A DIARIST UNDER FIRE
[There is a peculiar interest in any record of experiences which
is made while they are being undergone. Imperfect and incomplete
though they may be, yet they are of special value because of their
reliability. This is particularly the case with some of the diaries
which have been kept while the writers were on active service; and
extracts from such a one form this story. The author is Private Charles
Hills, 2nd Battalion Australian Infantry. His share in the operations
he describes was necessarily brief, for he was dangerously wounded,
and was partially blinded and invalided to England, prior to returning
to Australia. Just before leaving England he was examined by a Medical
Board, and it was then found that he was quite blind.]
Lemnos, _May 3rd_, 1915.
We arrived at Lemnos on the evening of the 1st of May. The place
itself is, so far as we can see, just a small island, amongst a lot of
other islands, and is evidently a meeting-place for a heterogeneous
collection of shipping--cruisers, colliers and cattle-boats. Trading,
trawling and touting seem to be the several achievements of this mass.
We are lying just inside ... the entrance of the harbour. All night the
searchlights play across. Quite a little storm was caused by a small
torpedo-boat “arresting” a collier with two shots from her biggest gun.
Effective argument it proved. It seems she had not got her sailing
papers in order. The defect was remedied.
[Illustration:
_To face p. 180._
AUSTRALIANS LANDING UNDER FIRE.]
It pleases the boys to see the neatness and quickness with which the
English tars handle their craft, after the slipshod methods of Chinamen
and Lascars.
This is just a small island of, roughly speaking, 45,000 inhabitants,
solely Greeks. The most outrageous street I ever struck--5_d._ for a
copy of a London daily halfpenny. The least thing seems to be five
piastres.
_May 4th._
Turned terribly cold last night. Sent us all below to fetch our
overcoats. Some of the wounded are telling us terrible tales of
maltreatment by Turks of prisoners they take. Evidently we are up
against a lot of barbarians. We heard from the front two days ago that
the Australians’ heavy losses were entirely due to the fact that they
charged full speed for a mile and were not content with that, but they
must needs go and chase the Turks for five miles. Here they found the
position untenable and had to retreat. During this retreat the Turks
poured an enfilading fire into them and caused such heavy losses. The
Tommy Terriers got just as far and without the enormous loss of life.
Some of our fellows who left us at Abbasia suffered amongst the rest:
one was killed and several injured more or less. No doubt their example
should be to our profit.
_May 5th._
We have set sail at last, and every one has gone mad. Of course our
destination is unknown. Ammunition is being served out, and extra
guards set for torpedo-boats and any hostile craft. The weather is
bitterly cold--a vast change from New South Wales. At present steering
S.S.W., 6 p.m.
8 a.m., _May 6th_.
Our move proved to be a very short one, and ended abruptly at about
10 p.m. As soon as we arrived we could hear distinctly the rolling of
the guns, and sometimes see the flash of the shells bursting. When
morning came we were better able to see where we had got to. The first
thing I noticed was the cold. It was “some.” The next was the number of
boats. Besides our own we counted seventy-six, warships included. On
looking round we seemed to be in the Dardanelles itself, but a visit
to the map disproved this theory. It seems to me as though we are in
the Gulf of Saros, and the narrow spit of land forming the left bank of
the Dardanelles was on our right front. Over this, it seemed that the
reports were from the guns of warships lying in the Dardanelles itself,
bombarding the forts and answering the Turkish artillery in the hills.
We can plainly see the movements of the troops on the hills in front of
us with the naked eye, although the distance must be some miles. The
air is very clear....
The warships look positively wicked as they glide through the water.
There are quite a number of them here. One came up quite close to us
this morning. We could see the paint of the guns, no doubt used to
disguise them and bewilder any aircraft that may be hovering about over
them....
The war is amongst us in real earnest. To-day we have been treated to
what must be one of the most striking sights to imagine. Upwards of a
dozen warships have been bombarding the coast-line. It seems as though
we were just outside the range of the enemy’s guns, and through it
being such a bright day we are able to see everything, and to watch
the marking of the naval gunners and the effect of their shots. Over
fifty transports are above the line of fire, and we are to land under
the guns of the battleships. Things are just beginning to get exciting.
