_SIR BENJAMIN BRODIE AND SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE, TWO GREAT PRACTICAL
SURGEONS._
The influence of heredity and of association and connexion with
talented persons is well illustrated in the case of Sir Benjamin
Brodie. His paternal grandfather, Alexander Brodie, was a native of
Banffshire, who came to London as a humble adventurer and almost
as a Jacobite refugee. He married a daughter of a physician named
Shaw, of similar Jacobite family and connexions. Brodie became an
army clothier, and one of his daughters, who married Dr. Denman, the
eminent obstetric physician, was the mother of Lord Denman. Margaret
and Sophia, the twin daughters of Dr. Denman, married—the former
Sir Richard Croft, who attended the Princess Charlotte at her death
in 1817, the latter Dr. Matthew Baillie, the eminent physician, and
nephew of John Hunter. The army clothier’s wife was herself a woman
of considerable abilities, and it was said that there was royal blood
in the family.
The father of Sir Benjamin was educated at Charterhouse and at
Oxford. As a boy he was patronised by the first Lord Holland, and
spent much time at Holland House. A warm attachment existed between
them, in which Charles James Fox shared. When Lord Holland died in
1774, he directed by will that Mr. Brodie, who had taken holy orders,
should have the next presentation to whichever of his livings first
became vacant. This desire was soon fulfilled, and Winterslow in
Wiltshire became the home of the Brodies. The Rev. Mr. Brodie married
in 1775 a daughter of Mr. Collins, a banker at Salisbury; and of this
marriage Benjamin Collins Brodie was the third son, having been born
in 1783.
Sir Benjamin in his “Autobiography” gives a pleasing picture of his
father, a man of sound classical knowledge, great energy, minute
acquaintance with parishioners, and devotion to his parochial duties.
Notwithstanding his wife’s considerable fortune, Mr. Brodie found
he could not afford to send all his sons to public schools, and he
consequently determined to educate them himself. An elder sister
who joined the brothers at lessons became no mean proficient in
classics. Under the strict discipline of their father the children
grew up in the habit of methodical study, and Sir Benjamin records
that idleness even for a day was always irksome to him in after
life, and he had little inclination for any pursuit without a
definite ulterior object. Seven miles distant from Salisbury, the
family learned to be self-dependent for interest of all kinds, and
their solitude was little varied except by occasional visits of
cousins, such as Lord Denman, who was for a year a resident pupil
with Mr. Brodie after leaving Eton, and a few others, one of whom
was afterwards Dr. Maton, a well-known London physician, and (Sir)
John Stoddart, afterwards Chief Justice at Malta. Vigour of character
was shown markedly when in 1798 the brothers raised a company of
volunteers on the alarm of a French invasion. The eldest at nineteen
received a commission as captain, while Benjamin, only fourteen, was
appointed ensign. Great pains were bestowed on the drill of this
company, and the officers expended their pay in entertaining the men
in a great barn; and the influence already possessed by the youths
was evident in the maintenance and increase of the numbers of the
corps and the attention paid to drill. The eldest brother, Peter,
became a distinguished conveyancing barrister. The second was a local
banker, proprietor of a newspaper, and represented Salisbury in three
Parliaments.
As he drew towards adult age, Brodie read extensively in science and
philosophy and general literature. In the autumn of 1801, the medical
profession having been chosen for him, he went to London without any
special bent towards the occupation in which he was destined to shine
so conspicuously. He gives it as his opinion, in after years, that
those who succeed best in professions are those who have embarked
in them not from irresistible prepossession but perhaps from some
accidental circumstance, and persevere in their course as a matter
of duty, or because they have nothing better to do. “They often
feel their new pursuit to be unattractive enough in the beginning;
but as they go on, and acquire knowledge, and find that they obtain
some degree of credit, the case is altered; and from that time they
become every day more interested in what they are about:”—a great
encouragement to the vast majority of students who do not feel the
stimulus and inspiration of genius.
During his first season in London, young Brodie attended Abernethy’s
course on Anatomy, and to his influence may be attributed the choice
of surgery as his special vocation. “He kept up our attention,” says
Brodie, “so that it never flagged, and what he told us could not be
forgotten.” One of his earliest friendships was that which he formed
with William Lawrence as a fellow-student. This continued unbroken
throughout life, and though they might be regarded as rivals, no
jealousy ever arose between them. But Brodie was more at home with
his non-medical friends, his elder brother with whom he lodged,
Denman, Merivale, Wray, Stoddart, Gifford (afterwards Lord Gifford),
and Maton. The latter had established in London the Academical
Society, as a sort of transplant from Oxford, and Brodie was here
introduced to Lord Glenelg and his brother Robert Grant, Francis
Horner, Dr. Bateman, and “a young Scotchman of uncouth appearance,”
afterwards Lord Campbell. Before this Society Brodie read papers on
metaphysical enquiries and on the principles of science, showing
his philosophical bent. Berkeley was the author who influenced him
most powerfully, from his clear reasoning and simple unaffected
perspicuous style, terms which are specially appropriate to Brodie’s
own writing.
In 1802 Wilson’s lectures on anatomy at Great Windmill Street were
Brodie’s main professional pabulum. “I was naturally very clumsy in
the use of my hands,” he says, “and it was only by taking great pains
with myself that I became at all otherwise.” In the spring of 1803
he became a pupil of Home (afterwards Sir Everard) at St. George’s
Hospital, continuing also his anatomical studies. He ultimately
became Sir Everard’s assistant both in the hospital and in private
practice. From this connection, however, he derived little pecuniary
profit, but by aiding Home in his researches in comparative anatomy
and physiology he gained decided benefit. In 1805, however, Brodie
became demonstrator in Wilson’s anatomical school. He was introduced
to Sir Joseph Banks, and through him to the best scientific men of
the day. Could there be more favourable conditions for progress, or
circumstances more unlike these of chilling seclusion and neglect
which have so often hindered and overshadowed men of merit?
Brodie continued to demonstrate, and from 1809 to lecture at Great
Windmill Street, until in 1812 (Sir) Charles Bell became principal
lecturer there. In 1808 he was appointed assistant surgeon at St.
George’s Hospital, by Home’s influence, and in reality did the work
of a full surgeon almost from that date. Private practice he scarcely
attempted, his hands being full of anatomical and hospital work.
Robert Keate and Brodie were at the hospital daily, and superintended
everything; there was never an urgent case that they did not visit
in the evening. This surgical experience was at once turned to
advantage by Wilson, who asked Brodie to join him in lecturing on
surgery. From 1809 onward for nearly twenty years, Brodie gave this
course of lectures, and had a good attendance of students; besides
which he lectured on surgery at St. George’s Hospital till 1840. In
1809 he took a house in Sackville Street and received three private
pupils, and in 1810 felt justified, from the increase of his means,
in engaging in physiological enquiries, stimulated by Bichat’s
researches. He was elected into the Royal Society in 1810; and in the
same and following winter communicated to the Society two valuable
papers, one “On the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart
and the Generation of Animal Heat;” and the other “On the Effects
produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” The former was given as the
Croonian Lecture in 1810. These papers, though largely superseded by
recent investigations, were quite remarkable for their time, and for
the first he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1811, which had never
before been given to so young a man.
It is worth noting that a medal was awarded by the Royal Society to
the second Sir Benjamin Brodie in 1850, for his investigations “on
the chemical nature of wax.” With the exception of the two Herschels,
this is the only instance in which father and son have received this
honour. The most noted, perhaps, of Brodie’s physiological papers
was one on the influence of the nervous system on the production of
animal heat, published in 1812. He concluded that an animal with
the nervous centres removed, or with their functions suspended by
narcotic poison, lost its power of generating heat, even though the
action of the lungs was kept up by artificial respiration. Brodie
used the then little known woorara poison brought by Dr. Bancroft
from Guiana, to produce suspension of the nervous action. In after
life increase of practice left little time for further physiological
research.
At length Brodie married (in 1816) Ann, the third daughter of
Serjeant Sellon, his bride being only nineteen. This was in every
way a happy marriage; and Sir Benjamin always warmly recognised his
wife’s excellent moral training of their children. In the year of
their marriage Brodie’s professional income from fees and lectures
amounted to £1530. For some years he had paid special attention to
diseases of the joints, which were then very ill understood; and in
1819 he published his classical work “On the Pathology and Surgery of
Diseases of the Joints.” He clearly distinguished between diseases of
the various tissues of which joints are composed; and also between
hysterical, neuralgic, and merely local diseases. Many limbs, in
which no disease could be found after removal, were at that time
removed merely because pain was felt in them. A story told in the
_Lancet_ on this subject is worth reproducing.
“Late one evening a person came into our office, and asked to see
the Editor of the _Lancet_. On being introduced to our sanctum,
he placed a bundle upon the table, from which he proceeded to
extract a very fair and symmetrical lower extremity, and which had
evidently belonged to a woman. ‘There!’ said he, ‘is there anything
the matter with that leg? Did you ever see a handsomer? What ought
the man to be done with who cut it off?’ On having the meaning of
those interrogatories put before us, we found that it was the leg of
the wife of our evening visitor. He had been accustomed to admire
the lady’s leg and foot, of the perfection of which she was, it
appeared, fully conscious. A few days before, he had excited her
anger, and they had quarrelled violently, upon which she left the
house, declaring she would be revenged on him, and that he should
never see the objects of his admiration again. The next thing he
heard of her was that she was a patient in —— Hospital, and had
had her leg amputated. She had declared to the surgeons that she
suffered intolerable pain in the knee, and had begged to have the
limb removed—a petition the surgeons complied with, and thus became
the instrument of her absurd and self-torturing revenge upon her
husband.”
Brodie may now be regarded as firmly established in public favour.
His income in 1819 exceeded that of the preceding year by £1000. He
enjoyed the intimate acquaintance of Lord and Lady Holland, and the
sunshine of their friendship had its strong influence on practice.
In 1819 Brodie removed to Savile Row, and in the same year was
appointed to succeed Lawrence as Professor of Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology at the College of Surgeons. In this capacity he lectured
for four years, delivering new and original matter each time.
They constituted a frightful addition to his labours, and he only
completed them by taking many hours from needed sleep. He records,
however, that few things contributed more to his improvement than the
composition of his lectures, and the habit of recording his knowledge
and thoughts. It enabled him to detect his own deficiencies, and to
avoid hasty conclusions, and taught him to be less conceited of his
own opinions.
An important branch of modern surgery may be said to have had its
rise in an operation first performed by Brodie. Nowadays subcutaneous
operations, in which the slightest possible opening is made in the
skin, and frequently considerable incisions or other interferences
are made beneath it, are very common, and the procedure is of the
greatest importance in orthopædic surgery and the relief of muscular
and tendinous contractions of various kinds. Brodie first performed
a subcutaneous operation for the relief of varicose veins of the
legs in 1814, and several similar cases were published by him in the
seventh volume of the “Medico-Chirurgical Transactions.” If no other
operative improvement of great moment is associated with Brodie’s
name, it is not that he has not left his mark on that department of
practice, but rather that he has been the introducer of innumerable
minor improvements. In particular, he was notable in devising
improvements in surgical instruments and apparatus.
