and January, in the case of the French crayfishes. In England
they certainly begin as early as the beginning of October, if not
earlier. According to M. Chantran (Comptes Rendus, 1870), and M.
Gerbe (Comptes Rendus, 1858), the male seizes the female with his
pincers, throws her on her back, and deposits the spermatic matter,
firstly, on the external plates of the caudal fin; secondly, on the
thoracic sterna around the external openings of the oviducts. During
this operation, the appendages of the two first abdominal somites are
carried backwards, {351} the extremities of the posterior pair are
inclosed in the groove of the anterior pair; and the end of the vas
deferens becoming everted and prominent, the seminal matter is poured
out, and runs slowly along the groove of the anterior appendage
to its destination, where it hardens and assumes a vermicular
aspect. The filaments of which it is composed are, in fact, tubular
spermatophores, and consist of a tough case or sheath filled with
seminal matter. The spoon-shaped extremity of the second abdominal
appendage, working backwards and forwards in the groove of the
anterior appendage, clears the seminal matter out of it, and prevents
it from becoming choked.
After an interval which varies from ten to forty-five days,
oviposition takes place. The female, resting on her back, bends the
end of the abdomen forward over the hinder thoracic sterna, so that a
chamber is formed into which the oviducts open. The eggs are passed
into the chamber by one operation, usually during the night, and
are plunged into a viscous greyish mucus with which it is filled.
The spermatozoa pass out of the vermicular spermatophores, and mix
with this fluid, in which the peculiarity of their form renders them
readily recognisable. The spermatozoa are thus brought into close
relation with the ova, but what actually becomes of them is unknown.
The origin of the viscous matter which fills the abdominal
chamber when the eggs are deposited in it, and the manner in
which these become fixed to the abdominal limbs is discussed by
Lereboullet (“Recherches sur le mode de fixation des œufs aux
faux pattes abdominaux dans les Écrevisses.” Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, 4e Ee. T. XIV. 1860), and by Braun (Arbeiten aus dem
Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Würzburg, II.).
NOTE VI., CHAPTER I., p. 42.
ATTACHMENT OF THE YOUNG CRAYFISH TO THE MOTHER.
I observe that I had overlooked a passage in the Report on the award
of the Prix Montyon for 1872, Comptes Rendus, LXXV. p. 1341, in which
M. Chantran is stated to have ascertained that the young crayfishes
fix themselves “en saisissant avec un de leurs pinces le filament qui
suspend l’œuf à une fausse patte de la mère.”
In the paper already cited from the Comptes Rendus for 1870, M.
Chantran states that the young remain attached to the mother during
ten days after hatching, that is to say, up to the first moult.
Detached before this period, they die; but after the first moult,
they sometimes leave the {352} mother and return to her again, up to
twenty-eight days, when they become independent.
In a note appended to M. Chantran’s paper, M. Robin states, that
“the young are suspended to the abdomen of the mother by the
intermediation of a chitinous hyaline filament, which extends from
a point of the internal surface of the shell of the egg as far
as the four most internal filaments of each of the lobes of the
median membranous plate of the caudal appendage. The filaments
exist when the embryos have not yet attained three-fourths of their
development.” Is this a larval coat? Rathke does not mention it and I
have seen nothing of it in those recently hatched young which I have
had the opportunity of examining.
NOTE VII., CHAPTER II., p. 64.
THE “SALIVARY” GLANDS AND THE SO-CALLED “LIVER” OF THE CRAYFISH.
Braun (Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Würzburg,
Bd. II. and III.) has described “salivary” glands in the walls of the
œsophagus, in the metastoma, and in the first pair of maxillæ of the
crayfish.
Hoppe-Seyler (Pflügers Archiv, Bd. XIV. 1877) finds that the yellow
fluid ordinarily found in the stomachs of crayfishes always contains
peptone. It dissolves fibrin readily, without swelling it up, at
ordinary temperatures; more quickly at 40° Centigrade. The action
is delayed by even a trace of hydrochloric acid, and is stopped by
the addition of a few drops of water containing 0.2 per cent. of
that acid. By adding alcohol to the yellow fluid, a precipitate is
obtained, which is soluble in water and in glycerine. The aqueous
solution of the precipitate has a strong digestive action on fibrin,
which is arrested by acidulation with hydrochloric acid. These
reactions show that the fluid is very similar to, if not identical
with, the pancreatic fluid of vertebrates.
The secretion of the “liver” taken directly from that gland, has a
more strongly acid reaction than the fluid in the stomach, but has
similar digestive properties. So has an aqueous extract of the gland,
and a watery solution of the alcoholic precipitate. The aqueous
extract also possesses a strong diastatic action on starch, and
breaks up olive oil. There is no more glycogen in the “liver” than is
to be found in other organs, and no constituents of true bile are to
be met with.
{353}
NOTE VIII., CHAPTER II., p. 81.
