Harley for carrying on the proposals for peace with France. Gualtier
was a man of very infamous life, but he was a more cautious and
diplomatic man than Guiscard. He and Tallard urged on the Pretender's
claims to the last moment. So late as May of the year 1711 the
Pretender addressed a long letter to Queen Anne, which is to be seen in
the Macpherson State Papers, in which, addressing her as his sister,
he appeals to her by the natural affection which he bears her, and
which he protests that their common father bore her till his death, to
see him righted. He reminds her of her promises which she had made to
her father on this head, and argues that, as he never would relinquish
his just claims, the only way to prevent the continual excitement,
disquietude, and wars injurious to the realm, is to admit his claim.
And he concludes thus:--"And now, madam, as you tender your own honour
and happiness, and the preservation and re-establishment of an ancient
royal family, the safety and welfare of a brave people, who are almost
sinking under present weights, and have reason to fear far greater, who
have no reason to complain of me, and whom I must still and do love as
my own, I conjure you to meet me in this friendly way of composing our
differences, by which only we can hope for those good effects which
will make us both happy, yourself more glorious than in all the other
parts of your life, and your memory dear to all posterity."
The Pretender offered to give all liberty to the Church and to the
Dissenters, but he would not abandon his own religion. On reading this
letter the disappointed queen said to the Duke of Buckingham--who had
married her half-sister, James II.'s natural daughter Catherine, by
Catherine Sedley, and who was in her confidence--"How can I serve him,
my lord? You well know that a Papist cannot enjoy this crown in peace.
Why has the example of the father no weight with the son?" Here she
acknowledged that the Pretender was the son of James. But she added,
"He prefers his religious errors to the throne of a great kingdom; he
must thank himself, therefore, for his exclusion." Still she begged
Buckingham to try further to persuade him; it was in vain, and Anne
gave up the hope of his restoration, and turned her whole mind to the
conclusion of a peace including the Protestant succession.
Gualtier was despatched to Versailles secretly, and, to avoid
detection, without any papers, but with full instructions relating
to the proposals for peace. He introduced himself to De Torcy, the
Prime Minister of Louis, and assured him that the English Government
was prepared to enter into negotiations for peace independently of
the Dutch, whom De Torcy had found so immovable. This was delightful
news to the French Minister, who was overwhelmed with the necessities
of France, which were come to that pass that peace on any terms, or
invasion, appeared inevitable. In his own memoirs De Torcy says that
"to ask a French Minister then whether he wished for peace, was like
asking a man suffering under a long and dangerous malady whether
he wished to be better." On being convinced that Gualtier was a
_bonâ-fide_ agent of the English Court, the French Court was thrown
into the most delightful astonishment. Gualtier told De Torcy that it
was not necessary to commit himself by written documents on the matter;
he had only to write a simple note to Lord Jersey, saying that he was
glad to have heard of his lordship's health through the Abbé, and had
charged him with his thanks; that this would give the English Ministers
to understand that their proposition had been favourably entertained,
and that the negotiation would be gone into in earnest.
So far as the English Ministers were concerned, they now rushed on with
that reckless impetuosity of which wily politicians like Louis and De
Torcy were sure to take advantage. Gualtier was authorised to write
to De Torcy in the name of the English Ministry, requesting his most
Christian Majesty to communicate to them the terms on which he would
feel disposed to make a general peace--just as if England, and not
France, were at an extremity, and in a condition not to dictate, but
only to accept of terms. Louis was so general in his answer that it
was necessary for Gualtier to make another journey to Versailles--thus
giving the idea that it was England rather than France which was all
anxiety for a peace. Gualtier returned with certain propositions, but
Marlborough was now driving Villars before him, and was in possession
of Bouchain, and prepared to make himself master of Paris in another
campaign. We were entitled to make the amplest demands, and our Allies
were entitled to know what they were, and to enjoy the benefit of
circumstances. Our Ministers continued to negotiate without the Dutch
and Germans, because they meant to accept terms which they knew their
allies would not condescend to. But the intelligence of our proceedings
soon reached the Hague, and the States-General quickly demanded an
explanation, and at the same time announced again to De Torcy, that
they were prepared to treat in co-operation with England. The English
Ministers were thereupon compelled to communicate the French memorial
to the States-General. Lord Raby, the British ambassador at the Hague,
wrote urging the necessity of keeping faith with the Dutch, who were
greatly incensed at our taking measures for a peace without them, and
apprising them that every letter received from France conveyed the
delight of the French in the prospect of being able to sow discord
amongst the Allies. The States soon informed the Ministers of England
that they were quite prepared to go along with them in the treaty
for peace, but they would insist on the conditions being ample and
satisfactory. In order to convert Lord Raby into a devoted advocate of
a disgraceful and undignified policy, St. John wrote to inform him that
it was her Majesty's pleasure that he should come over to England, in
order to make himself perfect master of the important subjects about to
be discussed. Lord Raby was a Wentworth, nearly allied in descent to
the Earl of Strafford who was beheaded in the time of Charles I., and
he had long been soliciting for himself the renewal of that title. St.
John therefore adroitly announced to him that, on his reaching London,
it was her Majesty's gracious intention to confer that honour upon him.
This intimation at once threw Raby into a fever of gratitude, and he
made the most ardent professions of doing all in his power to serve her
Majesty.
[Illustration: MARLBOROUGH HOUSE IN THE TIME OF ANNE.]
These obstacles to their entering into a dishonourable peace being
removed, Gualtier was once more despatched to Versailles, and this
time accompanied by Matthew Prior, a poet of some pretension and much
popularity, but much more distinguished as a diplomatist. He had lived
in France, knew the French and French Court well, having been secretary
to the embassies of the Earls of Portland and Jersey. Prior was a man
of courtly and insinuating manners, and devoted to Harley and the Tory
interest. The propositions which he brought from the queen as the
basis of the peace were--that the Dutch should have a barrier in the
Netherlands; that the German Empire should have another on the Rhine;
that the Duke of Savoy should receive back all towns or territories
taken during the war; that proper protection should be obtained for
the trade of England and Holland; that France should acknowledge the
title of Anne and the Protestant succession; that the fortifications
of Dunkirk should be destroyed; that Gibraltar and Port Mahon should
continue in British possession; that Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay
should also be acknowledged as British, but that the French should be
allowed to trade to Hudson's Bay; that in other respects France and
England should retain their possessions in America as they did before
the war; that the Assiento, or contract for supplying the Spanish
Colonies of South America with slaves--which had formerly been held by
the Portuguese, but, since 1702, by the French--should be made over
to England, with four towns on the Spanish Main, anywhere between the
Straits of Magellan and California, as depôts for the slaves when
first brought over. The terms might have been better, but they were
substantial. As Prior and Gualtier had no powers to accept terms from
France, M. Mesnager, an expert diplomatist, deputy from Rouen to the
Board of Trade in Paris, was despatched to London with the English
envoys. They were to return in all secrecy, and Mesnager was furnished
with certain instructions wholly unknown to Prior and Gualtier. These
were, that an equivalent for the destruction of the fortifications of
Dunkirk was to be demanded; and that some towns in Flanders which the
French had lost, particularly Lille and Tournay, should be restored.
