From La Salle to De Nonville
Receiving authority to explore the Mississippi to its mouth, as well as
a grant made in 1675 of Fort Frontenac and surrounding lands as a
seigniory, La Salle returned from France in 1678, and began the
wonderful career that will hand his name down through countless years as
the greatest explorer in the annals of America. He allied with him Tonty
and Father Hennepin, the latter already known, as we have seen, along
the Niagara frontier.
La Salle at once advanced to Fort Frontenac, which was to be his point
of rendezvous and eastern base of supplies. His first act was to fortify
this point strongly as though already foreseeing the recall of the
sturdy Frontenac and the consequential uprising of the slumbering
Iroquois.
The plan of Fort Frontenac published by Faillon shows that Frontenac's
hasty palisades were replaced by La Salle with hewed stone on at least
two landward sides, and within were to be found a barrack, bakery, and
mill; by 1780 fourteen families replaced the four lone _habitans_ left
at the fort in 1677; his improvements had cost La Salle thirty-five
thousand francs. In Parkman's graphic words we see La Salle reigning
the autocrat of his lonely little empire, as feudal lord of the
forests around him, commander of a garrison raised and paid by
himself, founder of the mission, patron of the church. But he
had no thought of resting here. He had gained what he sought, a
fulcrum for bolder and broader action. His plans were ripened
and his time was come. He was no longer a needy adventurer,
disinherited of all but his fertile brain and his intrepid
heart. He had won place, influence, credit, and potent friends.
Now, at length, he might hope to find the long-sought path to
China and Japan, and secure for France those boundless regions
of the west.[20]
La Salle now pushed his impetuous campaign, showing as much foresight as
daring in this conception. To hold the golden West in fee three
important projects at once demanded attention: fitting out two ships,
one for Lake Ontario and one for the upper Niagara River and the lakes
from which its waters came, and the acquiring at some proper rendezvous
of the first invoice of furs. A brigantine of ten tons was building
simultaneously with Fort Frontenac, and in the fall of the year (1678)
was ready for its cargo of material for a sister-ship to be built above
the great falls. A party in canoes, carrying some six thousand francs'
worth of goods, had gone forward to the further lakes to engage and
secure from the Indian tribes provisions for the expedition and a
consignment of furs for the homeward voyage.
[Illustration: R. Rene Cavelier, Sieur De La Salle.]
On November 18th, the brigantine with its singular freight weighed
anchor and sped from sight of La Salle and the watchers at Fort
Frontenac; the party was under the temporal command of Sieur la Motte de
Lussiere and the spiritual guidance of the famous historian Father
Hennepin, "who belonged," writes one scholar, "to that class of writers
who speak the truth by accident"; of him La Salle generously said that
he wrote more in conformity to his wishes than his knowledge. After a
rough voyage this unknown craft entered "the beautiful river Niagara,"
as Hennepin truthfully stated, on St. Nicholas's Day, December 6th and
the _Te Deum Laudamus_ was sung feelingly by the crew, which had barely
escaped shipwreck near the mouth of Humber River.
Here, near the mouth of the Niagara River, La Salle had planned to build
a fort to bear the name Fort Conti in honour of his chief patron, the
Prince of Conti; Lake Erie he had already named Lac de Conti. "It is
situated," he wrote Conti, before it was built, "near that great
cataract, more than a hundred and twenty toises [780 feet] in height, by
which the lakes of higher elevation precipitate themselves into Lake
Frontenac." A party of Senecas welcomed the little party, listening
wonderingly to their anthem, supplying them with no end of white fish
which they had come to catch here, living the while in a sort of a
village near by, comprising probably a few huts erected for temporary
purposes. It is possible these dwellings were of a more permanent
character; at any rate Seneca sovereignty was assured, as the Frenchmen
discovered just as soon as post-holes for Fort Conti were being dug.
Concerning this, as well as the other features of this early Niagara
River history, the record of Father Hennepin is about our only source of
information; let us, therefore, quote from his _A New Discovery_
concerning Frontenac and Niagara days:
That very same Year, on the Eighteenth of November, I took leave
of our Monks at Fort Frontenac, and after mutual Embraces and
Expressions of Brotherly and Christian Charity, I embark'd in a
Brigantine of about ten Tuns. The Winds and the Cold of the
Autumn were then very violent, insomuch that our Crew was afraid
to go into so little a Vessel. This oblig'd us and the Sieur de
la Motte our Commander, to keep our course on the North-side of
the Lake, to shelter ourselves under the Coast, against the
North-west Wind, which otherwise would have forced us upon the
Southern Coast of the Lake. This Voyage prov'd very difficult
and dangerous, because of the unseasonable time of the Year,
Winter being near at hand.
On the 26th, we were in great danger about Two large Leagues off
the Land, where we were oblig'd to lie at an Anchor all that
Night at sixty Fathom Water and above; but at length the Wind
coming to the North-East, we sail'd on, and arriv'd safely at
the further end of the Lake Ontario, call'd by the Iroquese,
Skannadario. We came pretty near to one of their Villages call'd
Tajajagon, lying about Seventy Leagues from Fort Frontenac, or
Catarakouy.
