Mohicans, 150.
Mongolian moon myth, 27.
Mongols, 150.
Moon, as mother, 25.
as sun’s sister, 26.
man in the, 28.
myths, 10, 19, 20.
patches, 27.
Moquis, 99, 102, 110.
Müller, Max, 37, 49, 56, 62, 66, 68, 111, 158.
Multiple souls, 234.
Myth in history, 114.
origin of, 17.
primitive meaning of, 3, 10.
serious meaning in, 7.
solar theory of, 61-81.
value of study of, 138.
Myths of Creation, 38.
earth-bearers, 40.
fire-stealers, 47.
heaven and earth, 34.
lightning, 47.
Milky Way, 31.
moon, 20, 27.
Northern Lights, 31.
rainbow, 32, 33.
stars, 30.
sun, 19, 21.
swallowing, 36.
wind, 42-45.
Names, savage dread of, 104.
savage confusion about, 154-159.
Napoleon III., will of, 113.
New Zealanders, 13, 15, 30, 158, 164.
Niebuhr, 65.
Nightmare, 171.
Non-Aryan, brain of, 144.
races, languages of, 201.
_Norse, Tales from the_, 192.
Northern Lights, 31.
Odin, 30, 44, 202.
Ogres, 44.
Ojibways, 42, 110, 155, 209, 212, 217.
_Old Deccan Days_, 188.
Omens, dreams as, 236-242.
Oracles, 240.
Origin of gender, 22.
moon, 20.
myth, 7.
religion, 111.
sun, 19.
Orion, 30.
Ormuzd, 54.
Other self, barbaric theory of, 183.
conceived as breath, 187, 199.
passage from within to without, 185.
Ottawas, 31.
Ouranos, 74.
Ovid, 85.
Paget, Sir J., 230.
_Panchatantra_, 129.
Papa, 19, 34.
Papuan, brain of, 145.
Patagonians, 31.
Persians, 25, 33, 57.
Picture-writing, 107.
Plant, descent from, 99.
Plants, souls in, 208.
Pleiades, 30.
Pocahontas, 158.
Polynesians, 38, 163.
Prithivî, 36.
Prytaneum, 15.
Psychical Research, Society of, 217.
Punchkin, 188 ff.
Quiches, 42, 199.
Ra, 21.
Rae, Dr., 153.
Rain, gender in, 25.
Rainbow, 32.
Ralston, 194.
Rangi, 34.
Religion, origin of, 111.
Rénan, 132.
Réville, 214.
Reynard the fox, 97, 181.
_Rig-Veda_, 44, 49, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80.
Rink, Dr., 165.
Road of the dead, 32.
Roman notion of soul, 202.
Rossetti, 17, 202.
_Russian Folk-Tales_, 194.
St. George, 53.
Saliva, virtue in, 16, 163.
Samoan moon myth, 27.
Samoyed folk-tale, 196.
Samson, myth of, 137.
San Graal, 126.
Sanskrit, 72.
Satan, 57.
Savage and civilised man, 144.
belief in dreams, 168-174.
confusion between living and not living, 13, 160-168.
confusion between names and things, 105, 155.
cures for disease, 179.
interpretation of nature, 10.
languages, 23, 150.
mode of counting, 152.
theory of disease, 89, 174-182.
theory of soul, 182-187.
theory of soul’s abode, 215-222.
theory of soul’s nature, 198-207.
Science, progress of, 230.
Seminoles, 203.
Semitic languages, 159.
myth, 132.
Senses, illusions of the, 39, 226.
Servian folk-tale, 195.
Shadow, soul as, 184.
Shawnee name myth, 157.
Sheol, 206, 220.
Sioux, 47, 162.
Skulls, capacity of, 145.
Slavonic sun myth, 26.
Sleeping heroes, 124.
Smith, Adam, 151.
Sneezing, 177.
Society Islanders, 150.
Solar theory of myth, 61-81.
Sonora Indians, 185.
Sorcerers, 163.
