THIRTY YEARS OF DIGGING
Right here in America, only a short journey from the United States and
closer to them than our Panama Canal, are the remains of at least sixty
ancient ruined cities—marvelous places about which we know almost
nothing, nor of the people who built them.
We know infinitely more of the ancient Egyptians—of their buildings,
their customs, their beliefs, their history, and their writings.
Virtually every hieroglyphed surface left by them which has been
uncovered has been pored over by many archæologists and its meaning
deciphered beyond question.
For a hundred years antiquarians from every civilized land have spent
their lives in studying the ancient empire of the Nile. Millions of
dollars have been expended in scientific, minutely careful exploration.
No slightest clue to further knowledge has been ignored, and tons of
books, written in every language, have been printed, so that the man on
the street anywhere may go to his nearest library and, if he will, read
all there is to know on the subject.
And here at our very door, on our own continent, are the remains of
an early culture not one whit less interesting than the Valley of the
Kings. Possibly it is not so old, but on the other hand it is more
steeped in mystery because of our profound ignorance. We know next
to nothing about it: who were its builders; where they came from;
their history, creeds, or customs. We can read but a few scraps of
the writings of which they left such an abundance—enough, in all
probability, to fill in many of the empty spaces in our knowledge if
we but had the power to decipher them and extract their meaning. Even
our hard-won and sadly limited information concerning this culture has
never been given to the general public. To get it one must read Spanish
and French and German, as well as English, and the average public
library contains possibly three or four books on the subject.
Until last year no well-planned, completely equipped exploration backed
by ample finances had ever been undertaken. Archæologists have delved
in many of the ancient Maya cities—puny expeditions pressed for time
and cash. The work backed by the Peabody Museum has been the most
consistent, but even that has suffered often from lack of finances, and
much of Don Eduardo’s work has been done at his own expense.
Happily, I think the American public and American antiquarians are
waking up to the neglected opportunity. The expedition sent out by
the Carnegie Foundation is most promising. It has well-laid plans;
it is under the leadership of Sylvanus G. Morley, a thorough-going
archæologist and one of the foremost in knowledge of the ancient Maya
culture. He has made the study of the subject his life-work and has
achieved fame through his finds in the Maya area. He has uncovered
many important date-stones and is the most eminent authority in this
specialized activity.
The new exploration is being carried on at Chi-chen Itza on a big
scale and most methodically; and, best of all, it is prepared to
continue twenty years if necessary, to the ultimate completion of its
work. Fallen temples will be rebuilt, stone by stone. Every scrap of
knowledge that can be extracted from the excavations and study of what
is already uncovered will be noted and correlated. There can be no
question that this work will add very largely to antiquarian lore.
I await with eagerness the delving into what Don Eduardo calls “old
Chi-chen Itza,” the completely ruined and tree-covered part of the
ancient city, which lies to the south of the newer and less damaged
buildings, for it is there that the most ancient architecture and the
noblest carvings are to be found and, with them, other remains of the
highest Maya culture—the relics of that earlier golden age which had
already fallen to decay before the Nahuatl dominance resulted in the
buildings of a lower order in the newer city.
The Spanish conquerors discovered many of the ancient cities and wrote
about them in their annals; and the world promptly forgot about them
for two hundred years. Then vague stories about them began to drift
back to civilization, carried by adventurous wanderers who had seen or
heard of them. At the end of two hundred years we knew considerably
less about early Mayan culture than was known by Landa and Cogolludo
and the other Spanish padres who followed in the wake of the conquering
Spanish flag. It remained for Stephens to lead the way once again
and show us the wonder and mystery of the old cities. The great Von
Humboldt came and was deeply impressed. Le Plongeon labored like ten
men for years and tragically broke under the strain, leaving little to
advance the world’s knowledge from the much that he discovered. Then
came Maler and knowledge of a hidden city—knowledge lost to the world
when he died.
To Don Eduardo must be given credit for bringing to light in the past
thirty years the things which gave a real forward impetus to this
particular phase of American archæology. Many of his finds, consigned
to the Peabody Museum, are not yet accessible to the general public,
having been held in reserve by that institution, doubtless for sound
reasons which are unknown to me. For thirty years Don Eduardo has
followed unswervingly the ambitious, adventurous dream of his boyhood.