ANAL RESPIRATION IN CRAYFISH.
Lereboullet (“Note sur une respiration anale observée chez
plusieurs Crustacés;” Mémoires de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle
de Strasbourg, IV. 1850) has drawn attention to what he terms
“anal respiration” in young crayfish, in which he observed water
to be alternately taken into and expelled from the rectum fifteen
to seventeen times in a minute. I have never been able to observe
anything of this kind in the uninjured adult animal, but if the
thoracic ganglia are destroyed, a regular rhythmical dilatation and
closing of the anal end of the rectum at once sets in, and goes
on as long as the hindermost ganglia of the abdomen retain their
integrity. I am much disposed to imagine that the rhythmical movement
is inhibited, when the uninjured crayfish is held in such a position
that the vent can be examined.
NOTE IX., CHAPTER II., p. 82.
THE GREEN GLAND.
The existence of guanin in the green gland rests on the authority
of Will and Gorup-Besanez (Gelehrte Anzeigen, d. k. Baienzschen
Akademie, No. 233, 1848), who say that in this organ and in the organ
of Bojanus of the freshwater mussel, they found “a substance the
reactions of which with the greatest probability indicate guanin,”
but that they had been unable to obtain sufficient material to give
decisive results.
Leydig (Lehrbuch der Histologie, p. 467) long ago stated that the
green gland consists of a much convoluted tube containing granular
cells disposed around a central cavity. Wassiliew (“Ueber die Niere
des Flusskrebses:” Zoologischer Anzeiger, I. 1878) supports the same
view, giving a full account of the minute structure of the organ, and
comparing it with its homologues in the _Copepoda_ and _Phyllopoda_.
NOTE X., CHAPTER III., p. 105.
THE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE CRAYFISH.
The details respecting the origin and the distribution of the nerves
are intentionally omitted. See the memoir by Lemoine of which the
title is given in the “Bibliography.”
{354}
NOTE XI., CHAPTER III., p. 110.
THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE CRAYFISH.
Mr. J. Ward, in his “Observations on the Physiology of the Nervous
System of the Crayfish,” (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1879) has
given an account of a number of interesting and important experiments
on this subject.
* * * * *
NOTE XII., CHAPTER III., p. 124.
THE THEORY OF MOSAIC VISION.
Oscar Schmidt (“Die Form der Krystalkegel im Arthropoden Auge:”
Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, XXX. 1878) has pointed
out certain difficulties in the way of the universal application
of the theory of mosaic vision in its present form, which are well
worthy of consideration. I do not think, however, that the substance
of the theory is affected by Schmidt’s objections.
NOTE XIII., CHAPTER III., p. 135.
THE SPERMATOZOA.
Since the discovery of the spermatozoa of the crayfish in 1835–36 by
Henle and von Siebold. the structure and development of these bodies
have been repeatedly studied. The latest discussion of the subject is
contained in a memoir of Dr. C. Grobben (“Beiträge zur Kenntniss der
männlichen Geschlechtsorgane der Dekapoden:” Wien, 1878). There is no
doubt that the spermatozoon consists of a flattened or hemispherical
body, produced at its circumference into a greater or less number
of long tapering curved processes (fig. 34 F). In the interior of
this are two structures, one of which occupies the greater part of
the body, and, when the latter lies flat, looks like a double ring.
This may be called, for distinctness’ sake, the _annulate corpuscle_.
The other is a much smaller _oval corpuscle_, which lies on one
side of the first. The annulate corpuscle is dense, and strongly
refracting; the oval corpuscle is soft, and less sharply defined.
Dr. Grobben describes the annulate corpuscle as “napfartig,” or
cup-shaped; closed below, open above, and with the upper edge turned
inwards, and applied to the inner side of the wall of the cup. It
appeared to me, on the other hand, that the annulate corpuscle is
really a hollow ring, somewhat {355} like one of the ring-shaped
air-cushions one sees, on a very small scale. Dr. Grobben describes
the spermatoblastic cells of the testis and their nuclear spindles;
but his account of the development of the spermatozoa does not
agree with my own observations, which, so far as they have gone,
lead me to infer that the annulate corpuscle of the spermatozoon is
the metamorphosed nucleus of the cell from which the spermatozoon
is developed. For want of material, however, I was unable to bring
my investigations to a satisfactory termination, and I speak with
reserve.
NOTE XIV., CHAPTER IV., p. 174.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CRAYFISH.
The founder of the morphology of the _Crustacea_, M. Milne Edwards,
counts the telson as a somite, and consequently considers that
twenty-one somites enter into the composition of the body in the
_Podophthalmia_. Moreover, he assigns the anterior seven somites
to the head, the middle seven to the thorax, and the hinder seven
to the abdomen. There is a tempting aspect of symmetry about this
arrangement; but as to the limits of the head, the natural line of
demarcation between it and the thorax seems to me to be so clearly
indicated between the somite which bears the second maxillæ and that
which carries the first maxillipedes in the _Crustacea_, and between
the homologous somites in Insects, that I have no hesitation in
retaining the grouping which I have for many years adopted. The exact
nature of the telson needs to be elucidated, but I can find no ground
for regarding it as the homologue of a single somite.