Long rows of lights are visible. I can only conclude that that is the
enemy’s rifle-fire.
_May 7th._
Well, we have arrived and landed, and contrary to expectations we
have marched straight into the trenches. The Turks gave us a great
reception, and shelled even the boats we were landing in.
11 p.m., _May 8th._
We are now drafted to our respective battalions. Have spent our first
day in the trenches. There was quite a gathering of the clans when
we joined up, and many old mates were overjoyed to see their friends
unhurt. Since morning we have been treated to a consistent dispute
of artillery and perpetually shelled with shrapnel and lyddite. The
shrapnel is an awfully destructive projectile.
The Turks seem to be filling up their shells with any old
rubbish--screws, nails, and even old bolts came in a shell. The worst
of it is the occasional sniper in the surrounding bush. He has several
scores to his credit. We have one good shot looking for him, and if
he only gets a look at him he’ll have to close his account quickly.
The battalion has been very severely handled, and has lost, roughly
speaking, about half its strength. Officers have suffered far heavier
in proportion to their men, a brigadier, colonel, two majors and sundry
smaller fry have been put out of mess.
I can go no further, as my head is fairly splitting with the noise of
shrapnel, lyddite, and the continual lying down doggo in a dug-out.
3 p.m., _Sunday._
Unfortunately Turks don’t observe the Sabbath, and to-day has been as
busy as any other day. To add to my splitting headache last night, I
had scarcely any sleep at all for the third night in succession--and
the first night in the trenches, with one hour out of three on the
look-out. The consequence is a man feels thoroughly washed out. The
Turks made one rush against us last night at about 2 a.m., and our boys
had all to stand up with fully loaded rifles and bayonets fixed. After
a few sharp rounds of rapid fire, however, they thought better of it,
and retired and sniped the rest of the night.
The strain of your first watch was more intense than I thought anything
could be, and had me fairly mazed for a time. However, I improved
and finished up fairly well. This morning, after breakfast, Captain
Linklater came along and detailed me for observation work at the right
hand of Lewis. Armed with a periscope, I stationed myself at one of
the observation-places, and became a target for all the snipers in
the Turkish army, I thought. The place was well sandbagged and quite
bullet-proof from front and flank, and so I enjoyed a thorough survey
of the surrounding country and benefited much thereby....
8 a.m., _May 10th._
This morning we have another job in digging a small circular pit ten
feet in diameter, to accommodate about four men.... The lieutenant in
charge says it is for a guard-room....
Barring a little more confidence and a little more dirt personally the
position is unchanged. I am certainly not as nervous as I was at the
beginning, although I have not been in a charge yet.
We’ve had two Indian Mountain Batteries join us, and a great
acquisition they are, too. Mule-drawn, they negotiate these hills as
easily as the others do the open roads, and they are more accustomed to
warfare than the Australian boys are. The Turks won’t reply to them at
all....
4 p.m., _May 11th._
Our position is unchanged, as far as I can make out.... Our
much-promised “rest” consisted of navvying a roadway for the artillery,
to get one of their big guns up a hill in position....
The weather has been terrible--a real English October day; squally
thundershowers and as cold as a March wind, added to which I caught
a severe chill last night, and you will see that I am not as happy
as I could be. I have no doubt there are some worse off than I, but
this is a chronicle of my experiences. Despite the fact that I am
wearing heavy khaki flannel tunic, and worsted sweater, and flannel
shirt, and another heavy overcoat, I am continually in a shiver. I am
anxiously awaiting further symptoms to decide whether it is my old
friend pneumonia turned up again. The food (iron rations), corned beef
and biscuits and tea, and sometimes a little jam, is not conducive to
mirth-producing. In the event of it being pneumonia I suppose it is
hospital for me. Several have gone back already with it....
The exploding bullets are largely being used, and in consequence the
wounds are much more serious. One of our poor chaps got shot through
with one of them, which must have exploded as it reached him. Fifteen
pieces of lead were found in his head. Quite dead, of course.
