― of linen pulp, 136
― of paper, estimating, 134
― of paper, natural, 136
― of straw pulp, 136
― of wood pulp, 136
Aspen for mechanical wood pulp, 108
Available chlorine in bleaching powder, 110
Bachet and Machard’s process forwood, 69
Baobab fibre, 53
― ― composition, 54
Barium hydrate and cellulose, 7
Bark fibres, 2
Barley straw, 98
Barre’s acid process for wood, 69
Bast fibres, 34
― ―, dimensions, 39
― filaments, 34
―, nature of, 2
― tissues, 53
Beater bed-plate, 120
― knives, 120
― ―, cutting in situ, 121
―, lead-lined, 120
Beaters, 117
―, direct-driven, 126
―, engine for driving, 126
―, water for, 125
Beating esparto, 117
―, proportion of water to pulp, 118
― pulp, 117
― ―, duration of, 119
― wood pulp, 117
Bed-plate of beater, 120
Beech, composition, 61
Bertram’s beater, 122
― damping cylinder, 159
― direct-driven beaters, 126
Bertram’s rag boiler, 82
― smoothers, 158
― strainers, 148
Bibliography, 229
Birch, composition, 61
―, pulp yield, 77
Bisulphite, action on cellulose compared with soda, 76
―, colour of pulp produced by, 77
― process, advantages, 76
― processes for wood, 71
Bleached pulp, freeing from bleach, 114
― ―, improving colour, 114
Bleaching, acetic acid in, 114
― action should be confined to non-cellulose, 113
― by chlorine, 114
―, electrolytic, 115
― pulp in potchers, 111
― pulps, 110
― rags, 115
― refractory pulps, 114
―, time required by, 113
―, with sodium hypochlorite, 113
Bleaching-liquor, clear, 111
―, removing by antichlor, 127
―, removing from half-stuff, 127
―, storing, 111
―, strength, 111
―, washing out from half-stuff, 127
Bleaching-powder, accelerating action of, 112
―, analysing, 205
― and cellulose, 10
―, available chlorine in, 110
―, keeping, 111
―, neutralising by lime and sulphur, 129
―, ― by sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129
―, ― by sodium sulphate, 128
―, ― by sodium thiosulphate, 127, 129
―, preparing, 110
―, proportion of antichlor required to neutralise, 128
―, quantities needed, 112
Blitz’s sulphide process, 67
Blondel’s acid process for wood, 69
Blotting paper, starching, 139
Blue colours, 141
Boehmeria, 50
― nivea fibre, 39
― puya fibre, 44
Boilers for esparto, 90
― for resolving wood, 74
― for straw, 99
―, iron, 76
―, lead-lining, 75
Boiling adansonia fibre, 103
― esparto, 89, 91
― jute, 103
― manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 82
― straw, 100
Boiling-liquors, recovering soda from, 179
Bombax heptaphyllum fibre, 39
Books on paper-making, 229
Bottoms, caustic, 177
Broke paper, grinding mill, 105
― ―, using up, 104
Bromine and jute, 18
Broussonetia kæmpferia fibre, 54
― papyrifera fibre, 39, 54
Burning recovered soda, 186
Calcining recovered soda, 186
Calendering, 167
Calenders, 158
―, deflection, 171
Calcium carbonate mud, 190
― hypochlorite, removing from pulp, 114
― sulphate, estimating, 203
― ― loading, 131
Cannabis sativa fibre, 39, 49
Carbonic acid bleaching, 115
Carbonising recovered soda, 186
Caustic soda, analysing, 205
― ―, brands, 178
― ―, commercial forms, 177
― ― drums, emptying, 179
― ―, prices, 179
― ― solutions, table of strengths, 109
Causticisers, 188, 192
Causticising, 187
― by ferric oxide, 232
―, lime used, 190
―, oxygenating during, 191
Cellular tissue in straw, 103
Cellulose, 4
―, absorption of acids and basic oxides, 7
―, action of alum on, 163
―, ― of cuprammonium on, 5, 217
―, ― of lime on, 84
―, ― of soda and bisulphite compared, 76
―, ― of sulphur on, 130
―, ― on light, 6
― and acids, 12
― and alkalis, 14
― and barium hydrate, 7
― and bleaching powder, 10
― and chlorine, 10
― and humus, 15
― and hydrochloric acid, 13
― and lead solutions, 8
― and metallic salts, 8
― and nitric acid, 13
― and oxygen, 10
― and sulphuric acid, 12
― and water at high temperature, 14
― and zinc chloride, 13
―, animal, 7
―, behaviour under Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
―, bleaching should not affect, 113
―, burning, 23
―, characters, 4
―, combinations, 7
―, ― with acid radicles, 8
― compared with jute, 17
―, composition, 4
―, compounds, 7, 16
―, decomposition, 12
―, ― by ferments, 15
―, ― by heat, 23
―, destructive action of soda on, 64
― di-nitrate, 10
―, early form of alkali process for isolating, 65
― formed by vinegar plant, 16
―, formula, 4
― gelatinised, 5
―, general method of isolation, 4
― hexa-nitrate, 9
―, identification, 6, 18
Cellulose in contact with iron, 13
― in fibre, estimating, 42
― in straw, 99
―, isolating by sulphurous acid, 64
―, ― from plant substances, 62
―, ― from wood, Schultze’s method, 21
―, lignification, 17
―, mineral constituents, 5
―, modifications of, in the plant, 16
―, nitration of, 8
―, oxidation, 10
―, penta-nitrate, 9
―, percentage yielded by jute, 19
―, proportion in esparto, 96
―, ― of, in well-boiled pulp, 113
―, reactions, 6