It will be observed that these differences of opinion turn upon
questions of grouping and nomenclature. It would make no difference
to the general argument if it were admitted that the whole body
consists of twenty-one somites and the head of seven.
NOTE XV., CHAPTER IV., p. 199.
THE HISTOLOGY OF THE CRAYFISH.
In dealing with the histology of the crayfish I have been obliged
to content myself with stating the facts as they appear to me. The
discussion of the interpretations put upon these facts by other
observers, especially in the case of those tissues, such as muscle,
on which there is as yet no complete agreement even as to matters of
observation, would require a whole treatise to itself.
{356}
NOTE XVI., CHAPTER IV., p. 221.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRAYFISH.
The remark made in the last note applies still more strongly to the
history of the development of the crayfish. Notwithstanding the
masterly memoir of Rathke, which constitutes the foundation of all
our knowledge on this subject; the subsequent investigations of
Lereboullet; and the still more recent careful and exhaustive works
of Reichenbach and Bobretsky, a great many points require further
investigation. In all its most important features I have reason to
believe that the account of the process of development given in the
text, is correct.
NOTE XVII., CHAPTER VI., p. 297.
PARASITES OF CRAYFISHES.
In France and Germany crayfishes (apparently, however, only _A.
nobilis_) are infested by parasites, belonging to the genus
_Branchiobdella_. These are minute, flattened, vermiform animals,
somewhat like small leeches, from one-half to one-third of an inch in
length, which attach themselves to the under side of the abdomen (_B.
parasitica_), or to the gills (_B. astaci_), and live on the blood
and on the eggs of the crayfish. A full account of this parasite,
with reference to the literature of the subject, is given by Dormer
(“Ueber die Gattung Branchiobdella:” Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie,
XV. 1865). According to Gay, a similar parasite is found on the
Chilian crayfish. I have never met with it on the English crayfish.
The Lobster has a somewhat similar parasite, _Histriobdella_. Girard,
in the paper cited in the Bibliography, gives a curious account of
the manner in which the little lamellibranchiate mollusk, _Cyclas
fontinalis_, shuts the ends of the ambulatory limbs of crayfishes
which inhabit the same waters, between its valves, so that the
crayfish resembles a cat in walnut shells, and the pinched ends of
the limbs become eroded and mutilated.
{357}
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The subjoined list indicates the chief books and memoirs, in addition
to those mentioned in the text and in the Appendix, which may be
advantageously consulted by any one who wishes to study more fully
the biology of the crayfishes.
I.—NATURAL HISTORY.
ROESEL VON ROSENHOF. Der Monatlich-herausgegeben Insekten
Belustigung. 1755.
CARBONNIER. L’Écrevisse, Paris, 1869.
BRANDT AND RATZEBURG. Medizinische Zoologie. Bd. II., pp. 58–70.
BELL. British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, 1853.
SOUBEIRAN. Sur l’Histoire naturelle et l’Éducation des Écrevisses.
Comptes Rendus, LX., 1865.
CHANTRAN. Observations sur l’Histoire naturelle des Écrevisses.
Comptes Rendus, LXXI., 1870.
—— Sur la Fécondation des Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXIV., 1872.
—— Expériences sur la Régénération des Yeux chez les Écrevisses.
Ibid., LXXVII., 1873.
—— Observations sur la Formation des Pierres chez les Écrevisses.
Ibid., LXXVIII., 1874.
—— Sur le Mécanisme de la Dissolution intrastomacale des Concrétions
gastriques des Écrevisses. Ibid., LXXVIII., 1874.
STEFFENBERG. Bijdrag til kanne domen on flodkraftens natural
historia, 1872. Abstract in Zoological Record, IX.
VALLOT. Sur l’Écrevisse fluviatile et sur son parasite l’Astacobdelle
branchiale. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sciences, Dijon. Mémoires, 1843–44.
Dijon, 1845.
PUTNAM. On some of the Habits of the Blind Crayfish. Proceedings
Boston Society of Nat. History, XVIII. {358}
HELLER. Ueber einen Flusskrebs-albino. Verhand d. Z. Bot.
Gesellschaft, Wien. Bd. 7, 1857, and Bd. 8, 1858.
LEREBOULLET. Sur les variétés Rouge et Bleue de l’Écrevisse
fluviatile. Comptes Rendus, XXXIII., 1857.
GIRARD. Quelques Remarques sur l’Astacus fluviatilis. Ann. Soc.
Entom. France, T. VII. 1859.
II.—ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
BRANDT AND RATZEBURG. _Op. cit._
MILNE EDWARDS. Histoire naturelle des Crustacés. 1834.