In 1821, Brodie was called in to attend George IV., who very much
wished him to perform the operation which in deference to Lord
Liverpool was entrusted to Sir Astley Cooper. Brodie remained ever
after a favourite with George IV. and attended him frequently during
his last illness, going to Windsor every evening, and visiting the
King at six in the morning and remaining with him for an hour or two
before returning to London. When William IV. came to the throne,
Brodie was appointed Serjeant Surgeon, and soon after received
a baronetcy. He had now for some years been at the head of his
profession, having succeeded to Sir Astley’s place on his retirement
in 1828. In 1823 his income was already £6500; for many years his
practice brought him £10,000 and sometimes £11,000 a year. This was
a very remarkable income considering the small proportion of it that
was derived from operations. Much the greatest part he took in single
guinea fees, and thus it is seen how much his opinion was valued in
surgical cases. Indeed he often, especially after his retirement
from St. George’s Hospital in 1840, refused to perform important
operations to which he felt no special attraction. But his abiding
popularity and influence is shown by the fact that his total receipts
from fees, from first to last, considerably exceeded Sir Astley’s.
He used to say that he had always kept in mind the saying of William
Scott (afterwards Lord Stowell) to his brother John (subsequently
Lord Eldon), “John, always keep the Lord Chancellorship in view,
and you will be sure to get it in the end:” and a similar aim and
distinction were Brodie’s.
Meanwhile, the public interest was by no means lost sight of in
private practice. To Brodie is largely due the merit of having put
a stop to the career of St. John Long, the fashionable medical
impostor. Sir Benjamin was one afternoon on his way to visit a friend
at Hampstead, when he was called in to see a Miss Cashin. Finding
an enormous slough on her back, caused by Long’s treatment, he
exclaimed, “Why, this is no better than murder!” The lady died, and
on the strength of Sir Benjamin’s expressions, an inquest was held,
followed by the trial and condemnation of Long. Yet such was the
strength of the fashionable partisanship in favour of the impostor,
that the judge, Mr. Justice Park, merely fined him £250, which he at
once paid. A second trial in another case, where death had ensued
upon his treatment, ended in a verdict of acquittal.
In 1834 Sir Benjamin succeeded to the first vacancy that occurred,
after his appointment as Serjeant Surgeon, in the Court of Examiners
of the College of Surgeons; this was by prescription due to his court
office. He found this duty very irksome, and he resigned it when a
new charter, which he had been largely instrumental in obtaining, no
longer granted this privilege to the Serjeant Surgeon.
In 1839 and ’40 Sir Benjamin was President of the Royal Medical
and Chirurgical Society, and here again he shone. In addition to
his own most valuable contributions, he excelled in drawing out
others. His attendance was most diligent; his mind was never at a
loss for something interesting to say; he stimulated discussion
when an opposite precedent had been established; and to him a very
large share of the Society’s prosperity was due. Of course the
Presidency of the Royal College of Surgeons fell to his lot. When
the General Medical Council was established, Sir Benjamin was by
common consent called to the Presidency; and in 1858 he received
a still more remarkable honour in being called to the Presidency
of the Royal Society, which office he held with dignity and wisdom
till 1861. It is impossible for us here to record all the important
offices Brodie filled, nor all the valuable communications he made
to learned societies and various journals. Fortunately his charming
autobiography is very accessible, being published separately as well
as in the excellent collection of works, in three vols., 1865, edited
by Mr. Charles Hawkins.
It is easily imagined that Brodie’s long course of labour could only
have been sustained by a strong constitution. He was not altogether
robust, but by careful management succeeded in preserving excellent
health. In 1834, while in the Isle of Wight, he fell from a pony
and dislocated his right shoulder joint, which long after became
diseased. In July 1860 his sight became impaired, and he ultimately
submitted to excision of the iris of both eyes by Mr. (now Sir
William) Bowman. Later, he was operated on for cataract; but all
efforts to preserve good sight were futile. In July 1862 he began to
suffer in his right shoulder, and finally died of cancerous disease
in that joint on October 21st, 1862. He was buried at Betchworth,
Surrey, in which parish the estate, Broome Park, which he had
purchased, is situated.
The _Lancet_ said of him, “It is true praise of Sir Benjamin Brodie
to say, that he was more distinguished as a physician-surgeon than
as an operating-surgeon. His vocation was more to heal limbs than to
remove them. His imagination had never been dazzled by the brilliancy
of the knife, to any great operative display. He was, however, always
a most steady and successful operator: lightness of hand, caution
without timidity, never-failing coolness, and fertility of resources,
were his distinguishing characteristics. He made no secret of his
opinion, that the operative part of surgery was not its highest part.
Diagnosis had always been his great strength, and his opinion was,
therefore, always deeply valued by the profession and the public. We
believe his heart was with hospital, rather than private practice,
but in almost all cases men are more fond of their early occupations
than of those which come afterwards. As a teacher, he was always
distinguished for the value of the matter he had to communicate.
Those who heard him in the early part of his career say that he was
then energetic rather than polished; that he appeared to struggle
with the weight and mass of facts he had stored up in his mind. But,
in later years, his delivery was fluent and perfect. No man in his
profession could deliver himself more readily or more elegantly than
Sir Benjamin Brodie.”
Dr. Babington, President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical
Society, thus characterised Brodie:—“As a practical surgeon Sir
Benjamin Brodie attained a success far beyond that of most of his
contemporaries, and this he seems to have owed, not to personal
appearance or manner, not to eccentricity, not to an unusual degree
of courtesy on the one hand, or of bluntness or brusquery on the
other, but to the legitimate influence of a high order of intellect,
thoroughly devoted to the practical application of the stores of
surgical knowledge acquired by his assiduity and experience—to the
sound, well-considered, and decided opinions which his patients
were sure to obtain from him, and to the confidence which his high
religious principles and his strict morality inspired.... For
myself, I can only say that I never knew a more single-minded and
upright character, one more free from affectation or presumption,
who expected less deference or deserved more, or who more completely
impressed me with a belief that the main object of his efforts, that
which was always uppermost on his mind, was, wholly irrespective of
self, to benefit those by whom he was consulted.”
Dr. (now Sir Henry) Acland has given in the Proceedings of the
Royal Society perhaps the best survey of Brodie’s character and
work:—“Neither as scientific man, nor as surgeon, nor as author was
he so remarkable as he appears when viewed as he was—a complete man
necessarily engaged in various callings. It was impossible to see
him acting in any capacity without instinctively feeling that there
he would do his duty, and do it well. Nor could he be imagined in a
false position. A gentleman, according to his own definition of that
word, he did to others that which he would desire to be done to him,
respecting them as he respected himself. Simple in his manners, he
gained confidence at once; accustomed to mix with the poorest in the
hospital and with the noblest in their private abodes, he sympathised
with the better qualities of each,—valued all, and despised nothing
but moral meanness. Though as a boy he was retiring and modest, he
was happy in the company of older persons, and, as he grew older,
loved in his turn to help the young. ‘I hear you are ill,’ he wrote
once in the zenith of his life to a hospital student of whom he did
not then know much; ‘no one will take better care of you than I;
come to my country house till you are well;’ and the student stayed
there two months. He was thought by some reserved—he was modest;
by others hasty—he valued time, and could not give to trifles that
which belonged to real suffering; he was sometimes thought impatient,
when his quick glance had already told him more than the patient
could either describe or understand. Unconscious of self, of strong
common-sense, confident of his ground or not entering thereon, seeing
in every direction, modest, just, sympathetic, he lived for one
great end, the lessening of disease. For this object no labour was
too great, no patience too long, no science too difficult. He felt
indeed his happiness to be in a life of exertion. As a professional
man he valued science because it so often points the way to that
which is practically useful to many; but as a scientific man his
one object was the truth, which he pursued for its own sake, wholly
irrespective of any other reward which might or might not follow on
discovery. He had not the common faults of common men, for he had not
their objects, nor their instinct for ease, nor their prejudices;
though he became rich, he had not unduly sought riches; though he
was greatly distinguished, he had not desired fame; he was beloved,
not having courted popularity. What he was himself, that he allowed
other men to be, till he found them otherwise. He saw weak points
in his profession, but he saw them as the débris from the mountains
of knowledge and wisdom, of benevolence and of self-denial, of old
traditional skill ever growing and always purifying,—those eternal
structures on which are founded true surgery and medicine. If ever he
was bitter in society, it was when they were under-valued; if ever
sarcastic, it was when the ignorant dared presume to judge them.
“A light is thus thrown on his even career of uniform progress.
Training his powers from youth upwards, by linguistic and literary
studies, by scientific pursuits, by the diligent practice of his
art, by mixing with men, he brought to bear on the multifarious
questions which come before a great master of healing, a mind alike
accustomed to acquire and to communicate, a temper made gentle by
considerate kindness, a tact that became all but unerring from his
perfect integrity. He saw that every material science conduces to the
well-being of man; he would countenance all, and yet be distracted by
none. He knew the value of worldly influence, of rank, of station,
when rightly used; he sought none, deferred excessively to none; but
he respected all who, having them, used them wisely, and accepted
what came to himself unasked, gave his own freely to all who needed,
and sought help from no one but for public ends.... Those who knew
him only as a man of business, would little suspect the playful
humour which sparkled by his fireside, the fund of anecdote—the
harmless wit, the simple pleasures of his country walk.
“In the quality of his mind he was not unlike the most eminent of
his contemporaries, Arthur Duke of Wellington. Those who did not
know him, and who do not appreciate the power requisite to make such
a master in medicine as he was, may be surprised at the comparison.
Yet our great soldier might have accepted the illustration without
dissatisfaction. Whatever art Brodie undertook, if he has been
correctly drawn, he would have entirely mastered. The self-discipline
of the strongest man can effect no more. The care with which the
two men compassed every detail, and surveyed every bearing of a
large question, the quiet good sense, the steadiness of purpose, the
readiness of wide professional knowledge in critical emergencies,
were in each alike. The public and his profession esteemed Brodie as
the first in his art.”
* * * * *
WILLIAM LAWRENCE was born at Cirencester in July 1783, his father
having practised as a surgeon in that town for many years. After
being educated at a classical school near Gloucester, young Lawrence
was apprenticed in February 1799 to the celebrated Abernethy, in
whose house he went to reside. In after years, when lecturing
before the College of Surgeons for the first time, Lawrence spoke
thus eloquently of his teacher:—“Having had the good fortune to be
initiated in the profession by Mr. Abernethy, and to have lived
for many years under his roof, I can assure you, with the greatest
sincerity, that however highly the public may estimate the surgeon
and the philosopher, I have reason to speak still more highly of
the man and the friend; of the invariable kindness which directed my
early studies and pursuits, of the disinterested friendship which
has assisted every step of my progress in life, and the benevolent
and honourable feelings, the independent spirit and the liberal
conduct, which, while they dignify our profession, win our love,
and command our respect for genius and knowledge, converting those
precious gifts into instruments of the most extensive public good.”