―, soluble in Schweitzer’s reagent, 5
―, ― sulphides for isolating, 67
―, solubility, 5
―, synthesis, 15
―, tetra-nitrate, 10
―, triacetyl, 8
―, tri-nitrate, 10
―, yield from esparto, 95
―, ― from straw, 98
Celluloses, compound, hydrolytic resolution, 63
―, ―, treating for paper, 63
Cellulosic fermentation, 16
Chapman’s evaporator, 184
Chemical analysis of plant substances, 42
― examination of paper, 201
Chestnut, pulp yield, 77
China clay, estimating, 203
― ― loading, 131
― grass, 39, 46, 50
― ―, character, 50
― ―, composition, 51
― ― fibres, dimensions, 39
― ―, forms in which employed, 51
― ―, general chemical characteristics, 51
― ―, micro-chemical reaction, 51
― ―, microscopic features, 51
Chlorinating straw pulp, 102
Chlorinating wood tissue, 19
Chlorine and cellulose, 10
― and jute, 18
― as a bleaching agent, 114
―, available, in bleaching powder, 110
― water solution, 37
Clarifying water, 125
Classification of paper as to strength, 197
Cleaning straw, 100
Closing plates of strainers, 150
Cochineal lakes, 142
Collodion pyroxyline, 10
Colophony, 137
Colour, improving, 114
― of pulp produced by bisulphite, 77
Colouring paper, 141
Commercial statistics, 221
Composition of paper, testing, 199
Compound celluloses, hydrolytic resolution, 63
― ―, treating for paper, 63
Conifer pulp, 60
Constitution of plant fibres, 1
Cooke and Hibbert’s beater, 123
Corchorus capsularis fibre, 39, 44, 52
― olitorius fibre, 39
Cork, 26
Cotton, 46
―, classification, 46
―, composition of raw fibre, 47
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 48
―, general chemical characteristic, 47
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
―, micro-chemical reaction, 47
―, microscopic features, 46
―, nature of, 1
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, beaten, 118
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― rags, statistics, 221, 222
― ―, treatment for paper, 79
― sections, 47
Couch rolls, 156
Cream caustic, 177
Cross’s boiler, 76
Crotalaria juncea fibre, 44, 50
Crystal carbonate, 138
Cuprammonium, 217
Cuprammonium solution, preparing, 217
Cuticular tissue, 26
Cutting, 171
― adansonia fibre, 103
― beater knives, 121
― jute, 103
― manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 81
― straw, 100
Dahl’s sulphide process, 67
Damping-cylinders, 159
Dandy roll, 155
Dark paper from jute, 103
Deckle, 144, 152
Densities, Twaddle, and sp. gr., 109
Detecting adulteration, 203
Diagnosis of plant substances, 42
Dicotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46
Direct-driven beaters, 126
Discoloration of paper from mechanical wood pulp, 108
Doctor, 157
Draining bleached pulp, 114
― boiled rags, 84
― straw pulp, 100
Drum washer for boiled rags, 85
Dry pulp, preparing, 119
Drying cylinders, 157
Dusting rags, 82
Dyes, 141
―, analysing, 209
Economy of sulphide processes, 68
Edgerunner mill, 119
Edgworthia papyrifera fibre, 54
Ekman’s bisulphite process, 72
― process, preparing wood for, 73
Electrolytic bleaching, 115
Emptying soda drums, 179
Engine for driving beaters, 126
― sizing, 137
Esparto, 46, 55
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, beating, 117
―, boiled, washing, 95
― boiler, Roeckner’s, 93
― ―, Sinclair’s, 94
―, boiling, 89, 91
―, character, 55
―, cleaning machine, 90
―, composition, 57
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, general chemical characteristics, 56
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
― liquor, disposal of, 98
―, micro-chemical reaction, 56
―, microscopic features, 56
― paper mill, arrangement, 210
―, picking, 90
―, presse-pâte system, 96
―, pressure for boiling, 93
―, proportion of cellulose in, 96
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
―, quantity of soda for, 92
― section, 56
―, soda required by, 89
―, statistics, 221, 222
―, substances removed from, by caustic soda, 97
―, time of boiling, 92
―, treating for paper, 63
―, yield of cellulose, 95
Estimating acid in alum, 207
― added mineral matter in paper, 136
― mineral matter in paper, 134
Evaporating soda liquors, 180, 231
Evaporators, 180, 231
―, Chapman’s, 184
―, Roeckner’s, 181
―, Porion’s, 182
―, smell consumer, 183
―, Yaryan, 231
Felting, 31
― caused in potchers, 113
Fermentation, cellulosic, 16
Ferments decomposing cellulose, 15
Ferric oxide causticising process, 232
Fibre bundles, 34
―, interweaving to form paper, 30
―, theoretical value in paper, 30
Fibres, analysis, complete, 43
― and cells, 1
―, apparatus for microscopic examination, 35
― classified according to iodine reaction, 46
―, dimensions, 38
―,― in pulps, 119
―, estimating cellulose in, 42
―, ― purity, 39
―, isolating for examination, 38
―, microscopic features, 32
―, nature of, 1
― of dicotyledonous stems, 33
― of monocotyledonous stems, 33
―, physical structure, 30