ROLLESTON. Forms of Animal Life. 1870.
HUXLEY. Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. 1877.
HUXLEY AND MARTIN. Elementary Biology. 1875.
SUCKOW. Anatomisch-Physiologische Untersuchungen. 1818.
KROHN. Verdauungsorgane des Krebses. Gefässsystem des Flusskrebses.
Isis, 1834.
VON BAER. Ueber die sogenannte Erneuerung des Magens der Krebse und
die Bedeutung der Krebssteine. Müller’s Archiv, 1835.
OESTERLEN. Ueber den Magen des Flusskrebses. Müller’s Archiv, 1840.
T. J. PARKER. On the Stomach of the Freshwater Crayfish. Journal of
Anatomy and Physiology, 1876.
BARTSCH. Die Ernährungs- und Verdauungsorgane des _Astacus
leptodactylus_. Budapester Naturhistor. Hefte II. 1878.
DESZŎ. Ueber das Herz des Flusskrebses und des Hummers. Zoologischer
Anzeiger, I. 1878.
LEREBOULLET. Note sur une Respiration anale observée chez plusieurs
Crustacées. Mém. de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Strasbourg,
IV., 1850.
WASSILIEW. Ueber die Niere des Flusskrebses. Zoologischer Anzeiger,
I. 1878.
LEMOINE. Recherches pour servir à l’histoire des systèmes nerveux,
musculaire et glandulaire de l’Écrevisse. Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, Sé. IV. T. 15, 1861.
DIETL. Die Organization des Arthropoden Gehirns. Zeitschrift für
Wiss. Zoologie, XXVII., 1876.
KRIEGER. Ueber das centrale Nervensystem des Flusskrebses.
Zoologischer Anzeiger, I., 1878.
LEYDIG. Das Auge der Gliederthiere. 1864. {359}
MAX SCHULZE. Die Zusammengesetzten Augen der Krebse und Insekten,
1868.
BERGER. Untersuchungen über den Bau des Gehirns und der Retina der
Arthropoden. 1878.
GRENACHER. Untersuchungen über das Sehorgan der Arthropoden. 1879.
O. SCHMIDT. Die Form der Krystalkegel im Arthropoden Auge.
Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie, XXX., 1878.
FARRE. On the organ of hearing in the Crustacea. Phil. Trans. 1843.
LEYDIG. Ueber Geruchs- und Gehörorgane der Krebse und Insekten.
Müller’s Archiv, 1860.
HENSEN. Studien über das Gehörorgan der Decapoden. Zeitschrift für
Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, XIII. 1863.
GROBBEN. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der männlichen Geschlechtsorgane der
Dekapoden. 1878.
BROCCHI. Recherches sur les Organes génitaux mâles des Crustacés
décapodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sé. VI. ii.
LEYDIG. Zur feineren Bau der Arthropoden. Müller’s Archiv, 1855.
—— Handbuch der Histologie. 1857.
HAECKEL. Ueber die Gewebe des Flusskrebses. Müller’s Archiv, 1857.
BRAUN. Ueber die histologischen Vorgänge bei der Häutung von Astacus
fluviatilis. Würzburg Arbeiten, II.
BAUR. Ueber den Bau der Chitinsehne am Kiefer des Flusskrebses und
ihr Verhalten beim Schalenwechsel. Reichert u. Du Bois Archiv, 1860.
COSTE. Faits pour servir à l’Histoire de la Fécondation chez les
Crustacés. Comptes Rendus, XLVI. 1858.
LEREBOULLET. Recherches sur la mode de Fixation des Œufs aux fausses
pattes abdominales dans les Écrevisses. Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, Sé. IV. T. 14, 1860.
III—DEVELOPMENT.
RATHKE. Ueber die Bildung und Entwickelung des Flusskrebses, 1829.
LEREBOULLET. Recherches d’Embryologie comparée sur le développement
du Brochet, de la Perche et de l’Écrevisse. 1862. {360}
BOBRETSKY. (A Memoir in Russian, of which an abstract is given in
Hofmann and Schwalbe, Jahresbericht für 1873 (1875)).
REICHENBACH. Die Embryonanlage und erste Entwickelung des
Flusskrebses. Zeitschrift für Wiss. Zoologie. 1877.
IV.—TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRAYFISHES.
A. _General._
MILNE EDWARDS. _Op. cit._
ERICHSON. Uebersicht der Arten der Gattung _Astacus_. Wiegmann’s
Archiv für Naturgeschichte, XII. 1846.
DANA. Crustacea of the United States Exploring Expedition. 1852.
DE SAUSSURE. Note carcinologique sur la Famille des Thalassinides et
sur celle des Astacides. Rev. et Magazin de Zoologie, IX.
HUXLEY. On the Classification and the Distribution of the Crayfishes.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. 1878.
B. _European and Asiatic._
RATHKE. Zur Fauna der Krym. 1836.