Soul, absence in disease, 178.
absence in dreams, 171.
as breath, 187, 199 ff.
as shadow, etc., 184.
barbaric theory of, 182-187, 225, 234.
dwelling-place of, 215-222.
in brutes, plants, etc., 207.
occupation of, 216.
tales of, apart from body, 188 ff.
theories of nature of, 198-207, 234.
transfer of, 203.
weight of, 207.
South Sea Islanders, 158, 163, 185.
Spencer, Herbert, 110, 149, 183, 214.
Spirit as breath, 200.
Spirits, offerings to, 213 (see also Soul).
Star myths, 30.
Stars as persons, 20, 25.
Storm-gods, 44.
Sun as ancestor, 19, 20.
as father, 25.
capture of, 21.
myths, 10, 19, 51.
Swedenborgians, 234.
Swift, Dean, 73, 166.
Taboo of names, 158.
Tacitus, 16, 106.
Tahitians, 158.
Tákahlis, 203.
_Talmud_, 178.
Tasmanians, 150.
Tatar folk-tale, 196.
Tell myth, 116 ff.
Tertullian, 241.
Thor, 46, 52, 60.
Thunder-bird, 46.
To be, the verb, 151.
Tools, primitive, 147.
Toothache, 175, 179.
Totemism, 99, 102, 237.
Totems as badge, 107.
as crest, 108.
Red Indian, 100.
worship of, 110.
Tongans, 19, 201, 234.
Tonkanays, 92.
Transformation, 85, 91.
Treacle, 16.
Tree, criminality of, 15.
Trees, soul in, 209.
Trench, Archbishop, 137.
Troyes, Courts of, 15.
Tylor, 14, 25, 65, 165, 199, 202, 205, 207.
Tyrolese, 164.
Underworld, 220.
_Unseen Universe_, 233.
Uranus, 35.
Varuna, 74.
Vatea, 19.
_Vatnsdæla Saga_, 173.
_Veda_ (see _Rig-Veda_).
_Vinaya Pitaka_, 129.
Vritra, 49, 53, 60.
Waitz, 205.
Wandering Jew, 31.
Water between earth and heaven, 219.
Watling Street, 32.
Werewolves, 84, 86, 91.
West, soul abode in, 219.
Whitney, 151.
Wind, myths of, 42-45.
soul as, 199.
Witchcraft, 58.
Witches, 83, 91.
World as egg, 38.
Worship of ancestors, 110, 214.
Xomanes, 167.
Yahweh, 55, 57, 159.
_Zend-Avesta_, 54.
Zeus, 33, 36, 55, 74, 85.
Zoroaster, 56.
Zulu, 170, 184.
THE END.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Buckle’s work appeared in 1857, Darwin’s in 1859.
[2] Matthew Arnold, _Empedocles on Etna_.
[3] Countess Cesaresco’s _Essays in the Study of Folk-Songs_, p. 183.
[4] _The Folk-Lore of China_, p. 52.
[5] Mark vii. 33, John ix. 6. Cf. Tacitus, _Hist._ iv. 81--“A certain man
of the Alexandrian populace afflicted with wasted eyes kept imploring the
prince to deign to spatter saliva on his cheek and eyeballs.” In Finnish
myth the demon Hiisi forms a huge snake from the spittle of a
fellow-demon. Cf. also Thomson’s _Masai Land_, pp. 288-290.
[6] Henderson’s _Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties_, p. 229; cf. Horace,
_Sat._ i. 8, 30; Frazer’s _Golden Bough_, i. 9; Scot’s _Discoverie of
Witchcraft_, p. 208.
[7] Grimm, _T. M._, 356, 357.
[8] II. 427.
[9] Page xvi.
[10] _Custom and Myth_, pp. 49, 50. While these sheets are passing through
the press I am glad to take occasion to commend Mr. Lang’s scholarly and
fascinating book to the reader. As an explanation of the survival of crude
and irrational elements in the myths of civilised races, it is a book to
be reckoned with by the advocates of the solar theory.