Lawrence proved himself so zealous a pupil that in the third year of
his apprenticeship, Abernethy appointed him to be his demonstrator
of anatomy, a post which he filled for twelve years. Becoming
a member of the College of Surgeons in 1805, he was appointed
Assistant Surgeon to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1813, and in
the same year was elected F.R.S. Already in 1801 he had published
a translation from the Latin of a Description of the Arteries, by
Murray, Professor at Uppsala. In 1806 he won a prize offered by the
College of Surgeons, for an essay on the Treatment of Hernia. This
essay when printed gained immediate acceptance, and numerous editions
were published. Lawrence’s contributions to anatomy and surgery now
followed rapidly, several appearing in the _Edinburgh Medical and
Physical Journal_. His observations on Lithotomy showed the way to a
revival of the true system of operating laterally with the knife. In
1814 Lawrence was chosen surgeon to the Eye Hospital at Moorfields,
and in 1815 to the Royal Hospitals of Bridewell and Bethlehem. In
the latter year he was selected for the Professorship of Anatomy and
Physiology at the College of Surgeons, and hence arose one of the
bitterest controversial tempests of the early part of this century.
Lawrence took occasion, in his first lectures in 1816, to criticise
Abernethy’s exposition of Hunter’s theory of life, and to unfold
views which seriously scandalised those who regarded life as a
mysterious entity entirely separate from and above the material
organism with which it is associated. These views were criticised
by Abernethy in his “Physiological Lectures” in 1817, and Lawrence
replied in 1818, in terms of sarcasm which made a serious breach
between the master and his former pupil. Lawrence’s lectures were
published as “An Introduction to Comparative Anatomy and Physiology,”
1816, and “Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History
of Man,” 1819. Having been accused by Abernethy and others “of
perverting the honourable office intrusted to him, by the College
of Surgeons, to the very unworthy design of propagating opinions
detrimental to society, and of endeavouring to enforce them for
the purpose of loosening those restraints on which the welfare of
mankind depends,” he used his eloquence unsparingly both to defend
his position, and to repel the attacks made upon him. He was not
more heretical than many of his predecessors, nor than a great many
enlightened biologists of the present day. He regarded life as “the
assemblage of all the functions, and the general result of their
exercise. Thus organisation, vital properties, functions and life,
are expressions related to each other; in which organisation is the
instrument, vital properties the acting power, function the mode
of action, and life the result.” Again, “we find that the motion
proper to living bodies, or in one word, Life, has its origin in
that of their parents. From their parents they have received the
vital impulse, and hence it is evident, that in the present state of
things, life proceeds only from life; and there exists no other but
that which has been transmitted from one living body to another by an
uninterrupted succession.”
Lawrence was virulently attacked, and his name associated with Tom
Paine and Lord Byron as arch-heretics. A pamphlet of the year 1820
has the following title: “The Radical Triumvirate; or, Infidel Paine,
Lord Byron, and Surgeon Lawrence colleaguing with the Patriotic
Radicals to emancipate Mankind from all laws Human and Divine, with a
plate engraved for their instruction: a Letter to John Bull from an
Oxonian resident in London.” The Christian Advocate in the University
of Cambridge, the Rev. Thomas Rennell, among others, took up the task
of controverting Lawrence’s supposed materialism. The lectures on
the comparative anatomy of man certainly put forward in a striking
light many of Blumenbach’s views, and showed that the literal
accuracy of the early parts of Genesis was inconsistent with the
facts of zoology and comparative anatomy. We might proceed further
on this subject, but Lawrence himself prevented his successors from
espousing his personal cause with ardour, for, being called upon to
resign his position at Bridewell and Bethlehem, “he did not resign,
but recanted; bought up all the copies of his work ‘On the History
of Man,’ and sent them over to America.”[22] Numerous modified and
also spurious editions were sold. This conduct deprives him of a
large share of our sympathy and respect. Had Lawrence, like Darwin or
Huxley, maintained his opinions when most unpopular, he might have
won a victory for sound science years before it actually was gained.
If he had been the original discoverer of the truths he enunciated,
and had bought them with his life’s energy, he would scarcely have
dropped them at the raging of a storm. But the glory was not to be
his. He was tried in the balance and found wanting.
The early symptoms of disagreement between Abernethy and Lawrence
extended to other members of the staff, and led to the establishment
of the Aldersgate Street School of Medicine, where Lawrence lectured
on surgery till 1828, when he succeeded to Abernethy’s lectures on
surgery at St. Bartholomew’s. The Aldersgate School included able
teachers, such as Tweedie, Clutterbuck, Roget, Tyrrell, and Davis,
and had much success. Lawrence’s connection with the Eye Infirmary
led him to become an authority on the surgery of the eye. He
published in 1830 a treatise on the venereal diseases of the eye, in
1833 a treatise on diseases of the eye, besides other papers on this
branch of practice. Late in life he published, in 1863, his valuable
“Lectures on Surgery.” His smaller works and papers are too numerous
to mention.
As a student, Sir Benjamin Brodie describes William Lawrence
as already remarkable for his great powers of acquirement, his
industrious habits, and his immense stores of information. In later
life he characterised him as possessed of considerable powers of
conversation, abounding in happy illustrations and not ill-natured
sarcasm. “In public speaking,” says Brodie, “he is collected, has
great command of language, and uses it correctly. In writing,
his style is pure, free from all affectation, yet in general not
sufficiently concise.... That he is thoroughly acquainted with his
profession cannot be doubted.” But Sir Benjamin does not attribute to
him so much originality as erudition and industry.
It is in his relations to medical politics that the conduct of
William Lawrence is most open to question. When the College of
Surgeons was a close corporation, he put himself at the head of
a great agitation to liberalise it. An eloquent speech at the
Freemasons’ Tavern in 1826 was one of the marked features of the
campaign, in which he joined heartily with the _Lancet_ in attacking
the old-world system of the College. “But,” says the _Lancet_, “the
Council feared him, and elected him into their body. From that moment
Mr. Lawrence became a conservative and an obstructive, and maintained
that character to the close of his life. He not only deserted his
former friends, but lost no opportunity of reviling them.... Mr.
Lawrence, during the long period that he was a member of the Council,
and of the Court of Examiners, resolutely and consistently opposed
every attempt that was made to improve the education and the status
of the surgeon in general practice.”
Lawrence was twice President of the College, and more than once
delivered the Hunterian Oration. On the last of these occasions, in
1846, when a new charter had lately been obtained which failed to
gratify the just aspirations of the members of the College, no one,
it is said, could be persuaded to deliver the Hunterian Oration, till
Lawrence, with characteristic polemic zeal, threw himself into the
breach. A crowded audience, for the most part hostile, assembled;
and Lawrence, instead of avoiding controversy, both defended and
commended the action of the Council. A storm of indignation was
excited, especially among those who had listened to his contrary
deliverances twenty years before. But “the orator was imperturbable
in the fiercest of the storm. He certainly displayed on that occasion
his most extraordinary talents as an orator. When he had allowed his
audience to exhaust their dissatisfaction at the sentiments which
he had uttered, he concluded his address in a most masterly and
eloquent peroration, which called forth the plaudits of the assembly.”
“In arriving at a just estimation of the character of Sir W.
Lawrence, it must be admitted,” says the _Lancet_, “that in most
of the higher qualities of the mind he was entitled to admiration.
His talents were of the highest order, seldom surpassed in our
profession. As a writer, his style was vigorous, clear, and
convincing. As a lecturer, in manner, substance, and expression,
he had no superior in the profession of our time, if we except
Joseph Henry Green. As an operator, if not among the greatest, he is
entitled to hold a high position. But it must be acknowledged that
‘his principles were somewhat lax, his heart was somewhat hard.’
We speak of him now merely in a public capacity, for in all the
relations of private life he was most estimable and affectionate.
Notwithstanding the low estimation in which he held surgeons in
general practice, it is probable no pure surgeon of modern times
ever had so large a general practice as himself. If they were only
competent for the ‘common exigencies of surgery,’ he at all events
thought himself able to treat every class of disease, whether medical
or surgical.”
In physical frame Lawrence was well developed and vigorous, above
middle height, with a high forehead, a cold but keen blue eye, a
classic nose, a large expressive mouth, and a firm chin of some size.
He was always somewhat liable to loss of nerve power in the face or
in the lower limbs. In 1865 he began to become enfeebled, and finally
hemiplegia supervened, and a second attack, at the Council Chamber
of the College of Surgeons, laid him by completely. But he remained
conscious till the last, dying on the 5th July 1867. A bust of him
adorns the rooms of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, and another is
in the College of Surgeons. A baronetcy was only conferred on him in
the March before his death. He had long been Surgeon Extraordinary to
the Queen, and finally Serjeant Surgeon. It has been said of him that
he kept his appointments as long as possible; but it may be answered
that he was full of vitality, and died in harness.
END OF VOL. I.
PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON.
FOOTNOTES:
[22] _Lancet_, July 13, 1867. It has been since shown that Lawrence
had nothing to do with the American speculation.
INDEX.
Abercrombie’s, Sir Ralph, Expedition, i. 182.
Aberdeen University, i. 100, ii. 246.
ABERNETHY, JOHN (1764-1831), i. 146, 162, 168;
early years, 227;
apprenticeship, 227;
pupil of Pott and John Hunter, 228;
appointed assistant-surgeon to St. Bartholomew’s, 228;
his lectures, 229;
dramatic style, 230, 231;
his method, 232;
apt phrases, 233;
roughness and eccentricity, 233, 234;
impatience, 235;
gratitude of an Irishman, 235, 236;
anecdotes, 236, 237;
surgical and physiological essays, 237;
“read my book,” 238;
marriage, 239;
becomes full surgeon, 239;
failing health, 240;
resigns appointments, 240;
death, 241;
Abernethy and Brodie, 289;
and Lawrence, 303-305, 307.
Academy of Science, French, i. 283.
Acland, Sir H., on Brodie, i. 300-303;
on Stokes, ii. 189, 192.
Acupressure, ii. 102.
Addison Family, the, ii. 1, 2.
ADDISON, THOMAS (1793-1860), education, ii. 2;
at Edinburgh, 2;
settles in London, 3;
dislike of specialism, 3;
appointments at Guy’s, 4, 5;
early works, 4;
writes on practice of medicine, &c., 5;
on disease of supra-renal capsules (Addison’s disease), 6, 7;
clinical teaching, 7;
his practicality, 8;
Dr. Wilks on, 8-10, 11;
bluntness and shyness, 10, 11;
Continental reputation, 11;
Dr. Lonsdale on, 12;
marriage, 12, 13;
death, 13;
Addison Ward, 13;
association with Dr. Bright, 17, 21.
Aikin, John, on Harvey, i. 47;
on Cullen, 95.
Akenside, Mark, i. 99.
Aldersgate School of Medicine, i. 279, ii. 241.
Aldus Manutius, i. 2, 3.
Alison, Dr. W. P., i. 105, ii. 180, 188.
Anæsthetics, ii. 95-100.
Anatomical Lectures, i. 18, 75-79, 84, 109, 121, 135, 138, 204, 205,
229, 246, 289, ii. 25, 26, 36, 37, 48, 49, 73, 226.
Anatomists, William Hunter on, i. 125.
Anatomy in London, i. 18;
in Edinburgh, 72, 73;
stealing corpses for, 77;
the resurrectionists, 208-211;
at Royal Academy, 247.
—— Comparative. See Comparative Anatomy.
Anderson, Dr. James, on Cullen, i. 96, 98.
Aneurism, i. 153, 214, ii. 44.
Antiseptic Surgery, ii. 46, 114, 141-147.