GERSTFELDT AND KESSLER. Cited in the text.
DE HAAN. Fauna Japonica. 1850.
LEREBOULLET. Description de deux nouvelles Espèces d’Écrevisses (_A.
longicornis, A. pallipes_). Mém. Soc. Science Nat. Strasbourg. V.
1858.
HELLER. Crustaceen des südlichen Europa. 1863.
KESSLER. Ein neuer russischer Flusskrebs, _Astacus colchicus_.
Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, L. 1876.
C. _American._
STIMPSON. Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North
America. Journal of Boston Society of Natural History VI.; 1857–8.
DE SAUSSURE. Mémoire sur divers Crustacées nouveaux des Antilles et
du Méxique. Mém. de la Société de Physique de Genève T. XIV., 1857.
VON MARTENS. Südbrasilische Süss- und Brackwasser Crustaceen (_A.
pilimanus, A. brasiliensis_), Wiegmann’s Archiv, XXXV., 1869.
——. Ueber Cubansche Crustaceen. _Ibid._ XXXVIII.
HAGEN. Monograph of the North American _Astacidæ_. 1870. {361}
D. _Madagascar._
AUDOUIN AND MILNE EDWARDS. Sur une Espèce nouvelle du genre Écrevisse
(_Astacus_). Écrevisse de Madagascar (_A. Madagascariensis_)., Mém.
du Muséum d’Hist. naturelle, T. II. 1841.
E. _Australia._
VON MARTENS. On a new Species of _Astacus_. Annals & Mag. of Natural
History, 1866.
HELLER. Reise der “Novara.” Zool. Theil. Bd. II. 1865.
F. _New Zealand._
MIERS. Notes on the Genera _Astacoides_ and _Paranephrops_.
Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, IX., 1876.
—— _Paranephrops._ Zoology of “Erebus” and “Terror,” 1874. Catalogue
of New Zealand Crustacea, 1876.
—— Annals of Natural History, 1876.
WOOD-MASON. On the mode in which the Young of the New Zealand
_Astacidæ_ attach themselves to the Mother. Ann. & Mag. Natural
History, 1876.
G. _Fossil Astacomorpha._
OPPEL. Palæontologische Mittheilungen, 1862.
BELL. British Fossil Crustacea. Palæontographical Society.
P. VAN BENEDEN. Sur la Découverte d’un Homard fossile dans l’Argile
de Rupelmonde. Bulletin de l’Acad. Royale de Belgique. XXXIII., 1872.
VON DER MARCK UND SCHLÜTER. Neue Fische und Krebse von der Kreide von
Westphalen. Palæontologica, XV. 1865.
COPE. On three extinct _Astaci_ from the freshwater tertiary of
Idaho. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, XI.,
1869–70.
{363}
INDEX.
A.
Abdomen, 19, 141
development of, 213
Abdominal appendages, 143
development of, 217
Abdominal somite, characters of, 142
Ætiology, 47
AGASSIZ, 308
Alimentary canal, 51
development of, 213, 222
Ambulatory legs, 168
American Crayfishes, 243, 247
_Amœba_, 285
Amurland Crayfishes, 304
Antenna, 23, 172
development of, 214, 218
Antennule, 23, 173
development of, 214, 218
_Anthrapalæmon_, 341
Anus, 29
Apodeme, 99, 158, 175
Appendage, 24, 143, 161, 173
abdominal, 143
cephalic, 170
thoracic, 164
Archenteron, 211
Arctogæal province, 314
Areola, 235
ARISTOTLE, referred to, 4
Arteries, 71
Arteries, development of, 224
Arthrobranchia, 75
Arthrophragm, 158
_Arthropoda_, 279, 284
Articulations, 95
Asiatic Crayfishes, 304
_Astacina_, 254
_Astacoides_, 250, 313
_Astacomorpha_, 338
_Astacopsis_, 250, 264
_Astacus_, division into sub-genera, 290
_Astacus angulosus_, 302, 310
_colchicus_, 302, 310
_dauricus_, 304, 310
_fluviatilis_,
anatomy, general account of, 17–31
attachment of young to mother, 40, 351
branchial formula, 266
development, 205–226
distribution, geographical 44, 288, 298
distribution, chronological, 44
ecdysis, 32, 350
general characters, 6
growth, 31, 349
habits, 8 {364}
histology, 174
mortality, 127
muscular system, 90
myths concerning, 44
name, origin of, 13
nervous system, 101
newly hatched young, characters of, 219
nutrition, 48
occurrence, 5, 8
organs of alimentation, 51
circulation, 68
excretion, 82, 353
hearing, 116
reproduction, 128
respiration, 75, 353
sight, 118
smell, 114
taste, 115
touch, 113
prehension of food, 49
putrid, effect of smell of, 45
reproduction of lost limbs, 38
reproduction, sexual, 39, 128, 135, 350
sexual characters, 7, 20, 32, 145, 241
somites and appendages, 143
systematic description, 230
use as food, 10, 289
varieties, 289
_fontinalis_, 290
_japonicus_, 304
_klamathensis_, 305
_leniusculus_, 305
_leptodactylus_, 299, 302, 303, 310, 320
_nigrescens_, 244
_nobilis_, 290, 295, 296, 299, 310
_oreganus_, 305
_pachypus_, 302, 310
_pallipes_, 290
_politus_, 344
_saxatilis_, 290
_Schrenckii_, 304, 310
_torrentium_, 290, 294, 298, 310, 311
_tristis_, 290
_Trowbridgii_, 305
_Atya_, _Atyidæ_, 331, 336
Auditory organ, 116
setæ, 116
Australian Crayfishes, 306
province, 314
Austrocolumbian province, 314
_Axius_, 271
B.
