English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live
side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting
the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian)
French words began, and during the next two hundred years the
majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over
into English.
Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no
English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity.
This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been
said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as
French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to
determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or
French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is
derived from Latin.
The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, _acrid_;
audīt-, _auditor_. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate
that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French
into the English language.
=Ac-=, _sharp_--=āc-er= (acr-) _sharp_; =ăc-us=, _needle_, =ac-uo=,
_I sharpen_: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager
(Fr. _aigre_, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. _vin_, wine, + _aigre_),
acetic.
=aed-es=, _a building_; =aedi-fic-āre= (see _facio_), _to build_
(_up_): edi-fice, edi-fy.
=aes=, _money_--=aes-tim-are= _to value_: estim-ate, in-estim-able,
esteem, aim (Fr.).
=ăger= (agr-), _field_, _country_; =per-agr-are=, _to travel
through_: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino =
peragr-), agri-culture (see _colo_).
=ăg-o= (=ag-ito=), _I drive_, _perform_; =act-us=, _performed_:
ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act,
transact, amb-ig-uous.
=ali-us=, _other_; =al-ter=, _the other_: ali-en, alienate,
inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate,
altercation, sub-alter-n.
=ăl-tus=, _high_: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto
(Ital.).
=ăm-o= (amāt-), _I love_; =amī-cus=, _friend_: am-ity, amor-ous,
amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured
(Fr.).
=anim-a=, _air_, _breath of life_; =anim-us=, _mind_: anim-al,
anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see _verto_), un-anim-ous,
equ-anim-ity (_aequus_), animalcule.
=ann-us=, _year_: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (_verto_), annual,
per-enn-ial.
=antiqu-us= (=anticus=), _ancient_: antique, antiquary, antiquity,
antic.
=apt-us=, _fitted_, _suitable_; =in-ept-us=, _senseless_: apt,
aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.
=aqua=, _water_: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (_duco_).
=arbiter=, (arbitr-), _umpire_: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment,
arbitrary.
=ar-=, _join_--=ar-ma=, _fittings_, _arms_; =ar-tus=, _joint_: arm,
armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo
(Span.), armi-stice (_sto_).
=ar-s= (same root as above), _skill_: art, artisan, artist, artifice
(_fac-_), in-ert.
=audi-o= (audīt-), _hear_; =aur-is=, _ear_; =ob-oedi-o=, (_hearken
to_), _obey_: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium,
audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.
=Bell-um=, old form duellum, _war_: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel,
revel (Fr.).
=bĕnĕ=, _well_, =bŏnus=, _good_: bene-dic-tion, beni-son;
bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (_facio_); bene-vol-ent (_vŏlo_);
beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).
=bis=, =bi=, _twice_; =bini=, _two by two_: bi-cycle, bi-ennial,
bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (_twice baked_), bin-ary, combine.
=brev-is=, _short_: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.
=Caballus=, _a nag_: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry,
chivalry.
=căd-o= (cĭd-), _I fall_; =căs-us=, _a fall_: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce,
de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.
=caed-o= (caes-), _I cut_; =in-cīd-o=, (in-cīs-) _I cut in_: de-cide,
incisive, precise.
=camp-us=, _plain_, _field_: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign
(Fr.).
=cand-=, _be white_, _glow_--=cand-idus=, _white_; =in-cend-o=
(cens-), _kindle_: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent,
incend-iary, incense.
=can-o= (cant-), =cant-o= (cantāt-), _I sing_: can-orous, cant-icle,
canto, cant.
=căp-io=, (capt-), =ac-cip-io= (cept-), _take_, _receive_: capacity,
capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt
(Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.
=căpŭt= (căpĭt-), _head_: cape (headland), capital, capitol,
capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. _chapitre_), catt-le and chattel
(Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.
=căro= (carn-) _flesh_: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr.
and Ital.
=car-us=, _dear_; =cāritas=, _dearness_, _love_: charity, cherish
(Fr. _cher_ = _cār-_).
=cast-us=, _pure_; =castīgo= (castigāt-), _punish_: castigate, chaste.
=caus-a=, _cause_; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse,
accusation.
=cav-us=, _hollow_: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery
(Fr.).
=ced-o= (cess-), _go_, _yield_, _leave off_: cede, accede, cease,
cessation, proceed.
=cens-eo=, _I assess_, _judge_: census, censor, censure.
=cent-um= _hundred_: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.
=cern-o= (crēt-), _I distinguish_, _decide_; =cert-us=, _fixed_:
dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete,
secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.
=circ-um=, _around_; =circ-us=, _circle_: circle, circular, circuit
(_ĭ-_), circum-spect.