We barter'd some Indian Corn with the Iroquese, who could not
sufficiently admire us, and came frequently to see us on board
our Brigantine, which for our greater security, we had brought
to an Anchor into a River, though before we could get in, we run
aground three times, which oblig'd us to put Fourteen Men into
Canou's, and cast the Balast of our Ship overboard to get her
off again. That River falls into the Lake; but for fear of being
frozen up therein, we were forced to cut the Ice with Axes and
other Instruments.
The Wind turning then contrary, we were oblig'd to tarry there
till the 15th of December, 1678, when we sailed from the
Northern Coast to the Southern, where the River Niagara runs
into the Lake; but could not reach it that Day, though it is but
Fifteen or Sixteen Leagues distant, and therefore cast Anchor
within Five Leagues of the Shore, where we had very bad Weather
all the Night long.
On the 6th, being St. Nicholas's Day, we got into the fine River
Niagara, into which never any such Ship as ours entred before.
We sung there Te Deum, and other Prayers, to return our Thanks
to God Almighty for our prosperous Voyage. The Iroquese
Tsonnontouans inhabiting the little Village, situated at the
Mouth of the River, took above Three Hundred Whitings which are
bigger than Carps, and the best relish'd, as well as the
wholsomest Fish in the World; which they presented all to us,
imputing their good luck to our Arrival. They were much
surprized at our Ship, which they call'd the Great Woodden
Canou.
On the 7th, we went in a Canou two Leagues up the River to look
for a convenient Place for Building; but not being able to get
the Canou farther up, because the Current was too rapid for us
to master, we went over land about three Leagues higher, though
we found no Land fit for culture. We lay that Night near a
River, which runs from the Westward, within a League above the
great Fall of Niagara, which, as we have already said, is the
greatest in the World. The Snow was then a Foot deep, and we
were oblig'd to dig it up to make room for our Fire.
The next day we return'd the same way we went, and saw great
Numbers of Wild Goats, and Wild Turkey-Cocks, and on the 11th we
said the first Mass that ever was said in that Country. The
Carpenters and the rest of the Crew were set to work; but
Monsieur de la Motte, who had the Direction of them, being not
able to endure the Fatigues of so laborious a Life, gave over
his Design, and return'd to Canada, having about two hundred
Leagues to Travel.
The 12th, 13th, and 14th, the Wind was not favourable enough to
sail up the River as far as the rapid Current above mention'd
where we had resolv'd to build some Houses.
Whosoever considers our Map, will easily see, that this New
Enterprise of building a Fort and some Houses on the River
Niagara, besides the Fort of Frontenac, was like to give
Jealousie to the Iroquese, and even to the English, who live in
this Neighbourhood, and have a great Commerce with them.
Therefore to prevent the ill Consequences of it, it was thought
fit to send an Embassie to the Iroquese, as it will be mention'd
in the next Chapter.
The 15th I was desired to sit at the Helm of our Brigantine
while three of our Men hall'd the same from the Shore with a
Rope; and at last we brought her up, and moor'd her to the Shore
with a Halser, near a Rock of a prodigious heighth lying upon
the rapid Currents we have already mentioned. The 17th, 18th,
and 19th, we were busie in making a Cabin with Pallisado's, to
serve for a Magazine; but the Ground was so frozen, that we were
forc'd to throw several times boiling Water upon it to
facilitate the beating in and driving down the Stakes. The 20th,
21st, 22d, and 23d, our Ship was in great danger to be dash'd in
pieces, by the vast pieces of Ice that were hurl'd down the
River; to prevent which, our Carpenters made a Capstone to haul
her ashore; but our great Cable broke in three pieces; whereupon
one of our Carpenters surrounded the Vessel with a Cable, and
ty'd it to several Ropes, whereby we got her ashore, tho' with
much difficulty, and sav'd her from the danger of being broke to
pieces, or carryed away by the Ice, which came down with an
extream violence from the great Fall of Niagara.
Returning to Niagara with little or no promise of success, yet La
Salle's _avant-couriers_ were in no way dissuaded from their purposes of
fortifying the important Niagara portage and building a vessel for the
upper lakes in which to carry the produce of those regions to Niagara
and from thence to Canada. Reaching the Niagara January 14th, the French
party was joined six days later by the indomitable La Salle who, he
reported, had paused on his way thither from Fort Frontenac and visited
the unmoved Iroquois and secured their consent to the plan of
fortification. Yet even La Salle was too optimistic as to his success,
for certain Persons [wrote Hennepin], who made it their Business
to Cross our Design, inspired the _Iroquese_ with many
suspicions, about the fort we were building at _Niagara_, which
was in great forwardness; and their Suspicions grew so high,
that we were obliged to give over our Building for some time,
contenting ourselves with an Habitation encompass'd with
Pallisado's.
The embassy to the Iroquois mentioned by Hennepin was duly organised and
sent forward through the winter snows to seek the good-will of the
famous owners of the soil in a fort-building project; in order to allay
the suspicions of the Senecas in what Hennepin calls "the little village
of Niagara," they were told that their purpose was, not to build a fort,
but "a Hangar, or Store-house, to keep the Commodities we had brought to
supply their Occasions." Nevertheless it was necessary to supply gifts
and make assurances that an embassy would forthwith depart for the
Iroquois council house. Anything less than Hennepin's own account would
not fairly describe this interesting mission:
We travelled with Shoes made after the Indian way, of a single
Skin, but without Soles, because the Earth was still cover'd
with Snow, and past through Forests for thirty two Leagues
together carrying upon our Backs our Coverings and other
Baggage, lying often in open Field, and having with us no other
Food but some roasted Indian Corn: 'T is true, we met upon our
Road some Iroquese a hunting, who gave us some wild Goats, and
Fifteen or Sixteen black Squirrels, which are excellent Meat.