These demands he was to keep very close, and only cautiously but
firmly open to the principal negotiators. But the secret was out that
a treaty was on foot with France, and the general opinion was that
the Ministers were bent on making peace on any terms. The Government,
nevertheless, kept the matter as much out of sight as possible. The
queen sent Prior to apologise to Mesnager for his being received in
so secret a manner, and Oxford, St. John, Jersey, and Shrewsbury were
appointed to confer with him privately. On the 8th of October the
English Commissioners and Mesnager had agreed upon the preliminaries
and signed them. Mesnager was then privately introduced to the queen
at Windsor, who made no secret of her anxiety for peace, telling him
she would do all in her power to complete the treaty and live in
good-fellowship with the King of France, to whom she was so closely
allied in blood. At supper she said publicly that she had agreed to
treat with France. The Ministers were just as incautious, for Swift
was invited by St. John the same evening to sup with him and a small
party in his apartments in Windsor Castle. This party consisted of no
other persons than Mesnager himself, Gualtier, and the infamous Abbé
Dubois, tutor to the young Duke of Orleans, this profligate having also
been engaged in assisting Mesnager in the treaty. With them was Prior.
All these particulars Swift wrote, as he wrote everything, to Stella
in Ireland. Yet when the preliminaries were handed to Count Gallas,
the Imperial ambassador, who, in his indignation, immediately had them
translated and inserted in one of the daily papers, the queen was so
angry that she forbade his reappearing at Court, and informed him that
he could quit the kingdom as soon as he thought proper. He departed
immediately, and the queen, to prevent an explosion on the part of the
Allies, wrote to the Emperor to say that she should be happy to receive
any other person that he might send. Raby, now Earl of Strafford, was
hurried to the Hague to announce to the States the fact of her having
signed these preliminaries, and to desire them to appoint a spot
where the Plenipotentiaries of the Allies and France should meet to
discuss them. Both the Dutch and the Emperor were startled and greatly
confounded at the discovery of the nature of the terms accepted. They
used every means to persuade the queen to draw back and accept no terms
except those which had been offered to France after the battle of
Malplaquet, but rather to push on the war vigorously, certain that they
must very soon obtain all they demanded.
[Illustration: HENRY ST. JOHN (AFTERWARDS VISCOUNT BOLINGBROKE).]
Nor was the excitement less at home. The news was out--the
preliminaries were before the public by the act of the Imperial
ambassador, and the Whigs were in a fury of indignation. They accused
the Ministers of being about to sacrifice the country, its power, and
interests to a shameful cowardice at the very moment that the labours
and sufferings of years had brought it to the verge of triumph, and
when Louis XIV. was old and tottering into the grave, leaving his
kingdom exhausted and powerless. But notwithstanding the violent
opposition both at home and abroad, the Ministers persisted in their
course. The queen wrote to the Electress Sophia of Hanover, entreating
her and her son to use their exertions with the Allies for the peace
of Europe. She sent over the Earl of Rivers to further her appeal; but
the Electoral Prince, so far from dreading to endanger his succession,
sent back a letter by Earl Rivers to the queen, strongly condemning the
terms on which the peace was proposed, and he ordered his ambassador,
the Baron von Bothmar, to present a memorial to the queen, showing the
pernicious consequences to Europe of allowing Philip to retain Spain
and the Indies. This bold and independent act greatly exasperated the
queen and her Ministers, and was extolled by the Whigs. There had been
attempts to influence the Elector by offering him the command of the
army in Flanders, in case of the removal of Marlborough, but that also
he declined.
Many of the Tories were as much opposed to the terms of the treaty
as the Whigs, and it was proposed to unite in a strong remonstrance
against the conduct of the Ministers in being willing to accept
them; but the intention getting wind, the queen suddenly prorogued
Parliament to the 7th of December, with the expectation of the arrival
of absent Scottish peers, who were all Tories, and a determination, if
necessary, to create a batch of English Tory peers. Notwithstanding
all resistance, it was finally settled with the Allies that their
representatives should meet those of England and France, to treat for a
general peace, at Utrecht, on the 1st of January, 1712.
The Ministers, in the meantime, went on strengthening their position.
Sir Simon Harcourt was created Baron Harcourt, and was raised from
Lord Keeper of the Seal to Lord Chancellor; the Duke of Buckingham
was appointed President of the Council in place of Lord Rochester,
deceased, and was succeeded in his office of Steward of the Household
by Earl Paulet, who had quitted the Treasury to make way for Harley's
elevation to the Treasurership. The Duke of Newcastle dying, Robinson,
Bishop of Bristol, was made Lord Privy Seal, a new thing since the days
of Wolsey and Laud for a Churchman. In Scotland the Jacobites were so
much elated by the proceedings of the Tories, and by whispers of what
really took place, while Mesnager was in secret conference with the
queen--namely, a zealous advocacy on his part of the setting aside
the Protestant succession, and the re-admission of the Pretender's
claims--that they proceeded to great lengths. They were in the end so
daring as to induce the Faculty of Advocates of Edinburgh to receive a
medal of the Pretender from the same ardent Duchess of Gordon who had
sent him word to come when he pleased, and to what port he pleased,
and that he would be well received. This medal had on the obverse
side a head of the Pretender, with the words, "Cujus est?" and on
the reverse the island of Britain and the word "Reddite." This they
not only received, but sent hearty thanks to the duchess for it. The
Hanoverian Ambassador was made aware of this incident, and presented a
memorial on the subject, which, however, only served to bring Sir David
Dalrymple, a zealous Whig and advocate for the Protestant succession,
into trouble, on the plea that he ought to have prosecuted Mr. Dundas
of Arniston for returning public thanks for the medal, whilst Arniston
himself, who boldly published a vindication of his conduct, was
suffered to escape.
On the opening of Parliament on the 7th of December, the queen
announced that "notwithstanding the arts of those who delighted in war,
both time and place were appointed for opening the treaty for a general
peace." This was carrying into the Royal Speech the animus which the
Tories had shown against the Whigs in all their speeches and pamphlets
lately. They had endeavoured to make the Whigs odious to the nation
as a faction bent on war solely for its own selfish interests, and
regardless of the interests of the nation or the sufferings of mankind.
Though the Speech contained other matters, everything else passed
without criticism or notice. This declaration produced a vehement
sensation, and roused all the party fire on both sides. The Ministers
were astonished to see the Earl of Nottingham, who had hitherto gone
with them, now adopt the Whig side in a very vigorous and telling
speech. He denounced the preliminaries as basely surrendering the great
objects of the war, and moved that a clause should be inserted in the
Address to the effect that no peace could be safe or honourable to
Great Britain or to Europe, if Spain and the Indies should be allotted
to any branch of the House of Bourbon. In the discussion it was shown
that the statement in the queen's Speech, that the Allies were all
prepared to adopt the preliminaries, was utterly untrue. The Earl of
Anglesey contended, on the other side, that it was high time to ease
the nation of the monstrous burthens of the war; and he aimed some
heavy blows at the Duke of Marlborough, affirming that a good peace
might have been effected after the battle of Ramillies, but for the
private interests of certain persons.