Arthur, Prince, i. 3.
Aubrey on Harvey, i. 35, 38, 48, 49.
Babington, Dr., on Brodie, i. 299.
BAILLIE, Dr. MATTHEW (1761-1823) on William Hunter, i. 124;
completes his uncle’s work, 128;
his uncle’s bequests to him, 130, 132;
at John Hunter’s death, 158;
and Marshall Hall, 267, 269;
his practicality, ii. 51;
education, 52;
assists William Hunter, 53;
writes on morbid anatomy, 53;
physician to St. George’s Hospital, 53;
physician to George III., 54;
manners and generosity, 54, 55;
death, 55;
bequest to College of Physicians, 55.
Balderson, Charles, i. 208, 211, 215.
Balfour, Sir A., i. 72.
Barber Surgeons, i. 18, 72.
Barclay, Dr. (anatomical lecturer), ii. 25, 35.
Bark, Peruvian, i. 59.
Barlow, Dr. H. C., ii. 120.
Barlow, Dr., on Dr. Bright, ii. 14.
Baron, Dr., Life of E. Jenner, i. 169, 200, 201.
Bayley, Miss, i. 186.
Bell, Benjamin, i. 109, 110.
Bell, George Joseph, i. 243, 259.
Bell (John Hunter’s artist), i. 145, 147, 148.
Bell, Lady; i. 249, 258, 261-263.
BELL, JOHN (1763-1820), and Dr. Gregory, i. 103, 105, 110;
early years, 108;
attacks Monro and Benjamin Bell, 109, 110:
excluded from Infirmary, 110;
success in practice, 111;
operative skill, 111;
works on anatomy and surgery, 112;
marriage, 113;
artistic tastes; 113;
illness and foreign travel, 113;
death, 114;
Observations on Italy, 114;
personal character, 117, 118;
and Charles Bell, 243, 244, ii. 48, 107.
BELL, Sir CHARLES (1774-1842), i. 108, 112, 113;
birth and education, 243;
medical study in Edinburgh, 244;
early works, 244;
goes to London, 245;
artistic anatomy, 245;
lectures and early struggles, 246;
anatomy of expression, 246;
his lively temperament, 247;
first idea of new anatomy of brain, 247;
disappointment of Academy professorship, 248
visit to Haslar Hospital, 248;
marriage, 249;
partnership in Windmill Street School, 249;
elected surgeon to Middlesex Hospital, 250;
goes to Waterloo, 250;
pamphlet on Brain, 251;
crucial experiments on spinal cord, 252;
publishes his discoveries on the nervous system, 253;
elucidates obscure diseases, 254;
muscular sense, 254;
Bridgewater Treatise on the Hand, 255;
becomes professor at College of Surgeons, 256;
at London University, 257;
retires from latter, 257;
fly-fishing, 257;
his happy temperament, 258;
knighted, 259;
elected Professor at Edinburgh, 259;
coldness of fellow-professors, 260;
excitement at proposed changes, 260;
journey to London, 260, 261;
his last day, 261;
_Edinburgh Review_ on, 262;
Jeffrey’s Epitaph on, 262.
Bell, William, i. 242.
BENNETT, JOHN HUGHES (1812-1875);
early training, ii. 209;
studies at Edinburgh, 210;
studies in Paris and in Germany, 210;
treatise on cod-liver oil, 210;
lectures in Edinburgh, 211;
polyclinical course, 211, 212;
literary work, 212;
elected Professor, 212;
clinical teaching, 213;
and Leucocythæmia, 213;
views on pneumonia, 214;
principal works, 214, 215;
character, 215, 216;
illness, operation, and death, 216.
Berkeley, Admiral, and vaccination, i. 192.
Bishops’ licenses to practise medicine, i. 10.
Blackhall, Dr., ii. 19.
Black, Joseph, i. 84, 90, 92, 96.
Blane, Sir Gilbert, i. 192.
Blicke, Sir C., i. 227.
Blizard, Sir W., i. 144, 228.
Booker, Rev. Dr., i. 185.
Botany at Edinburgh, i. 72.
Bowman, J. Eddowes, ii. 261.
BOWMAN, Sir W. (_b._ 1816);
early life, ii. 261;
studies medicine at Birmingham, 261;
at Dublin and King’s College, London, 261;
becomes demonstrator and curator, 262;
Continental studies, 262;
physiological papers, 262;
scientific writing, 263;
appointed to Ophthalmic Hospital, 263;
eye practice, 264;
professorship of physiology, 264;
baronetcy, 265;
St. John’s House, 265;
assist Miss Nightingale’s work, 265;
supports physiological experiments, 265;
lofty view of surgery, 266.
Boyle, Robert, i. 54.
Bridgewater Treatises, i. 255.
BRIGHT, RICHARD (1789-1858), ii. 5;
birth, 14;
studies at Edinburgh and Guy’s, 15;
journey through Iceland, 15;
enters at Cambridge, 16;
travels on Continent, 16, 17;
at Waterloo, 16;
appointments at Fever Hospital and at Guy’s, 17;
Dr. Wilks on, 18;
writes on kidney diseases, 18-20;
on pneumonia, 20;
on cerebral and spinal diseases, 21;
practice, and death, 21;
character, 22, 23;
and Holland, 63, 64.
Bristol Medical School, ii. 127.
British Association, ii. 183.
British Medical Association, i. 281, ii. 162, 177.
_British Medical Journal_, ii. 154, 248, 265.
Brodie, Alexander, i. 286.
Brodie, Peter, i. 288.
Brodie, Rev. Mr., i. 287.
BRODIE, Sir BENJAMIN (1783-1862);
ancestry, i. 286;
birth, 287;
early years and education, 288;
an ensign at fourteen, 288;
medical study in London, 288, 290;
non-medical friends, 289;
the Academical Society, 289;
becomes demonstrator at Windmill Street, 290;
appointed Assistant-Surgeon to St. George’s, 290;
lectures on Surgery, 291;
physiological studies, 291, 292;
marriage, 292;
work on Diseases of Joints, 292;
professional success, 294;
professorship at College of Surgeons, 294;
subcutaneous surgery, 294;
court appointments, and baronetcy, 295;
opposition to impostors, 296;
his numerous presidencies, 297;
autobiography, 297;
operations on his eyes, 298;
death, 298;
character of, 298-303;
character of Lawrence, 308.
Brougham, Lord, i. 246, ii. 34, 43.
Brown, Baker, ii. 110, 111.
Brown, Dr. John (Horæ Subsecivæ), on Sydenham, i. 59.
Brown, Dr. John (founder of Brownian System), i. 98.
Brown Square School, ii. 36, 37.
Buckland, F., and John Hunter’s remains, i. 163.
Budd, George, ii. 125.
Budd, Samuel, ii. 125.
BUDD, WILLIAM (1811-1880);
early life, ii. 125;
medical studies, 125;
investigates typhoid fever at North Tawton, 125-126;
germ theory, 126-128;
removes to Clifton, 127;
opposition to his views, 128;
measures against cholera, 128, 129;
against rinderpest, 129;
his writings, 129;
incessant work, 130;
views on pulmonary consumption, 130;
death, 130;
Murchison and, 132.
Buller, Justice, and John Hunter, i. 151.
Burke, Edmund, i. 91.
Byng, Dr., and Caius, i. 20.
Cæsalpinus, i. 29.
Caius College. See Gonville and Caius, also Caius, John.
CAIUS, JOHN (1510-1573), builds Linacre’s monument, i. 13;
birth, 13;
at Cambridge, 14;
elected fellow of Gonville Hall, 14;
studies at Padua, and travels in Italy, France, and Germany, 14;
practises medicine, 14;
appointed physician to Edward VI., 14;
writes on Sweating Sickness, 15;
denounces quacks, 16, 17;
elected President of College of Physicians, 17, 20;
introduces dissection, 18;
enlarges Gonville Hall and builds gates, 19;
obtains statutes for Gonville and Caius College, and becomes Master,
19;
charged with atheism and Romanism, 20;
books and vestments burnt, 20;
writes on British Dogs, 21;
account of Bloodhound, 21, 22;
writes Method of Healing, 22;
death and burial, 23;
inscription on tomb, 23.
Calvin, i. 28.
Cambridge University, and Linacre, i. 3, 11;
and Caius, 14, 19, 20, 23;
and Sydenham, 60;
and Chambers, ii. 59;
and Watson, 149.
Canadian Indians and Jenner, i. 194.
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, i. 146, 155, 248, ii. 32.
Caroline, Princess (wife of George IV.), ii. 65.
Carro, Dr. De, i. 182.
Carter, Elizabeth, ii. 267.
CARTER, R. BRUDENELL (_b._ 1828);
education, 268;
early works, 268;
Crimean service, 268;
country practice, 269;
connection with journalism, 269;
ophthalmic specialism, 269;
Treatise on Eye Diseases, 270;
later writings, 270, 271.
Celsus, i. 14.
CHAMBERS, WILLIAM FREDERIC (1786-1855);
education, ii. 59;
physician to St. George’s Hospital, 59;
physician to William IV., 60;
death, 60;
character and habits, 61.
Chandler, Mr., on Astley Cooper, i. 218.
Charles I., i. 35-39.
Charlesworth and Lunacy, ii. 220.
Cheselden, i. 76, 77, 120, 134.
Cholera, ii. 128.
CHRISTISON, Sir R. (1797-1882), ii. 42;
education at Edinburgh, 286;
studies in London and Paris, 286;
appointed Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Edinburgh, 286;
his success in lecturing, 287;
success as scientific witness, 287;
dangerous experiments, 288;
work on poisons, 288;
appointed Professor of Materia Medica, 289;
influence in Edinburgh University, 289;
honours, 290;
death, 290;
personal characteristics, 290.
Circulation of the blood, i. 27-36.
Civiale’s operation, ii. 196.
Clarke, Dr., and J. Hunter, i. 150.
Clark, Sir James, ii. 181.
Clay, Dr. C., ii. 109, 110.
Clay, John, ii. 112.
Cleopatra’s Needle, ii. 247.
Clerke, Dr., i. 89.
Clift, W., i. 157, 160, 168, 220.
Cline, Henry, i. 144, 146, 180, 203, 204, 206, 212, 226.
Clinical lectures, i. 92, 93, 103, 250, ii. 38, 172, 206, 213.
—— medicine, ii. 162.
COBBOLD, T. SPENCER (_b._ 1828);
early life, ii. 255;
studies at Edinburgh, 255;
geological studies, 255, 256;
appointments in London, 256;
dissections at Zoological Gardens, 256;
practice as a specialist, 257;
connection with Veterinary College, 257;
lectures on parasites, 258, 259.
Cod-liver oil, ii. 186, 187, 210, 211.
Colet, i. 3.
Collyer, Robert, and anæsthetics, ii. 96, 97.
Columbus, Realdus, i. 14, 29.
Combe, William, i. 130, 131.
Comparative anatomy, i. 80.
CONOLLY, JOHN (1794-1867), ii. 160, 217;
early life, 221;
enters militia, 221;
studies at Edinburgh, 222;
practises at Chichester, 222;
at Stratford, 222;
appointed Professor at London University, 222;
settles at Warwick, 222;
studies insanity, 222, 223;
work on Indications of Insanity, 223;
appointed to Hanwell, 225;
abolishes mechanical restraint, 226;
clinical lectures, 227;
interest in patients, 228;
retirement from Hanwell, 228;
at Earlswood Asylum, 229, 230;
private practice, 230;
writings and lectures, 231;
writes on Hamlet, 231;
death, 231.