―, raw, analysing, 42
―, reagents for examining, 36
―, sections for examination, 38
―, separation, 34
―, table of characters, 44
―, ― of length, 39
―, Webster on analysis of, 42
Fibrous tissue, 34
Fibro-vascular bundles, 2
― ― ―, dimensions, 39
Filaments, 34
―, dimensions of cells and fibres, 39
―, table of lengths, 39
Filter bags for water, 126
― paper, starching, 139
Filtering lime mud, 190
Finish, 159
Finishing-house, 175
Fir pulp, 61
Flax, 39, 44
―, characters, 48
―, composition of raw fibre, 48
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 49
―, general chemical characteristic, 48
―, micro-chemical reaction, 48
―, microscopic features, 48
― sections, 48
Forbes’ beater, 122
Fourdrinier machine, 145
Francke’s bisulphite process, 72
Friction-glazing, 169
Fry, Ransome, and Wilkie’s wood-splitting machine, 74
Furfural, 21
Gaskell and Deacon’s crystal carbonate, 138
― sodium sulphite, 128
Gelatine, action of alum on, 163
―, analysing, 208
―, estimating amount of, 204
― for sizing, 161, 162
― size, making, 162
― with soap, 163
Glaser’s straw pulp chlorinating process, 102
Glazing, 167
―, influence on strength, 198
Gossypium fibres, 39, 46
Gould’s beater, 122
Greenbank soda, 178
Grinding straw pulp, 101
― wood to pulp, 105
Guillotine cutter, 174
Gun-cotton, 9
Half-stuff defined, 88
―, freeing from bleaching liquor, 127
―, removing bleaching liquor from, by antichlor, 127
―, washing out bleaching liquor from, 127
Hand-made paper, 144
Hartig-Reusch paper-testing machine, 194
Hemp, 39, 46, 49
―, characters, 49
―, composition, 50
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 50
―, general chemical characteristic, 50
―, micro-chemical reaction, 50
―, microscopic features, 49
―, section, 50
Hermite’s electrolytic bleaching, 115
Hibiscus strictus fibre, 44, 46
Humus and cellulose, 15
Hydracellulose, 12
Hydrochloric acid and cellulose, 13
― ― ― ligno-cellulose, 22
― ― in bleaching pulps, 112
Hydrolytic resolution of compound celluloses, 63
Igniting recovered soda, 186
Iodine and jute, 17
― ― lignified tissue, 17
― ― starch paper, making, 130
― reaction, details of manipulation, 40
― solution, 36
― ―, testing, 36
Iron boilers, 76
― oxide causticising process, 232
Jolly’s balance, 135
Jordan beater, 121
Jute, 33, 39, 44, 46, 52
― and bromine, 18
― ― chlorine, 18
― ― iodine, 17
―, boiling, 103
―, character, 52
― compared with cellulose, 17
―, cutting, 103
―, dark paper from, 103
― fibres, dimensions, 39
―, forms in which employed, 53
―, general chemical characteristic, 53
―, micro-chemical reactions, 52
―, microscopic features, 52
―, objection to acid in bleaching, 112
―, reactions, 17
―, treating for paper, 64
―, willowing, 103
Kaolin, estimating, 203
―, loading, 131
Kingsland beater, 121
Knives for cutters, 171
― of beater, 120
― ― ―, cutting in situ, 121
Knotter, 151
Laid paper, 156
Lead lining to beater, 120
― solutions and cellulose, 8
Leaden boilers, 75
Leaf fibres, 2
Lignification estimated by aniline, 43
― of cellulose, 17
Lignified tissue and chlorine, 18
― ― ― iodine, 17
Ligno-cellulose, 20
―, aldehydic character, 25
―, and dilute alkalis, 21
― and dilute mineral acids, 20
― and hot water, 21
― and hydrochloric acid, 22
― and mineral acids, 20
― and nitro-sulphuric acid, 22
― and sulphuric acid, 22
―, animal digestion of, 23
―, decay of, 23
―, decomposition by heat, 23
―, distribution, 23
―, treating for paper, 64
Lime, action on cellulose, 84
― and sulphur for neutralising bleaching powder, 129
― boiled with rags, 83
― for causticising, 190
―, milk of, 177
― mud, 190
― ―, composition, 191
― ―, filtering, 190
― salts in water, 212
― sulphate loading, 131
― unsuited for esparto, 89
Lime-tree, composition, 61
Linden bast fibres, 39, 54
Linen, 46
― in paper, detecting, 199, 201
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, beaten, 117
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― rags, statistics, 221, 222
― ―, treatment for paper, 79
Linum usitatissimum fibre, 39, 44, 46
Literature, 229
Loading, estimating, 134
― materials, analysing, 209
― paper, 130
― with agalite, 133
― with china clay, 131
― with lime sulphate, 131
― with magnesium silicate, 134
― with pearl-hardening, 131
Loft-dried paper, 145
Lunge’s bleaching method, 114
Lygeum spartum fibre, 55
Machine, 145
Magnesium silicate loading, 134
Manilla hemp, 44, 46, 59
― ―, boiling, 103
― ―, composition, 60
― ―, cutting, 103
― ―, micro-chemical reaction, 60
― ―, microscopic features, 59
― ―, sections, 60
― ―, treating for paper, 64
― ―, willowing, 103
Masson, Scott, and Bertram’s beater, 123
― ― ― esparto-cleaning machine, 90
― ― ― strainer, 149
Mechanical wood pulp, 105
― ― ―, quantitative estimation, 202
Menzies and Davis’ smell consumer, 183
Metallic salts and cellulose, 8
Microscope equipment, 35