This called up Marlborough in his own defence. He bowed towards the
place where the queen was listening to the debate _incognita_, and
appealed to her, much to her embarrassment, whether, when he had the
honour to serve her Majesty as plenipotentiary as well as general,
he had not always faithfully informed her and her Council of all the
proposals of peace which had been made, and had desired instructions
for his guidance in such affairs. He appealed also to Heaven, whether
he was not always anxious for a safe, honourable, and lasting peace,
and whether he was not always very far from entertaining any design
of prolonging the war for his own private advantage, as his enemies
had most falsely insinuated. When the question was put, the amendment
of the Earl of Nottingham was carried by a majority of sixty-two to
fifty-four--that is, of only eight--notwithstanding all the exertions
of the Court party, and much to its astonishment. In the Commons,
however, the Ministry had a stronger party, and there they assured
the queen in their Address that they would do all in their power to
disappoint as well the acts and designs of those who for private views
might delight in war, as the hopes of the enemy conceived from the
divisions amongst themselves. Walpole moved an amendment similar to
that of the Lords, and it was lost by a majority of two hundred and
thirty-two to one hundred and six.
The Ministers were determined now to be rid of Marlborough. He not
only stood at the head of the Whigs at home, and threw his great
military reputation into the scale against the Tories in this question
of peace or war, but whilst he retained his command of the army, he
immensely strengthened the opposition of the Allies to the present
terms of pacification. It was resolved that he should be dismissed, a
measure which they felt would destroy much of his influence. The Whigs,
moreover, at this crisis fell into a snare laid for them by the Earl of
Nottingham, which extremely damaged them, and in the same proportion
benefited the Tories. He persuaded them that if they would only
consent to the passing of the Occasional Conformity Bill, there were
numerous persons of influence ready to quit the ranks of Oxford and
St. John; and though the Whigs were entirely opposed in principle to
this illiberal and unjust measure, they were weak enough, in the hope
of strengthening their party, to permit it to pass. The Dissenters,
greatly exasperated at this treachery, abandoned the Whig cause; the
promised proselytes did not come over, and Lord Dartmouth adds that
"Lord Nottingham himself had the mortification afterwards to see his
Bill repulsed with some scorn, and himself not much better treated."
In this state of affairs closed the year 1711. During the Christmas
holiday the Ministry matured several measures for the advancement of
their party. They were still in a minority in the Lords, and they
sought to remedy this by inducing the queen to create twelve new peers.
Lord Dartmouth, in his notes to Burnet, expresses his astonishment
on seeing the queen suddenly take from her pocket a list of twelve
new lords, and ordering him to bring warrants for them. Dartmouth,
unprepared for so sweeping a measure, asked whether her Majesty
intended to have them all made at once; and Anne replied, "Certainly;
that the Whigs and Lord Marlborough did all they could to distress her;
that she had made fewer lords than any of her predecessors; and that
she must help herself as well as she could." Among these new peers were
again two Scotsmen, but not peers, only the sons of peers, and the
husband of her favourite, Mrs. Masham. The witty Lord Wharton did not
spare a joke upon them at the time, by asking one of them, when the
question was put, whether "they voted by their foreman?" as though they
had been a jury.
The disgrace of Marlborough was now completed. On the 21st of December
he had been charged in the House of Commons with having made use of
his command of the army to make enormous sums of money at the expense
of the men; that he had appropriated one hundred and seventy-seven
thousand pounds by taking two and a half per cent. on all subsidies
for foreign troops maintained by England, and sixty-three thousand
pounds from Sir Solomon de Medina and Antonio Alvarez Machado, the Jew
contractors for bread for the army; that his secretary, Cardonnel,
had exacted five hundred gold ducats from the contractors each time a
new contract was signed, all which had to be taken out of the quality
of the food or clothing of the soldiers. The queen therefore wrote to
him, informing him that as there was a serious charge made against him
by the Commissioners of Accounts, she thought it best to dismiss him
from all his employments in order that the matter might be impartially
investigated. Nor did she neglect to add that the conduct of his wife
towards herself had made her more willing to adopt this measure.
Marlborough, in defence, pleaded to the queen, as he had to the
Commissioners of Inquiry, that he had appropriated nothing which had
not been the established perquisites of the commander-in-chief of the
army in the Low Countries both before the Revolution and since; and
that, whatever sums he had received from those sources, he had employed
in the service of the public in keeping secret correspondence, and in
getting intelligence of the enemy's motions and designs; and that, and
he could certainly say it with justice, he had employed this money
so successfully, that he had on no occasion suffered himself to be
surprised, but had often been able to surprise and defeat the enemy.
To this cause, next to the blessing of God and the bravery of the
troops, he attributed most of the advantages of the war. There can be
little doubt that Marlborough made the best of the power granted him
for appropriating these sums; that was his weak point; but he does not
appear to have exceeded the letter of his warrant; and the truth is
that the system itself was more in fault than the general.
But notwithstanding Marlborough's proofs that his appropriations were
according to long-established custom, the Commons admitted no such
plea. They voted that the two and a half per cent. deducted by him
from the pay of the foreign troops was public money, and that he ought
to account for it. They threatened to institute proceedings for its
recovery through the law officers of the Crown, and they expelled
Cardonnel, the duke's secretary, from the House for his receipt of the
fees mentioned in the contracts. They had the satisfaction, also, of
punishing Robert Walpole, one of Marlborough's most staunch defenders,
for taking, when Secretary of War, five hundred guineas, and a note
for five hundred more, on the signing of a contract for forage for her
Majesty's troops quartered in Scotland. The deed deserved punishment,
but it was one which all secretaries perpetrated equally with Walpole,
as he showed, and which would never have been noticed had Walpole
yielded to the Tory entreaties and carried his great abilities to their
side. They, however, voted the fact a high breach of trust, and of
notorious corruption, and ordered his expulsion from the House and his
committal to the Tower. The borough of Lynn, which Walpole represented,
immediately re-elected him; but the Commons pronounced him incapable of
sitting in that Parliament, and declared the election void.
INDEX
Abjuration Oath, The, 423.
Adjutators, The, 62.
"Agreement of the People," The, 84.
Aghrim, Battle of, 446.
Allegiance and Supremacy, Act of, 238.
Allen, plot against Cromwell, 130.
Almanza, Battle of, 576.
Amboyna, the massacre of Englishmen by Dutch, 111.
America, Rise of colonies in, 167.
Anabaptists denounce Cromwell, 124;
outbreak among, 140.
Anne, Queen, reconciled with William, 479;
succeeds to the throne, 535;
speech to Parliament, her Tory bias, 536;
coronation of, 538;
Jacobite plot against, 547;
"Bounty," 549;
the union between England and Scotland, 573;
letter from the Pretender, 602.
Apprentices, London, petition the Commons, 5;
fight at Westminster, 6.
Architecture during the Stuart period, 371.
Argyll, Earl of, in conflict with Montrose, 42;
defeated by Montrose, 43.
Argyll, Marquis of, Execution of, 202.
Argyll, Earl of (9th Earl), accused of high treason, 272;
expedition against James II., 296;
capture and execution of, 297.
Army, Reduction of the standing, 502-507.
Arundel Marbles, The, 186.
Ashburnham, Lord, 51.
Assembly, The General, address to Charles I., 43.
"Assize, The Bloody," 304-306;
trial of Lady Alice Lisle, interference of James II., 305;
at Exeter and Taunton, 306.
Association for defence of the king, 488.
Athlone, Capture of, 443-445.
Ayscough, Admiral Sir George, the reduction of Barbadoes,
suspected of Royalist sympathies by Parliament, 112.
Baden, Prince of, the war against Louis XIV., 552;
jealousy of Marlborough, 552, 554.
Bank of England established, 471.
Barclay, plot against William III., 485.
"Barebone's Parliament," 119.
