed system regarding, 515.
Wax, painting on, 447.
WERNE'S EXPEDITION UP THE WHITE NILE, review of, 47.
Wheat, varieties, &c., of, 270.
Whigs, countenance given to revolution abroad by the, 8, 16
--change of English policy introduced by, 12, _et seq._
WHITE NILE, the, 47.
WILKINSON'S DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO, review of, 202.
William III., policy pursued by, 400, _et seq._
Williaminoff, General, 136.
WILLIAMS' CLAUDIA AND PUDENS, review of, 487.
Wordsworth, established reputation of, 453
--remarks on, 765.
Woronzoff, count, in the Caucasus, 131, 141.
Wurtemberg, education in, 568.
YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS, the, 1.
Zurbaran, Francisco de, 76.
_Printed by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh._
[Transcriber's Note:
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]