MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS
In deciding upon the construction of models and the development of an
idea, the proper mechanical movements should always be very carefully
taken into consideration. In other words, movements which simplify
the invention, minimize friction, and add power, are always to be
preferred to clumsy and inefficient means or methods. Every inventor,
and all students of the mechanical arts and sciences, should arrange
any mechanism which they may desire to produce with the least number
of parts possible, and embracing the greatest amount of simplicity of
action.
On the following pages you will find a large number of mechanical
movements with suitable description thereof which will undoubtedly
assist inventors in developing and constructing their models of ideas.
Most of the movements embraced in the following pages have appeared in
various scientific journals and publications devoted to scientific and
mechanical art. Study all the various movements applicable to your
invention before deciding upon any particular one.
[Illustration:
1. Illustrating the transmission of power by simple pulleys and an
open belt. The pulleys in this case rotate in the same direction.
2. Illustrating the transmission of power by simple pulleys and a
crossed belt. The pulleys rotate in opposite directions.
3. Showing the transmission of motion from one shaft to another
at right angles to it by means of guide-pulleys. There are two
guide-pulleys side by side, one for each leaf of the belt.
4. Showing the transmission of motion from one shaft to another at
right angles to it, without the use of guide-pulleys.
5. Showing a method of engaging, disengaging, and reversing the
upright shaft on the left. The belt is shown on a loose pulley, and
accordingly no motion is communicated to the shafts. If the belt be
traversed on to the left-hand pulley, which is fast to the outer
hollow shaft (_b_), motion is communicated to the vertical shaft by
the bevel-wheels HOW TO SUCCEED and C; and if it be traversed on to
the right-hand pulley, which is fast to the inner shaft (_a_), motion
in an opposite direction is transmitted to the vertical shaft by the
bevel-gear A and C.
6. Stepped speed-pulleys (on the left of the figure), used in lathes
and machine-tools, and cone pulleys (on the right of the figure),
used in cotton machinery, &c., for varying speed according to the
requirements of the work being done. For a given speed of the upper
shaft the speed of the lower one will be greater the more to the left
the belt is placed. The cone-pulleys permit of more gradation in speed
than the stepped arrangement.
7. Spur-gearing. The wheels rotate in opposite directions (cf. 12).
The smaller wheel has the greater speed of revolution, and the speeds
of the wheels are in the inverse ratio of their diameters.
8. Evans' variable friction gear. The gripping medium by which motion
is transmitted from one cone to the other is a loose leather band,
whose position can be varied by the hand-screw shown.
9. Bevel-gearing. This is an adaptation of the spur-wheel principle to
the case of non-parallel axes.
10. A worm or endless screw geared with a worm wheel.]
[Illustration:
11. Elliptical spur-gearing, used when a rotary motion of varying
speed is required.
12. A spur-wheel geared internally with a pinion. The wheels rotate in
the same direction (cf. 7).
13. Spur-gearing with oblique teeth, giving a more continuous bearing
than 7.
14. Showing the transmission of power by rolling contact from one
shaft to another obliquely situated with regard to it.
15. Different kinds of gearing for transmitting motion from one shaft
to another arranged obliquely to it.
16. Two kinds of universal joints.
17. A method of transmitting motion from one shaft (the vertical)
to another (the horizontal) by means of bevel-gearing, with a
double-clutch for altering the direction of rotation. The bevel-wheels
on the horizontal shaft are loose, and the direction of movement is
determined by the side upon which the double-clutch is engaged. The
clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on the shaft.
18. Transmission of two speeds by gearing. The hand is shown on the
loose left hand pulley of the lower three. When it is moved on to the
middle pulley, which is keyed to the shaft carrying the small pinion,
a slow motion is transmitted to the lowest shaft; but when, it is on
the right-hand pulley, which is fast to the outer shaft carrying the
large spur-wheel, a quick speed is transmitted.
19. Transmission of two speeds by means of belts. The two outer
pulleys on the lower shaft are loose, the two inner fast. With the
belts arranged as shown, the speed of the lower shaft is slower than
when both are traversed to the right.]