Ball, R., quoted, 36
Basipodite, 143
BELL, T., quoted, 37, 42
Bile-duct, 61, 66
Biological sciences, scope of, 4
Blastoderm, 207
Blastomere, 205
Blastopore, 209
Blood, 31, 68, 176
corpuscles, 69, 176
development of, 224
sinuses, 50, 69
BOBRETSKY, referred to, 356
BOLIVAR, Dr., 298
Branchiæ,
_Astacoides_, 266
_Astacopsis_, 264 {365}
_Astacus_, 25, 75, 265
development of, 224
_Cancer_, 276
_Homarus_, 257
_Palæmon_, 270
_Palinurus_, 264
_Penæus_, 267
Branchial chamber, 25
formula,
_Astacoides_, 266
_Astacopsis_, 264
_Astacus_, 266
_Cancer_, 277
hypothetically complete, 268
_Palæmon_, 270
_Palinurus_, 265
_Penæus_, 267
_Branchiobdella_, 356
Branchiostegite, 25
development of, 217
BRAUN, quoted, 352
Brazilian Crayfishes, 306
C.
Cæcum, 61
Calcification of exoskeleton, 197
Californian Crayfishes, 243
_Cambarus_, 44, 247, 310, 312
_Cancer_, 272, 283
Carapace, 19
development of, 214
CARBONNIER, M., quoted, 297, 349, 350
Cardia, 52
_Caridina_, 330
Carpopodite, 165
Cell, 66, 199
Cell-aggregate, 190, 199
division, 200
theory, 202, 204
Cephalic appendages, 170
development of, 217
flexure, 163
somites, 154
Cephalon, 19, 141
Cephalothorax, 19
Cervical groove, 19
spines, 234
CHANTRAN, M., quoted, 348, 350, 351
Chelæ, 22
Chilian Crayfishes, 308
Chitin, 50
composition of, 347
_Chæraps_, 250
Chorology, 46
Circulation, 73
organs of, 68
Common knowledge and science, 3
Connective tissue, 178
development of, 224
COPE, Prof., quoted, 316
Cornea, 118
Coxopodite, 143
Coxopoditic setæ, 78
Crab, see _Cancer_
Crab’s-eye, see Gastrolith
_Crangon_, 272
Crayfish, origin of name, 12
common, see _Astacus fluviatilis_
Crayfishes, Amurland, 304
Asiatic, 304
Australian, 306
Brazilian, 306
Californian, 243
Chilian, 308
definition of, 254
Eastern North American, 247, 305
European, 288, 297
evolution of, 331
Figian, 306, 313
Japanese, 304, 313
Mascarene, 308, 313
northern and southern, compared, 252
Novozelanian, 306, 313
southern, 249
Tasmanian, 306
Western North American, 305, 313
_Crustacea_, 271, 278
Crystalline cones, 121
Cuticle, 33, 50, 175, 192
_Cyclas_, 356
D.
Dactylopodite, 165
_Daphnia_, asexual reproduction of, 128
DARWIN, C., referred to, 4
DE HAAN, quoted, 313
Development, 205
abdomen, 213
abdominal appendages, 217
alimentary canal, 213, 222
antennæ, 214, 218
antennules, 214, 218
blood and blood vessels, 224
branchiostegite, 217
carapace, 214
cephalic appendages, 217, 219
connective tissue, 224
ear, 225
eye, 225
eyestalk, 214, 218
gills, 224
heart, 224
kidney, 224
labrum, 218
mandibles, 214
muscles, 224
nervous system, 213, 224
reproductive organs, 225
rostrum, 217
thoracic appendages, 217, 219
Digestion, 63
Distribution, 46
chronological, of crayfishes, 44, 316, 339
table of, 345
geographical, of crayfishes, 44, 288
causes of, 335
results of study of, 308, 314
DORMER, quoted, 356
DULK, quoted, 349
E.