Microscopic features of fibres, 32
Microscopical examination of paper, 201
Milk of lime, 177
Mill, arrangement, 210
―, site for, 210
Millboard machine, 166
Mineral acids and cellulose, 20
― ― and ligno-cellulose, 20
― matter, added, estimating, 136
― ― in paper, estimating, 134
Mixing pulps, 119
Monocotyledonous stems, fibres of, 33, 46, 54
Mounting solution, 36
Musa paradisiaca fibre, 44
― textilis, 59
Names in paper, 145, 156
Nettle, 52
Neutral mounting solution, 36
New Zealand flax, 39, 44, 46, 59
― ― ―, dimensions, 39
― ― ― general chemical characteristics, 59
― ― ― micro-chemical reaction, 59
New Zealand flax, microscopic features, 59
Nilgherry nettle, 44
Nitric acid and cellulose, 8, 13
Nitro-sulphuric acid and ligno-cellulose, 22
Oak, pulp yield, 77
Oat straw, 98
Oxidising sodium sulphide, 191
Oxycellulose, 13
Oxygen and cellulose, 10
Oxygenating liquors while causticising, 191
Paper ash, estimating, 134
―, broke, pulp from, 104
―, colouring, 141
― from mechanical wood pulp, faults of, 108
―, hand-made, 144
―, loading, 130
―, loft-dried, 145
― machine, 145
― makers’ soap, 163
― making and textiles, 3
―, measuring strength, 193
―, natural ash, 136
―, printed, pulp from, 105
―, sources of raw material, 1
―, thickness, 153
―, toned, 142
― trade, statistics, 225
― waste, pulp from, 104
―, width, 152
Paper-mulberry fibres, 39, 46, 54
Partington’s bisulphite process, 72
Patterns on paper, 145, 156
Pearl hardening, 131
― ―, estimating, 203
Pectic acid, 28
Pecto-cellulose, 28
― ―, treating for paper, 63
Phormium tenax fibre, 39, 44, 59
Physical structure of fibres, 30
Picking esparto, 90
Pictet’s sulphurous acid process, 70
Pigments, 141
―, analysing, 209
Pine, composition, 61
―, pulp yield, 77
Pine, white, for mechanical wood pulp, 108
― wood fibre, 61
Pineapple fibre, 44, 46
Pink colours, 141
Pinus fibre, 60
Plant fibres, constitution, 1
―, structural elements, 1
― tissues mainly cellulose, 4
Pochin’s aluminous cake, 140
Poplar, composition, 61
― fibre, 60
Porion’s evaporator, 182
Porter-Clark process for water, 214
Potchers, felting caused in, 113
― for bleaching pulp in, 111
― for rags, 80
Presse-pâte system for esparto, 96
― ― ― for straw, 101
Pressure for boiling straw, 100
― in relation to soda, 64
Prussian blue, 142
Pulp, beating, 117
―, bleaching, 110
―, ― refractory, 114
―, colour of, produced by bisulphite, 77
―, dimensions of fibre in, 119
―, dry, preparing, 119
―, duration of beating, 119
―, freeing from bleach, 114
―, improving colour, 114
―, mixing, 119
―, removing calcium hypochlorite from, 114, 127
― saver, 114, 155
― yield from straw, 99
― ― ― woods, 77
Purification of water, 211
Rags, bleaching, 115
―, boiled, draining, 84
―, ―, washing, 85
―, boiling, 82
―, ― with lime, 83
―, cutting, 81
―, dusting, 82
―, potchers, 89
―, proportion of alkali, 83
―, quantity of water for boiling, 84
―, sorting, 80
―, statistics, 221, 222
―, time of boiling, 84
―, treatment for paper, 79
―, ― in washer, 89
―, willowing, 81
Ramie fibres, dimensions, 39, 50
Raw material for paper, 1
Reagents for examining fibres, 36
Recovered soda, analysing, 205
― ―, carbonising, 186
― ― causticising, 187
― ―, composition, 186
Refractory pulps, bleaching, 114
Repped paper, 171
Resinate of alumina, 137
Retree, 175
Rhea fibre, 50
Roeckner’s esparto boiler, 93
― evaporator, 181
― strainer, 150
― water clarifier, 211
Rosin, 137
― soap, 137
Rotary boilers unsuited to esparto, 90
Rubbing test for paper, 197
Rye straw, 98
Salle, 175
Salmon’s guillotine, 174
Save-all, 154
Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from wood, 21
Schurmann’s calender rolls, 171
Schweizer’s reagent, 5
Sections of fibres for examination, 38
Seed hairs, 46
― ―, dimensions, 39
Self-cleaning strainer, 149
Settling ponds, 125
Seventy per cent. white caustic, 178
Sheave, causes of, 90
Silk fibre, 31
Sinclair’s esparto boiler, 94
Single cylinder machines, 164
― sheet cutter, 173
Siphon washer for boiled rags, 87
Site for mill, 210
Sixty per cent. white caustic, 177
Size, estimating amount of, 204
―, ― nature of, 203
―, making with gelatine, 162
Sizes of sheets, 175
Sizing, 137
Slicer, 151
Smalts, 141
Smell consumer, 183
Smoothers, 158
Smoothness, 159
Soaking wood, 107
Soap, analysing, 208
― and gelatine, 163
― for paper-makers, 163
Soda, action on cellulose compared with bisulphite, 76
― ash, analysing, 205
― bicarbonate for accelerating action of bleaching powder, 112
―, brands, 178
― carbonate for sizing, 138
―, commercial kinds, 177
―, destructive action on cellulose, 64
― drums, emptying, 179
― for esparto, 89
― for isolating cellulose, 63
― in relation to pressure, 64
― liquor from esparto, treatment of, 98
― ―, evaporating, 180, 231
― ―, removing sodium-sulphur compounds, 191
―, prices, 179
―, proportion for straw, 99