2 p.m., _May 12th._
We have spent a quiet morning, after a rotten night. Sent out at 5
p.m. to dig and shape a trench for an artillery pit. We started off
all right and presently it began to rain--quite an easy rain, but so
wet and cold. We had no blankets with us, and at 10 p.m. there came a
halt for sandbags to be fetched. On applying to the artillery officer
in charge he considered they were in too dangerous a position to be
fetched just then, so we camped in the rain, with no protection other
than our overcoats. We waited and waited. No bags came along, and so we
slept until four....
This morning we got orders to lie close, as the battery and battleships
were going to do a bit of shelling in conjunction. My cold is not
changing much, and the cold of last night would not tend to improve
matters at all....
We heard a great cheering on the landing-stage this morning. Two
battalions of Tommies and the 3rd Brigade, 6000 or so, all told,
reinforcing our boys. Probably we shall get more sleep now. I have not
washed since last Thursday, six days now not shaven. Some of them have
not washed for a fortnight. If you get down to the beach you are under
shot and shell the same as anywhere else, so you have a dry rub.
_May 13th._
To-day we are back in the trenches in a different space. The
Lieutenant-Colonel had us out and inspected us in full equipment. He
complimented us on our fine showing, and also told us that the 2nd
Brigade had distinguished itself down the coast for this sortie. The
news came from him that Sydney had had high holiday over the display
of their men. One town, Armidale, the home of Colonel Braund, had
collected £365 10_s._ 6_d._ for the benefit of the battalion when we
arrived at a decent permanent camp. Saw many of the old boys to-day,
and looking well at that.
_May 14th._
One of our corporals had a remarkable escape from a shrapnel this
morning. He and another man were sitting outside the orderly-room
awaiting the result of a conference, and they both saw the shell
coming. Private Beech moved out of the way, and the corporal turned
over and got out of the way just in the nick of time. The shell touched
his pants and tore them--another few inches and he would have been
blown to pieces....
_May 15th._
Quite a quiet night and comparatively still. Had an encouraging sight.
About a mile or so away we could see our warships shelling flying
troops--and a large body of them, too. Mr. Lowe, our P.C., informed us
that it was the main body of the Turks retreating before the allied
French, English, and Australian troops. We could see them with the
naked eye from one of our shelter-trenches on the hills.
The warships’ gunnery was marvellously accurate, and shell after shell
fell in the ranks of the enemy. There is a large estimated loss amongst
the Turks....
One of the Turkish officers from a neighbouring fort having disagreed
with some German superiors, was to have been shot at dawn. In the night
he escaped and gave himself up to the Australians here....
The view here is magnificent, but to be appreciated one has to risk
one’s neck and get up at four o’clock, when things are quiet and only a
few snipers about....
_May 16th._
The facts and results of the Light Horsemen’s charge came out this
morning. It seems that somewhere over one hundred went out against
the machine-gun on our left front. It seems ridiculous to send out a
hundred men on a charge against an enemy well entrenched. Anyway, they
got the gun, and lost seventeen killed and sixty or so wounded and
missing. It was a victory, as a general result, but costly.
To-day our platoon commander, Lieutenant Lowe, arrived with the
telegraphic compliments showered on us by our enthusiastic population.
They could not have cheered so hard if they had been as dry as we were.
Water is so scarce that we are allowed only one pint every twenty-four
hours. Out of that we have to wash, shave, and provide the means of
assuaging a bully-beef thirst. The consequence is I have had about one
wash in about two fingers of water since I landed, just ten days ago....
Our sniping friends have suffered severely, one man, a kangaroo
shooter, catching four, three of them in half an hour. They fetch him
along the line now when they happen to spot one.
[Illustration:
_To face p. 188._
A BRITISH SOLDIER WRITING IN HIS DUG-OUT. THE HEAP OF STONES AND TWO
CROSSES IN THE TOP RIGHT-HAND CORNER MARK THE GRAVES OF COMRADES.]