Literally, he has followed the rainbow to its end and unearthed the pot
of gold. His dream was to make the Sacred Well yield up its treasures.
That he has done and more.
Edward Thompson—or Don Eduardo, as I have called him through these
pages, because that is the name by which I have known him so long and
well—is no richer in a material sense than if he had never raised
the fabulous treasure from the great Sacred Well of Chi-chen Itza.
But he has had what money cannot buy: a life of notable achievement;
a cherished dream realized to the full; a thousand gorgeous memories,
each packed with such adventure and thrill as we less favored folk have
never experienced.
He has made the well of sacrifice yield its secrets. The skeletons of
the girl brides of the Rain God; the bones of sacrificed warriors;
the copal incense and the religious vessels; the jade ornaments and
objects of gold; the _hul-ches_; the sacrificial knives—each is a link
in the chain of evidence which makes fact out of legend. His finds
prove the existence of the ancient belief in the Rain God and the fact
that sacrifices were made to him. They prove that this great water-pit
actually was the Sacred Well. They make plausible the legend that
Chi-chen Itza was the Sacred City, the center of the cult of Kukul Can.
The finding of the date-stone, by Don Eduardo, may, to the casual
reader, seem insignificant, but from the scientific point of view it
is tremendously important, for it gives us one more indisputable fact.
From it we know that the city existed in the seventh century, A.
D. We do not know how much older than that it is actually or how
long it flourished thereafter. There remains the incontrovertible
date from which we may, in time, proceed forward or back to a further
knowledge.
His discovery and excavation of the Tomb of the High Priest is a
brilliant achievement. It lays bare more facts and opens up new avenues
for speculation. Time alone can prove whether it is, as Don Eduardo so
sincerely believes, the tomb of the hero-god, the great leader, Kukul
Can, around whom all Mayan theology revolves.
And now Don Eduardo is no longer in his first youth. He is still far
from decrepit, but the time has come when it is fitting for him to
step aside from the active and strenuous work of exploration and he
has leased all his holdings, including the Casa Real, to the Carnegie
expedition. I know that he takes a profound pleasure in the feeling
that this expedition is going to finish thoroughly and completely what
he has so ably started and carried on under handicaps that will not
beset the newer work.
To the layman Don Eduardo’s achievements may seem small as against
thirty years of ceaseless endeavor, but do not forget the days and
weeks and months of profitless effort that must be spent in this sort
of work. It does not move forward like the building of a railroad, the
manufacture of goods, or the planting and reaping of fields.
Thirty years are well spent if their labor helps in the least to shed
even a feeble ray on the nearly obliterated pages of the past. And each
rising sun brings fresh the hope that to-day will be the day of a great
discovery, the finding of a key that will unlock the door to knowledge
concerning a wonderful people whose monuments are to us as a few torn
pages of some master manuscript without beginning or end, but still of
such absorbing interest that one cannot rest until the missing pages
are found.
As antiquarian thirst grows—as it surely must, for few things in
the world contain a deeper human interest than antiquity—attention
will certainly turn more and more to the still unsolved mystery of
ancient American and, particularly, Mayan culture. Instead of one great
scientific exploration there will be scores. Each of the ruined cities
is worthy of research. There are magnificent temples to be restored;
priceless finds to be bared; and that vexing riddle to be completely
solved—the clear reading of the Maya glyphs.
And with all of this must come inevitably the tourist to a new
and delightful land, and through him will grow a new and keener
appreciation of America.
APPENDIX
LIST OF MORE IMPORTANT GOLD AND JADE OBJECTS FOUND
IN THE SACRED WELL
One basin of fine gold, twelve inches in diameter with shallow rounding
bottom. About a pound in weight.
Four other basins, bowls or cups, smaller in size, uncarved, but of
massive material and very artistic in contour.
None of the above basins were twisted, cut or broken.
Seven gold disks, embossed or beaten, about ten inches in diameter.
Eight gold disks, embossed or beaten, about eight inches in diameter.
Seventeen gold disks, embossed or beaten, about six inches in diameter.
Ten gold disks, embossed or beaten, small sizes.
One handsome _penache_, forehead band or tiara, over eight inches long
by four inches wide, of beautiful openwork, the design being entwined
serpents with plumed head-dress.