However, after five Days' Journey, we came to Tagarondies, a
great Village of the Iroquese Tsonnontouans, and were
immediately carry'd to the Cabin of their Principal Chief, where
Women and Children flock'd to see us, our Men being very well
drest and arm'd. An old Man having according to Custom made
publick Cries, to give Notice of our arrival to their Village;
the younger Savages wash'd our Feet, which afterwards they
rubb'd over with the Grease of Deers, wild Goats, and other
Beasts, and the Oil of Bears.
The next Day was the First of the Year 1679. After the ordinary
Service I preach'd in a little Chapel made of Barks of Trees, in
presence of two Jesuites, viz. Father Garnier and Rafeix; and
afterwards we had a Conference with 42 old Men, who make up
their Council. These Savages are for the most part tall, and
very well shap'd, cover'd with a sort of Robe made of Beavers
and Wolves-Skins, or of black Squirrels, holding a Pipe or
Calumet in their Hands. The Senators of Venice do not appear
with a graver Countenance, and perhaps don't speak with more
Majesty and Solidity, than those Ancient Iroquese.
This Nation is the most cruel and barbarous of all America,
especially to their Slaves, whom they take above two or three
hundred Leagues from their Country, . . . however, I must do
them the Justice to observe, that they have many good qualities;
and that they love the Europeans, to whom they sell their
Commodities at very reasonable Rates. They have a mortal Hatred
for those, who being too self-interested and covetous, are
always endeavouring to enrich themselves to the Prejudice of
others. Their chief Commodities are Beavers-Skins, which they
bring from above a hundred and fifty Leagues off their
Habitations, to exchange them with the English and Dutch, whom
they affect more than the inhabitants of Canada, because they
are more affable, and sell them their Commodities cheaper.
[Illustration: Frontenac, from Hebert's Statue at Quebec.]
One of our own Men nam'd Anthony Brossard, who understood very
well the Language of the Iroquese, and therefore was Interpreter
to M. de la Motte; told their Assembly:
First, That we were come to pay them a Visit, and smoak with
them in their Pipes, a Ceremony which I shall describe anon: And
then we deliver'd our Presents, consisting of Axes, Knives, a
great Collar of white and blue Porcelain, with some Gowns. We
made Presents upon every Point we propos'd to them, of the same
nature as the former.
Secondly, We desir'd them, in the next place to give notice to
the five Cantons of their Nation, that we were about to build a
Ship, or great woodden Canou above the great Fall of the River
Niagara, to go and fetch European Commodities by a more
convenient passage than the ordinary one, by the River St.
Laurence, whose rapid Currents make it dangerous and long; and
that by these means we should afford them our Commodities
cheaper than the English and Dutch of Boston and New-York. This
Pretence was specious enough, and very well contriv'd to engage
the barbarous Nation to extirpate the English and Dutch out of
America: For they suffer the Europeans among them only for the
Fear they have of them, or else for the Profit they make in
Bartering their Commodities with them.
Thirdly, We told them farther, that we should provide them at
the River Niagara with a Black-smith and a Gun-smith, to mend
their Guns, Axes, &c. having no body among them that understood
that Trade, and that for the conveniency of their whole Nation,
we would settle those Workmen on the Lake of Ontario, at the
Mouth of the River Niagara. We threw again among them seven or
eight Gowns, and some Pieces of fine Cloth, which they cover
themselves with from the Wast to the Knees. This was in order to
engage them on our side, and prevent their giving ear to any who
might suggest ill things of us, entreating them first to
acquaint us with the Reports that should be made unto them to
our Prejudice, before they yielded their Belief to the same.
We added many other Reasons which we thought proper to persuade
them to favour our Design. The Presents we made unto them,
either in Cloth or Iron, were worth above 400 Livres besides
some other European Commodities, very scarce in that Country:
For the best Reasons in the World are not listened to among
them, unless they are enforc'd with Presents.
The next Day the Iroquese answered our Discourse and Presents
Article by Article, having laid upon the Ground several little
pieces of Wood, to put them in mind of what had been said the
Day before in the Council; their Speaker, or President held in
his Hand one of these Pieces of Wood, and when he had answer'd
one Article of our Proposal, he laid it down, with some Presents
of black and white Porcelain, which they use to string upon the
smallest Sinews of Beasts; and then took up another Piece of
Wood; and so of all the rest, till he had fully answer'd our
Speech, of which those Pieces of Wood, and our Presents put them
in mind. When this Discourse was ended, the oldest Man of their
Assembly cry'd aloud three times, Niaoua; that is to say, It is
well, I thank thee, which was repeated with a full Voice; and in
a tuneful manner by all the other Senators.