―, recovered, analysing, 205
― ―, carbonising, 186
― ―, causticising, 187
― ―, composition, 186
― recovery, 179
― solutions, table of strengths, 109
―, substances removed from esparto by, 97
Sodium hypochlorite in bleaching, 113
― hyposulphite, analysing, 208
― ― for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129
― sulphide, oxidising, 191
― sulphite, analysing, 208
― ― to neutralise bleaching powder, 128
― -sulphur compounds in soda liquors, 191
― thiosulphate, analysing, 208
― thiosulphate for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129
Soft water, objections to, 216
Soluble sulphides for isolating cellulose, 67
Solutions, alum, table of strengths, 143
―, aniline colours, 37
―, aniline sulphate, 37
―, chlorine water, 37
―, iodine, 36
―, neutral mounting, 36
Sorting, 175
― rags, 80
Specific gravity, Twaddle converted into, 109
Spherical rag boiler, 82
Stanhope purifier, 212, 214
Starch and iodide paper, making, 130
―, estimating, 203
― paste for sizing, 138
Starches, analysing, 208
Starching blotting paper, 139
― filter paper, 139
Statistics, 221
Steam and ligno-celluloses, 21
Steaming wood, 107
Stipa tenacissima fibre, 39, 55
Strainers, 147
―, closing plates, 150
―, knotter, 151
Straw, 46, 57
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, boiled, washing, 100
―, boilers for, 99
―, boiling, 100
―, cellulose yield from, 98
―, cleaning, 100
―, composition, 59, 99
―, cutting, 100
―, dimensions of cells, 58
―, general chemical characteristics, 58
― in paper, detecting, 200, 201
―, microscopic features, 57
― paper, source of weakness, 103
―, pressure in boiling, 100
―, proportion of soda for, 99
― pulp, ash, 136
― ―, chlorinating, 102
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― pulp, draining, 100
― ―, dry, preparing, 119
― ―, grinding, 101
― ―, yield, 99
―, soda treatment, 98
―, treating for paper, 63
― washer, 101
Strengths of alum solutions, table, 143
― of paper, classification, 197
― ―, influence of glazing, 198
― ―, measuring, 193
Sugar-cane fibre, 59
Sulphide processes, economy of, 68
― ―, malodours of, 68
Sulphite processes, objection to, 75
Sulphur, action on cellulose, 130
― and lime for neutralising bleaching powder, 129
Sulphuric acid and cellulose, 12
― ― and ligno-cellulose, 22
― ― in bleaching pulps, 112
Sulphurous acid for isolating cellulose, 64
― ― processes for wood, 70
― ― processes, objection to, 75
Sunda, see Sunn hemp.
Sunn hemp, 44, 46, 50
― ―, characters, 50
― ―, composition, 50
― ―, general chemical characteristics, 50
― ―, micro-chemical reactions, 50
― ―, microscopic features, 50
Synthesis of cellulose, 15
Table of processes for resolving wood, 78
― of strengths of alum solutions, 143
― ― ― of caustic soda solutions, 109
Teazing needles, 38
Telegram paper, 104
Test paper, making, 130
Testing antichlor, 130
― iodine solution, 36
― paper, 193
― ― by rubbing, 197
Textile trade waste, treating for paper, 62
Thickness of paper, gauging, 153
― ― ―, measuring, 198
Thompson’s rag-bleaching process, 115
Thune’s mechanical wood pulp, 107
Tilghmann’s sulphurous acid process, 70
Tilia grandifolia fibre, 39, 54
Time of boiling rags, 84
Toned paper, 142
Trade statistics, 221
Triacetyl cellulose, 8
Tub sizing, 137
― ― on the machine, 160
Twaddle degrees, converting into specific gravity, 109
Ultramarine, 141
Umpherstoil’s beater, 123
Urtica dioica fibre, 52
― heterophylla fibre, 44
Vacuum strainer, 148
Victory cutter, 174
Vinegar plant forming cellulose, 16
Vomiting boiler, 91
Washing boiled esparto, 95
― ― rags, 85
― ― straw, 100
― out bleaching liquor from half-stuff, 127
Waste paper, pulp from, 104
Water and ligno-cellulose, 21
― at high temperature and cellulose, 15
―, clarifier, 211
―, clarifying, 125
―, filter bags, 126
― for beaters, 125
―, lime salts, 212
― marks, 145, 156
―, Porter-Clark process, 214
― proportion to pulp in beating, 118
―, purification, 211
―, quantity for boiling rags, 84
― resolving wood by, 65
―, settling ponds, 125
―, soft, objections to, 216
―, soluble impurities, 212
Water supply, 210
Web glazing, 167
Webster on analysis of fibres, 42
Weighing paper ash, 134
Weight per ream, 176
Weighting paper, 130
Wet end of machine, 154
― felt, 157
Wheat straw, 98
White fir fibre, 61
― pine for mechanical wood pulp, 108
Width of paper, gauging, 152
Willesden canvas, 219
― paper, 219
― scrim, 219
― welded goods, 220
Willowing adansonia fibre, 103
― jute, 103
― Manilla hemp, 103
― rags, 81
Winding, 160
Wire-cloth, 153
― in rag washer, 87
―, shifting, 156
Wood, acid processes, 69
―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112
―, bisulphite processes, 71
―, boiling with sulphites, 74
―, chemical, in paper, detecting, 200
―, cutting up for pulp, 105
―, grinding, 105
―, mechanical, in paper, detecting, 200, 201