The tinstuff is getting monotonous, and I have broken a tooth on those
infernal biscuits. Apart from that we have not had much to complain
about.
The weather is getting hot in the day and not quite so cool at night,
and ever so much more comfortable.
_May 18th._
Snakes have made their appearance, though they are small and nervous
compared with the Australian specimen. Water is horrible, but, thank
God, the weather is cooler, except just at midday, and does not entail
a great thirst. Our rations make up for that. Boiled bacon has been
added to the menu and is somewhat salt, and that, added to the dryness
of our biscuit, and your ration of one pint per day, is ---- small. In
the tucker respect we are much better off than our opponents, who seem
to be ill fed, ill clad, and, as usual, ill paid.... The drawback is
washing....
_May 19th._
Official reports to hand announce that Gallipoli is in ruins, owing
to a very severe bombardment from the guns of _Lizzie_ and a few of
her ilk. There is absolutely no room for argument about _Lizzie_ being
effective. She is a whole army and navy in herself. At the outbreak
of hostilities here the authorities were much troubled by the enemy
having an armoured train armed with heavy guns, and of course extremely
mobile. After it had done much damage _Lizzie_ got her eye on it,
and three shots put paid to its account. Their gunnery is little
short of marvellous. The boys here are astounded because she puts her
shells right over the strip of land we are on, and drops them on some
unsuspecting vessel in the Narrows, seven or eight miles away. To get
the line of fire and sight it is necessary to use aircraft. We have
the great Samson himself here, squinting in the air for us, and are
splendidly served in this respect. The Turks gave him a great reception
last night, and every piece of gunnery was turned in his direction.
Fortunately he was unhurt, being miles off range.
I drew my first issue of tobacco and cigarettes to-day--two packets
of cigarettes and 2oz. of tobacco and a box of _fifteen_ matches!
Very welcome to a smoker, and I have no doubt they will secure many
blessings in the future....
_May 20th._
Contrary to expectation the Turks came again, and in large lumps,
too. They gave us a perfect fusillade at tea-time last night--rifles,
machine-guns, and artillery kept it up till dark. Then we being in the
second line of defence (or supports), went to bed. About twelve o’clock
Wednesday they started again, accompanied by bombs and machine-guns and
rifles. They fairly lighted the night up, and as for row--Bedlam let
loose was not in it.
The bombs gave us a bad moment or two. They did not kill any one, but
threw up such clouds of dust that we were literally blinded; and then
the main attack started at about 2 a.m. on the right and developed all
along the row of trenches. A lull occurred till about 3 a.m.
We stood to arms, and then it really began.
First they chanted their war-cry and called on Allah and blew on a
little tin trumpet. It sounded terribly weird at that time of the
morning--it was pitch dark. We could only stand at our loopholes
and strain our eyes to peer into nothingness. Firing continued in a
desultory manner. All of a sudden their front wing was in the first
line of trenches, which were about eighty yards in front of ours.
Half blinded by the dust and choked by the gas, the boys stuck to it
like Britons, and sometimes staved the Turks off. Three Turks did
manage to get in B Company’s line, but they did not manage to get out
again. By this time we had got our bearings, and then the boys settled
down to steady firing. Never heard such a noise. I was strained to the
utmost pitch of excitement. Times again they managed to get up to the
earthworks, but failed to get into the line.
The German officers hooted them on and beat them with their swords;
but after the terrible hail of shot one could not be surprised at
their jibbing. Two or three officers were shot, with their hard black
helmets, proving beyond doubt their nationality....
Last night was a mixture of prayers and curses. Some of the boys yell
for Turks to come on--they had some “back at work” shot for them.
* * * * *
The action was continued all day. Casualties were few, owing to
excellent cover....
5 a.m., _May 21st_.
All night long we were waiting for them to come again, but the lesson
had been too severe. All day yesterday they sniped and got a few,
amongst them our special shot.... I have got the knack of keeping awake
all night.