Baxter, Richard, 363.
Beachy Head, Battle of, 434.
Beaumont, Francis, 175.
Bedloe, the informer, 254.
Benbow, Admiral, 541.
Berkeley, Sir John, 71, 72;
messenger between Charles I. and Cromwell, 74.
Bishops, Trial of the Seven, 328-331;
public sympathy during, 330;
the acquittal, 331.
Blake, Admiral Robert, siege of Lyme Regis, 30;
conflicts with Prince Rupert, 110;
encounters van Tromp, 112;
defeats the Dutch fleet, 123;
expedition against France, 134;
and expedition against Spain, 136;
battle of Santa Cruz, 143;
death of, 144.
Blenheim, Battle of, 555.
Bolingbroke, Lord, 594;
correspondence with the Pretender, 602.
Borlase, Sir John, 2.
Bothwell Brig, Battle of, 263.
Boyd, Rev. Zachary, preaches against Cromwell, 105.
Boyne, Battle of the, 430.
Bradshaw, John, arraignment of Charles I., 86-88;
arguments against the absolutism of kings, 87.
Breda, Charles II. at, 162;
Declaration of, 163.
Bristol, Earl of, charge against Charles II., 211.
Bristol, Siege of, 44.
Browne, Sir Thomas, 183.
Browne, William, 180.
Buckingham, Lord, 227.
Burnet, Bishop, memorial to William of Orange, 336;
on tithes, 548;
unpopularity with the Tories, 591.
Butler, Samuel, 358.
Byng, Admiral Sir George, 580.
Cabal, The, 227, 238.
Cameronians, The, 271.
Capel, Lord, impeached of high treason by the Commons, 12;
trial and execution of, 94.
Carew, Thomas, 178.
Carisbrooke Castle, Charles I. at, 73.
"Case of the Army," The, 71.
Catherine of Portugal, marriage to Charles II., 205.
Catholics, Injunctions against, in Ireland, 2;
massacre of Protestants, resolution by Parliament, 3;
secret sympathy of Charles I. with, 286;
efforts of James II. in favour of, 311;
a Privy Council of, livings in the Church of England given to, 312;
triumph in England, riots in London, 314;
trial of "Julian" Johnson, crusade against Protestantism in
Scotland and Ireland, 315, 316;
dismissal of Rochester and Clarendon, 318;
the Declaration of Indulgence, 319;
policy of William of Orange, 320;
supremacy in the Universities, 325;
opposition to James II. by Protestant bishops, 327;
an army of Irish, 332;
memorial to William of Orange, concessions to Protestants by
James II., 336;
William's declaration, 338.
Cevennes, Insurrections in the, 544.
Chalgrove, Battle at, 20.
Chapman, Thomas, 174.
Charles I. receives a deputation of Catholics, 2;
chagrined at proceedings of the Commons, presented with the
"Remonstrance," speech to the Commons, 4;
prepares articles of high treason against five Commoners, visit
to the Houses of Parliament, 7;
decides on war, passes two important bills, 8;
receives declaration from Parliament, retires to York, 10;
fails in his attempt to enter Hull, 11;
insists on his demands, raises his standard at Nottingham, 14;
his inconsistency, Battle of Edgehill, 15;
scheme for the extinction of Parliament, 27;
defeats Parliamentary troops under Essex, 30;
tries accommodation, 35;
propositions from the Scots, 36;
battle of Naseby, 39, 40;
flight into Wales, 42;
endeavours to join Montrose, 44;
ruin virtually complete, 46;
proposals contemptuously treated by Parliament, 48;
disavowal of treaty with Irish Catholics, 49;
offer of negotiations to Parliament, 50;
flight from Oxford, 51;
surrenders to the Scots, 52;
endeavours to raise army from Ireland and France, discusses
Episcopacy and Presbytery, 55;
meditates escape from England, 57;
his stubbornness, 70;
escape from Hampton Court, at Carisbrooke Castle, 72;
a close prisoner, 74;
reaction in his favour, 75;
resolve regarding Presbyterianism, 80;
concessions, at Hurst Castle, 82;
his trial, 86-88;
execution, 90.
Charles II. proclaimed king in Scotland, 92;
reception among the Scots, 101;
agrees to take the Covenant, 102;
demands by the Assembly, 108;
attempted flight, concessions by the Covenanters, 104;
crowned at Scone, invades England, defeated at Worcester,
escapes to Normandy, 106;
his proclamation from Paris, 124;
his life in France, 132;
rising in England in his favour, 154;
his character, 193;
first Privy Council, 194;
his marriage, 205;
loss of prestige to France, 210;
war with Holland, 214;
the Treaty of Dover, 231;
his embarrassments, 267;
described by Macaulay, 287;
his illness and death, 287, 288;
coins of, 373.
Chancery, Reform of the Court of, 126.
Chillingworth, 182.
Churchill (_see_ Marlborough).
Clarendon, Lord, supports Charles I., 12;
quoted, 52, 65, 149;
his view of Cromwell, 68;
reply to Parliament in favour of Charles I., 75;
influence at the Court of Charles II., 198, 206;
fall of, 225;
character of, 226.
Claverhouse, Graham of, 264;
exertions in favour of James II., 407;
death at Killiecrankie, 408.
Clonmel attacked by Cromwell, 100.
Clotworthy, Sir John, on the Irish Papists, 2.
Coaching in the time of Charles II., 381.
Coins at the time of Charles II., 373;
in the reign of William and Mary, 483.
Colepepper, Sir John, 12.
Commerce under Cromwell, 384;
under the Stuarts, 386-388;
value with America and the West Indies, 391.
Commonwealth, The, 90;
difficulties with Portugal, acknowledged by Spain, 110;
war with Holland, 110, 114;
treaties with Holland, France, Denmark, Portugal and Sweden, 123.
Conformity Bill, The, 204.
Conventicle Act, The, 212.
Cooper, Sir Anthony Ashley, 122.
Costumes in the Stuart period, 191, 377.
Coventry, Lord, impeached of high treason by the Commons, 12.
Coventry, Sir John, 233.
Cowley, Abraham, popularity as a poet, 358.
Crashaw, Thomas, 178.
Cromwell, Henry, 154.
Cromwell, Oliver, remarks on the "Remonstrance," 4;
takes a commission in the Parliamentary army, 13;
his military tact, 18;
his success as a General, 20;
Battle of Marston Moor, 29;
irritated by Parliament's inaction, 30;
charge against the Earl of Manchester, proposes the "Self-denying
Ordinance," his genius in War, 39;
victories, 47;
his character, 68;
defeats Royalists at Preston, invited to Edinburgh, 78;
war in Ireland, 97-100;
captures Dublin, 98;
deplorable fanaticism of, 99;
appointed commander-in-chief, invades Scotland, 103;
defeats Leslie, 104;
at Glasgow, 105;
victory at Worcester, 106;
arrival in London, 107;
meditates kingly power, 116;
dissolves the Long Parliament, 118;
constitutes a Parliament in his own name, 119;
becomes Lord Protector, 121;
installation as Protector, 122;
plan against Royalist outbreaks, 131;
dispute with Spain, 133;
great speech to Parliament, 136;
refuses the crown, 142;
inauguration at the head of the Government, makes war against
Spain, 144;
his last Parliament, 147;
last days of, 148;
death of, 150.
Cromwell, Richard, succeeds to the Protectorate, difficulties
with the army, 150;
his power ceases, 152;
abdicates, 154.