Conservative surgery, ii. 47, 71-81.
Consumption Hospital, ii. 185.
_Contemporary Review_, ii. 197, 198.
Cooper, Bransby, i. 209, 221, 222.
Cooper family, the, i. 202.
COOPER, Sir ASTLEY (1768-1841), i. 113, 146, 152;
early life, 202;
escapades, 203;
pupilage with Cline, 203;
studies at Edinburgh, 204;
becomes lecturer, 204;
visit to Paris, 204;
his style of lecturing, 205;
a severe accident, 206;
his personal influence, 206;
appearance and habits, 207;
sympathy with mental suffering, 207;
his servant Charles, 208;
Cooper and the resurrectionists, 208;
their extortions, 209;
his determination to have specimens, 210;
dissection of dogs, 211;
of an elephant, 211;
income, 211;
gives up politics on appointment to Guy’s surgeoncy, 212;
operates on tympanic membrane, 212;
membership of societies, 213;
his store of information, 214;
operations for aneurism, 214;
work on Hernia, 214;
life in New Broad Street, 215;
in the hospital and lecture-room, 216;
his overpowering influence, 217;
graceful operations, 218;
peremptory orders, 218;
a big fee, 219;
his limited pharmacopœia, 219;
lectures at College of Surgeons, 220;
ties the aorta, 220;
operates on George IV., 221;
Sir Astley as an examiner, 221;
foundation of Guy’s separate medical school, 222;
Presidency of the College of Surgeons, 222;
life in the country, 223;
horse-keeping, 223;
temporary retirement, 223;
later works, 224;
rapid movements, 224;
death, monument and portrait, 225;
estimate of Cooper, 225;
his own character of himself, 226;
and Abernethy, 235;
and Charles Bell, 248;
and Brodie, 295, 296.
Cooper, William, i. 203, 212.
Cornelio Vitelli, i. 2.
CORRIGAN, Sir DOMINIC (1802-1880);
education and medical studies, ii. 155;
papers on heart diseases, 156, 157;
Corrigan’s pulse, 156, 157;
appointments, 158;
becomes M.P. for Dublin, 159;
death, 159.
Coulton, ii. 97.
Cowley on Harvey, i. 39.
Coxe, Dr. Thomas, i. 53.
Cremation, ii. 116, 117, 194, 198, 199.
Cromwell, i. 73.
Cruickshank, i. 127, 130, 149.
CULLEN, WILLIAM (1710-1790);
birth, i. 87;
education at Glasgow, 87;
apprenticeship, 88;
goes to West Indies as ship’s surgeon, 88;
assists in a London shop, 88;
begins practice, 88;
receives a legacy, 88;
further studies at Edinburgh, 88;
friendship of Duke of Hamilton, 89;
influences William Hunter, 89;
marriage, 89;
removal to Glasgow, 89;
founds medical school there, 90;
his lectures and discoveries, 90, 91;
becomes Professor of Medicine at Glasgow, 91;
friendship with Adam Smith and David Hume, 91;
appointed Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh, 91;
his clinical lectures, 92;
his candour, 92, 93;
letter to his son, 94, 95;
appointed to Chair of Physic, 95;
his works, 96;
personal influence, 96, 97;
kindness to students, 97;
Cullen and John Brown, 98;
death, 98;
personal aspect and habits, 98;
agreement with Gregory, 100;
friendship with William Hunter, 91, 94, 120, 122.
Czermak, ii. 251.
Dancaster, William, i. 13.
Darwin, Charles, anticipation of, i. 172.
Davy, Sir Humphrey, i. 172, ii. 95, 96.
Dogs, Caius on, i. 21.
Donders, ii. 260.
Donellan, Captain, trial of, i. 150.
Douglas, Dr., i. 120, 121.
Down, Dr. Langdon, on Conolly, ii. 229.
Drummond, George, i. 78.
Dublin Medical School, ii. 105, 155, 189-191, 201-208.
Duncan, Dr., on Monro _secundus_, i. 85, 86.
Edinburgh University and Medical School, i. 71-118, 204, 213, 224,
259, 260; ii. 2, 15, 25-28, 35-50, 56, 59, 63, 64, 73, 85-94,
99-103, 125, 130, 131, 138, 149, 155, 204, 210-216, 221, 222,
286, 289.
Edward VI., i. 14.
Elizabeth, Queen, i. 14, 18, 23.
Elliot, Robert, Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh, i. 75.
Ent, Sir G., i. 40, 41.
Erasmus, i. 3, 4, 5.
Esquirol and lunacy, ii. 220.
Expectant treatment, i. 59.
Fabricius, i. 26, 29.
Faraday, ii. 96, 181.
FERGUSON, Sir WILLIAM (1808-1877), and conservative surgery, ii. 71,
72;
early years, 72;
studies anatomy under Knox, 72, 73;
assists Knox, 73;
his Edinburgh appointments, 73;
removal to London, 74;
operative skill, 74, 75;
conservation of limbs, 75;
lithotomy, 76;
excision of joints, 76, 77;
hare-lip and cleft-palate, 77;
invents instruments, 78;
careful planning of operations, 78, 79;
“Practical Surgery,” 79;
social character and manners, 80-82;
appointments, 81;
President of College of Surgeons, 81;
death, 82.
Fever Hospital, London, ii. 118, 119, 124, 131, 132.
Fevers, Sydenham’s method of curing, i. 54;
treatment of, 64.
Fisher, Robert, i. 3.
Flogging of Soldiers, i. 281.
Flourens, i. 283.
Foot, Jesse, on John Hunter, i. 135.
_Fortnightly Review_, ii. 240, 253.
Fothergill’s, Dr., collection, i. 130.
Fox, Bishop of Winchester, i. 4, 11.
Framingham, William, i. 16.
French Academy of Sciences, i. 283.
Fuller, on Caius, i. 20.
Galen, i. 7, 8, 14.
Gardner, E., i. 173, 176, 178.
Garthshore, Dr., i. 139, 162.
Generation, Harvey on, i. 34, 39-43.
George III., i. 127, ii. 54, 57.
George IV., i. 221, 295, ii. 57.
Gerhard, Dr., of Philadelphia, ii. 120.
Germ Theory of Typhoid, ii. 126, 127.
Gesner and Caius, i. 21.
GILBERT, WILLIAM (1540-1603), i. 23, 24;
physician to Queen Elizabeth, 23;
writes on the magnet, 24.
Glasgow University, i. 87, 89, 120, 122, 128.
Gonville and Caius College, i. 19, 26.
Gonville Hall, i. 14, 19.
Goodsir, John, ii. 47, 255.
GRAVES, R. J. (1795-1853), ii. 189;
studies at Dublin, London, and Edinburgh, 202;
travels on Continent, 202;
intercourse with Turner, 202;
decision when in danger, 203;
description of, by Stokes, 203;
appointments in Dublin, 204, 206;
introductory lecture, 204;
his clinical method, 205;
lectures on physiology, 206;
clinical lectures, 206;
Trousseau’s opinion, 206, 207;
views on fevers, 208;
on cholera, 208;
death, 209.
Gregory family, i. 87, 99-108.
Gregory, Henry, on Marshall Hall, i. 277.
GREGORY, JAMES, Dr. (1753-1821), on Monro _secundus_, i. 83;
early years, 102;
completes his father’s lectures, 102;
studies on the Continent, 102;
practice, 103;
Gregory’s “Conspectus,” 103;
succeeds to Cullen’s chair, 103;
controversies, 103-105;
Gregory and John Bell, 105, 110, 112;
as a teacher and lecturer, 106;
autocracy, 103-107;
philosophical writings, 107.
GREGORY, JOHN (1724-1773), i. 95;
early years, 99;
studies at Edinburgh, 99;
at Leyden, 99;
elected professor at Aberdeen, 100;
marriage, 100;
settles in London, 100;
recalled to Aberdeen, 100;
removes to Edinburgh, 100;
works, 101;
death, 102.
Gregory, William, i. 107.
Grocyn, i. 3, 7.
GULL, Sir W. W. (_b._ 1816);
studies at Guy’s Hospital, ii. 159;
appointments at Guy’s, 160;
writings, 161;
protest against specialism, 161;
address to British Medical Association, 162;
Harveian oration, 162, 163;
honours, 163, 164;
evidence on intemperance, 164;
view of vivisection, 165, 166.
Guy, William, ii. 302.
GUY, W. A. (_b._ 1810);
education, ii. 302;
studies at Guy’s, Cambridge, and on the Continent, 303;
appointed professor at King’s College, London, 303;
studies statistics, 303;
sanitary reforms, 303;
works, 303.
Guy’s Hospital, i. 202-222, 225, ii. 3-13, 15-21, 159-161, 282, 291.
Guy’s Hospital Reports, ii. 10, 18, 20, 21, 161, 294.
HALFORD, Sir HENRY (1766-1844);
on Baillie, ii. 51;
education, 56;
physician to Middlesex Hospital, 56;
physician to George III., 57;
change of name, 57;
president of College of Physicians, 58;
writings, 58.
HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857);
birth, i. 264;
education and apprenticeship, 265;
study at Edinburgh, 265;
lectures on diagnosis, 266;
Continental study, 267;
practice in Nottingham, 267;
work on Diagnosis, 267;
on Symptoms and History of Diseases, 268;
on Loss of Blood, 268;
antagonism to bleeding, 268;
removes to London, 269;
rapid success, 269;
research on circulation refused by Royal Society, 270;
other papers accepted, 270;
study of hybernation, 271;
accident to a manuscript, 271;
research on reflex actions, 272-276;
application to nervous diseases, 273, 274, 276, 277;
persistent attacks on, 274, 275;
second paper rejected by Royal Society, 274;
researches on galvanism and nervous tissues, 275;
replies to mis-statements, 275, 276;
new memoir on Nervous System, 276;
Ready Method in Asphyxia, 277;
his demeanour in practice, 278, 279;
lectures, 279;
at College of Physicians, 280;
British Medical Association, 281;
philanthropic schemes, 281;
visit to America, 282;
writes on Slavery, 282;
Continental tour, and reception in Paris, 283;
suggestions for restoring the apparently drowned, 284;
painful illness and death, 285.
Hall, Mrs. Marshall, i. 276.
Hall, Robert, father of Marshall, i. 264.
Hall, Samuel, brother of Marshall, i. 265.
Hamilton, Duke of, i. 87, 89, 90.
Harrison, Treasurer of Guy’s, i. 212, 222, ii. 3.
Harveian Oration, i. 25, 45, 86, ii. 162.