'T is to be observ'd here, that the Savages, though some are
more cunning than others, are generally all addicted to their
own Interests; and therefore tho' the Iroquese seem'd to be
pleas'd with our Proposals, they were not really so; for the
English and Dutch affording them the European Commodities at
cheaper Rates than the French of Canada, they had a greater
Inclination for them than for us. That People, tho' so barbarous
and rude in their Manners, have however a Piece of Civility
peculiar to themselves; for a Man would be counted very
impertinent if he contradicted anything that is said in their
Council, and if he does not approve even the greatest
Absurdities therein propos'd; and therefore they always answer
Niaoua; that is to say Thou art in the right Brother; that is
well.
Notwithstanding that seeming Approbation, they believe what they
please and no more; and therefore 't is impossible to know when
they are really persuaded of those things you have mention'd
unto them, which I take to be one of the greatest Obstructions
to their Conversion: For their Civility hindering them from
making any Objection, or contradicting what is said unto them,
they seem to approve of it, though perhaps they laugh at it in
private, or else never bestow a moment to reflect upon it, such
being their indifference for a future Life. From these
Observations, I conclude that the Conversion of these People is
to be despair'd of, 'till they are subdu'd by the Europeans, and
that their Children have another sort of Education, unless God
be pleas'd to work a Miracle in their Favour.
On the 22nd of the month the party struck out for the upper Niagara for
the purpose of carrying out the original design of building a ship for
the upper lake trade. Hennepin gives the site of this interesting
adventure as "two leagues above the great Fall--this was the most
convenient place we could pitch upon, being upon a River which falls
into the Streight [Niagara River] between the Lake _Erie_, and the great
Fall of Niagara." Even had the common portage around the Falls and
Rapids been on the American side Hennepin's account makes it fairly
clear that the boat building took place on Cayuga Creek; the only other
"river" above the Falls falling into the Niagara is the Chippewa, and
Hennepin clearly notes this stream in his first tour of exploration
above the Falls as "within a league above the great Fall"; it is clear
that the Cayuga, therefore, is the probable site of this first boat
building along the Niagara frontier.[21] The little village at this
point has been appropriately named La Salle from the famous adventurer
who here dreamed that emparadising dream of discovery and
empire-founding. Hennepin's account, quaintly worded, again becomes of
more interest than any record of those days to be made from it:
The 26th, the Keel of the Ship and some other Pieces being
ready, M. de la Salle sent the Master-Carpenter, to desire me to
drive in the first Pin; but my Profession obliging me to decline
that Honour, he did it himself, and promis'd Ten Louis d'Or's,
to encourage the Carpenter, and further the Work. The Winter
being not half so hard in that Country as in Canada, we employ'd
one of the two Savages of the Nation call'd the Wolf, whom we
kept for Hunting, in building some Cabins made of Rinds of
Trees; and I had one made on purpose to perform Divine Service
therein on Sundays, and other occasions.
M. de la Salle having some urgent Business of his own, return'd
to Fort Frontenac, leaving for our Commander one Tonti, an
Italian by Birth, who had been forc'd to retire into France
after the Revolution of Naples, in which his Father was
concern'd. I conducted M. de la Salle as far as the Lake Ontario
at the Mouth of the River Niagara, where we order'd a House to
be built for the Smith he had promis'd to the Iroquese; but this
was only to amuze them, and therefore I cannot but own that the
Savages are not to be blam'd for having not believ'd every thing
they were told by M. la Motte in his Embassie already related.
He undertook his Journey a-foot over the Snow, having no other
Provisions, but a little Sack of Indian Corn roasted, which
fail'd him two Days before he came to the Fort, which is above
fourscore Leagues distant from the Place where he left us.
However he got home safely with two Men, and a Dog, who dragg'd
his Baggage over the Ice or frozen Snow.
When I return'd to our Dock, I understood that most of the
Iroquese were gone to wage War with a Nation on the other side
of the Lake Erie. In the mean time, our Men continu'd with great
Application to build our Ship; for the Iroquese who were left
behind, being but a small number, were not so insolent as
before, though they come now and then to our Dock, and express'd
some Discontent at what we were doing. One of them in
particular, feigning himself drunk, attempted to kill our Smith,
but was vigorously repuls'd by him with a red-hot Iron-barr,
which, together with the Reprimand he receiv'd from me, oblig'd
him to be gone. Some few Days after, a Savage Woman gave us
notice, that the Tsonnontouans had resolv'd to burn our Ship in
the Dock, and had certainly done it, had we not been always upon
our Guard.
These frequent Alarms from the Natives, together with the Fears
we were in of wanting Provisions, having lost the great Barque
from Fort Frontenac, which should have reliev'd us, and the
Tsonnontouans at the same time refusing to give us of their Corn
for Money, were a great discouragement to our Carpenters, whom
on the other hand, a Villain amongst us endeavour'd to reduce:
That pitiful Fellow had several times attempted to run away from
us into New-York, and would have been likely to pervert our
Carpenters, had I not confirm'd them in their good Resolution,
by the Exhortations I us'd to make every Holy-day after Divine
Service; in which I represented to them, that the Glory of God
was concern'd in our Undertaking, besides the Good and Advantage
of our Christian Colonies; and therefore exhorted them to
redouble their Diligence, in order to free our selves from all
those Inconveniences and Apprehensions we then lay under.