=cīvi-s=, _citizen_; =cīvi-tas=, _state_, _city_: civic, civilize,
civilian, city and citadel.
=clam-o=, (clamāt-), _I cry out_: claim, exclaim, declamation.
=claud-o=, (claus-), _I shut_; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause,
close, ex-clude.
=clīv-us=, _slope_; =in-clīno= (clīnāt-), _bend_: de-clivity,
in-clination, declension.
=colo=, (cult-), _I till_, _revere_; =colon-us=, _farmer_: colony,
cult, culture.
=cōmmodus=, _convenient_: commodity, incommode, accommodate.
=cōpia=, _plenty_: copious, copy, cornucopia.
=cŏr= (cord-), _heart_: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core,
cour-age (Fr.).
=cŏrōn-a=, _garland_, _crown_; =corolla= (lit. _little crown_)
_chaplet_: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla,
corollated, corollary.
=corpus= (corpŏr-), _body_: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate,
corpus-cle.
=crēd-o= (crēdit-), _I trust_, _believe_: credential, credit,
ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).
=crĕ-o= (creāt-), _produce_, =crēsc-o= (crēt-), _grow_, creator,
cresc-ent.
=crĕm-o= (crĕmāt-), _I burn_: cremate, cremationist, crematory.
=crux= (crŭc-), _cross_: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade
(Span.), cross, cruise.
=cŭp-id-us=, _desiring_: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.
=cūra=, _care_; =cūr-o= (cūrāt-) _care for_: cur-ious, cure, curate,
curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē =
_without_).
=curr-o= (curs-), _I run_: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.
=Damnum=, _loss_; =damn-o= (damnāt-), _condemn_: damn, condemnation,
indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).
=dēbe-o= (dēbit-), _I owe_: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.
=decem=, _ten_: December (orig. the _tenth_ month), decim-al,
decennial.
=dĕc-et=, _it is becoming_; =dĕc-us= (dĕcŏr-), _ornament_: dec-ent,
decor-um.
=dens= (dent-), _tooth_: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent,
tri-dent.
=dĕ-us=, _God_: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.
=dīc-o= (dĭct-), _say_; =dĭc-o= (dĭcāt-), _proclaim_: dictum,
diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (_vērus_), ab-dicate,
predicate.
=dĭ-es=, _day_: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.),
meri-dian.
=dign-us=, _worthy_; =dign-itas=, _worth_: dignity, dainty (Fr.),
dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).
=disc-o=, _I learn_; =dŏce-o= (doct-) _I teach_: disciple, docile,
doctor, doct-rine.
=do= (dăt-), =dōn-o= (dōnāt-), _I give_, _present_: data, date,
dative, donor, donate, add (= _ad_ + _do_), render (Fr.; _re-_,
back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.
=dŏl-eo=, _I grieve_; =dŏl-or=, _grief_, _pain_: dole (= grief),
doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.
=dŏm-o= (dŏmĭt-) _I subdue_; =dŏmin-us=, _lord_, _master_:
in-domitable, dominant.
=dŏm-us=, _house_: domestic, domicile.
=dormi-o= (dormīt-), _I sleep_: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).
=duc-= _lead_--=duc-o= (dŭct-); =ēdŭc-o= (educāt-), _I rear_;
=dux= (dŭc-), _leader_: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.),
deduction, traduce, education.
=duo=, _two_: dual, duel (see _bellum_), double (Fr.; _duplus_),
doublet, duplex.
=Ĕm-o= (empt-), _I buy_; =ex-emp-lum=, _example_: pre-empt,
ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom
(Fr.; _red-imo_).
=ĕs-se=, _to be_; =ab-s-ens= (absent-), _being away_; =fŭtūrus=
_about to be_: ess-ence (lit., _being_, _existence_), present,
ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.
=Făber= (făbr-), _workman_; =fabric-a=, _workshop_: fabric,
fabricate, forge (Fr.).
=făci-es=, _form_, _face_: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face
(Fr.), façade (Fr.).
=făci-o=, (fact-), _I make_; =ef-fĭci-o= (effect-); =făcil-is=,
easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect,
defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.),
faculty, artificer.
=fall-o=, (fals-), _I deceive_: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and
fault (Fr.).
=fānum=, _temple_; =fēstus=, _festal_: fane, fanatic, pro-fane,
festive.
=fā-=, _speak_--=fāri= (fāt-, fān-), _to speak_; =fā-bula=, _tale_;
=fā-ma=, _a report_: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality,
fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.
=fē-=, _produce_--=fēmina=, _a woman_; =fēlix=, _happy_: feminine,
female, felicity.
=fend-=, _strike_, _fend_--occurs in compound verbs, _e.g._,
=de-fend-o=, (-fens-), _ward off_: defend, offend, offence, fence,
in-fes-t.