HARVEY, WILLIAM (1578-1657);
birth, i. 26;
at Cambridge and Padua, 26;
settles in London, 26;
physician to St. Bartholomew’s, 27;
Lumleian lecturer, 27;
expounds new views on heart and circulation, 27;
Treatise on Motion of Heart and Blood, 30-33;
Harvey called crack-brained, 35;
physician to James I. and Charles I., 35;
travels on the Continent, 36;
attendance on Charles I., 36, 37;
at Edgehill, 37, 38;
at Oxford, 38;
studies hatching of eggs, 38;
appointed Warden of Merton College, 38;
his museum destroyed, 39;
leaves Oxford, 39;
lives with his brothers, 40;
entrusts Treatise on Generation to Dr. Ent, 41;
its publication, 42;
Harvey’s lost medical works, 43;
benefactions to College of Physicians, 44-47;
declines Presidency, 45;
infirmity in old age, 46;
death and burial, 46;
will, 46, 47;
personal character, 47;
personal appearance, 47, 48;
lofty intellectual position, 49;
habits, 49, 50;
Latinity, 50;
memorials in College of Physicians, 50;
William Hunter on, 126;
records of, in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, ii. 169.
Harvey’s brothers, i. 26, 40, 46, 50.
Harwood, Dr., on William Hunter’s library, i. 129.
Hawkins, Cæsar, ii. 110.
Hazelwood School, ii. 261.
Healing, Caius’ Method of, i. 22.
Helmholtz, ii. 260.
Henry VII., i. 1, 2, 4.
Henry VIII., i. 4, 7, 10, 14.
Herbert, Sidney, ii. 298.
Hewson, William, i. 84, 126, 138.
Hill, Gardiner, and Lunacy, ii. 220, 221.
HINTON, JAMES (1822-1875);
early history, ii. 278, 279;
studies at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 280;
foreign voyages, 280;
residence in Jamaica, 280;
intercourse with Toynbee, 281;
early writings, 281;
aural practice, 282;
charm of conversation, 283;
later publications, 284;
death, 284.
Hinton, J. H., ii. 278.
Hippocrates, the British, i. 52-70.
Hobbes of Malmesbury, i. 47.
Hodgson, Joseph, ii. 261.
Holland, Lord and Lady, i. 294, ii. 65.
HOLLAND, Sir HENRY (1788-1873), ii. 15;
early life, 62;
at Glasgow University, 63;
draws up Report on Agriculture of Cheshire, 63;
at Edinburgh, 64;
in society, 64;
travels, 64, 65, 68, 69;
becomes medical attendant to Princess Caroline, 65;
success and moderation, 66;
his great energy, 67;
marriages, 67;
physician to Queen Victoria, 67, 68;
death, 68;
writings, 69;
Recollections of Past Life, 70.
Home, Sir Everard, i. 141, 143, 148, 152, 154, 158-161, 178, 290,
291.
Houstoun, R., ii. 109.
Humane Society, i. 147, 284.
Hume, David, i. 91, 102.
Hunterian Museums. See Museums.
Hunterian Oration, i. 309.
HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793), i. 123, 124, 127, 131;
birth and early years, 133;
visit to Glasgow, 133;
goes to London and assists his brother, 134;
his hospital studies, 134;
short residence at Oxford, 135;
shares his brother’s lectures, 135;
his style of lecturing, 136;
early discoveries, 136;
dissection of animals, 137;
becomes staff-surgeon in army, and goes to Belleisle and Portugal,
137;
returns home and practises in Golden Square, 138;
want of tact, 138;
his brusqueness, 139;
builds a house at Earl’s Court, and keeps a private menagerie,
139;
his encounter with leopards, 139;
ruptures his _tendo Achillis_, and studies mode of cure, 140;
elected Fellow of Royal Society, and surgeon to St. George’s
Hospital, 140;
takes a house in Jermyn Street, and receives Jenner as pupil, 141;
marries Miss Home, 141;
his dislike of fashionable parties, 141;
writes on the Teeth, and on digestion of stomach after death, 142;
his principal contributions to the Royal Society, 142, 143;
his indefatigable industry, 143;
punctuality and order, 144;
blunt hospitality, 144;
employs an artist named Bell, 144, 145;
lectures on surgery, 145;
after-dinner habits, 146, 147;
appointed surgeon to the King, 147;
Croonian lectures, 148;
suffers from angina pectoris, 148;
visit to Bath, 148;
emotion at his brother’s death, 149;
his eagerness for specimens, 150;
obtains skeleton of O’Brien, the Irish giant, 150;
evidence on murder of Sir T. Boughton, 150;
Justice Buller’s strictures, 151;
builds museum in Leicester Square, 151;
renewed illness, 152;
portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 153;
ties femoral artery, 153;
experiments on deer’s antlers, 153;
appointed surgeon-general to the army, 154;
Copley medal awarded, 154;
Home assists him, 154;
Hunter writes treatise on Blood, Inflammation, &c., 155;
dispute with hospital governors and surgeons, 155-157;
aid to young students, 155;
discussion at board meeting, and sudden death, 157;
personal appearance, 158;
national vote for his museum, 158;
declined by Physicians, accepted by Surgeons, 158;
Home and Hunter’s papers, 159;
Home burns them, 160;
Hunter the Cerberus of the Royal Society, 161;
his generosity, 162;
his income, 162;
his sense of his own importance, 162;
religious views, 162;
removal of remains to Westminster Abbey, 163;
views on life, 163, 164;
Dr. Moxon on, 165;
Sir James Paget on, 166-168;
Abernethy on, 168;
Clift on, 168;
and Edward Jenner, 170, 171, 176;
and Cline, 203;
and Astley Cooper, 204, 205;
and Abernethy, 228, 241;
and Baillie, ii. 53;
and ovariotomy, 106.
HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718-1783), i. 84;
becomes Cullen’s pupil, 89;
subsequent friendship with Cullen, 91, 94, 120, 122;
studies at Edinburgh, 120;
goes to London, 120;
studies at St. George’s Hospital, 121;
lectures on anatomy, 121;
lack of means, 122;
enters on obstetric practice, 122;
visits home, 122;
Medical Commentaries and other writings, 123;
disputes as to originality, 123, 127;
is assisted by John Hunter, 124;
excellence as a teacher, 124;
on anatomical controversy, 125;
on Harvey, 126;
called in to the Queen, 126;
chosen professor to the Royal Academy, 127;
Hunter and the Royal Society, 127, 128;
Hunterian Museum (now at Glasgow), 128;
founds anatomical school in Great Windmill Street, 129;
cost and extent of his collection, 129, 130;
leaves it to Baillie, with reversion to Glasgow University, 130;
intends to retire, 130;
dies, 131;
portraits of Hunter, 131;
personal habits and manners, 132;
bequeaths estate to Baillie, 132;
and John Hunter, 134;
and Baillie, ii. 53;
and ovariotomy, 106.
Hypochondria, Description of, i. 65.
India and Jenner, i. 183, 197.
Infirmary at Edinburgh, i. 78, ii. 26-28, 36-39, 45, 49, 73.
Jackson, C., ii. 98.
James I., i. 24, 35.
Jefferson, President, i. 182.
Jeffrey, Francis, i. 257, 258, 262.
JENNER, EDWARD (1749-1823), i. 141, 148;
apprenticeship, 169;
inoculation for small-pox, 170;
becomes John Hunter’s pupil, 170;
their mutual influence, 171;
Jenner’s sympathetic qualities, 172;
suggestion about earthworms, 172;
his personal appearance, 173;
wit, poetry, and accomplishments, 174;
convivial societies, 174, 175;
studies cow-pox, 176-180;
publishes discovery of vaccination, 179;
refuses London practice, 180;
Jenner and Dr. Woodville, 181;
discovery made known on Continent, 181;
in United States, 182;
in the East, 183;
Jenner’s patriotic offer, 183;
publishes brief narrative, 184-186;
vaccination by non-professionals, 186;
vaccination attacked, 187;
gratuitous vaccination, 189;
public vaccine Board, 190;
a temple to Jenner, 191;
the Empress of Russia and Jenner, 191;
Parliamentary grant, 192;
Royal Jennerian Institution, 193;
Treasury delays, 193;
testimony of Canadian Indians, 194;
Napoleon and Jenner, 194;
National Vaccine Establishment, 195;
Jenner’s inward life, 196;
second Parliamentary grant, 196, 197;
gratitude of Europeans in India, 197;
bereavements, 197;
death from small-pox after vaccination, 198;
Jenner’s account, 198;
presentation to the Czar, 199;
death of Mrs. Jenner, 199;
death, 200;
Dr. Baron on, 200, 201.
Jennerian Society, Royal, i. 190, 193.
JENNER, Sir WILLIAM (_b._ 1815);
studies and early successes, ii. 118;
papers on Typhoid and Typhus Fevers, 119, 123;
later appointments and writings, 124, 125;
on Parkes, 296, 301.
Jenner, Stephen, i. 169.
Kaye. See Caius.
Keate, i. 155.
Keith, T., ii. 102.
Key. See Caius.
King’s College, London, ii. 74, 76, 77, 147, 149, 150, 262-264, 304.
Knox, Robert, ii. 72, 73.
Laennec, ii. 5, 181.
_Lancet, The_, i. 267, 275, 293, 298, 307, 309, 310, ii. 97, 133, 134,
142, 214, 243, 244, 295.
Latimer, i. 7.
LAWRENCE, Sir WILLIAM (1783-1867),
and Brodie, i. 289;
education, 303;
apprenticed
to Abernethy, 303;
appointments at St. Bartholomew’s, 304;
early works, 304;
professor at College of Surgeons, 305;
criticism of Abernethy, 305;
lectures on Man, and controversy thereon, 305-307;
Lawrence yields to the storm, 307;
establishes Aldersgate Medical School, 307;
ophthalmic works, 308;
relations with College of Surgeons, 308;
delivers Hunterian oration, 309;
character of, 310;
death, 311.
Lenten preacher at Rome, a, i. 115-117.
Lifeboat Institution, National, and Marshall Hall, i. 284.
Lilye, i. 12.
LINACRE, THOMAS (1460-1524), birth, i. 1;
descent, 2;
school-days, 2;
elected fellow of All Souls’, 2;
takes pupils, 2;
travels in Italy, 2;
graduates M.D. at Oxford, 3;
translates the “Sphere” of Proclus, 3;
teaches Erasmus Greek, 3;
becomes Prince Arthur’s tutor, 3;
appointed physician to Henry VIII, 4;
studies theology, 4;
gains preferments, 5;
advises Erasmus, 5;
lectures at Oxford, 6;
receives a flattering address, 6;
translates Aristotle and Galen, 7, 8;
writes on grammar and language, 8;
founds College of Physicians, 8-10;
benefactions to it, 10;
founds lectureships at Oxford and Cambridge, 10-12;
his practical skill, 12;
his personal character, 12;
death, 13;
buried in St. Paul’s, 13;
memorial erected by Caius, 13;
will, 13.
Lister, Joseph Jackson, F.R.S., ii. 135-137.
LISTER, Sir JOSEPH (_b_. 1828), ii. 46, 47, 114;
studies, 137;
physiological researches, 137;
professorship at Glasgow, 138;
unhealthy wards, 138-140;
carbolic acid and germs, 141;
the antiseptic system, 141-147;
diminution of pyæmia, 143, 146;
experiment on a calf, 143, 144;
antiseptic gauze, 145;
carbolic spray, 146;
corrosive sublimate, 146;
distinctions conferred upon, 147.
Liston, Rev. Harry, ii. 24.