―, objection to acid in bleaching, 112
― processes, table of, 78
― pulps, 60
― ―, ash, 136
― ― beating, 117
― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119
― ―, dry, preparing, 119
― ― from aspen, 108
― ― from white pine, 108
― ―, mechanical, 105
― ―, ―, quantitative estimation, 202
― ―, statistics, 224
―, resolving by water, 65
―, Schultze’s method of isolating cellulose from, 21
―, soaking, 107
― splitting machine, 74
―, steaming, 107
― suitable for Ekman’s process, 73
―, sulphide treatment, 67
―, sulphurous acid processes, 70
―, treating for paper, 64
Woods, pulp yield of, 77
Wool fibre, character, 31
Wove paper, 156
Wrapping paper, 104
Yankee machine, 164
Yaryan evaporator, 232
Young and Pettigrew’s acid process, 69
Yucca gloriosa fibre, 44, 46
Zinc chloride and cellulose, 13
LONDON: PRINTED BY WM. CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND
CHARING CROSS.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
[advertisement]
GEO. & WM. BERTRAM,
MAKERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF
MACHINERY IN CONNECTION WITH THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER.
ST. KATHERINE’S WORKS, SCIENNES, EDINBURGH, AND LONDON.
[Illustration: _Gold and Silver Medals, Edinburgh International
Exhibition, 1886._]
[Illustration: _First-class Medal, London International Exhibition,
1862._]
SPECIALTIES.
Improved Paper Making Machines (nearly 100 at work).
Presse Pâte Machines.
Single Cylinder Machines.
Patent Flat Strainers (over 200 at work).
Special Strainer Plates.
Kollergangs or Edge Runners.
Angle and Square Paper Cutters.
Slitting and Winding Machines.
Web Glazing Calenders.
Superior Chilled Rolls.
Patent Cone Beater.
Sheet and Boarding Calenders.
Improved Damping Rolls.
Patent Deckle for Wire Frames (Archibald and Purdie’s).
Patent Wire Guide.
Improved Pulp Engines.
Direct Driving Gear for Pulp Engines.
Pumps of All Kinds.
Hydraulic Presses and Hoists.
ALSO
Steam Engines of all Classes, High-pressure. Condensing, or Compound,
up to any indicated Horse-power, Over 300 at work.
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BENTLEY & JACKSON,
PAPER-MAKERS’ ENGINEERS,
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Makers of
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Patent
Rag Cutter,
To Cut Rags or Bagging into
pieces 1 inch square
and upwards.
Spherical & Cylindrical
Revolving
Rag Boilers.
Improved Rag
Engines.
Paper-Cutting
Machines.
Ripping & Winding
Machines.
Presse Pâtes.
Paper-Making
Machines.
Steam Engines.
[Illustration: EDGE RUNNER.]
MACHINE-MADE WHEELS AND PULLEYS.
ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION.
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M^cDougall’s Patent Steam Trap,
SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PAPER-MAKERS.
For ejecting automatically, without loss of steam, the water of
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[Illustration]
_For Prices and further information apply to_
THE CHADDERTON IRON WORKS CO., LIMITED,
ENGINEERS, BOILER MAKERS, AND IRONFOUNDERS,
IRK VALE, CHADDERTON, Near MANCHESTER,
Sole Makers of Plant for McDougall’s Patent Wood Pulp Process.
Specialty, Revolving Boilers, 8 to 12 feet diameter.
LONDON OFFICE—10 MARK LANE. MANCHESTER OFFICE—68, PORT ST.
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THE OLDEST ESTABLISHED AND THE RECOGNISED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PAPER
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SPECIAL REPORTS FROM OWN CORRESPONDENTS.
[Illustration:
PAPER MAKERS’ CIRCULAR,
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J. & R. SHORROCK,
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[Illustration]
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DOUBLE AND SINGLE WILLOWS.
HYDRAULIC PRESSES, AGITATORS, STUFF CHESTS.
MIXING PANS AND CISTERNS.
DOUBLE AND SINGLE ACTING PUMPS of all sizes, for Water, Pulp, or
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BRASS COUCH AND PRESS ROLLS, AND BRASS STRAINER PLATES.
STEAM BOILERS, STEAM ENGINES.
SHAFTING, PULLEYS, PIPES, &C.
LONDON OFFICE:—7, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET.
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[Illustration]
ESTABLISHED 1849
· J · & · R · Shorrock ·
Engineers,
Bolton Road & Lee Foundries,
DARWEN, LANCASHIRE
London Office
7 Queen Victoria St.
E. C.
[Illustration]
MAKERS OF SIMPLE AND COMPOUND CONDENSING
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SPECIALTIES IN
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FOR BELT OR ROPES UP TO 36 FEET DIA.
SPUR, BEVEL, MORTICE, HELICAL & WORM WHEELS
IN IRON, STEEL OR PHOSPHOR BRONZE
IRON CASTINGS UP TO 40 TONS WEIGHT
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Fcap. 8vo, cloth, price 3s.