=fĕr-o=, (lāt-), _I bear_; =fertilis=, _productive_: fertile, in-fer,
differ, elated.
=fĭd-es=, _faith_; =fĭdēlis=, =fid-us=, _trusty_; =foed-us=
(foeder-), _treaty_: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy,
af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.
=fīlius=, _son_, (=fīlia= _daughter_): filial, affiliate, Fitz-
(Fitzedward) (Fr.).
=fing-o=, (fĭct-, fĭg-), _I fashion_, _make up_: figment, figure,
fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.
=fīnis=, _end_; =fīni-o= (fīnīt-), _I end_: fine, con-fine, final,
finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish,
finesse.
=firm-us=, _steadfast_; =firm-o= (firmat-), _I strengthen_,
_strength_: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit.
_support_), farm (through Ang. Sax.).
=flagr-o= (flagrāt), _I burn_; =flam-ma=, _flame_: flagrant, inflame,
flambeau (Fr.).
=flect-o= (flex-), _I bend_: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor,
flexion, flexure.
=flōs= (flōr-), _flower_; =floresc-ĕre=, _to blossom_: flora, florid,
florist, florescent.
=flu-o= (flux-), _flow_; =fluct-us= _a wave_: flu-ent, fluid,
influence, flux, fluctuate.
=fŏli-um=, _leaf_; =fŏliāt-us= _leaved_: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.),
trefoil, portfolio.
=fōns= (font-), _a spring_: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.
=fōrm-a=, _shape_; =form-o (formāt-)=, _I shape_: form, formal,
formula, perform.
=forti-s=, _steadfast_, _brave_: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr.,
comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.
=frag-=, =frang-o= (fract-), _I break_: fragile, fragment, fracture,
in-fringe.
=frāter=, _brother_: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (_caedo_),
friar (Fr.).
=frīgidus=, _be cold_; =frīger-are=, _make cold_: frigidity,
refrigerate, refrigerant.
=frons= (front-), _forehead_: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and
frontier.
=frūg-=, =fru-i= (fruct-), _to enjoy_; =frūg-es=, =fructus=, _fruit_;
=frugi=, _useful_: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit,
fruition, frugal.
=fŭgi-o= (fŭgit-), _I flee_: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge
(_febris_, fever).
=fulge-o= (fuls-), _shine_; =fulmen=, _lightning_: refulgent,
fulminate.
=fŭnd-o= (fūs-), _I pour_; =fū-tilis=, _vain_: re-fund (= pay back),
fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount
(of type), futile.
=fund-us=, _bottom_; =fund-āre= (fundāt-), _to found_: fundament
= foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to)
founder, fund, refund.
=fung-i= (funct-), _perform_: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.
=Gĕl-=, =gelid-us=, _icy cold_; =gĕl-āre= (gelāt-), _to congeal_,
=glacies=, _ice_: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).
=gĕn-= (_birth_)--=gĕn-us= (gĕnĕr-), (_birth_), _race_; =gen-s=
(gent-), _nation_; =gigno= (genit-), _give birth_: general, generate,
congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender
(Fr.), ingenuous.
=gĕr-o= (gĕst-), _bear_: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and
jest (Fr.).
=grăd-i= (gressus), _to walk_, _go_; =grăd-us=, _a step_: gradi-ent,
gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).
=grandis=, _great_: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.
=gran-um=, _a grain_: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and
grange.
=grātus=, _acceptable_; =grātia=, _favour_; =grātiae=, _thanks_;
=gratul-āri=, _to congratulate_: gratitude, grateful, gratify,
ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = _ăgĕre grātiās_), gracious, gratis,
gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).
=grăvis=, _heavy_: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.
=grĕx= (grĕg-), _a flock_: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.
=Hăbe-o= (hăbit-), _I have_; in compounds -hibeo, =prohibeo=,
_prevent_; =habilis=, _suitable_: habit, habitude, exhibit,
prohibitive, able (Fr.).
=haere-o= (haes-), _I stick_: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.
=hēres= (hērēd-), _heir_: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it
(Fr.), heir-loom.
=hŏmo= (hŏmĭn-), _man_; =humān-us=, _human_; =humus=, _ground_;
=humil-is=, _lowly_: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble
and homage (Fr.).
=hŏspes= (hŏspĭt-), _host_, also _guest_; =hŏspĭti-um=, _inn_;
=hŏstis=, _enemy_: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry,
hostler; host (army), hostile.
=Idem=, _same_; =item=, _likewise_; =ĭ-terum=, _a second time_;
=iterāre=, _to repeat_: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate,
reiteration.
=impero= (imperāt-), _I command_; =imperium=, _rule_: imperative,
empire (Fr.).