This is the finest piece of gold work ever found in the Maya area.
Eleven reptile and animal figures, probably brooches and similar
ornaments; all massive gold and finely worked. Frogs, bat-like
figures and monkey-like objects, most of them cast (not beaten work),
massive and of pure gold.
Fourteen small gold objects shaped like candlesticks.
Ten human or monkey-like figures of gold.
Twenty gold rings, mostly of thin but pure gold.
Sixty other objects of unknown use but of gold material.
One hundred bells of various sizes but all gold, even to the clappers.
Forty other unclassified objects, either of pure gold or of gold
and bronze; sandals, disks, ferrule-like objects, pieces and strips
evidently portions of shields and regalia ornaments.
Forty gold washers or scales, one and a quarter inches in diameter,
with holes in the center.
One solid-gold mask seven inches in diameter, the eyes closed as if in
sleep or in death and over the right eyelid the same kind of slanting
cross that we often see carved on the so-called elephants’ trunks.
One gold _hul-che_ (throwing-stick) of entwined serpents.
Seven jade plaques or tablets, broken but restored, three inches by
four inches.
Nine jade tablets, two inches by four inches by one quarter inch thick.
The jade tablets were evidently broken intentionally before being
thrown into the well.
One hundred sixty beautifully carved large jade beads and pendants of
large size, virtually perfect.
Seventy carved jade ear-ornaments, nose- and labret ornaments, from two
inches in diameter down to one half inch, all finely cut and
polished.
Fourteen jade globes, one and a half inches in diameter, all very
finely polished and several finely carved with well-executed figures
and other designs.
One small but very finely worked and polished jade figurine, four
inches wide and four inches high. It represents a seated figure of
the Palenquin type with elaborate head-dress. It is perfect and is
one of the finest, if not the finest figure found in the Maya area.
Many hundreds of small jade beads of all sizes and shapes, all
polished; many of them artistically carved and shaped.
One flint-bladed sacrificial knife with the handle formed of golden
entwined serpents. It is the only perfect one taken from the Sacred
Well and probably the only authentic and perfect knife of this kind
in any museum on the American continents. At least it is the only one
in the Peabody Museum.
Several parts of other knives, such as handles, flint blades, etc.
Many beautiful flint spear-heads worth many times their weight in gold,
worked down to the thickness of a steel spear-head with edges as
sharp as a razor, the finest ever found anywhere in the world.
A thousand other articles of great value to archæology.
INDEX
Agriculture in Yucatan, 6
Aguilar, Gerónimo de, first of the Spanish conquerors, 166, 167, 170
Akab Tzib, or House of the Writing in the Dark, 62, 63, 64
Alphabet of Landa for employing Maya glyphs to denote Spanish
letters, 41, 42
Alvarado, José, Silver King of Mexico, 235
Ancient cities, condition of at time of Spanish Conquest, 43, 44
Animal figures and carvings recovered from Sacred Well, 135, 137
Annexes, unnamed temples near Nunnery, 69, 70
Arches, Maya, 195
Atlantean figures, 78, 79, 85, 86
Atlantis theory of Mayan ethnology, 36
_Bal-che_, an ancient intoxicating beverage, 115, 137, 244
Balustrades with serpent motif, 77, 78, 80, 238
Bas-reliefs and full-relief works, 79, 80, 81, 82, 219, 220, 221,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 32, 233, 234
Bas-Reliefs, Temple of, 81, 82, 219, 220, 221, 228, 229, 230
Beams, sapote, 78
Bells of copper from High Priest’s Tomb, 246
Bells of copper and gold recovered from Sacred Well, 131, 132