THE PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKER.
BY JAMES DUNBAR.
_Third Edition._
SPONS’
ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF RAW MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURES.
Parts XV. and XVI.—FIBROUS SUBSTANCES.
Part XXIV.—PAPER.
Price 2s. each Part.
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, London.
New York: 35, Murray Street.
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PURE _POWDERED_ 98% CAUSTIC SODA.
BLEACHING POWDER
OF _EXTRA STRENGTH_.
ALUMINATE OF SODA,
Substitute for Alum: a new Specialty for Paper Makers.
ABOVE IN ALL SIZES OF PACKAGES TO SUIT LARGE OR SMALL CONSUMERS.
Correspondence invited. Special information given.
Greenbank Alkali Works Co.,
ST. HELENS, LANCASHIRE.
ESTABLISHED 1866.
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IMPORTANT TO PAPER MAKERS.
29th YEAR of PUBLICATION.
Circulated throughout the Civilized World.
The oldest established
and recognised
organ of the
STATIONERY
AND
PAPER
TRADES.
[Illustration:
THE STATIONER,
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FANCY TRADES’ REGISTER.
TO ADVERTISERS.
information, including Scale of Charges and Quotations
for Advertisements, will be forwarded on application to
S. CHAS. PHILLIPS,
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LEIPSIC:—3, Grimmaischer Steinweg.
AMSTERDAM:—60, Rokin.
MELBOURNE, SYDNEY, and CALCUTTA, &c.]
Quarter
of a Century
of Success.
Best Medium for
Paper Makers’
Advertisements.
PUBLISHED ON THE 6th OR 7th OF EACH MONTH.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION:
Home, 6s. 6d. Indo-Colonial (abroad generally), 7s. 6d. Post-free.
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WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
FOR THE USE OF
Manufacturers, Mechanics, & Scientific Amateurs.
BY ERNEST SPON.
CONTENTS:
Bookbinding — Bronzes — Candles — Cement — Cleaning — Concretes
— Dyeing — Electro-Metallurgy — Enamels — Engraving — Etching —
Firework Making — Freezing — Fulminates — Furniture Creams, Oils,
Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes — Gilding — Glass Cutting — Glass
Making — Graining — Gums — Horn Working — India-rubber — Ink — Japans
— Lacquers — Marble Working — Matches — Mortars — Paper Hanging —
Painting in Oils — Photography — Polishes — Pottery — Silvering —
Soap-Solders — Taxidermy — Treating Horn, Mother-o’-Pearl, and like
substances — Varnishes — Veneering — Whitewashing, &c., &c.
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WORKSHOP RECEIPTS
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BY ROBERT HALDANE.
Devoted mainly to subjects connected with Chemical Manufactures. An
entirely New Volume. Uniform in Size, Style, and Type with the Original
‘Workshop Receipts.’
CONTENTS.
Acidimetry and Alkalimetry — Albumen — Alcohol — Alkaloids — Baking
Powders — Bitters — Bleaching — Boiler Incrustations — Cements and
Lutes — Cleansing — Confectionery — Copying — Disinfectants — Dyeing —
Staining and Colouring — Essences — Extracts — Fireproofing — Gelatine
— Glue and Size — Glycerine — Gut — Hydrogen Peroxide — Inks — Iodine
— Iodoform — Isinglass — Ivory Substitutes — Leather — Luminous Bodies
— Magnesia — Matches — Paper — Parchment — Perchloric Acid — Pigments
— Paint and Painting — Potassium Oxalate — Preserving.
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, London.
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(THIRD SERIES).
BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.
Devoted mainly to Electrical and Metallurgical subjects.
CONTENTS:
Alloys — Aluminium — Antimony — Barium — Beryllium — Bismuth — Cadmium
— Cæsium — Calcium — Cerrium — Chromium — Cobalt — Copper — Didymium
— Electrics (including alarms, batteries, bells, carbons, coils
[induction, intensity, and resistance], dynamo-electric machines,
fire risks, measuring, microphones, motors, phonographs, photophones,
storing, telephones) — Enamels and Glazes — Erbium — Gallium — Glass —
Gold — Indium — Iridium — Iron — Lacquers — Lanthanum — Lead — Lithium
— Lubricants — Magnesium — Manganese — Mercury — Mica — Molybdenum —
Nickel — Nisbium — Osmium — Palladium — Platinum — Potassium — Rhodium
— Rubidium — Ruthenium — Silenium — Silver — Slag — Sodium — Strontium
— Tantalum — Terbium — Thallium — Thorium — Tin — Titanium — Tungsten
— Uranium — Vanadium — Yttrium — Zinc — Zirconium.
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By C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S.
Devoted mainly to Handicrafts and Mechanical subjects.