=insŭla=, _island_: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.),
isle (Fr.).
=in-teg-er=, _whole_ (= in-tac-t; from _tag-_, see _tango_): integer,
entire (Fr.).
=intellego= (intellect-), _I understand_: intelligent, intellect,
intellectualism.
=īra=, _anger_, =irāsc-i=, _to be angry_: irate, iracund, irascible,
ire (Fr.)
=ĭ-=, _go_--This root is found in =ĕo= (ĭt-), _I go_; =ī-tio=,
=ĭ-tus=, _a going_; =iter= (ĭtĭner-), _a going_, _march_;
=ĭn-ĭ-tium=, _a beginning_: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē =
_apart_), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.
=Jac-=, _throw_--=jăcĭo= (ject- in compounds), _I throw_; =jăct-ūra=,
=jăculātio=, _casting_; =jac-ēre=, _to lie (down)_: jactitation,
abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation;
adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist
and joist (from _jacēre_).
=jŏcus=, _jest_; =jŭcundus=, _pleasant_: jocose, jocular, joke,
jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (_jeu parti_ = even chance) (Fr.).
=jūdex= (jūdic-), _a judge_; =jūs= (jūr-), _right_; =jūrāre=, _to
swear_; =justus=, _just_; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge,
jury, jurist, injury, adjust.
=jŭg-um=, _yoke_; =jung-o= (junct-), _I join_; =juxta=, _near to_:
jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction,
juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.
=jŭvĕnis=, _young_: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.
=jūv-o= (jūt-), _I aid_: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).
=Lāb-=, _glide down_--=lapsus=, _a gliding_, _fall_: lapse, collapse,
elapse, relapse.
=laed-o= (laes-), _strike_, _hurt_; =col-līdo= (-līs-), _dash
together_: collide, elide.
=lătu-s= (lătĕr-), _side_: lateral, collateral, multilateral,
equilateral (_aequus_).
=laud-o= (laudāt-), _I praise_; =laus=, _praise_: laud, laudable,
laudatory, laudation.
=lăv-o= (lăvāt) _I wash_; =lăvanda= _(things) to be washed_;
=lŭ-ĕre=, _wash_: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave,
lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.
=lag-=, =langue-o=, _to be_ =languid-us=, _faint_, _dull_; =lax-us=,
_open_, _loose_: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through
Fr. lease, leash, release.
=lēx= (lēg-), _law_; =lēg-o= (lēgāt-), _I send_, _depute_; =collēga=,
_colleague_: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee,
legacy, allegation, college.
=lĕg-o= (lĕct-), _I choose_, _read_; =lĕg-i= _legion_: legible,
legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and
cull (_colligo_).
=lĕvis=, _light_, =lĕv-o= (lĕvāt-), _I raise_, _lighten_: levity,
levant, elevator, alleviate.
=lĭber= (lĭbr-), _book_; =lĭbēll-us=, _pamphlet_: library, libel,
libellous.
=līber=, _free_; =līber-o= (līberāt-), _set free_: liberal, liberty,
libertine, liberate.
=lībra= (dimin. =libella=), _a balance_; =libr-o= (lībrāt-), _I
balance_: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.
=lĭg-o= (lĭgāt-), _I tie_: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league,
liable, lien.
=līnquo=, (rĕ-lĭct-), _I leave_: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish,
relic.
=līn-um=, _flax_; =līnea=, _a thread_: line, lineal, lineament,
delineate, linen.
=lĭqu-ere=, _be moist_; =lĭquid-us=, _flowing_: liquid, liquidation.
=littera=, _a letter_: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate,
letter (Fr.).
=lŏc-us=, _a place_; =lŏc-o= (lŏcāt-), _I place_: local, allocate =
allow (Fr.).
=long-us=, _long_: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.),
lunge (Fr.).
=lŏqui= (lŏcut-), _to speak_; =lŏqu-ax=, _talkative_: loquacious,
eloquent, colloquial.
=luc-=: this root is seen in =lūx= (lūc-), =lumen= (lūmin-), _light_;
=lūna=, _moon_: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.
=Mag-=: this root appears in =magn-us=, _great_, =maior=, _greater_,
=maxim-us=, _greatest_, and =magister=, _master_: magnitude, magnify,
magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master
(Fr.).
=male=, _badly_; =malus=, _bad_: mali-gn (see _gĕn-_), malignant,
male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.
=măne-o= (mans-), _I remain_: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion
(_staying_ (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).
=măn-us=, _hand_; =mand-o= (mandāt-), _entrust_: manual, manacle,
mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (_mitto_); through Fr.,
amend, command, maintain (_teneo_), manœuvre (Fr. _œuvre_ = _opera_,
work).