The two Savages we had taken into our Service, went all this
while a Hunting, and supply'd us with Wild-Goats, and other
Beasts for our Subsistence; which encouraged our Workmen to go
on with their Work more briskly than before, insomuch that in a
short time our Ship was in a readiness to be launched; which we
did, after having bless'd the same according to the use of the
Romish Church. We made all the haste we could to get it afloat,
though not altogether finish'd, to prevent the Designs of the
Natives, who had resolv'd to burn it.
The Ship was call'd the Griffon, alluding to the Arms of Count
Frontenac, which have two Griffons for Supporters; and besides,
M. la Salle us'd to say of the Ship, while yet upon the Stocks,
that he would make the Griffon fly above the Ravens. We fir'd
three Guns, and sung Te Deum, which was attended with loud
Acclamations of Joy; of which those of the Iroquese, who were
accidentally present at this Ceremony, were also Partakers; for
we gave them some Brandy to drink, as well as our Men, who
immediately quitted their Cabins of Rinds of Trees, and hang'd
their Hammocks under the Deck of the Ship, there to lie with
more security than ashore. We did the like, insomuch that the
very same Day we were all on Board, and thereby out of the reach
of the Insults of the Savages.
The Iroquese being returned from hunting Beavers, were mightily
surprised to see our Ship a-float, and call'd us Otkon, which is
in their Language, Most penetrating Wits: For they could not
apprehend how in so short a time we had been able to build so
great a Ship, though it was but 60 Tuns. It might have been
indeed call'd a moving Fortress; for all the Savages inhabiting
the Banks of those Lakes and Rivers I have mentioned, for five
hundred Leagues together, were filled with fear as well as
Admiration when they saw it. . . .
Being thus prepar'd against all Discouragements, I went up in a
Canou with one of our Savages to the Mouth of the Lake Erie,
notwithstanding the strong Current which I master'd with great
difficulty. I sounded the Mouth of the Lake and found, contrary
to the Relation that had been made unto me, that a Ship with a
brisk Gale might sail up to the Lake, and surmounted the
Rapidity of the Current; and that therefore with a strong North,
North-East Wind, we might bring our Ship into the Lake Erie. I
took also a view of the Banks of the Streight, and found that in
case of Need, we might put some of our Men a-shore to hall the
Ship, if the Wind was not strong enough.
The _Griffon_ being more or less completed Father Hennepin followed La
Salle in returning to Fort Frontenac to secure necessaries for the tour
of the upper lakes. Returning, La Salle and Hennepin did not reach
Niagara again until the 30th of July, but found the _Griffon_ riding
safely at anchor within a league of Lake Erie.
We were very kindly receiv'd [writes the Father], and likewise
very glad to find our Ship well rigg'd, and ready fitted out
with all the Necessaries for sailing. She carry'd five small
Guns, two whereof were Brass, and three Harquebuze a-crock. The
Beak-head was adorn'd with a flying Griffon, and an Eagle above
it; and the rest of the Ship had the same Ornaments as Men of
War use to have.
The Iroquese were then returning from a Warlike Expedition with
several Slaves, and were much surpriz'd to see so big a Ship,
which they compar'd to a Fort, beyond their Limits. Several came
on board, and seem'd to admire above all things the bigness of
our Anchors; for they could not apprehend how we had been able
to bring them through the rapid Currents of the River St.
Laurence. This oblig'd them to use often the Word Gannorom,
which in their Language signifies, That is wonderful. They
wonder'd also to find there a Ship, having seen none when they
went; and did not know from whence it came, it being about 250
Leagues from Canada.
[Illustration: Luna Island Bridge.]
Having forbid the Pilot to attempt to sail up the Currents of
the Streight till farther order, we return'd the 16th and 17th
to the Lake Ontario, and brought up our Bark to the great Rock
of Niagara, and anchor'd at the foot of the three Mountains
Lewiston, where we were oblig'd to make our Portage; that is, to
carry over-land our Canou's and Provisions, and other Things,
above the great Fall of the River, which interrupts the
Navigation: and because most of the Rivers of that Country are
interrupted with great Rocks, and that therefore those who sail
upon the same, are oblig'd to go overland above those Falls, and
carry upon their Backs their Canou's and other Things. They
express it with this Word, To make our Portage; of which the
Reader is desir'd to take notice, for otherwise the following
Account, as well as the Map, would be unintelligible to many.
Father Gabriel, though of Sixty five Years of Age, bore with
great Vigour the Fatigue of that Voyage, and went thrice up and
down those three Mountains, which are pretty high and steep. Our
Men had a great deal of trouble; for they were oblig'd to make
several Turns to carry the Provisions and Ammunition, and the
Portage was two Leagues long. Our Anchors were so big that four
Men had much ado to carry one; but the Brandy we gave them was
such an Encouragement, that they surmounted cheerfully all the
Difficulties of that Journey; and so we got on board our Ship
all our Provisions, Ammunitions, and Commodities. . . .
We endeavour'd several times to sail up that Lake; but the Wind
being not strong enough, we were forc'd to wait for it. In the
mean time, M. la Salle caus'd our Men to grub up some Land, and
sow several sorts of Pot-Herbs and Pulse, for the conveniency of
those who should settle themselves there, to maintain our
Correspondence with Fort Frontenac. We found there a great
quantity of wild Cherries and Rocambol, a sort of Garlick, which
grow naturally in that Ground. We left Father Melithon, with
some Work-men, at our Habitation above the Fall of Niagara; and
most of our Men went a-shore to lighten our Ships, the better to
sail up the Lake.