They have landed some 6-inch howitzers from the naval boats, and
these are manned by marines. Firing lyddite, and manned by experts,
they gave the Turks the time of their lives. The Turkish artillery is
outclassed by them. Their big guns on the forts by the shore have a
moving platform and consequently were hard to find; however, the boats
got wind of where they were, and they started to shell our fellows last
night at dusk. The tars saw their flash and fired three shells. Have
heard nothing of them since, so suppose they hit something....
Last night passed away uneventfully. Just a little rain of bullets now
and then. Also the enemy fired a new kind of shell, believed to be
melinite, which stifles a man to death and does not hit one at all.
Nice respectable death, after the manner of some deaths!
A rain set in early this morning and brought attendant miseries with
it, mud and dampness and general cussedness of every one concerned.
The beggars had the cheek to come over yesterday and demand that we
surrendered. After such a pommelling as we gave them two days ago this
is colossal. I think they just wanted to spy out a bit more of the
defences.
_Sunday, May 23rd._
There is a furious bombardment going on out in the harbour. The
warships are all standing in close and tackling the last of the main
Turkish forts and strongholds in the Dardanelles....
Quite a minor excitement was caused by the arrival of some submarines,
supposed to be the pair that slipped by Gibraltar some days ago. The
fact that first drew our attention to them was the small or mosquito
craft which were running all round in circles, and the bigger vessels
were all on the move. Nothing was heard as to whether they were
captured or sighted again. I suppose the idea was to keep a good look
out and also to provide a much more difficult mark than if they were
standing still.
I had a night’s sleep last night, the first undisturbed since we landed
sixteen days ago. I feel splendid this morning, Sunday--not much like
our usual one, though. I absolutely pine for St. John’s, Wagga Wagga,
for their singing and for one hour of Canon Joe Pike. Tommy Thornber
is with me in this respect. The most profitable hours of my life were
undoubtedly spent there....
The Turks around us are very quiet to-day. It is Sunday, so they ought
to be.
_Empire Day, May 24th._
Peculiar thing--the long-expected armistice arrived to-day, instead
of yesterday.... I, being of fair size, was one of the assorted few
who were to form the burial party. We set out at 8 a.m., and started
carting the Turks to their own lines and handing them over to their
friends. To attempt to describe the condition of the bodies, some of
them having lain out in the sun for twelve or fourteen days, some of
them since they landed a month ago, would be futile....
A line of flags was drawn equidistant from both lines, and each
party of men kept between their line and the centre line of flags.
As this line of flags was made up by one Turk and one Australian
alternatively, we had a good view of live Turks. In point of
physique they are not our superiors, as I imagined, but of a stock
top-heavy--all-chest-and-no-legs sort of build; dark almost to
blackness, with such a variety of casts of feature that they cannot be
said to possess a distinctive one.
The officers are undoubtedly German--that is, the principal; and a
scowling, evil-looking lot they are, though some of them attempted
to ingratiate themselves with our boys by offering cigarettes and so
on. The body-carting finished about one o’clock, and such work as
exchanging ... equipment has been going on.
_May 25th._
The submarine that was reported three days ago got in her work on the
_Triumph_ this morning at about 12.30, and she sank in seven minutes.
The loss has thrown quite a gloom over the trenches here in camp. Our
boys could see the survivors struggling in the water and saw the old
ship sink, and could not raise a hand to help them in their trouble. As
a loss to the Navy it was not a big one, as she was one of the older
class of vessel, and from what I can gather we did not lose many of the
crew....
I snatched about an hour’s sleep this morning, or I should have seen
the disaster to the _Triumph_....
_May 26th._
The number of men lost was only fifteen in the sinking of the warship
yesterday.... Our socks are stuck to our feet, and the blend of the
smell of our socks, chloride of lime, and dead Turks is a subject for a
connoisseur....
_May 27th._
To-day we have had our welcome spell. Never before did men stretch
out to enjoy sleep in such circumstances. Our resting trenches are
about half a mile away from the firing-line, and the only danger is
from spent bullets, whizzing by too high to hit the trenches, and just
beginning to drop as they get to us. After the first line that is easy.