=măre=, _sea_: marine, mariner, maritime.
=māter=, _mother_; =materia=, _stuff_, _matter_: maternal, material,
matron.
=mĕd-eri=, _to heal_; =medic-us=, _physician_: medical, re-medy.
=medi-us=, _middle_: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).
=mĕmor=, _mindful_; =mĕmŏro= (mĕmŏrāt-), _I recount_: memory,
memorandum.
=mens= (mĕnt-), _mind_; =re-min-isci=, _I remember_: mental,
reminiscent, comment.
=mĕre-o= (mĕrit-), _I deserve_: merit, meritorious.
=merx= (merc-), _wares_; =mercor= (mercāt-), _I purchase_; =merces=
(mercēd-), _hire_: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.
=mēt-iri= (mens-), _to measure_: mensuration, dimension, measure
(Fr.).
=miles= (mīlĭt-), _soldier_: military, militant, militia.
=mille=, _thousand_: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.),
etc.
=mōns= (mŏn-), _mountain_: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.
=mĭnu-o= (mĭnut-), _lessen_; =minor=, _less_; =minister=, _servant_:
minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry,
ministration, minstrel (Fr.).
=mīr-āri= (mīrāt-), _to wonder at_: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror,
marvel.
=misce-o= (mixt-), _I mix_: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.
=mitto= (mĭss-), _I send_: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal,
manu-mit.
=mŏd-us= and =modul-us=, _a measure_; verb stems =mŏderāt-=,
=mŏdul-āt-=: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.),
model, mode = mood.
=mōles=, _mass_: mole (_i.e._, dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.
=mŏne-o=, (mŏnĭt-), _I warn_; =monstr-um=, _warning_, _prodigy_:
monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).
=morbus=, _disease_; =mors= (mort-), _death_: morbid, mortal, mortify.
=morde-o= (mors-), _I bite_: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.),
remorse.
=mōs=, _custom_, pl. =mōres=, _manners_: moral, moralize, morose,
demure (Fr.).
=mŏve-o= (mōt-), _I move_; =mobilis=, _movable_: movement, motion,
remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. _mobĭlĕ_), move
(Fr.).
=mūni-o= (munīt-), _I fortify_; =mūr-us=, _a wall_: muniment,
munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.
=mūnis=, _obliging_; =mūnus= (mūner-), _service_, _gift_; =municeps=,
_citizen_: munificent (_facio_), immunity, remuneration, municipal.
=mūt-o= (mūtāt-); =mūtu-us=, _borrowed_: mutable, per-mutation,
commute.
=Nāsc-i= (nāt-), _to be born_: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation,
nature, cognate.
=nāvis=, _ship_; =nauta=, _sailor_: naval, navy, nautical.
=nect-o= (nex-), _I bind_: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.
=nĕg-o= (nĕgāt-), _I deny_: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).
=neuter= (neutr-), _neither_: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.
=nō-=, _older_; =gnō-=, _know_; =nobilis=, _noble_; =nōtus=, _well
known_; =nō-men= (nōmĭn-), _name_; =ignōr-āre=, _not to know_;
nobility, i-gnoble (i = _in_, not), en-noble, notice and notify,
notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate,
nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.
=nŏce-o=, _I harm_; =nox-ius=, _hurtful_: in-noc-ent, innocuous,
noxious, nuisance.
=norma=, _a rule_; root nō- as in _nōtus_: normal, abnormal, enormous.
=nota=, _a mark_; =nŏt-o=, (nŏtāt-), _I mark_: note and notable
(Fr.), notary.
=nŏvus=, _new_; =nuntius=, _news_: novel and novice (Fr.),
in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.),
pronounce (Fr.).
=nox= (noct-), _night_: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.
=nūbĕre= (nupt-), _to marry_: con-nubial, nuptial.
=nutri-o= (nutrīt-), _I nourish_; =nutrix= (nutrīc-), _a nurse_:
nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling,
nourish, nurture.
=Ŏculus=, _eye_: ocular, oculist, ocellus.
=omnis=, _all_: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.
=ŏnus= (ŏnĕr-), _burden_: onerous, ex-onerate.
=ops=, _means_; =ōptimus=, _best_: opulent, optimist, optimates.
=ŏpus= (ŏpĕr-), _work_; =ŏpĕra=, _service_: operate, operative,
co-operation, opera.
=opt-o= (optāt-), _I desire_: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.
=ordo= (ordĭn-), _order_, _row_; =ordĭn-o= (ordĭnāt-), _I set
in order_; =orno= (ornāt-), _I deck_: ordinal, extra-ordinary,
ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate;
through Fr., order, ordain.
=oriens=, _rising_ (=sōl oriens=, _the east_); =orīgo= (orīgĭn-),
_source_: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.