The Wind veering to the North-East, and the Ship being well
provided, we made all the Sail we could, and with the help of
Twelve Men who hall'd from the Shoar, overcame the Rapidity of
the Current, and got into the Lake. The Stream is so violent,
that our Pilot himself despair'd of Success. When it was done,
we sung Te Deum, and discharg'd our Cannon and other Fire-Arms,
in presence of a great many Iroquese, who came from a Warlike
Expedition against the Savages of Tintonha; that is to say, the
Nation of the Meadows, who live above four hundred Leagues from
that Place. The Iroquese and their Prisoners were much surpriz'd
to see us in the Lake and did not think before that, we should
be able to overcome the Rapidity of the Current: They cry'd
several times Gannorom, to shew their Admiration. Some of the
Iroquese had taken the measure of our Ship, and immediately went
for New-York to give notice to the English and Dutch of our
Sailing into the Lake: For those Nations affording their
Commodities Cheaper than the French, are also more belov'd by
the Natives. On the 7th of August, 1679, we went on board being
in all four and thirty men, including two Recollets who came to
us, and sail'd from the Mouth of the Lake Erie.
The loss of the _Griffon_ by shipwreck on its initial voyage and the
subsequent misfortunes that seemed to follow the brave La Salle up to
the very day that witnessed his brutal murder in a far Texan prairie in
1687, are, in a measure only a part of the story of Niagara. Had that
great man lived to realise any fair fraction of his emparadising dream
of empire the effect on the history of the Niagara frontier would have
been momentous; a mere comparison of what now did transpire at the mouth
of the Niagara, in the very year of La Salle's death, illustrates
perfectly the lack of enterprise that seems suddenly to have faded from
the situation. With La Salle gone, the whole attitude of the regime in
power at Quebec seems to change; whereas La Salle was on the very point
of establishing at Niagara an important station on the communication to
Louisiana. What actually did happen here is pitiful by comparison.
The new Governor, De Nonville, in order to bring the Iroquois into a
proper state of submission and compell them to desist from annoying
travellers on the St. Lawrence, determined to repeat Champlain's feat
of invading their homeland. The record of this expedition from the mouth
of its commanding officer, the Governor himself, is a very interesting
document, especially to those interested in the study of that famous
Long House that lay south of Lake Ontario.[22] Embarking at Fort
Frontenac July 4, 1687, the expedition landed at Irondequoit Bay six
days later, where De Nonville was reinforced by a party of French which
had rendezvoused at Niagara from the West. Of this party little is
known; possibly some of La Salle's crew were here, coming from their
cabins at either end of the Niagara portage path, or possibly from the
ship yard at the present La Salle. "It clearly appears," writes
Marshall, "from De Nonville's narrative, that the party which he met at
the mouth of the bay, was composed of French and Indians from the far
west, who sailed from . . . Niagara, to join the expedition pursuant to
his orders." These Indians, Mr. Browne affirms, were from
Michilimackinac. Marching inland to the region Mr. Marshall believed, in
the neighbourhood of the village of Victor, ten miles north-west of
Canandaigua, a party of Senecas was put to flight and the entire region
devastated until the 23rd; it was estimated that in the four Seneca
villages the soldiers had destroyed about 1,200,000 bushels of
corn--350,000 minots, of which all but 50,000 were green. On the 24th
the lake was again reached.
The situation on the Niagara frontier at this moment could not better be
described than it has been by Mr. Browne in his _The St. Lawrence
River_, as follows:
De Nonville had now a clear way to build his fort at Niagara,
which he proceeded to do, and then armed it with one hundred
men. If triumphant in his bold plans, he had to learn that the
viper crushed might rise to sting. The Senecas had their
avengers. Maddened by the cowardly onset of De Nonville and his
followers, the Iroquois to a man rose against the French. This
was not done by any organised raid, but, shod with silence,
small, eager war-parties haunted the forests of the St.
Lawrence, striking where they were the least expected, and never
failing to leave behind them the smoke of burning dwellings and
the horrors of desolated lives. From Fort Frontenac to Tadousac
there was not a home exempt from this deadly scourge; not a life
that was not threatened. Unable to cope with so artful a foe,
De Nonville was in despair. He sued for peace, but to obtain this
he had to betray his allies, the Indians of the Upper Lakes, who
had entered his service under the conditions that the war should
continue until the Iroquois were exterminated. The latter sent
delegates to confer with the French commander at Montreal.
While this conference was under way, a Huron chief showed that
he was the equal of even De Nonville in the strategies of war
where the code of honour was a dead letter. Anticipating the
fate in store for his race did the French carry out their scheme
of self-defence, this chief, whose name was Kandironk, "the
Rat," lay in ambush for the envoys on their way home from their
conference with De Nonville, when the latter had made so many
fair promises. These Kandironk captured, claiming he did it
under orders from De Nonville, bore them to Michilimackinac, and
tortured them as spies. This done, he sent an Iroquois captive
to tell his people how fickle the French could be. Scarcely was
this accomplished when he gave to the French his exultant
declaration, "I have killed the peace!" The words were
prophetic. Nothing that De Nonville could say or do cleared him
of connection with the affair. His previous conduct was enough
to condemn him. To avenge this act of deceit, as the Iroquois
considered it, they rallied in great numbers, and on the night
of August 4, 1689, dealt the most cruel and deadly blow given
during all the years of warfare in the St. Lawrence valley.