Cudworth, William, 182.
Cutts, Lord, at the Battle of Blenheim, 555.
Dalrymple, Sir James, influence in Scottish affairs, 403.
Danby, Earl, Impeachment of, 257;
imprisoned in the Tower, 259.
Dangerfield, the informer, 266.
Daniel, Samuel, 176.
Darien expedition, The, 512;
its miserable end, 514.
"Declaration of Indulgence," 319.
Defoe denounces the Occasional Conformity Bill, 559;
quoted, 570.
Delamere, Lord, Trial of, 309.
Denbigh, Earl of, Commission to Charles I., 36.
Denham, Sir John, 176, 361.
Denmark, Prince George of, 583.
De Ruyter, in command of the Dutch fleet, 111;
victory over the English, defeated by Blake, 112.
De Torcy, French ambassador, 586.
Devonshire, Earl of, impeached of high treason by the Commons, 12.
De Witt, in command of the Dutch fleet, 111;
defeated by Blake, 112;
his "Interest of Holland," 387.
Digby, Lord, 49;
letter from Charles I., 53.
Donne, John, 177.
Dorislaus, Dr., assassinated by Royalists, 96.
Dover, Earl of, impeached of high treason by the Commons, 12.
Dover, Treaty of, 231.
Dramatic writing under the Stuarts, 361, 378.
Drayton, Michael, 176.
Drogheda, Storming of, by Cromwell, 98.
Drumclog, Battle of, 263.
Drummond of Hawthornden, 177.
Dryden, John, 318;
poems of, 359;
prose, 362.
Dublin, Capture by Cromwell, 98.
Dunbar, Battle of, 104.
Dundee, Viscount (_see_ Claverhouse).
Dunkirk, Siege of, 147.
Dutch, attack by fleet on the Thames, 223;
defeated at Southwold Bay, 235.
Dykvelt, Dutch ambassador at the English court, 320;
efforts in behalf of the Prince of Orange, 321.
East India Company, Origin of the, 166;
bill for regulating the trade of, 450.
Edgehill, Battle of, 15.
"Engagement," The, 92.
"Engagers," 96.
Engraving at the time of Charles II., 373.
Episcopacy, Charles I. discusses with Alexander Henderson, 55.
Essex, Earl of, appointed commander of the Parliamentary army, 13;
victory at Edgehill, 15, 16;
rewarded by Parliament, 116;
his dilatory spirit, 19;
victories, receives overtures from Charles I., defeated, 30;
resignation of, 33.
Eugene, Prince, in command with Marlborough, 554;
the battle of Lutzingen, 556.
Evelyn, John, 363.
Exclusion Bill, The, 261.
Fairfax, Lord, his Parliament sympathy, 14;
appointed commander-in-chief of the Parliament army, 32;
the battle of Naseby, 39;
mediates between the army and Parliament, 62;
enters London, 67;
attitude to the king, 68;
disturbances in London, 77;
trial of Charles I., 86;
resigns his command, 102;
re-appointed to leading command, resigns office, 103;
his Royalist leanings, 158.
Falkland, Lord, his defection from the Parliament ranks, 12;
death of, character of, 23.
Fenwick, Sir John, plot against William III., 491;
trial of, 495.
Feversham, Lord, 300.
Fifth-Monarchy men, 124;
Cromwell's speech in regard to the, 127;
rising at Mile-end, 140.
Fire of London, The, 219.
Firmin, Mr., benevolent scheme in regard to pauperism, 394.
Flamsteed, the astronomer, 367.
Fleetwood, General, appointed Cromwell's deputy in Ireland, 107;
policy of, 151.
Fletcher, John, 175.
Fletcher of Saltoun, 272, 295;
opposed to the union between England and Scotland, 571.
Fox, George, 352.
France, treaty with Cromwell, 135;
war in the Netherlands, 144;
opposition to William III., 425.
Friends, The Society of, 229;
persecution in America, 354;
efforts in regard to the Abjuration Bill, 532.
Fuller, Thomas, 183.
Galway, Earl of, in command against Louis XIV. in Spain, 567.
Gaultier, Abbé, 602.
"Gerard, Generous," 125.
Germany, Emperor of, Agreement between, and the Allies, 544.
Gibbons, Dr., music of, 183.
Gibbons, Grinling, the sculptor, 372.
Gibraltar, Capture of, 559;
efforts by Spain for its recovery, 562.
Glamorgan, Earl of, commission from Charles I. to the Irish
Catholics, 48.
Godfrey, Sir Edmundbury, Murder of, 250.
Godolphin, Lord, appointed Lord Treasurer, 536.
Gordon, Duke of, 404.
Goring, Colonel, in command of Royalist troops, 76, 78;
trial of, 93.
Graham, John, of Claverhouse (_see_ Claverhouse).
Granville, Mr., speech at the accession of Queen Anne, 536.
Gregg, William, executed for high treason, 579.
Grenville, Sir Richard, 82.
Guiscard, Marquis of, 600.
Habeas Corpus Act, Suspension of the, 401.
Hague, Treaty of the, 243.
Hale, Sir Matthew, 126.
Halifax, Earl of, character of, 261;
his policy as "Trimmer," 282;
opposition from Duke of York, 285;
superseded by Rochester, 290;
pamphlet by, 482.
Hamilton, Duke of, opposition to the union between England and
Scotland, 571.
Hamilton, Marquis of, policy of the, his duplicity, 24;
leads a Scots army into England, 77;
defeated by Cromwell at Preston, 78;
executed by order of the Commonwealth, 94.
Hammond, Colonel, 72.
Hampden, John, his gentleness, 2;
impeached, 7;
takes a commission in the Parliamentary army, 13;
death at Chalgrove, character of, 20.
Hampton Court, Charles I. at, 71.
Harcourt, Sir Simon, Bill in regard to union between England
and Scotland, 573.
Harley, Earl of Oxford, elected Speaker, 530;
accused of Jacobite sympathy, dismissed from office, 579;
efforts against the Whigs, 588;
raised to the Peerage, 600;
secret negotiations with France, 602.
Harrison, Colonel, at the battle of Naseby, 39;
his fanaticism, 124;
imprisoned in the Tower, 128.
Harvey, Dr. W., 366.
Haversham, Lord, 563.
Hazelrig, Impeachment of, by Charles I., 7.
Heinsius, Dutch Chancellor, 550, 574.
Henrietta, Queen, reception in Holland, 8;
her powers of fascination, 18;
flight to France, 30.
Herbert, George, 179.
Herrick, Robert, 178.
Hill, Abigail, 578.
Hobbes, Thomas, 362.
Holland, Earl of, Royalist rising under, 78;
executed by order of the Commonwealth, 94.
Holland, jealousy of the Commonwealth, 110;
birth of William III., maritime greatness, 111;
war with England, 111-114;
fleet defeated by Blake, treaty with England, 123.
Holles, impeached by Charles I., 7.
Holmby, Charles I. at, 59.
Hooke, Colonel, Jacobite plot by, 378.
Hotham, Sir John, defence of Hull against Charles I., 10;
proclaimed a traitor, 11.
Howard, Lord, of Charlton, impeached of high treason by the Commons, 12.
Hyde, Lawrence (_see_ Rochester).
Hyde (_see_ Clarendon).
Incorporated companies, 167.
Indemnity, Bill of, 195.