Ear, 116
development of, 225
Ecdysis, 32, 350
Écrevisse à pieds blancs, 289, 297
à pieds rouges, 289, 297
Ectoderm, 141
Ectostracum, 194
Edelkrebs, 290
Endoderm, 141
Endophragmal system, 157
Endopleurite, 158
Endopodite, 145
Endoskeleton, 17
Endosternite, 158
Endostracum, 194
_Engæus_, 250, 306
_Enoplocytia_, 342
Epiblast, 211
Epidermis, 140
Epimeron, 143
Epiostracum, 192
Epipodite, 167 {367}
Epistoma, 155
Epithelium, 140, 177
_Equus excelsus_, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316
_Eryma_, 341
Evolution of crayfishes, 331
Excretion, organs of, 82
Exopodite, 145
Exoskeleton, 17
chemical composition, 347
Eye, 118
compound, 122
development of, 225
Eye-stalk, 24, 173
development of, 214
F.
Family, 252
Fat-cells, 180
Fibre, muscular, 185
Fibril, muscular, 185
Figian Crayfishes, 306
Filament, muscular, 185
Filter of stomach, 58
Flagellum, 167
Food-yelk, 206
Foot-jaws, _see_ maxillipedes
Forceps, 22
Foregut, 61
development of, 213, 222
Fossil crayfishes, 316
FOSTER, Dr. M., referred to, 110
France, consumption of crayfish in, 10
Function, 22
G.
_Galaxidæ_, 315
_Gammarus_, 323
Ganglion, 103, 105
Ganglionic corpuscle, 87, 103
Gastric mill, 53
Gastrolith, 29, 347
chemical composition, 349
Gastrula, 211
GAY, quoted, 356
Genus, 249
Geographical distribution, see Distribution
GERBE, M., quoted, 350
Germinal disc, 209
layer, 206
spot, 133
vesicle, 133
GERSTFELDT, Dr., quoted, 290
Gills, see Branchiæ
GIRARD, quoted, 356
GORUP-BESANEZ, quoted, 353
Green-gland, 83, 353
development of, 224
GROBBEN, Dr., quoted, 354
Growth of crayfish, 31, 349
Guanin, 82, 353
Gullet, see Œsophagus
GÜNTHER, Dr., quoted, 315
H.
HAGEN, Dr., quoted, 305, 312
_Haplochitonidæ_, 315
HARVEY, quoted, 5
Head, see Cephalon
Hearing, organ of, 116
Heart, 27, 71
development of, 224
HELLER, Dr., quoted, 298, 330
Hepatic duct, see Bile duct
Hind gut, 61
development of, 214, 223
Histology, 176
_Histriobdella_, 356
_Homaridæ_, 263 {368}
_Homarina_, 261
_Homarus_, 13, 42, 257, 332
Homology, homologous, homologue, 148
_Hoploparia_, 342
Hypoblast, 211
I.
_Idothea_, 323, 334
Impregnation, 135, 350
Integument, 50
Interseptal zone, 183
Intestine, 29, 61
Ischiopodite, 165
J.
Japanese Crayfishes, 313, 314
Jaws, 23
JOHNSTON, J., quoted, 42
K.
KESSLER, quoted, 298, 304
Kidney, see Green gland
KLUNZINGER, referred to, 330
L.
Labrum, 51
development of, 218
LAMARCK, referred to, 4
LEREBOULLET, quoted, 353
Legs, ambulatory, 168
LEMOINE, referred to, 353
LEYDIG, referred to, 115, 353
Liver, 30, 64
development of, 223
nature of secretion, 352
Lobster, common, see _Homarus_
Norway, see _Nephrops_
Rock, see _Palinurus_
LOVÈN, referred to, 327
M.
Machine, living, 128
M^CINTOSH, Dr. W. C., quoted, 288
Mandible, 23, 51, 170
development of, 214
MARTENS, VON, 306
_Mastodon mirificus_, occurring with fossil crayfishes, 316
Maxillæ, 23, 170
Maxillipedes, 23, 164
Medullary groove, 213
Megalopa stage of development, 283
Meropodite, 165
Mesoblast, 212
Mesoderm, 141
Mesophragm, 158
Metamere, 143
Metastoma, 51
Metope, 278
Midgut, 61
development of, 211, 214, 223
MILNE-EDWARDS, quoted, 13, 289
_Mollusca_, 284
Morphology, 46, 138
comparative, 230
Mortality of crayfishes, 128
Morula, 206
Mosaic vision, 122, 354
Motor plates, 189
Mouth, 51
MÜLLER, JOHANNES, referred to, 122
Muscle, 57, 90, 175, 181
development of, 224
histology of, 90, 181
Muscles
of abdomen, 99 {369}
of chela, 93
of stomach, 57
Myosin, 186
Myotome, 174
_Mysis_, 281, 323
_relicta_, origin of, from _M. oculata_, 327
Mysis stage of development, 280
N.