LISTON, ROBERT (1794-1847), education and early years, ii. 24;
medical study in Edinburgh, 25;
in London, 25;
assists Barclay, 25;
lectures on anatomy and surgery, 26;
dissensions at the Royal Infirmary, 26-28;
removes to London, 28;
works on surgery, 28;
as an operator, 29, 30;
his great strength, 30, 31;
his decision, 31;
and the College of Surgeons, 32;
the _Times_ on, 32, 33;
and Syme, 33, 34, 35-37, 39-41;
death, 34;
and Sir J. Simpson, 85;
and chloroform, 98.
Lizars, Alexander, ii. 49.
Lizars, John, ii. 39, 48-50, 74, 109.
Locke, John, i. 62, 63, 70.
Lombard, Dr. H. C., ii. 119.
London Hospital, ii. 250-252.
London University, i. 257, ii. 163, 176, 301.
Long, St. John, i. 296.
Lonsdale, Dr., on Dr. Addison, ii. 3, 12, 13.
Lorenzo de Medici, i. 2.
Louis, i. 283, ii. 120.
Lumleian lectures, i. 27, 35, 44.
Lunacy, ii. 217-235.
Lymphatics, i. 84.
Macilwain on Abernethy, i. 231-233.
M’Dowell, Ephraim, ii. 107-109.
M’Kendrick, Dr., on Hughes Bennett, ii. 215, 216.
MACKENZIE, MORELL (_b._ 1837), on specialism, ii. 240;
early life, 249, 250;
medical study, 250, 251;
Continental studies, 251;
acquaintance with Czermak, 251;
appointments at London Hospital, 251, 252;
work with laryngoscope, 251-254;
becomes a specialist in diseases of the throat, 252;
his various works, 253;
extension of specialism, 253, 254.
Mackenzie, Stephen, ii. 249, 250, 268.
Mackenzie’s Travels in Iceland, ii. 15, 64.
Malpighi, i. 30, note.
Malthus, i. 61.
Manchester, Bishop of, on cremation, ii. 117.
Manutius, Aldus, i. 2, 3.
Mapletoft, Dr. J., i. 52, 62.
Mary, Queen, i. 14.
Materialism, i. 306.
MAUDSLEY, HENRY (_b._ 1835);
studies in London, ii. 232;
appointed Professor at University College, 233;
writes on Theory of Vitality and on Physiology and Pathology of
Mind, 233;
Gulstonian Lectures on Body and Mind, 234;
case of Victor Townley, 235;
on Responsibility in Mental Disease, 235;
on Pathology of Mind, 235;
on Body and Will, 237, 238.
Meckel, i. 83.
Medical and Chirurgical Society, Royal, i. 213, 268, 295, 297, 299,
ii. 11, 123, 187.
Medical Association, British, i. 281, ii. 45, 81, 124, 290.
Medical Council, ii. 159, 164, 289.
Medical Lectures, i. 75, 90, 92, 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, 106, ii. 5,
17, 133, 150, 158, 160, 183, 189.
Medical Society, Royal, of Edinburgh, i. 213, 265, ii. 2, 88, 209,
222.
_Medical Times_, ii. 77, 293, 294, 297.
Medicine, British, Foundation of, i. 1-24.
Menagerie, Tower, i. 137, 211.
Merton College, Oxford, i. 38, 39.
Middlesex Hospital, i. 250, 259, ii. 56, 131, 149, 256.
Minto House Hospital, ii. 38, 39.
MONRO, ALEXANDER (_primus_) (1697-1767);
birth, i. 75;
education, 75, 76;
appointed Professor of Anatomy, 76;
first lecture, 76;
large classes, 77;
difficulty of obtaining subjects, 77;
building of the infirmary, 78;
clinical lectures, 79;
post mortem examinations, 79;
“Osteology,” 79;
other works, 79;
Comparative Anatomy, 80;
private life, 80;
dresses wounds after Prestonpans, 81;
death, 81;
Professor Struthers on, 81.
MONRO, ALEXANDER (_secundus_) (1733-1817);
birth, i. 82;
lectures for his father, 82;
Continental travels, 82;
taught by Meckel, 83;
becomes professor, 83;
medical practice, 83;
discoveries on the lymphatic system, 84;
other works, 85;
fondness for the stage, 85;
and for horticulture, 85;
economy of time, 86;
favours vaccination, 86;
death, 87;
John Bell and, 108, 109.
MONRO, ALEXANDER (_tertius_), i. 86.
Monro, John, i. 75, 76.
Montagu, Lady Mary, i. 100.
Montanus, i. 14.
Monteith, Alex., i. 73, 74.
More, Hannah, ii. 178.
More, Sir T., i. 2, 3, 11.
Morris, Edward, i. 197.
Morton, W. T. G., ii. 98.
Moxon, Dr., on John Hunter, i. 165, 166.
Müller, Johannes, and Marshall Hall, i. 270.
MURCHISON, CHARLES (1830-1879), ii. 119;
medical studies, 130, 131;
work in Calcutta and Burmah, 131;
returns to London, 131;
appointments, 131;
work on Continued Fevers, 131-133;
other writings, 133;
his teaching powers, 133;
character, 134.
Museums, Hunterian, i. 128-130, 151, 158, 159, 163.
Napoleon I. and Jenner, i. 194.
National Vaccine Institution, i. 193, 195.
Nélaton, ii. 11.
Nightingale, Miss Florence, ii. 265.
O’Brien, skeleton of, i. 150.
Orfila, ii. 285, 286, 291.
Ottley, D., on John Hunter, i. 146.
Ovariotomy, ii. 106-114.
Oxford University, Linacre and, i. 2, 3, 6, 7, 11;
Harvey and, 38, 39;
Sydenham at, 52-54;
John Hunter at, 135;
and Jenner, 199;
and Baillie, ii. 52;
and Halford, 56.
Padua, Linacre at, i. 2;
Caius at, 14;
Harvey at, 26.
PAGET, Sir JAMES (b. 1814), i. 166-168, ii. 72, 114, 143;
early studies, 167;
report on results of use of microscope, 168;
address to students, 168, 169;
professorship at College of Surgeons, 169:
publication of lectures, 170;
conditions of healthy nutrition, 170, 171;
lecture on Study of Physiology, 172;
clinical lectures, 172;
attention to detail, 173;
serious illness, 173, 174;
on Theology and Science, 174;
on alcohol, 175;
appointments, 176;
on the College of Surgeons’ Museum, 176;
on exceptions to types, 177;
on Study of Science, 177.
Palmer, trial of, i. 284, ii. 287, 288, 294.
Palmerston, Lord, ii. 66.
PARKES, E. A. (1819-1875);
Harveian oration, i. 25;
early influences, ii. 296;
studies at University College, 296;
goes to Madras and Moulmein, 297;
practice in London, 297;
journalistic work, 297;
physician to University College Hospital, 297;
serves in Crimean war, 298;
appointed professor at Army Medical School, 298;
Manual of Practical Hygiene, 299;
Army Medical Reports, 300;
Sir W. Jenner on, 301;
death, 302.
Parry, Dr., and Jenner, i. 197.
Paterson, Dr., Life of Syme by, ii. 31.
Pathological Society, ii. 185.
Pathology, i. 145.
Pearson, Dr., and vaccination, i. 190, 191.
Pembroke, Earl of, i. 15.
Pennock, Dr., of Philadelphia, ii. 120.
Peruvian bark, i. 59.
Pettigrew, Dr., on Astley Cooper, i. 216-218;
on Abernethy, 230.
Petty, Lord H., and vaccination, i. 196.
Physical Society of Guy’s, i. 213, ii. 6.
Physicians (Edinburgh), College of, i. 72-73, 76, ii. 289.
Physicians (Irish), College of, ii. 158, 206.
Physicians (London), College of, foundation of, i. 1, 8;
letters patent, 9;
new statutes, 10;
Caius and, 15;
insignia of, 17;
dissection, 18;
Harvey Lumleian lecturer at, 27, 35;
declines presidency, 45;
Sydenham and, 61;
and John Hunter’s Museum, 158;
E. Jenner and, 195, 199;
Marshall Hall and, 280;
Bright and, ii. 21;
Baillie and, 53, 55;
Halford and, 56, 58;
W. Jenner and, 124;
Murchison and, 133;
Watson and, 151;
Williams and, 184, 187;
Maudsley and, 234, 238;
Parkes and, 298;
Guy and, 303.
Pinel, ii. 218, 219.
Piozzi, Mrs., on Henry Holland, ii. 64.
Pitcairne, i. 73.
Pitt, William, i. 158.
Plempius of Louvain, i. 44.
Poisons, ii. 4.
Politian, i. 2.
Pott, Percival, i. 134, 228.
Prayer for the sick, ii. 197.
Prestonpans, i. 81.
Priestley, Dr., ii. 95.
Quacks, i. 16, 17, 58.
Quain, Jones, ii. 241, 242.
Queen’s University, Ireland, ii. 158.
Reflex action, i. 272-277.
Reid, John, ii. 85.
Reid, Thomas, i. 99, 107.
Resurrectionists, i. 208-211.
Reynolds, Dr. Russell, i. 276, 295.
Reynolds’, Sir Joshua, portrait of William Hunter, i. 131;
of John Hunter, 153, 163.
Richardson, John, i. 257.
Rinderpest, ii. 129.
Riolan, John, the younger, i. 33, 36, note.
Roots, Dr. W., and Astley Cooper, 206.
Royal Institution, ii. 66, 172.
Royal Society and William Hunter, i. 127;
and John Hunter, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 149, 154;
and Astley Cooper, 212, 213;
and Charles Bell, 253;
and Marshall Hall, 270, 272, 274, 275;
and Brodie, 291, 292, 297, 300;
and Lister, ii. 138, 147;
and Wilson, 244;
and Bowman, 262;
and Toynbee, 273, 275;
and Parkes, 301.
Russia, Emperor of, i. 195, 199.
—— Empress of, i. 191.
Salm, Count de, and vaccination, i. 191.
Sandford, Bishop, i. 114.
Sandys, Bishop, i. 20.
Scott, Sir Walter, ii. 150.
Selling, William, fellow of All Souls’, i. 2.
Servetus, i. 27, 28.
Shagglyng Lecture, i. 6.
Sharpe, Samuel, i. 121.
Shaw, Alexander, i. 249, 257, 258.
Shaw, John, i. 249, 250, 256.
Shelburne, Lord, i. 128.
Short, Dr. T., i. 68.
Sibbald, Sir R., i. 72, 73, 75.
Siddons, Mrs., i. 85.
Simmons, Dr. Foart, on William Hunter, i. 132.
SIMON, JOHN (_b._ 1816);
student at King’s College, 304;
appointed lecturer at St. Thomas’s Hospital, 304;
medical officer to City of London, 304;
to Board of Health and Privy Council, 304;
Reports to Privy Council, 305;
honours, 306.
Simpson, Alexander, ii. 84, 86, 89, 104.
SIMPSON, Sir JAMES Y. (1811-1870);
birth and early years, ii. 83, 84;
student life in Edinburgh, 85;
his father’s death, 86;
disappointed of a parish surgeoncy, 86;
becomes assistant to Professor Thomson, 87;
his first original paper, 88;
description of, when presiding over Medical Society, 88, 89;
visits London and the Continent, 89;
his habits of plain speech, 90;
candidature for professorship of midwifery, 90, 91;
his success, 91, 92;
antiquarian paper on Leprosy, 92;
success in practice, 92, 93;
complaints of neglect, 93;
controversies, 94;
experiments with sulphuric ether, 98;
introduces chloroform, 99;
description of Simpson’s parties, 101;
introduces acupressure, 102;
attacks hospital system, 102;
honours, 103;
bereavements, 103;
death, 104.