=ōs= (ōr-), _mouth_; =ōr-o= (ōrāt-), _I speak_, _pray_; =ōmen=
(omin-), _token_: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (_facio_),
os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.
=ōvum=, _egg_; =ōvātio=, _an ovation_: oval, ovary, ovi-form,
ovi-parous (_pario_).
=Paenīt-ēre=, _to be sorry_: through Fr., penitent, repentance,
penance.
=pāgus=, _country district_: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).
=par=, _equal_: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage,
um-pire.
=păro= (părāt-), _make ready_: com-par-able, ap-paratus,
pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry,
parade, para-sol (Port.).
=pār-ēre=, _be visible_: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to
peep).
=pars= (part-), _part_; =partīt-us=, _divided_: partitive, partition,
participate (_căpio_); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.
=pătēre=, _to be open_; =pandĕre= (pans-, pass-), _to extend_:
patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass,
passage, pace, pan.
=pater= (patr-), _father_; =patria=, _fatherland_; =patricius=,
_patrician_: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.
=păt-i= (pass-), _to suffer_: patient, com-pat-ible, passion,
compassion, passive.
=paucus=, _few_, _little_; =pauper=, _poor_: paucity, pauperism;
through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.
=pectus= (pectŏr-), _breast_: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital.
_petto_, breast).
=pecunia=, _money_; =peculium=, _personal property_: pecuniary,
im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.
=pell-o= (puls-), _beat_, _drive_; =pulso= (pulsāt-), _push_,
_strike_: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.
=pend-ēre= (pens-), _to hang_ (1); =pĕnd-ĕre= (pens-), _to weigh_,
_pay_ (2); =pŏndus= (pŏnder-), _weight_: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.),
im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend,
dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension,
pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).
=pēs= (pĕd-), _foot_; =ex-pedi-o= (expĕdīt-), _I set free_: pedal,
ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.
=ping-o= (pĭct-), _I paint_: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict,
paint (F.).
=pĭus=, _dutiful_: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).
=plăc-ēre=, _to be pleasing_; =plāc-āre= (plācāt-), _to quiet_:
placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.),
placable, placate.
=planta=, _a plant_, _sole_: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).
=planus=, _level_: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano
(_soft_; Ital.).
=plaud-o= (plaus-), _I clap_ (=ex-plōdo=): plaudit, ap-plause,
plausible, explode.
=ple-o= (plēt-), _I fill_; =plēnus=, _full_: de-plete, complement;
expletive.
=plĭc-āre= (plĭcĭt-), _to fold_; =plect-ĕre= (plex-), _I weave_:
du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display,
triplet; replica (Ital.).
=plumbum=, _lead_: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.
=plūs= (plūr-), _more_: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).
=poena=, _punishment_; =pūni-o= (pūnīt-), _I punish_: through Fr.,
penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.
=pōno= (pŏsit-), _I place_: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite,
expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost,
compound.
=pŏpulus=, _people_; =pūblicus=, _of the people_: popular; public,
publish.
=porta=, _gate_; =portus=, _harbour_; =portāre=, _to carry_: through
Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment,
port-cullis, op-portune.
=posse=, _to be able_; =potens= (_able_): potent, potential, possible.
=praeda=, _booty_; =prehendo= (prehens-), _I seize_: predatory,
depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).
=prĕc-āri= (prĕcāt-), _to pray_: precarious, deprecate, pray and
prayer (Fr.).
=prem-o= (prĕss-), _I press_: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress,
print.
=prĕtium=, _price_: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise,
price = prize.
=pri-=, _before_--=prior=, _former_; =prīmus=, _first_; =prin-ceps=
(prīncĭp-), _chief_: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal,
pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince,
principle.
=prŏbus=, _good_; =prŏb-o= (prŏbāt-), _I test_: probity, probable,
approve.
=prŏpĕ=, _near_; =proximus=, _nearest_: propinquity, approximate,
approach (Fr.).
=pung-o= (punct-), _I prick_, _pierce_: pungent, puncture, expunge,
compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.
=purus=, _clean_, _pure_; =purg-o= (purgāt-), _cleanse_; =put-o=
(putāt-), _trim_, _reckon_: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (_am-_
= about), compute, deputy (Fr.).
=Quaer-o= (quaesīt-), _I seek_ [=-quīro= (-quīsīt-) in compounds]:
query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.),
question.
=qualis=, _of what kind_; =quantus=, _how great_: quality, quantity.
=quăti-o=, _I shake_; =-cŭtio= (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash
(Fr.).
=quŏtus=, _what number?_: quota, quotidian (_dies_), quote and
quotient (Fr.).
=Rādix= (rādīc-), _root_: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical
(Fr.).