Natural History, 3
Philosophy, 3
Nauplius stage of development, 215, 280
Nearctic province, 314
_Nephrops_, 259, 332
Nerve, 101
auditory, 117
optic, 118
Nerve-cells, 103, 187
fibres, 101, 188
Nervous system, 105
development of, 213, 224
functions of, 354
Noble crayfish, see _Astacus nobilis_
Nomenclature, binomial, 13, 15
Norway lobster, see _Nephrops_
Novozelanian province, 314
Nucleated cell, 199
Nucleolus, 187
Nucleus, 177, 200
changes of, in cell-division, 200
O.
Œsophagus, 51
Olfactory organ, 114
Organ, 22
Origin of crayfish, evidence as to, 320, 331
Ovary, 31, 129
structure of, 131
Oviduct, 129
Oviposition, 351
Ovisac, 132
Ovum, 129
structure of, 133
P.
Palæarctic province, 314
_Palæmon_, 268, 328
_Palinuridæ_, 263
_Palinurus_, 261, 264
Palp, 171
_Paranephrops_, 250, 306, 313
Paraphragm, 158
Parasites of crayfish, 356
_Parastacidæ_, 252, 256, 306, 313
_Parastacus_, 250, 306
_Pemphix_, 341
_Penæus_, 267, 280
Pericardium, 69
Perivisceral cavity, 50
Phyllobranchia, 271
Physiology, 46
Pleurobranchia, 79
Pleuron, 96, 143
Podobranchia, 75, 165
_Podophthalmia_, 279
Pore-canals, 195
Post-orbital ridge, 233
spine, 232
_Potamobiidæ_, 252, 256
Prawn, see _Palæmon_
Prehension of food, 49
Procephalic lobes, 160
development of, 213
Propodite, 165
Protopodite, 143
_Prototroctes_, 315 {370}
_Protozoa_, 285
_Pseudastacus_, 343
Pylorus, 52
R.
Race, 292
RATHKE, quoted, 356
RÉAUMUR, quoted, 33
Reflex action, 108
REICHENBACH, quoted, 356
Renal organ, see Green-gland
Reproduction of lost limbs, 38
sexual, 39, 128, 135, 350
Reproductive organs, 128
development of, 225
Respiration, anal, 353
Respiratory organs, see Branchiæ
_Retropinna_, 315
ROBIN, quoted, 352
Rock lobster, see _Palinurus_
ROESEL VON ROSENHOF, quoted, 41, 43
RONDOLETIUS, referred to, 4
Rostrum, 157
development of, 217
S.
Salivary glands, 352
_Salmonidæ_, parallel between their distribution, and that of _Astacidæ_, 315
Sarcolemma, 90, 182
SARS, G. O., referred to, 327
SARTORIUS VON WALTERHAUSEN, quoted, 322
Scaphognathite, 80, 170
Schizopod stage of development, 280
SCHLÜTER, 317
SCHMIDT, O., quoted, 354
SCHRANK, 290
Science, physical, 3
Science and common sense, 1
Segmentation, 174
Self-causation, 112
Sensory organs, 113
Septal line, 183
zone, 183
Setæ, 197
Shrimp, see _Crangon_
SIEBOLD, VON, referred to, 331
Sight, organ of, 118
Sinus, sternal, 69
Smell, organ of, 114
Somite, 143, 161, 355
abdominal, 142
cephalic, 154
thoracic, 150
SOUBEIRAN, M., quoted, 349
Southern Crayfishes, 249
Species, 243, 290
morphological, 291
physiological, 296
Spermatozoa, 129, 135, 354
Spontaneous action, 112
Squame of antenna, 172
Steinkrebs, see _Astacus torrentium_
Sternum, 96, 143
Stomach, 29, 51
Stone-crayfish, see _Astacus torrentium_
Striated spindle, 121
Swimmeret, 20
T.
Taste, organ of, 115
Teleology, 47, 137
Tendon, 92, 175 {371}
Tergum, 96, 143
Terminal plates, 189
Terminology, scientific, 14
Testis, 129
structure of, 133
Thoracic appendages, 164
development of, 217
somites, 150
Thorax, 19, 141
Tissue, 175
Touch, organ of, 113
Transformism, 318
TREVIRANUS, referred to, 4
Tribe, 252
Trichobranchiæ, 263
_Troglocaris_, 337
V.
Valves of heart, 73
of stomach, 59
VAN HELMONT, quoted, 45
Variety, 290, 292
Vas deferens, 130
Vent, see Anus
_Vertebrata_, 284
eye of, 122, 125
Visual pyramid, 121
rod, 121
Vitelline membrane, 133
Vitellus, 133
Voluntary action, 112
VON DER MARCK, 317
W.
WARD, J., referred to, 354
WASSILIEW, quoted, 353
Whirlpool of life, 84
WILL, quoted, 353
WOOD-MASON, quoted, 44
Y.
Yelk, 133
Yelk-division, 205
Young of _Astacus_, newly hatched, characters of, 219
Z.
Zoæa stage of development, 280
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
* * * * * *
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