Slavery, Marshall Hall on, i. 282.
Smith, Adam, i. 91.
Smith, Henry, and Marshall Hall, i. 271.
Smith, Henry, and Sir W. Fergusson, ii. 79, 80, 82.
Smith, Sydney, and Holland, ii. 67, 68.
Specialism, ii. 161, 239, 240.
Squirrel, Dr., and vaccination, i. 188.
St. Andrews University, i. 175.
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, i. 27, 36, 134, 304, 307, ii. 149,
167-169, 176, 286.
St. George’s Hospital, i. 134, 140, 154-158, 290, 291, ii. 25, 53,
59, 269, 273.
St. Mary’s Hospital, ii. 131, 257, 275.
St. Thomas’s Hospital, i. 204, 205, 211, 212, 216, 218, 219, 221,
222, 279, ii. 105, 133, 291, 304.
Stethoscope, the, ii. 5, 60.
Stewart, Dr. A. P., ii. 120.
Stewart, Dugald, i. 63, 95.
STOKES, WILLIAM (1804-1878);
studies in Glasgow and Edinburgh, ii. 188;
writes on the stethoscope, 188;
early success, 189;
work on Diseases of the Chest, 189;
appointed Professor in Dublin University, 189;
work on Diseases of the Heart, 190;
lectures on fever, 191;
on student’s culture, 191;
on prevention of disease, 192;
character by Sir H. Acland, 192;
early rising and geniality, 193;
death, 193;
on Graves, 203, 205.
Struthers, Professor, on Monro _primus_, i. 81;
on Monro _secundus_, 83, 87;
on John Bell, 111.
Surgeons, College of, Edinburgh, i. 72, 75, 77, 208, ii. 44, 49, 73
Surgeons, College of, London, i. 220, 221, 240, 250, 256, 294, 297,
304-311, ii. 32, 79, 81, 115, 167, 169, 176, 246, 249, 271,
305.
Surgical Lectures, i. 79, 109, 131, 138, 145, 154, 156, 205, 229,
246, 247, 291, ii. 25, 28, 36, 37, 48, 49, 79.
Sutherland, James, i. 72.
Sweating Sickness, i. 15.
Sydenham College, i. 279, ii. 242.
—— Society, New, ii. 187, 189.
SYDENHAM, THOMAS (1624-1689);
birth, i. 52;
at Oxford, 52;
led to choose medicine by Dr. Coxe, 53;
escapes when shot at in London, 53;
returns to Oxford, 54;
removes to London, 54;
publishes method of curing fevers, 54;
his principles, 55;
philosophic views, 56;
ideas of disease, 57;
views on nature’s order, 58;
on quacks and culpable secrecy, 58;
on Peruvian bark, 59;
Dr. J. Brown on the “Method,” 59, 60;
subsequent editions, 60;
becomes M.D., 61;
treatise on gout and dropsy, 61;
death, 61;
will, 61;
medicine learnt by practice, 62;
his opinion of Locke, 62;
experimental medicine, 63;
attention to wishes of patients, 64;
on hysteria and hypochondria, 65;
Sydenham’s character of himself, 66;
his humour, 66, 67;
kindheartedness, 67;
calumnies on, 68;
his Rational Theology, 69;
his religious feelings, 69, 70.
Sydenham, William, i. 52.
SYME, JAMES (1799-1870);
and Liston, ii. 25-27, 31, 33, 34;
education and early years, 35;
discovers waterproofing process, 35;
assists Liston, 36;
amputation at the hip-joint, 36;
studies in Germany, 36;
Brown Square Medical School, 36;
surgical lectures, 37;
starts Minto House Hospital, 38;
clinical lectures, 38;
Liston’s jealousy, 39;
gains professorship of surgery, 39;
reconciliation with Liston, 40;
Syme’s controversies, 40;
writings, 41, 44, 45;
brief removal to London, 41-43;
great operations, 44;
Principles of Surgery, 44;
address to British Medical Association, 45;
Battle of the Sites, 45;
private life, 46;
on antiseptic method, 46;
testimonial dinner, 47;
Professor Lister on, 48;
and Fergusson, 73, 75, 76.
TAYLOR, A. SWAINE (1806-1880);
education, ii. 291;
medical studies, 291;
studies chemistry and medical jurisprudence, 291;
appointed to lecture at Guy’s, 292;
papers and writings, 292, 293;
appearance as witness, 294;
the Palmer trial, 294;
death, 294.
Theology, Sydenham’s Rational, i. 69.
THOMPSON, Sir HENRY (_b._ 1820);
studies in London and Paris, ii. 195;
twice wins Jacksonian prize, 195;
appointments at University College, 195, 196;
Clinical Lectures, 195;
Practical Lithotomy and Lithotrity, 195;
Civiale’s operation, 196;
attends King of the Belgians, 196;
controversy on Prayer for the Sick, 197;
on cremation, 198, 199;
on use of intoxicants, 200;
on Food and Feeding, 200;
artistic tastes, 200.
Thomson, Prof. A. T., ii. 296, 297.
Thomson, Prof. John, ii. 87, 90.
Thornhill, Sir James, i. 61.
_Times, The_, on Liston, ii. 32, 33.
Todd, R. B., ii. 262-264.
Tonstal, i. 11.
Tower Menagerie and John Hunter, i. 137;
and Astley Cooper, 211.
TOYNBEE, JOSEPH (1815-1866);
education, 273;
medical study, 273;
researches on the eye, 273;
aural practice, 274;
Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, 274;
researches and dissections, 275;
appointment to St. Mary’s Hospital, 275;
ventilation hobby, 275, 276;
Hints on Local Museums, 276;
artificial tympanic membrane, 276;
melancholy death, 277;
intercourse with Hinton, 281.
Travers, Mr., on Astley Cooper, 207.
Treatment, expectant, i. 59.
Trousseau, ii. 6, 11;
on Graves, 206, 207.
Tuke family and lunacy, ii. 219, 220, 231.
Turner, J. M. W., ii. 202.
Typhoid and Typhus Fevers, ii. 119-133.
University College, London, i. 257, ii. 28, 41-43, 118, 124, 137,
149, 183, 195, 196, 222, 232, 233, 273, 296-298.
Vaccination, i. 178-200.
Vaccine Institution, National, i. 193, 195.
Vaughan family, the, ii. 55, 56.
Vaughan, Henry. See Halford, Sir Henry.
Vesalius, i. 14.
Victoria, Queen, i. 311, ii. 57, 60, 67, 68, 81, 124, 151, 158, 164,
176, 188, 196.
Vitelli, Cornelio, i. 2.
Vivisection, i. 252, 271-275, 292, ii. 143, 165, 265.
Wakley, Thomas, ii. 243, 245.
Walker, Dr., and vaccination, i. 193.
Wallis, John, ii. 267.
Warren, Dr. J. C., and anæsthetics, ii. 98.
Waterhouse, Prof., i. 182.
Waterloo, Charles Bell at, i. 250.
WATSON, Sir THOMAS (1792-1882), ii. 128;
education, 148;
elected fellow of St. John’s, Cambridge, 149;
medical studies in Edinburgh and London, 149;
becomes proctor at Cambridge, 149;
removes to London, 149;
appointments, 149, 150;
and Sir Walter Scott, 150;
lectures published, 150;
honours, 151;
Introductory Lecture, 151-153;
Dr. West on, 153;
British Medical Journal on, 154;
death, 155.
Webb Street School of Medicine, i. 279.
Wells, Horace, ii. 97.
West, Dr. C., on Sir T. Watson, ii. 153.
Westfaling, Thomas, i. 179.
WELLS, Sir T. SPENCER (_b._ 1818),
on Sir W. Fergusson, ii. 72;
student life in Leeds, Dublin, and London, 105;
joins Samaritan Hospital, 106;
experience in Crimean war, 110;
early experiences in ovariotomy, 111, 112;
stringent precautions, 113;
great successes, 113, 114;
adopts antiseptic system, 114;
on surgery as salvaging, 115;
municipal and state questions, 116;
on cremation, 117.
Whytt, Andrew, i. 95, 100, 273.
Wilkes, John, i. 100.
Wilks, Dr., on Dr. Addison, ii. 8-11;
on Dr. Bright, 18.
William IV., i. 224, 259, 295, ii. 57, 60.
WILLIAMS, CHARLES J. B. (_b._ about 1800);
early education, ii. 178;
scientific experiments, 179;
studies at Edinburgh, 179;
chemical researches, 180;
studies in London and Paris, 180;
work on Stethoscope, 181;
settles in London, 181;
early writings, 182;
sounds of heart, 182;
Lectures at Kinnerton Street, 183;
reports to British Association, 183;
becomes Professor at University College, 183;
Gulstonian lectures, 184;
physician to Hospital for Consumption, 185;
Principles of Medicine, 185;
first president of Pathological Society, 185;
work on Cod-Liver Oil, 186, 187;
presidency of New Sydenham Society, and of Medical and Chirurgical
Society, 187;
studies in retirement, 188.
WILSON, ERASMUS (1809-1884);
early life, ii. 240, 241;
studies under Abernethy, and in Paris, 241;
pupil of Langstaff, 241;
joins Aldersgate School of Medicine, 241;
assists Quain at University College, 242;
establishes Sydenham College, 242;
writes the Dissector’s Manual and Anatomist’s Vade Mecum, 242;
acquaintance with Thomas Wakley, and appointment on _The Lancet_,
243;
becomes a specialist in skin diseases, 243;
portraits of diseases of skin, 244;
Continental studies, 244;
character in practice, 244, 245;
the case of flogging at Hounslow, 245;
various works, 246;
founds professorship of dermatology, 246;
and of pathology, 246;
becomes President of College of Surgeons, 247;
pays for bringing Cleopatra’s Needle to London, 247;
his great munificence, 248;
bequest to College of Surgeons, 249;
death, 249.
Wilson, i. 249, 256, 290, 291.
Windmill Street School, i. 129, 140, 156, 249, 256, 290, 291, ii. 59.
Wolsey, Cardinal, i. 4, 8.
Wood, Alexander, i. 108.
Woodville, Dr., and vaccination, i. 181, 187.
Yelloly, Dr., on Astley Cooper, i. 214.
York, Duke of, and Abernethy, i. 234.
Zoological Society, i. 274.
Transcriber’s Note
pg viii (table of contents) Preface page should be v not vii
pg 2 Changed His schooldays were passed to: school-days
pg 16 added period to end of sentence: and of muscular exercise
pg 42 changed comma to period at: from which they have sprung
pg 163 added semicolon to: as a great chemist
pg 163 changed but be appears to: but he appears
pg 228 changed spelling of St. Batholomew’s to: St. Bartholomew’s
pg 233 changed double quotes around lectured to single quotes: going
to be lectured
pg 294 Changed Now-a-days subcutaneous operations to: Nowadays
pg 304 changed spelling of Upsala to: Professor at Uppsala
Added Index from volume 2.