=răpi-o= (răpt-), _carry off_; =răp-ax= (răpāc-), _grasping_:
rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid,
ravishing, ravenous.
=rĕg-o= (rect-), =regn-o=, _I rule_, _direct_; =rex=, _king_;
=rēgula=, _a rule_; =rĕg-io=, _district_: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men,
cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia,
regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress
(Lat. _di-rect-_), rule (Lat. _rēgula_).
=rēs=, _thing_: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.
=rīd-ere= (_rīs-_), _to laugh_: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and
ris-ible (Fr.).
=rīpa=, _river bank_: riparian, river (Fr. _rivière_), ar-rive (Fr.).
=rīvus=, _a brook_: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation.
(For river and arrive see _ripa_).
=rog-o= (rŏgāt-), _I ask_: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation,
de-rogatory, (Fr.).
=rŏta=, _a wheel_; =rŏt-ula=, dimin.; =rŏt-undus=, _round_: rot-ary,
rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from _rotula_),
roué, round.
=rumpĕre=, _to break_; =ruptus=, _broken_: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt,
e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money
changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a
path).
=Săcer= (săcr-), _sacred_; =sacr-āre=, =sanc-īre=, _consecrate_:
sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity,
sanctuary, saint (Fr.).
=sal=, _salt_: salary (_i.e._, salt-money), saliferous; through Fr.,
saline, salad, sauce (= _salsus_, salted).
=săli-o= (sălt-), _I leap_ (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent,
re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr.,
sally, assail, assault.
=salv-us=, _safe_; =sălus= (sălūt-), _health_, _greeting_:
salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary,
saviour (Lat. _salvator_).
=sānus=, _sound_; =sān-āre= (sānāt-), _to heal_: sane, sanitary,
sanatorium.
=săpor=, _taste_; =săpi-o=, =săp-ĕre=, _have taste_, _be wise_:
sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).
=satis=, _enough_; =satur=, _full_: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset
(Fr.).
=scando= (scans-), _I climb_; =scāla=, _stairs_: a-scend, scale;
scan, e-scalade.
=sci-o=, _I know_; =scĭentia=, _knowledge_; =conscius=, _privy to_:
science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.),
sciolist.
=scrīb-o= (script-), _I write_: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script,
conscription.
=sĕc-o= (sĕct-), _I cut_: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment,
bisect.
=sĕde-o= (sĕss-), _I sit_; =as-sĭdeo=, _sit by_: sedentary, sediment,
sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside,
re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.
=sĕnĕx=, _old man_: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).
=senti-o= (sēns-), _I feel_: sentient, sentiment; through Fr.,
sentence, sense.
=sĕquor= (sĕcut-), _I follow_; =secundus=, _following_; =secta=,
_a party_, _school_; =socius=, _companion_: con-sequent, sequence,
sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite,
second, social.
=sĕr-o= (sert-), _I join_, _compose_: series, assert, desert, exert,
insert, concert.
=servo= (servāt-), _I save_: con-serve, conservator, preservation,
conservatory.
=servus=, _a slave_; =serv-īre=, _to serve_: servile, servant,
sergeant, serf, service.
=signum=, _mark_, _sign_; =sign-o= (signāt-), _I mark_, _seal_:
signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment,
re-signation (_a signing back_).
=similis=, _like_; =simul=, _together_; =simul-o= (simulāt-), _I
pretend_: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous,
simulate, assembly (Fr.).
=sōl=, _sun_: solar, sol-stice (= _sol-stit-ium_; _stare_) (Fr.),
para-sol (_par-_, ward off).
=sŏlidus= (and =soldus=), _firm_; also _a gold coin_ (_military
pay_): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate,
con-sols, soldier (Fr.).
=sōlus=, _alone_: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire,
de-solate, solo.
=solv-o= (sŏlūt-), _I loose_, _pay_: solvent, ab-solve, soluble
(Fr.), dis-solute.
=somnus=, =sopor=, _sleep_: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist,
sopori-fic.
=sŏn-āre=, _to sound_: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son,
unison (_unus_).
=sparg-o= (spars-), _I scatter_, _sprinkle_: sparse, di-sperse,
a-spersion.
=spĕci-o= (spect-), _I look_; =su-spici-o= (suspect-), _look up_,
_mistrust_; =species=, _appearance_: speci-men, specious and specify
(Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and
spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).
=spēr-o= (sperāt-), _I hope_: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).
=spīr-o= (spirāt-), _I breathe_; =spīrĭtus=, _breath_: a-spirant,
inspire, conspiracy.
=stāre= (stăt-), =sĭst-ĕre=, _stand_; =stătu-o=, _I set_: di-stant,
extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and
e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (=
remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).