[11] “And said the gods, let there be a hammered plate in the midst of the
waters, and let it be dividing between waters and waters.” Gen. i. 6. The
verb from which the substantive is derived signifies, among other
meanings, “to beat out into thin plates.”
[12] Gen. viii. 2.
[13] Gen. xxviii. 17.
[14] Ezek. i. 1.
[15] _Modern Painters_, iii. 154.
[16] Dorman’s _Primitive Superstitions_, p. 350.
[17] Leland’s _Algonquin Legends_, pp. 111, 204.
[18] From Sans. _mar_, to “grind.” Ares and Mars come from the same root.
[19] _Merry Wives of Windsor_, act iv. sc. 4.
[20] In Finnish myth the dwarfs punish with pimples and ringworm those who
enter new houses without bowing to the four corners.
[21] Both “pecuniary” and “fee” are, as established by Grimm’s law, from
_pecu_. Latin _pecu-a_, pl. _pecus_, “cattle”; Sanskrit _paçu_, “cattle,”
from _pac_, to fasten (that which is tied up, _i.e._ domestic cattle). Cf.
Skeats’ _Etymol. Dict._ _in loc._ A.S. _feoh_ is cognate with German
_vich_, and the ideas these express occur in _ktēma_, the Greek word for
“property,” which Grimm derives from the verb _keto_, “to feed cattle.”
[22] Not the same as the Greek Heraklês. The similarity of name led the
Romans to identify their Hercules, who was a god of boundaries, like
Jupiter Terminus, with the Greek hero. _Cacus_ is not cognate with Greek
_kakos_, bad, but was originally _Cæcius_, the “blinder” or “darkener.”
[23] _Decline and Fall_, iii. 171; Emerson’s _English Traits_, p. 123.
[24] See Ralston’s _Russian Folk-Tales_, p. 347, for similar Bulgarian
legend about St. George.
[25] Haug’s _Essays on the Parsis_, tr. Vendidâd, pp. 225 ff.
[26] Cf. Isaiah xlv. 7, 1 Kings xxii. 21-23, Amos iii. 6.
[27] _Iliad_, Book xxiv. 663 ff., and cf. Lang’s tr., p. 494.
[28] _Vide_ my _Jesus of Nazareth_, p. 144.
[29] Notably _Tobit_ and _Baruch_, and cf. _Book of Wisdom_, ii. 24, for
earliest indications of the belief. The Asmodeus of _Tobit_, iii. 8 and
17, appears to be the Aeshmô dâevô of the Zend-Avesta.
[30] Exodus xxii. 18.
[31] For details of witch trials in this island cf. Mrs. Lynn Linton’s
_Witch Stories_, passim.
[32] _Knowledge Library._
[33] Vide _Chips_, ii. 1-146.
[34] Cf. Professor Keane’s Appendix to Sir A. C. Ramsay’s _Europe_, p. 557
[35] Cf. “Little Saddlehurst” in Mr. Geldart’s _Folk-Lore of Modern
Greece_, p. 27.
[36] Cf. on this matter Whitney’s _Oriental and Linguistic Studies_, p.
203.
[37] _Mythology of the Aryan Nations_, i. 108.
[38] _Mental Physiology_, p. 315.
[39] Spenser says--
“Such, men do _changelings_ call, so changed by fairies’ theft.”
[40] An Algonquin legend begins: “In old times, in the beginning of
things, men were as animals and animals as men; how this was, no one
knows.”--Leland’s _Algonquin Legends_, p. 31.
[41] And cf. Bourke’s _Snake Dance of the Moquis_, passim.
[42] Cf. Mahaffy’s _Prolegomena to Ancient History_, p. 392.
[43] Vol. i., Trübner and Co. See for some valuable illustrations from
early English and other sources an article by Rev. Dr. Morris, in
_Contemp. Rev._, May 1881, and the _Folk-Lore Journal_, 1884-85, for
translations of Jâtakas, also by Dr. Morris.
[44] _Travels in N.W. and W. Australia_, ii. 229.