Independents, difficulties with the Presbyterians, 59;
their hour of triumph, treatment of Charles I., 68.
Indies, Expedition to the West, by fleet of Parliament, 135.
Indulgence, The Declaration of, 318.
Industries introduced by foreign refugees, 389.
Inquiry, Bill for Commission of, 222.
"Instrument of Government," The, 122.
Ireland, Rebellion in, 1, 3;
massacre, 3;
Catholic confederacy, 26;
war in, 97-100;
claims under Charles II., 200;
government under James II., 316;
exertions of James II. against Protestantism, 410;
revolution under Tyrconnel, 411;
landing of James II., 412;
siege of Londonderry, 413-416;
James's Parliament, 417;
battle of the Boyne, 430;
defence of Limerick, 432;
capture of Athlone, 443-445.
Ireton, General, at the battle of Naseby, 39;
his opinion regarding Charles I., 72;
the "Agreement of the People," 84;
his command in Ireland, death of, 107.
Jacobites, outcry against the Scottish union, 570;
great zeal in Scotland, 606.
Jamaica, Capture of, 135.
James I., commerce under, 165;
coinages by, 171;
costume during the reign of, 190;
prices, 192.
James II., speech to the Privy Council, 289;
cabinet of, 290;
openly avows Roman Catholicism, 291, 310;
policy with Louis XIV., 291;
difficulties with Parliament, 307;
counsellors of, 310;
acts of opposition to the Church, 312-314;
religious persecution in Scotland, 316;
his government in Ireland, 316-318;
the Declaration of Indulgence, 318;
absolute power of, 319;
pays homage to the Papal Nuncio, outrages in army affairs, 323;
encroachments on the universities, 325;
a new Declaration of Indulgence, 327;
decay of power, 332;
his wrongheadedness, 334;
concessions on approach of William of Orange, 336;
utterly deserted, 343;
flight from London, 344;
capture and return, 346-347;
escape to France, 348;
coins of, 373;
letter to the Scottish Convention, 404;
landing in Ireland, forms a Privy Council, 412;
his Irish Parliament, 417;
his legislation in Ireland, 418;
his Irish army, 427;
defeat at the Boyne, 431;
declaration, 459;
death of, 529.
Jeffreys, Lord, Chief Justice at Chester, 274;
gift from Charles II., 284;
brutal character of, 285;
the Bloody Assize, 304.
Jermyn, Lord, 46.
Jews, petition to Parliament for permitting them to live in England, 136.
Johnson, "Julian," 315.
Jonson, Ben, 175.
Joyce, Cornet, seizes Charles I., 63.
Junto, The Whig, 583.
Juxon, Bishop, 55.
Killiecrankie, Battle of, 408.
"Killing no Murder," 139.
Kilsyth, Battle of, 44.
Kimbolton, Lord, Impeachment of, 7.
Kirby, the informer, 247.
"Kirke's Lambs," 303.
La Hogue, Battle of, 460.
Lambert, General, appointed deputy in Ireland, 107;
trial under Charles II., 207.
Landen, Battle of, 467.
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, capture of Berwick, 77.
Laud, Archbishop, impeachment of, executed, 34-35.
Lauderdale, Earl of, 203.
Lauzun, Marshal, 428.
League and Covenant, The Solemn, 25.
Leibnitz, 366.
Leicester, Earl of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 3.
Leighton, Archbishop, 203.
Lely, the painter, 371.
Lenthall, the Speaker, 7, 128.
Leslie, General Sir David, in command of the Scottish cavalry, 44;
defeats Montrose, 46;
defeated by Cromwell at Cockburnspath, 104;
receives overtures from Charles I., 55;
defeat at Dunbar, 104.
Levellers, The, vow against Cromwell and the king, 71;
turbulence of, 94.
Leven, Earl of, 44, 103.
Levesey, Sir Michael, 78.
Lilburne, Colonel, Character of, 71;
advocates a Republic, 94;
tried for sedition, 120.
Lille, Capture of, by the Allies, 582.
"Lillibulero," 332.
Lindsay, Lord, at the battle of Edgehill, 15, 16.
Lisle, Sir George, shot by Parliamentary troops, 78.
Literature in the Stuart period, 355 _et seqq._
Locke, John, proposal regarding coinage, 483.
Lockhart, Sir William, Cromwell's ambassador at the Hague, 147.
London, Defence against Charles I., 16;
growth of, 168;
moral condition under the Stuarts, 188, 379;
the Great Plague, 215-16;
the Great Fire, 219;
terror at the French invasion under Tourville, 434;
great storm of 1704, 547.
Londonderry, Siege of, 413-416.
Long Parliament, The, Cromwell's address to the, 118;
the _coup d'état_, 118-119.
Louis XIV., in league with Cromwell against Spain, 144;
war with Holland, 235, 243;
joins with James II. against William of Orange, 334;
decay of power, 498;
designs in Spain, 505;
proclaims the son of James II. King of England, 529;
inroads on the German Empire, 546;
great exertions against the Allies, 564;
emissaries in Scotland in support of the Pretender, 579;
active operations on the Continent, 580;
capture of Lille, rejects propositions of peace, 582;
ruinous effects of his ambition, 583;
sues for peace with Holland, 584;
his terms of peace, 585;
the forty articles, refuses the ultimatum of the Allies, 586;
fall of Tournay, battle of Malplaquet, 587;
renews overtures for peace, 595.
Lucas, Sir Charles, shot by Parliamentary troops, 78.
Ludlow, Colonel, denounces Charles I., 80;
fanaticism of, dislike to Cromwell, 124.
Lunsford, Colonel, appointed Lieutenant of the Tower, 5.
Macaulay quoted, 224.
Mackay, General, in command in Scotland, 406;
battle of Killiecrankie, 408.
Mackenzie, Sir George, 364.
Maguire, Cornelius, Irish rebel leader, 1.
Malplaquet, Battle of, 587.
Manchester, Earl of, disputes with Cromwell, 30.
Marlborough, Duke of, in command in Ireland, 437;
character of, 440, 451;
dismissed from office, 452;
imprisonment, 460;
receives the Order of the Garter from Queen Anne, appointed
Captain-General of the English army, 536;
influence of his party, commander-in-chief, 538;
in command on the Rhine, his bold plans, 539;
warm welcome in England, alienation from the Tories, 542;
the Toleration Act, 543;
campaign in Flanders, 544-545;
campaign on the Moselle, 550;
assault on Schellenberg, 552;
battle of Blenheim, 555;
third campaign against the French, 560;
battle of Ramillies, 565;
wane of his party influence, 578;
battle of Oudenarde, 580;
battle of Malplaquet, 587;
decline of power, 596;
end of his influence, 598;
in disgrace, 599;
opposition to his efforts by the Tories, 602;
his fall, 607;
the charges brought against him, his defence, 608.
Marston Moor, Battle of, 28.
Marten, Henry, 91.
Marvell, Andrew, 360.
Mary, Princess, at the Dutch Court, 8.
Massinger, Philip, 175.
Mayday, Celebration of, 383.
Mazarin, 47, 133.
Meal-Tub Plot, The, 266.
Middleton, Thomas, 175.
Mildmay, Sir Henry, 83.
Militia Bill, Opposition of Charles I. to, 11.
Milton, John, 91;
his prose, 182;
his Republican sympathy, 355;
_Paradise Lost_, 356.