_250 Illustrations, with complete Index and a general Index to the Four
Series._
CONTENTS:
_Waterproofing_: rubber goods, cuprammonium processes, miscellaneous
preparations — _Packing and Storing_ articles of delicate odour or
colour, of a deliquescent character, liable to ignition, apt to suffer
from insects or damp, or easily broken — _Embalming and Preserving_
anatomical specimens — _Leather Polishes_ — _Cooling Air and Water_,
producing low temperatures, making ice, cooling syrups and solutions,
and separating salts from liquors by refrigeration — _Pumps and
Syphons_, embracing every useful contrivance for raising and supplying
water on a moderate scale, and moving corrosive, tenacious, and other
liquids — _Desiccating_: air- and water-ovens, and other appliances
for drying natural and artificial products — _Distilling_: water,
tinctures, extracts, pharmaceutical preparations, essences, perfumes,
and alcoholic liquids — _Emulsifying_ as required by pharmacists and
photographers — _Evaporating_: saline and other solutions, and liquids
demanding special precautions — _Filtering_: water, and solutions
of various kinds — _Percolating and Macerating_ — _Electrotyping_ —
_Stereotyping_ by both plaster and paper processes — _Bookbinding_ in
all its details — _Straw Plaiting_ and the fabrication of baskets,
matting, etc. — _Musical Instruments_: the preservation, tuning, and
repair of pianos, harmoniums, musical boxes, etc. — _Clock and Watch
Mending_: adapted for intelligent amateurs — _Photography_: recent
development in rapid processes, handy apparatus numerous recipes for
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illustrative purposes.
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, London.
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SPONS’ ENCYCLOPÆDIA
OF THE
INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES, & COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S., &c., &c.
_In Super-royal 8vo, containing 2100 pp., and Illustrated by nearly
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Can be had in the following bindings:—
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In 5 divisions, cloth 3 11 6
In 2 vols., half-morocco, top edge gilt, bound in a
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In 33 monthly parts, at 2_s._ each.
Any Part can be had separate, price 2_s._, postage 2_d._
COMPLETE LIST OF ALL THE SUBJECTS.
Acids, Parts 1, 2, 3 | Alcohol, 3, 4 | Alkalies, 4, 5 | Alloys, 5, 6 |
Arsenic, 6 | Asphalte, 6 | Aerated Waters, 6 | Beer and Wine, 6, 7 |
Beverages, 7, 8 | Bleaching Powder, 8 | Bleaching, 8, 9 | Borax, 9 |
Brushes, 9 | Buttons, 9 | Camphor, 9, 10 | Candles, 10 | Carbon, 10
| Celluloid, 10 | Clays, 10 | Carbolic Acid, 11 | Coal-tar Products,
11 | Cocoa, 11 | Coffee, 11, 12 | Cork, 12 | Cotton Manufactures,
12, 13 | Drugs, 13 | Dyeing and Calico Printing, 13, 14 | Dyestuffs,
14 | Electro-Metallurgy, 14 | Explosives, 14, 15 | Feathers, 15 |
Fibrous Substances, 15, 16 | Floor-cloth, 16 | Food Preservation, 16
| Fruit, 16, 17 | Fur, 17 | Gas, Coal, 17 | Gems, 17 | Glass, 17 |
Graphite, 18 | Hair Manufactures, 18 | Hats, 18 | Ice, Artificial, 18
| Indiarubber Manufactures, 18, 19 | Ink, 19 | Jute Manufactures, 19
| Knitted Fabrics (Hosiery), 19 | Lace, 19 | Leather, 19, 20 | Linen
Manufactures, 20 | Manures, 20 | Matches, 20, 21 | Mordants, 21 |
Narcotics, 21, 22 | Oils & Fatty Substances, 22, 23, 24 | Paper, 24
| Paraffin, 24 | Pearl and Coral, 24 | Perfumes, 24 | Photography,
24, 25 | Pigments and Paint, 25 | Pottery, 25, 26 | Printing and
Engraving, 26 | Resinous and Gummy Substances, 26, 27 | Rope, 27
| Salt, 27, 28 | Silk, 28 | Skins, 28 | Soap, Railway Grease, and
Glycerine, 28, 29 | Spices, 29 | Starch, 29 | Sugar, 29, 30, 31 |
Tannin, 31, 32 | Tea, 32 | Timber, 32 | Varnish, 32 | Wool and Woollen
Manufactures, 32, 33
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, London.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:
Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some
exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown like
this: {52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look _like
this_. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–18, and moved from within
paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. The transcriber
produced the cover image and hereby assigns it to the public domain.
Original page images are available from archive.org—search for
“gri_33125007981968”.
Subscripts are indicated with underscore followed by curly brackets,
e.g. “H_{2}O”. Some missing full stops have been inserted. Many ditto
marks have been eliminated, replaced by repeated text. Enlarged curly
brackets “}{” employed to combine information in two or more lines or
columns have been eliminated, by restructuring text if necessary. One
such instance is the table on page 39. The table on page 44 and some
other large tables were moved from their original locations inside a
paragraph of text to nearby locations between paragraphs. The page 44
table was also divided into two parts, after column six. Illustrations
have also been moved from within paragraphs of text to nearby locations
between paragraphs.
Page 12. “tranformation” to “transformation”. “C_{12}H_{20}O_{11}” to
“C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}”.
Page 14n. The note had no anchor; a new one has been inserted after “in
sealed glass”.
Page 17. “chemisty” to “chemistry”.
Page 65. “revolution” to “resolution”.
Page 136. “being therefore equivalent to one mgrm” is retained, but
presumably should be read “being therefore equivalent to ten mgrm”.
Page 196n. The note had no anchor in the text. A new one has been
inserted after “papers published by the Institute for 1885.”, as a
plausible guess.
Page 197. “following seven groups” to “following eight groups”.
Page 220. “the following way” to “the following may”.
Page 245. A section of advertisements begins here. This section in
the original printed book depended heavily upon the advantages of
typography, graphics, and page-breaks. In this simple text edition, the
codes [advertisement] and [/advertisement] have been inserted fore and
aft, for each ad.