Boa-constrictors, 95, 96, 182, 241, 242
Bolshevism among natives, 17
Bowls and disks of gold recovered from Sacred Well, 133, 134
Brooches recovered from Sacred Well, 135
_Caluacs_ or ceremonial wands, 135, 143
Caracol, or Snail-shell, 71, 72, 73
Carnegie Expedition in Chi-chen Itza, 87, 279, 280
Casa Real, home and estate of Don Eduardo,
Ancient gateway, 55, 56, 57
First view by Don Eduardo, 55, 56
Looting by unruly natives, 17
Size of estate, 60
Caves, 33, 97, 139
Cenotes (see Wells), 135, 143
Chac Mool figures, 82, 182
Chich-an Chob, Red House, or Strong, Clean House, 73, 74, 75
Chilan Balam, Maya writings in Spanish characters, 37, 38, 40
Chi-chen Itza,
Arrangement of buildings, 60, 61
Distinction between old and new cities, 47, 60, 280
Lack of streets, 60, 61
Location and how to get there, 3, 5
Montejo’s military headquarters, 172, 173
Retreat of Spaniards from, 70, 71, 173
Chisels,
Recovered from Sacred Well, 132, 133
Of nephrite found near Great Pyramid, 192, 193
Chronicles, Maya, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Church, or Iglesia, 69, 70
Cisterns, 98, 99
Codices, Maya, rare books written in hieroglyphs, 37, 38, 39, 232
Conquest of Yucatan by Spaniards, a brief history, 166 to 178
Construction of Maya temples, 189 to 197
Copal, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 121, 139, 140, 142, 246
Copper and gold objects recovered from Sacred Well, 131 to 137
Córdoba, Francisco de Hernandez, commander of second Spanish
expedition to Yucatan, 167, 168
Cortes, Hernan, commander of Fourth Spanish expedition to Yucatan,
146, 147, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175
Costume and arms of ancient Mayas, 20, 22, 227, 228, 229
Costume of modern Mayas, 11, 12
Cotton, 248
Cruelties of Spanish conquerors, 175, 176
Cuzmil, ancient city of, 169, 170
Dances, native ancient, 22
Dances, native modern, 18, 19
Dates, earliest recorded Mayan, 37
Date-stone of Chi-chen Itza, 184, 185
Deities of the Mayas,
God of Death, 53, 246
Rain God, 53, 54, 55
Disks and bowls of gold recovered from Sacred Well, 133, 134
Diving operations in Sacred Well, 118 to 131
Dredging of Sacred Well, 55, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 124, 125
Earthen jars from High Priest’s Tomb, 257
El Castillo, or the Great Pyramid of Kukul Can, 50, 51, 75, 76, 77,
78, 79
Elephant head controversy, 214
Embroidery, 12
Fabrics recovered from Sacred Well, 121, 144
Fiestas, ancient Maya, 21, 22
Finds in Sacred Well, 107 to 115, 121, 129 to 146
Fuentes, Francisco de las, lieutenant of Montejo, 28
Geological formation of Yucatan, 97
Gold and copper objects recovered from Sacred Well, 131 to 137
Gold, value (compared with jade) to ancient Mayas, 146, 147
Golden Age of Maya Art, 211, 212
Gourds and gourd implements, 121, 140, 141
Great Pyramid of Kukul Can, or El Castillo, 50, 51, 75, 76, 77, 78,
79
Grijalva, Juan de, commander of third Spanish expedition to Yucatan,
168
Gymnasium, or Tennis-court, 82, 83, 84, 85
Henequen, from which rope and twine are made, 6
Hieroglyphs, 41, 42, 213, 214
Homes, ancient Maya, 20, 21
Homes, modern Maya, 15, 16
Homes in Mérida, 8, 9
House of the Writing in the Dark, Akab Tzib, 62, 63, 64
_Hul-che_, or throwing-stick, 108, 109, 110
Humor, Maya sense of, 18
Iglesia, or Church, 69, 70
“Incidents of Travel in Yucatan,” by John L. Stephens, 5
Itzamna, mythical founder of race, 34
Jade, value (compared with gold) to ancient Mayas, 146, 147
Jade from High Priest’s Tomb, 247, 249, 257
Jade recovered from Sacred Well, 130, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148
Jewelry, modern Mayan, 13, 200, 201
Knives, sacrificial, recovered from Sacred Well, 136
Kukul Can, hero deity of the Itzas, 34, 46, 50, 217, 260
La Casa de las Monjas, or the Nunnery, 52, 64 to 69, 227, 233