Ministers' Bill, The, 195.
Monk, General, policy in Scotland, 108;
his reserve, 155;
march to London, 159;
proclaims a full and free Parliament, 160;
secretly working for the Restoration, 162;
receives Charles II. at Dover, 165;
commander-in-chief, 194.
Monmouth, Duke of, 263;
popularity of, 266;
makes a royal progress through the provinces, 273;
proclamation for his apprehension, 277;
reconciliation with his father, 282;
at the Court of Holland, 286;
expelled from Holland, his reception in England, 298;
political blunder of, 299;
battle of Sedgemoor, 301;
death of, 303.
Monmouth, Earl of, impeached by the Commons, 12.
Mons captured by Louis XIV., 439.
Montagu, Lord, 256.
Montreuil, negotiation with Scots on behalf of Charles I., 50.
Montrose, Marquis of, policy of, 24;
unfurls the royal standard at Dumfries, at Blair Athol,
defeats Elcho, 42;
attack on Argyleshire, defeats Argyll, defeats John Ury, 43;
a second victory over Baillie, 44;
fame of, rising in favour of Charles II., 101;
defeat in Ross-shire, betrayal of, execution, 102.
Moore, Roger, incites the Irish against England, 2.
Mountjoy, Lord, Treachery of James II. towards, 411.
"Muggletonians," 355.
Muscovy Company, The, 167.
Music under the Puritans, 373;
in the time of Charles II., 374.
Namur, captured by Louis XIV., 454;
second siege, 480;
fall of, 481.
Nantes, Edict of, revocation of by Louis XIV., 307.
Napier, Lord, of Merchiston, 366.
Naseby, Battle of, 39.
Navigation Act, passed by Parliament, 111;
in operation, 388;
growth of trading companies, 390.
Navy, English, in the Stuart period, 386.
Netherlands, Disturbances in the, 147.
"Neuters," 115.
Newbury, Battle of, 22.
Newcastle, Marquis of, in command of the Royalist army, 26;
Battle of Marston Moor, 28.
Newmarket, meeting of Parliament soldiers, 62.
Newport, Lord, controversy with the king, 6.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 366.
Nonconformists, The, 352.
Non-Jurors, Rise of the faction of, 399.
Northumberland, Earl of, Lord High Admiral, under Parliament, 10, 11.
Nottingham, Charles I. raises his standard at, 14.
"Novum Organum," The, 181.
Oates, Titus, the Popish plot, his story before the Council, 248;
imitators of, 250;
effect upon the people, 251;
his real character, 252;
his forgeries, 253;
impeachments by, 255;
convicted of perjury, 292.
Oath, Coronation, of William and Mary, 403.
Occasional Conformity Bill, The, 543, 547.
O'Connelly, Sir John, 2.
O'Neil, Sir Phelim, 2;
the Irish massacre of 1641, 3.
Orange, Prince of, 587.
Orange, William of (_see_ William III.).
Ordinance, The Self-denying, 31.
Ormond, Earl, makes terms with Parliament, 55;
leader of the Irish Royalists, 97;
secret visit to England on behalf of Charles I., 147;
unfair treatment by James II., 290.
"Orrery Letters," The, 144.
Oudenarde, Battle of, 580.
Overton, Colonel, plot against Cromwell, 130.
Owen, Sir John, Trial of, by Parliament, 93.
Oxford, Charles I. at, 18;
Parliament at, 27, 268;
declaration by the University of, 279.
Pack, Sir Christopher, "Remonstrance" against Cromwell by, 139.
Painting during the Stuart period, 371.
Papal Nuncio, James II. pays homage to the, 323.
Parker, Dr., effort of James II. to install him at Magdalen College, 324.
Parliament, discussion with Charles I., 18;
makes a new Great Seal, 19;
further propositions to Charles I., 38;
treaties with the Scots regarding possession of Charles I., 54;
resolution in regard to the Constitution, 76;
condemns Charles I., 86-88;
dishonesty under Charles II., 242.
Parliament, The Little, 119.
Parsons, Sir William, 1.
Partition Treaty, The, 523.
Paterson, William, projector of the Bank of England, 510.
Pauperism under the Stuarts, plan for decrease of, by Yarranton, 393;
benevolent scheme of Firmin, 394.
Penn, William, 229.
Pension Parliament, The, 258.
Pepys, Samuel, 364.
Peterborough, Earl of, his able generalship, assault of Barcelona, 562;
brilliant exploits in Spain, 563.
Peters, Hugh, 97, 198.
"Petition and Advice," The, 145;
legality of, debated in Parliament, 151.
Petre, Father, Jesuit Provincial, at the court of James II., 311.
Petty, Sir William, on mercantile shipping, 386.
Philiphaugh, Battle of, 46.
Plague, The Great, 215, 216.
Plymouth Adventuress, The, 167.
Poets during the Stuart period, 174.
Post Office, Origin of the English, 388.
Poynings' Act, 38.
Presbyterians, difference from Independents, 59;
treaty with Charles I., 79;
condition under Charles II., 196;
assailed in Scotland, 212.
Press, Liberty of the, 466, 482.
Preston, Battle of, 78.
"Pride's Purge," 83.
Prose writers during the Stuart period, 362.
Protestantism, declaration of William III., 397.
Prynne, William, his efforts against Laud, 34.
Purcell, Henry, 374.
Pym, 26.
Quakers, The (_see_ Society of Friends).
Quebec, Expedition to, 601.
Rainsborough, Colonel, revolt of fleet in favour of Charles I., 76.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 166.
Ramillies, Battle of, 565.
Remonstrance on the state of the kingdom, composition of, 4.
Resumption Bill, The, 517.
Revenue in the Stuart period, 385.
Rights, Declaration of, 350;
Bill of, 423.
Rochester, Earl of, Prime Minister, 310;
love of office, 317;
fall of, 318;
loyalty to James II., 344;
declares for William, 345.
Rooke, Admiral Sir George, expedition to Cadiz, 540;
Battle of Vigo Bay, 541;
Capture of Gibraltar, 559.
Rosen, General, at the siege of Londonderry, his savagery, 415.
Royal Society, Founding of the, 365.
Rubens, 186.
Rullion Green, Battle of, 223.
Rump, The, origin of the name, 83;
influence in political affairs, 152, 153.
Rupert, Prince, his style of warfare, 16;
battle at Chalgrove, 19;
victories by, 27;
surrenders Bristol, character of, 44;
carries on the war by sea, 109.
Russell, Lord William, 278;
trial and execution of, 279.
Rye House Plot, The, 276.
Ryswick, Treaty of, 501.
Sacheverell, Dr. Henry, accused of high treason, 588;
taken into custody, 590;
riots by partisans, 591;
trial of, 592, 593.
Sales, Bill of, 195.
Sancroft, Archbishop, Trial of, 328.
Schomberg, Marshal, 416;
arrival in Ireland, 427;
death at the Battle of the Boyne, 430.
Scone, Charles II. crowned at, 106.
Scotland, dealings with the Parliament, invasion of England, 24;
army crosses the Tweed, 27;
propositions of leaders to Charles I., 35;
rising under Montrose, 101, 102;
invaded by Cromwell, Cromwell's military stations, 103;
Charles II. crowned at Scone, 106;
disaffection to Cromwell, 124;
claims under Charles II., 200, 201;
persecutions by Charles II., Presbyterianism assailed, 212;
the Covenanters, 222;
continued religious persecutions, 262, 283, 316;
meeting of Parliament, 292;
the triumph of Presbytery, meeting of the Convention, 403;
Jacobite rising, 407-410;
affairs under William and Mary, 435;
Massacre of Glencoe, 456;
Parliament of William and Mary, 478;
excitement against the Orange ministry, 510;
enthusiasm in the Darien expedition, 512;
indignation against William, 514;
union with England, 567.