Fifteen hundred strong, under cover of the darkness, they stole
down upon the settlement of La Chine situated at the upper end
of the island of Montreal, and surprised the inhabitants while
they slept in fancied security. More than two hundred men,
women, and children were slain in cold blood, or borne away to
fates a hundred times more terrible to meet than swift death.
The day already breaking upon the terror-stricken colonists was
the darkest Canada ever knew.
The result of the expedition, so far as result appears, was effected
when the ships bearing his men turned toward the Niagara River and were
anchored off the point of land where now stands historic Fort Niagara.
Here a fort was to be built forthwith, as much to secure the fur trade
and to overawe the Indians as to keep the English from making any
advance toward the territory of the Lakes. On the very day of his
arrival De Nonville set his men to work. The fortification was
constructed partly of earth surmounted by palisades. The building of the
structure was no easy matter. There were no trees in the immediate
vicinity, so the soldiers had to obtain their timber to the east along
the lake or across the river. After the timber had been obtained from
these forests, it was a very difficult matter to drag it up the high
bank. However, De Nonville was so energetic and his men worked so
faithfully that in three days a fort was built with four bastions, where
were mounted two large guns. Several cabins were also built. As the work
progressed, many of those who had come with De Nonville, both French and
Indians, began to leave. Du Luth, Durantaye, and Tonty, together with
the Illinois Indians who had allied themselves with the French against
the Iroquois, departed for the trading-posts of Detroit and
Michilimackinac. Soon after De Nonville himself left for Montreal, taking
with him all but a hundred men. Those whom he left behind were placed
under the command of De Troyes, with promises to send provisions as soon
as possible, and fresh troops in the spring.[23]
The men left behind were truly in a surly mood. In spite of De Nonville's
assurance of provisions, and his assertion that the Senecas had been
subdued, these men knew only too well not to depend too much on the
first, and as to the second, that the Indians had only been enraged,
rather than vanquished.
For a time there was enough work to keep all hands busy. M. de Brissay
left on the 3d of August, commanding M. de Vaudreuil to help in the
constructing of the cabins and the completion of the fort. There was an
immense amount of work to be accomplished in the cutting, dragging,
hewing, and sawing of the timbers; but, despite the hot weather, there
was soon completed a house with a chimney of sticks and clay for the
commandant. Three other cabins were afterward built in the square and in
the midst of these a well was dug; but its waters were always roiled
from improper curbing.
[Illustration: "Carte du Lac Ontario." A Specimen French Map of the
Niagara Frontier.
Dated October 4, 1757.
From the original in the British Museum.]
Vaudreuil left toward the latter part of August after having seen the
company well roofed. Many of the number, who were at first fired by the
spirit of adventure and a desire to remain at Niagara, now, foreseeing
the suffering to be undergone, desired to return with Vaudreuil; but
nearly all were compelled to remain at the fort.
Although the expedition when it set out against the Senecas was
tolerably well supplied with necessaries for an Indian campaign, those
who were left at the fort were left in a bad condition indeed. About
three thousand bushels of corn had been destroyed which belonged to the
Senecas; but scarcely a week's rations had been brought along to their
destination. Very few had brought any seeds, and not much gardening
could have been done anyway, on account of the lateness of the season.
The few attempts that were made brought no returns on account of a
drought. No hunting could be undertaken except in large parties so as to
be secure from the savages. Almost the only food supply was the fish
caught in the lake.
There was unbounded joy at the fort when the sail of the ship with
supplies, which had been promised by De Nonville, was seen on the
horizon. But even then the unlading was delayed two days by calms which
prevented the vessel from coming nearer than several miles from the
shore. Finally a landing was effected; and the cargo was quickly stowed
in the fort. The ship immediately returned to Canada.
From the very first the provisions proved to be bad. Still with these,
together with the few herbs of the forest, a small amount of game and
fish, the men managed to eke out an existence. There was no labour to
perform--nothing to do but complain of the food and hard life which they
were compelled to live.
Toward the latter part of September, the Indians made their first
appearance. A hunting party in the vicinity of the Falls lost two men.
Another party was cut off from the fort. Their dead bodies were found
scalped and mutilated by the savages. The commander, De Troyes, soon
fell ill, as did also Jean de Lamberville, the only priest in the
colony. Thus at almost the same time was the company deprived of
leadership and religious consolation. Christmas season drew on; but it
was a sorry time for those at the fort. The weather had become severe,
and fierce snow-storms were frequent. No one ventured beyond the
palisades except in quest of firewood; and it was almost impossible at
times to obtain this. Many were nearly frozen in their cabins. One day
the wood-choppers were overwhelmed in the snow in sight of the fort. No
one dared to go to their succour for fear of suffering the same fate.
Two days after, those within the stockade saw their dead comrades
devoured by wolves. Not a charge of powder was left. The food was almost
unbearable. The biscuits were full of weevil from the first, and the
meat was in such a putrefied condition that no one could eat it. Scurvy
broke out. De Troyes could not leave his cabin and was compelled to
trust everything to his men.