[45] Bourke’s _Snake Dance of the Moquis_, p. 136.
[46] Cf. Art. “Family,” _Encyclopædia Britannica_.
[47] _De Bell. Gall._, v. c. 12.
[48] _Elton’s Origins of English History_, p. 297.
[49] _Germania_, ix. 10.
[50] _Principles of Sociology_, p. 413.
[51] _Edinburgh Review_, Jan. 1869, p. 134. Article on Rilliet’s “Origines
de la Confédération Suisse: Histoire et Légende.”
[52] _Times’_ telegram from Geneva, June 25, 1883.
[53] Book x. p. 166. Cf. Baring Gould’s _Curious Myths_, p. 117, and
Fiske’s _Myths and Myth-makers_, p. 4.
[54] Baring Gould, p. 119.
[55] Cf. Prof. Rhys’s _Arthurian Legend_, _passim_.
[56] _Academy_, Nov. 17, 1877, p. 472.
[57] _Mythology among the Hebrews, and its Historical Development_
(London: Longmans), 1877.
[58] _Goldziher_, p. 392 ff.
[59] _Ibid._, p. 103.
[60] The following paragraph from Professor Huxley’s _Observations on the
Human Skulls of Engis and Neanderthal_ is extracted from Lyell’s
_Antiquity of Man_, p. 89 (4th edition).
“The most capacious healthy European skull yet measured had a capacity of
114 cubic inches, the smallest (as estimated by weight of brain) about 55
cubic inches, while, according to Professor Schaaffhausen, some Hindu
skulls have as small a capacity as about 46 cubic inches (27 oz. of
water). The largest cranium of any gorilla yet measured contained 34.5
cubic inches.”
Commenting on this paper Sir Charles Lyell remarks that “it is admitted
that the differences in character between the brain of the highest races
of man and that of the lowest, though less in degree, are of the same
order as those which separate the human from the Simian brain,” and that
the statements of both Professor Huxley and Dr. Morton show “that the
range of size or capacity between the highest and lowest human brain is
greater than that between the highest Simian and the lowest human brain.”
[61] Spencer’s _Principles of Sociology_, p. 147.
[62] The peculiar feature of the Semitic languages is that the consonants
are everything and the vowels nothing, every word consisting, in the first
instance, merely of three consonants, which form, so to speak, the soul of
the idea to be expressed by that word. And as in ancient times the
consonants only were written, the name Jehovah appeared as JHVH. Its exact
pronunciation is utterly lost, and such veneration gathered round it, that
when the Jews came to it they substituted some other name--usually Adonai.
Afterwards, when vowels were added to the Hebrew text, those in Adonai, or
its phonetic form Edona, were inserted between the letters of the sacred
name, and thus JHVH was written Jehovah.
[63] Rink’s _Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo_, p. 45.
[64] Vide _Custom and Myth_; Art. “Moly and Mandragora,” p. 146.
[65] _Popular Antiquities_, ii. 85.
[66] Dyers _Folk-Lore_, p. 179.
[67] Arnobius _adv. Gentes._, v. 19.
[68] _De rerum Natura_, Book iv. 453-468.
[69] According to Professor Skeat, from A.S. _niht_, night; _mara_, lit.
“a crusher,” from Aryan root, MAR, to crush. Cf. _Etymol. Dict._
[70] _Among the Indians of Guiana_, pp. 344-346.
[71] W. G. Black: _Folk-Medicine_, p. 13.
[72] _Teut. Mythol._, 1165.
[73] Cf. Grimm, _Teut. Mythol._ 1177.
[74] “Voilà autant de rapports que les Bouddhistes ont avec nous,” adds
the traveller, for hinting at which analogies between Buddhists and
Catholics the Pope put his book on the Index.
[75] In a Finnish legend, which is the subject of Southey’s “Donica,” a
maiden of that name moves about seemingly alive after her death in virtue
of a parchment as magic spell, which is fastened to her wrist, until a
sorcerer finds out the secret of the connection and unfastens the
parchment, when the counterfeit life departs.