"Scourers, The," 379.
Sedgemoor, Battle of, 301.
"Seekers," The, 354.
Self-denying Ordinance, The, 32.
Sexby, Colonel, at the court of Madrid, 134;
attempt of Popish invasion, 137.
Seymour, Sir Edward, 294.
Shaftesbury, Earl of (First Earl), attacks on Popery, 261;
schemes of rebellion, 274;
death of, character of, 275.
Shakespeare, 173.
Sharp, Archbishop, 203;
murder of, 263.
Sheldon. Dr., 55.
Sherlock, Bishop, proposal in favour of James II. at the Revolution, 349.
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 559;
in command of the English fleet, 576;
wreck and death of, 577.
Sidney, Algernon, Trial and execution of, 280-282.
Sindercomb, attempt to assassinate Cromwell, 138.
Solemn League and Covenant, The, 25.
Somers, Lord, 506;
forced to resign the Lord Chancellorship, 517;
trial of, 527;
integrity of, 535.
Spain, acknowledges the Commonwealth, 110;
dispute with Cromwell, 133;
visit of king Charles to England, 546;
collapse of his power, 567.
Spencer, Earl of Northampton, impeached of high treason by
the Commons, 12.
Sport under Charles II., 380.
Stafford, Lord, Trial and execution of, 267.
Steam-engine introduced into England, 369.
St. John, Oliver, chief justice under the Commonwealth, 91.
Strode impeached, 7.
Suckling, Sir John, 178.
Sunderland, Earl of, Prime Minister under Charles II., character of, 259;
intrigues in behalf of James II., 310;
treason to James II., 338.
Tallard, Marshal, 554.
Tangier, Settlement of, 207.
Tarbet, Lord, advice to William III. regarding the Highlands, 140, 407.
Tate, Mr., moves the self-denying ordinance, 32.
Temple, Sir William, 261, 308.
Test Act, Operation of the, 320.
Thurloe, John, secretary for the Parliament, 37;
secretary of the Parliamentary Council, 122;
Secretary of State, 125;
his alertness, 140, 407.
Tories, early conflicts with the Whigs, 420, 422;
efforts to gain power, 508;
rivalry with the Whigs under William III., 524;
influence under Queen Anne, Marlborough's alienation from the, 542.
Treason, Bill for regulating trials in cases of high, 450, 484.
Treaty of Ryswick, The, 501.
Treaty, The Partition, 523.
Triennial Act, The, 211.
"Triers," 122.
"Trimmers," The, 451.
Tuam, Archbishop of, killed in a skirmish, 48.
Turenne, Marshal, 144.
Turkey merchants, The, 167.
Tyrconnel, Earl of, appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 318;
plot with James II. to hand over Ireland to Louis XIV., 325;
treacherous character of, 411.
Union between England and Scotland, The, 573.
Uxbridge, Meeting of Royalist and Parliamentary Commissioners at, 37.
Vane, Sir Harry, 83;
ability of, 207;
executed by Charles II., 208.
Vaudois, Massacre of the, 134.
Vaughan, Lord Chief Justice, the trial of Penn, noble defence of
the rights of juries, 231.
Vendôme, Duke of, 580.
Venner, rising of Fifth-Monarchy men under, 140.
Verrio, Antonio, the painter, influence with Charles II., 371.
Vigo Bay, Battle of, 541.
Villeroi, Marshal, 565.
Waldenses, The, 439.
Waller, Edmund, 22.
Walton, Isaac, 363.
Warner, William, 176.
Warwick, Earl of, Admiral of the Parliamentary fleet, 78;
in league with the Royalists, 79.
Webster, John, 175.
Westminster Assembly, The, disagreement of Presbyterians and
Independents, 34.
Wexford, capture by Cromwell, 99.
Whigs, the name "Whiggamores," 84;
keen rivalry with the Tories, 508, 524;
triumph under William and Mary, 530.
White, Robert, the engraver, 373.
Whitelock, 116, 142.
Wildman, Colonel, plot against Cromwell, 131.
William III., dauntless spirit and ready resource of, 236;
arrival in England, 242;
marriage to his cousin Princess Mary, 243;
conquests in the Netherlands, 244-246;
visit to England, 271;
his opinion of the Declaration of Indulgence, popularity
in England, 320;
invited to expel James II., 331;
prepares to invade England, 332;
memorial in favour of, 335;
embarks for England, 338;
landing at Torbay, 339-342;
enters London, 348;
the succession difficulty, 349;
the Declaration of Rights, 350;
accession of, 396;
his first Ministry, 397;
settlement of the revenue, 399;
acknowledged king of Scotland, 406;
conflict with the Whigs, 419;
speech to Parliament, 423;
Irish campaign, 425;
his army in Ireland, 428;
battle of the Boyne, 430;
popularity with Parliament, 437;
with his army in the Netherlands, 452-456;
Continental campaign, 466;
reconciled with Anne, 479;
reception in London after capture of Namur, 482;
plot against, 485;
campaign in Flanders, 496;
triumphal entry into London, 501;
question as to the succession, 521;
illness, 530;
marks of the nation's confidence, 531;
fall from his horse, 533;
death of, 534;
appearance and character of, 402, 534.
Williams, Archbishop, attacked by a Puritan mob, address to the king, 6.
Winceby-on-the-Wolds, Battle at, 26.
Windebank, Colonel, 39.
Window tax, Origin of the, 483.
Wither, George, 178.
Worcester, Battle of, 106.
Worcester, Marquis of, 370.
Working classes, The, under the Stuarts, 391;
wages of artizans, enactments against free labour, 392.
Wroth, Sir Thomas, 74.
Yarranton, Mr., plan for decrease of pauperism, 393.
York, Duke of, in the custody of Parliament, 54;
escape to Holland, 75;
at the siege of Dunkirk, 148;
Admiral against the Dutch, 214;
victory at Southwold Bay, 235;
the Popish plot, 248;
opposes Monmouth, 264;
government in Scotland, 283 (_see_ also James II.).
Young, Commodore, victory over the Dutch fleet, 111.
Zulestein, General, mission to England, 322;
messenger to James II. from William of Orange, 347.
PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.
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| Transcriber notes: |
| |
| P.142. 'Greal' changed to 'Great. |
| P.156-7. added 'a' to 'a deputation'. |
| P.218. 'ts' changed to 'its'. |
| P.296. 'Inverrary' changed to 'Inverary'. |
| P.322. Added 'to', missing in 'to the Church of Rome'. |
| P.346. 'Winchilsea' changed to 'Winchelsea'. |
| P.490. 'it' changed to 'it's' |
| P.542. 'main ained' changed to 'maintained'. |
| P.550. 'of' added in 'of the Alps'. |
| P.610. 'de-defeated' changed to 'defeated'. |
| P,611. 'instal' changed to 'install'. |
| P.611. Added missing page number '174'. |
| Fixed various punctuation . |
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End of Project Gutenberg's Cassell's History of England. Vol III, by Cassell