Lance poles and other wooden objects recovered from Sacred Well, 141,
142, 143
Landa Alphabet for employing Maya glyphs to denote Spanish letters, 41
Landa, Diego de, 19
Legends,
Itzamna, 34
Ix-lol Nicte, 150 to 163
Kukul Can, 34
_La flor de Calentura_, 24 to 31
Lorelei, 198 to 207
Misfortunes of Mayas prior to the Conquest, 44 to 47
Present of jade from Montezuma to Cortes, 146, 147
Sacrificial pilgrimage, 261 to 276
Wizard Potters, 207 to 210
Xkan-xoc, 163 to 165
Le Plongeon, Maya archæologist, 92
Lintels, 63, 64, 195
Maler, Teoberto, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224
Marital customs of modern Mayas, 14
Masks of copper and gold recovered from Sacred Well, 132
Maya Chronicles, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Maya Codices, rare books written in hieroglyphs, 37, 38, 39, 232
Maya, derivation of name, 33, 34
Maya language, 10
Mayas, ancient,
Costumes and arms, 20, 21, 22, 227, 228
Dances, 21, 22
Deities, 54, 55, 246
Homes, 20, 21
Music, 21, 22
Occupations, 22
Physical characteristics, 20
Pride in genealogy, 23
Tattooing, 21
Mayas, modern,
Cleanliness, 13
Costume, 11, 12
Dances, 18, 19
Homes, 15, 16
Honesty, 14
Hospitality, 14, 15
Humor, 18
Improvidence, 18
Jewelry, 13, 200, 201
Language, 10
Laziness, 18
Marital customs, 14
Music, 18, 19
Physical characteristics, 10, 11
Religious outlook, 15
Treatment by plantation-owners, 16, 17
Unconquered tribes (Sublevados), 17, 18
Mayas, earliest mythical wanderings, 34, 35, 36
Later legendary history, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47
Mayapan, invasion of, 43, 46
Medallions recovered from Sacred Well, 133, 134, 137
Mérida, capital of Yucatan,
American Club, 9
Ball, 8
Carnival, 8
Description of, 6, 7, 8
Homes, 8, 9
Palace of Montejo, 9
Monoliths, 78, 79, 80
Montejo, Francisco de, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175
Retreat from Chi-chen Itza, 70, 173, 174
Montejo the Younger, 174, 175, 176, 177
Montezuma, King of the Aztecs, 146, 147
Mortuary urns, 139
Murals, 80, 81, 82, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 224, 225, 226, 227,
228, 229
Music, native ancient, 21, 22
Music, native modern, 18, 19
Nahuatls, 43, 47
Nahuatl influence on Maya culture and art, 47, 64, 197, 211, 212,
217, 218
Names of persons indicated in murals and bas-reliefs, 232, 233
Nunnery, or La Casa de las Monjas, 52, 64 to 69, 227, 233
Padres, coming of, 176, 177
Phallic cult, 143, 144
Physical characteristics of ancient Mayas, 20
Physical characteristics of modern Mayas, 10, 11
Pigments used by ancient Mayas, 191, 192, 194, 195, 220
Plaster or stucco used in Maya buildings, 191
Pottery and potsherds, 107, 113, 119, 136, 138, 139, 244, 245, 246,
247, 257, 258, 259
Progreso, only seaport of Yucatan, 73, 74, 75
Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan, the book by Diego de Landa, 19, 20
Rings recovered from Sacred Well, 130, 132, 137
Roads, ancient construction, 89, 90, 91
Location, 60, 61, 88, 90
Rock-crystal beads from High Priest’s Tomb, 247
Rubber finds in the Sacred Well, 110, 111, 112
Sabua skull, 115, 116
Sacca, an intoxicating drink, 245
Sacred Way, linking the Sacred Well and Temple of Kukul Can, 52, 53,
54, 55, 97 to 102
Sacred Well,
Diving operations in, 122 to 149
Dredging, 59, 103 to 122
Finds in, 107 to 149
Sacrifice of maidens, 53 to 55
Sacrificial knives recovered from Sacred Well, 136
San Isidro, Church of, 24
Sandals recovered from Sacred Well, 114
Sapote beams, 78
Scorpions, 240, 241
Semitic features of some ancient Mayan sculptures and murals, 35, 36,
83
Serpents, 95, 96, 182, 241, 242
Serpent balustrades and monoliths, 78, 79, 80, 238, 239
Skeletal remains in Tomb of the High Priest, 244, 245, 246, 247