[76] _Mythology of the Aryan Nations_, i. 140.
[77] Brinton’s _Myths of the New World_, p. 51 (second edition).
[78] I am indebted to the Rev. Richard Morris for this reference.
[79] Jacob Grimm remarks that whilst the more palpable breath, as spirit,
is masculine, the living, life-giving soul is treated as a delicate
feminine essence. _Soul_ is the Icelandic _sála_, German _seele_, Gothic
_saiwala_, akin to _saivs_, which means “the sea.” _Saivs_ is from a root,
_si_, or _siv_, the Greek _seio_, to shake, and this choice of the word
_saivala_ may indicate that the ancient Teutons conceived of the soul “as
a sea within, heaving up and down with every breath, and reflecting heaven
and earth on the mirror of the deep.”--_T. M._ p. 826.
[80] _Prim. Culture_, i. 412.
[81] _Brinton_, p. 271.
[82] _Iliad_, xxiii. 103 (trans. Lang and others).
[83] Cf. Lecky’s _History of Rationalism_, i. 340.
[84] _Prim. Culture_, i. 411. See _Soul Shapes_ (Fisher Unwin, 1890).
[85] “To the ear of the savage, animals certainly seem even to talk. This
fact is universally evident, and ought to be fully realised.”--Im Thurn’s
_Guiana_, p. 351.
[86] _Dorman_, pp. 287, 288.
[87] Grimm’s _Teutonic Mythology_, p. 827.
[88] Cox and Jones, _Popular Romances_, p. 139.
[89] _Brinton_, p. 107.
[90] Cf. _Ante_, pp. 110-114.
[91] More correctly, “that engenders it.”
[92] _Hibbert Lectures_, 1884, pp. 39, 40.
[93] The Society’s advertisement is as follows:--
“THOUGHT-TRANSFERENCE, APPARITIONS, etc.--The Society for Psychical
Research will be grateful for any good evidence bearing on such phenomena
as thought-reading, clairvoyance, presentiments, and dreams, noted at the
time of occurrence and afterwards confirmed; unexplained disturbances in
places supposed to be haunted; apparitions at the moment of death or
otherwise; and of such other abnormal events as may seem to fall under
somewhat the same categories. Communications to be addressed to E. Gurney,
14 Dean’s Yard, S.W.; or to F. W. H. Myers, Leckhampton House, Cambridge.
Applications for information or for membership to be addressed to the
Secretary, at the Society’s Offices, 14 Dean’s Yard, S.W.”
[94] Matthew Arnold, _Empedocles on Etna_.
[95] _Hume_, p. 50.
[96] Dr. Carpenter’s _Mental Physiology_, p. 27.
[97] St. Geo. Mivart’s _Genesis of Species_, p. 325. In the second edition
of this work Professor Mivart cites with satisfaction the authority of S.
Thomas Aquinas and of Cardinal Newman on the matter!
[98] For criticism of this pseudo-scientific theory see Professor
Clifford’s brilliant paper in _Lectures and Essays_, i. 228, ff.; and a
review of “The Unseen Universe” by the present writer, _Fraser’s Mag._,
Jan. 1876.
[99] The following Mohammadan recipe for summoning spirits is given in
Klunzinger’s _Upper Egypt_. “Fast seven days in a lonely place, and take
incense with you, such as benzoin, aloeswood, mastic, and odoriferous wood
from Soudan, and read the chapter 1001 times (from the Koran) in the seven
days--a certain number of readings, namely, for every day one of the five
daily prayers. That is the secret, and you will see indescribable wonders;
drums will be beaten beside you, and flags hoisted over your head, and you
will see spirits full of light and of beautiful and benign aspect.”--(P.
386).
[100] In Roget’s _Thesaurus_, sect. 511, a curious and instructive list of
terms expressive of the different forms of divination is given.
[101] Numb. xii. 6; 1 Sam. xxviii. 6, 15, etc.
[102] Chap. xxxiv.
[103] Cf. _Ency. Brit._, Art. “Dreams.”