From a band of gallant soldiers, they had been reduced to a mere handful
of disease-infected skeletons. In six weeks there were sixty deaths; and
this was only the middle of February. Only a few of the stronger were
left able to do the work which was absolutely necessary, such as
supplying firewood and burying the dead, and these duties were performed
with infinite toil and danger. More than twenty died in the month of
March; in this number was the brave commander De Troyes. With their
leader seemed to perish all the little spirit left in his followers.
Almost no hope was left for the suffering inmates of the fort. It was
still many weeks until the promised succour could possibly come from
Montreal. The Western savages had promised an alliance and aid to the
French against the Iroquois, but little confidence was to be placed in
their promises.
Just as the men left in the fort were reduced to the very last
extremity, and were wishing for death to relieve them of their miseries,
a war-party from the Miamis on an expedition against the Senecas reached
the fort and gave that relief so long vainly looked for by the inmates.
Several of these who first regained their strength set out for Montreal
to carry the news of their sore straits to the government; and on one
pleasant, beautiful day in April the long expected sail was seen on the
horizon bringing relief to the remnant of those who had been left in the
fort the preceding summer.
In command of the expedition was D'esbergeres, and with him Father
Milet, besides a large company of companions. As soon as they landed,
Father Milet conducted mass and then put all the men who were able to
work constructing a large cross. While they were at the work, Father
Milet traced upon its arms: "Regnat, Vincit, Imperat Christus."
On Good Friday, the priest again held mass, and erected the cross in the
centre of the square of the fort, thus symbolising a victory wrung from
the clutches of defeat itself.
With spring, the new companions, and a goodly supply of provisions, was
born new hope in the fort. The little company were very busy during the
summer, despite the fact that the Iroquois, stirred on by the English,
gave them continual trouble. In September Mahent came with the vessel
_La General_, with orders to D'esbergeres to abandon the fort. This was
quite a blow to the commander, as having held the post all summer he
hoped to continue to do so. The outer barracks were all destroyed, which
was not so difficult a task, as the severe storms of the previous winter
had done much of this work; but the cabins were all left standing. On
the morning of the 15th of September, 1688, the garrison sailed away,
once more leaving the shores of the great Niagara untroubled by the
contentions of white men, and open to the nation who should seize it or
conciliate the savages who held the surrounding regions.
Yet De Nonville had done something for which to be remembered beyond
raiding the Long House and fortifying the river of the Neuters; he had
left it a name that should live as he had, first of white men, so far as
we know, written it. The orthography of the name Niagara seems to have
now been established--1687. Champlain did not use any name in 1613,
though on his map we find the following words attached to the stream
connecting Lakes Erie and Ontario, _chute d'eau_, giving us our first
genuine record of Niagara Falls.
We have seen that L'Allemant spelled the name _Onguiaahra_ in 1640. In
1657 it appears on Sanson's map as _Ongiara_, and is applied to the
Falls; in 1660 Ducreux's map shows us "_Ongiara_ Cataractes." In 1687
De Nonville gives us our present Niagara. Of the name Mr. Marshall has
left this authoritative opinion:
Onguiaahra and Ongiara are evidently identical, and present the
same elements as Niagara. They are undoubtedly compounds of
words expressive of some meaning, as is usual with aboriginal
terms, but which meaning is now lost. The "o" which occurs in
both the French and English orthography is probably a neuter
prefix, similar to what is used by the Senecas and Mohawks. One
writer contends that Niagara is derived from Nyah'-gaah', or as
he writes it, "Ne-ah'-gah," said to be the name of a Seneca
village which formerly existed on the Niagara River below
Lewiston, and now applied by the Senecas to Lake Ontario. This
derivation, however, cannot be correct, for Onguiaahra, and its
counterpart Ongiara, were in use as names of the river and falls
long before the Seneca village in question was in existence. The
Neutral Nation, from whose language the words were taken, lived
on _both_ borders of the Niagara until they were exterminated by
the Senecas in 1643. It is far more probable the Nyah'-gaah' is
a reappearance of Ongiara in the Seneca dialect, and this view
is strengthened by the fact that the former, unlike most
Iroquois names, is without meaning, and as the aborigines do not
confer arbitrary names, it is an evidence that it has been
borrowed or derived from a foreign language. The conclusion then
is, that the French derived Niagara from Ongiara, and the
Senecas, when they took possession of the territories of the
Neutral Nation, adopted the name Ongiara, as near as the idiom
of their language would allow, and hence their name Nyah'-gaah'.
[Footnote 20: _Discovery of the West_, pp. 115-16.]
[Footnote 21: The exact spot of building is the subject of a monograph
_The Shipyard of the Griffon_ by Cyrus Kingsbury Remington (Buffalo, N.
Y. 1891), in which the author, while advocating his own theory, presents
liberally views held by those in disagreement with himself. We find O.
H. Marshall in accord with Mr Remington that what is known as the "Old
Ship Yard" or Angevine place, at La Salle, was the site of the building
of the _Griffon_.]
[Footnote 22: The Narrative is given in full with careful introduction
and explanations in Marshall's _Writings_, pp. 123-186.]
[Footnote 23: A most thrilling account of this fort-building effort at
the mouth of the Niagara is to be found in Severance, _Old Trails of the
Niagara Frontier_, on which the present writer has based his description
here given.]