Skeletons from Sacred Well, 114, 115, 116, 121
Snail-shell, or Caracol, 71, 72, 73
Sounding device for discovery of hidden cavities, 239, 240
Spiders, 257
Stairways, 74, 77, 78, 190, 238
Stelæ, 196, 214
Stephens, John L., American traveler and writer on Yucatan, 5
Stone point-work of ancient Mayas, 141, 142, 226, 234
Strong, Clean House, Red House or Chich-an Chob, 73, 74, 75
Sublevados, unconquered tribes, 17, 18
Tattooing in ancient times, 21
Temple of Columns, 86, 87
Temple of Cones, 86
Temple of Owls, 230
Temples in Chi-chen Itza,
Annexes, unnamed temples near Nunnery, 69, 70
Temples in Chi-chen Itza,
Construction of, 189 to 197
Great Pyramid of Kukul Can, or El Castillo, 50, 51, 75, 76, 77, 78,
79
Iglesia or Church, 69, 70
House of the Writing in the Dark, Akab Tzib, 62, 63, 64
Nunnery, or La Casa de las Monjas, 52, 64 to 69, 227, 233
Red House, Strong Clean House, or Chich-an Chob, 73, 74, 75
Snail-shell or Caracol, 71, 72, 73
Temple of Bas-Reliefs, 81, 82, 219, 220, 221, 228, 229, 230
Temple of Columns, 86, 87
Temple of Cones, 86
Temple of Owls, 230
Tiger Temple, 79, 80, 81, 214, 215, 216
Unnamed Temples, 87
Tennis-court, or Gymnasium, 82, 83, 84, 85
Tiger Temple, 79, 80, 81, 214, 215, 216
Throwing-stick or _hul-che_, 108, 109, 110
Tomb of the High Priest, 75, 236 to 260
Tools used in construction of Maya buildings, 190 to 197
Totanacs, 215, 216, 217
Treatment of an ancient painted stone to restore its colors, and the
story it tells, 230, 231, 232
Treatment of natives by plantation-owners, 16, 17
Tuxtla statuette, 37
Ulumil, chieftain of the Itzas, 43
Unconquered tribes (Sublevados), 17, 18
Unnamed Temples in Chi-chen Itza, 87
Uxmal, founding of, 43
Vase of alabaster-like substance from High Priest’s Tomb, 256, 257
Velasquez Diego, Governor of Cuba, 168, 171
Wasps, 182, 183
Wells or cenotes,
Chen ku (see Sacred Well)
General, 97, 98, 99
Tol-oc, 58, 59, 99, 100
X-Katum, 100
Yula, 101
Whipping-post, 16, 17
Wooden objects recovered from Sacred Well, 141, 142, 143, 144
Xtavantum, an intoxicating Maya beverage, 201
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| FOOTNOTES: |
| |
| [1] The suffix “el” added to any Maya word denotes action. In the |
| glyph sign this often was indicated by adding the wing of a bird to |
| the main hieroglyph; therefore “Mayanel” was an active woman, hence |
| very clever.—_Author._ |
| |
| [2] In an article written for “Harper’s Magazine,” by Mr. Edward |
| Huntington, reference is made to the Jewish cast of features of |
| the modern Mayas, and I have often noticed the similarity. One |
| prominent writer on Yucatan considers the possibility of Jewish |
| origin for the Mayas as being the most substantial of the several |
| theories I have mentioned.—_Author._ |
| |
| [3] Peten: “Something surrounding an island.” |
| |
| [4] “The Four Winds” is a Maya expression. |
| |
| [5] The Spanish Conquerors, as will be seen from this description, |
| were not previously familiar with rubber. |
| |
| [6] A _katun_ is a little less than twenty years. |
| |
| [7] The protecting serpent does not necessarily indicate that the |
| invaders were Mayas or believers in the cult of Kukul Can; it |
| merely points out the “big man” or leader. |
| |
| [8] By “archers” Landa doubtless meant fighting-men armed with the |
| _hul-che_. |
| |
| [9] Several sacrificial knives were found in the Sacred Well. |
| |
| [10] Shown on page 39. |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Transcriber’s Notes:
- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- Blank pages have been removed.
- Advertisements have been moved to the back.
- Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
- Some spelling and hyphenation variations have been made consistent.