=stern-ĕre= (strāt-), _to spread_, _extend_, _cover_; consternation,
prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).
=string-o= (strĭct-), _I draw together_: stringent, strain and strait
(Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).
=strŭ-ĕre= (struct-), _to build_: con-struct, structure, construe,
destroy (Fr.).
=sūm-o= (sumps-), _I take_, _use_; =sumptus=, _expense_: as-sume,
sumptuous.
=super=, _above_; =super-āre=, _to overcome_; =supremus=, =summus=,
_topmost_: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy,
sum and summit.
=surg-o= (surrect-), _I rise_ (see _rĕgo_): through Fr., in-surgent,
surge = source, resource, resurrect.
=Tag-= (_touch_)--=tang-o= (tact-), _I touch_, =in-tĕger=, _whole_:
tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration,
contiguous, tact (Fr.).
=tĕg-o= (tect-), _I cover_: tegmen, tegument, protective.
=tempt-o= (temptāt-), _I try_, _test_: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation,
tentative (Fr.).
=tempus= (tempor-), _time_; =temper-o= (temperāt-), _I regulate_;
=tempes-tas=, _season_: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.),
temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).
=tend-o= (tent-, tens-), _stretch_; =tenuis=, _thin_: tendency,
extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation,
tenuity, extenuate.
=tĕne-o= (tent-), _I hold_: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant
(Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and
retinue (Fr.).
=ter-o= (trīt-), _rub_, _wear away_; =tribul-āre=, _to afflict_:
trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.
=terra=, _land_: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen,
territory.
=testis=, _a witness_; =testor= (testāt-), _I bear witness_: testify
(Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.
=tex-o= (text-), _I weave_: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and
tissue (Fr.).
=tōrque-o= (tŏrt-), _I twist_: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous,
contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).
=trăh-o= (tract-), _I draw_; =tract-o= (tractāt-), _I handle_:
sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait,
por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.
=trēs=, =tria=, _three_: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary,
triangle, tri-dent.
=trĭbu-ĕre=, _to give_, _pay_; =trĭbūtum=, _payment_: at-tribute,
re-tributive, tribute.
=tueri= (tuit-), _to see_, _watch_: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor,
tutelage, tutelary.
=tŭm-ēre=, _to swell_; =tuber=, _swelling_: tumid, tubercle,
protuberant.
=Ultra=, _beyond_: =ultimus=, _farthest_: outrage (Fr.), ulterior,
ultimate.
=und-o= (undāt-), _overflow_: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.
=ungu-o= (unct-), _I anoint_: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction,
unctuous.
=ūnus=, _one_: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son
(_sonus_, sound).
=ūt-ī=, _to use_; =usus=, _use_; =utilis=, _useful_: utensil (Fr.),
usury (Fr.), utility.
=Vād-o= (vās-), _I go_: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit.
_go with me_).
=văle-o=, _am strong_; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.
=vānus=, _empty_: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.
=vĕh-o= (vĕct-), _I carry_: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective
(Fr.).
=vĕll-o= (vuls-), _I pluck_, _tear_: con-vulse, convulsive,
divulsion, revulsion.
=vēlum=, _cover_, _veil_; =vēl-o= (vēlāt-), _I cover_: (Fr.),
re-veal, revelation, unveil.
=vĕni-o= (vĕnt-), _I come_: con-vene, convenient, intervention;
through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.
=verbum=, _word_: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.),
proverb.
=vert-o= (vers-), _I turn_: version, adverse, versatile.
=vērus=, _true_; =vērax=, _truthful_: veracious; very, verify, aver,
verdict.
=vĭa=, _way_: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through
Fr., convey.
=vĭcis=, _alternation_: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude,
vice-regal.
=vĭde-o= (vīs-), _I see_; =vīs-o= (visit-), _go to see_: e-vident,
provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious
(Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.
=vĭge-o=, _am vigorous_; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.
=vĭnc-o= (vĭct-), _I conquer_: convince, invincible and vanquish
(Fr.), victor.
=vir=, _man_; =virtus=, _worth_, _valour_: virile and virtue (Fr.),
virago, trium-vir.
=vita=, _life_; =vīvus=, _living_: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify
(Fr.).
=vŏco= (vŏcāt-), _I call_; =vox= (vōc-), _voice_: ad-vocate,
vocation, revoke (Fr.).
=vŏl-o=, _am willing_: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.),
volition.
=volv-o= (vŏlūt-), _I roll_; =vōlumen=, _a roll_: de-volve, voluble
(Fr.), evolution.
=vŏr-o=, _I swallow up_: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.
=vŏve-o= (vōt-), _I vow_: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion,
devout (Fr.).
=vulgus=, _the people_: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.