[Illustration:
20. An intermittent circular motion in the direction indicated by the
arrow is transmitted to the wheel A, by means of the oscillating rod D
and the pawl B, from the reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod
C.
21. The continuous rotation of the shaft carrying the two cams or
wipers gives to the rod A an intermittent alternating rectilinear
motion. The rod is raised by the action of a wiper on the projection
B, and it falls by its own weight. This contrivance is used in
ore-stampers or pulverizers, power-hammers, &c.
22. The reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod on the right
produces intermittent circular motion of the wheel by means of the
elbow-lever and the pawl. The direction of motion of the wheel is
determined by the side on which the pawl works. This contrivance is
used in giving the feed-motion to planing-machines and other tools.
23. The piston-rod and crank motion used in the steam-engine. The
reciprocating rectilinear motion of the former is converted into the
rotary motion of the latter through the agency of the connecting-rod
(not shown).
24. An eccentric, such as is used on the crank-shaft of steam-engines
for communicating reciprocating rectilinear motion to the slide-valves.
It rotates round an axis not pushing through its centre.
25. Internal spring pawls for a ratchet brace. The ratchet can revolve
only in one direction (counterclockwise), and as it does so the
springs are gradually compressed and suddenly released in turn.
26. Friction pawl feed motion, silent. The arrow shows the direction
of rotation of the wheel. The principle of the contrivance is obvious.
27. A heart-cam, by whose rotation uniform traversing motion is
imparted to the vertical bar. The dotted lines show the method of
obtaining the curve of the cam. Eight concentric circles are drawn
with radii in arithmetical progression as shown, and they are divided
into twelve equal sectors. The points on the heart-curve are
determined by the intersection of radii and circles.
28. A quick-return crank motion, applicable to shaping-machines. This
arrangement needs no explanation.]
[Illustration:
29. A crank motion, with the crank wrist working in a slotted yoke,
thereby dispensing with the oscillating connecting rod.
30. A screw stamping-press, showing how rectilinear motion may be
obtained from circular motion by means of a screw.
31. A screw-cutting mechanism. The rotation of the left-hand screw
produces a uniform rectilinear movement of a cutter which cuts another
screw-thread (seen on the right). The pitch of the screw to be cut may
be varied by changing the sizes of the engaged spur-wheels at the
bottom of the frame.
32. The movable headstock of a turning lathe. By turning the wheel on
the right hand motion is communicated to the screw, thus causing the
spindle with the centre at its end to move in a straight line.
33. Swivelling-gear for car wheels. The essential part is the
operation of the endless screw on the worm-wheel. The wheels are
connected by a lever freely joined to the cranks.
34. Diagrammatic representation of screw-gear to operate three
worm-wheels in the same direction, for chucks, etc. The method of
working is obvious.
35. A mutilated screw for sliding into a nut having corresponding
parts of the thread cut away, to be fixed by a partial turn. It is
used for the breech-pieces of cannon.
36. Variable radius lever, operated by a crank motion to give variable
angular reciprocating motion to a shaft.
37. Hand or power feed-gear, for a drill, boring-machine, &c.
38. A method of doubling the length of stroke of a piston-rod or the
throw of a crank. A pinion revolving on a spindle attached to the
connecting-rod is in gear with the fixed lower rack and also with the
upper rack, which is carried by a guide-rod above and is free to move
backward and forward. The connecting-rod communicates to the pinion
the full length of stroke, and since the lower rack is fixed the
pinion rotates, thus making the upper rack travel twice the length of
the stroke.]
[Illustration:
39. A toggle-joint arranged for a punching-machine. The lever at the
right operates upon the joint or knuckle of the toggle on the left,
thus raising or lowering the punch.
40. A stone-breaker, with chilled-iron jaw-faces and a toggle or
knapping motion.
41. An ellipsograph. The oblique traverse-bar carries two studs, which
slide in the grooves of the cross-piece. By the motion of the traverse
bar the attached pencil is made to describe an ellipse.
42. Link-motion valve-gear of a locomotive engine. The rods of the two
eccentrics on the right are jointed to the curved slotted bar called
the link, which can be raised or lowered by the system of levers
terminating in the handle at the left. The link carries in its slot a
slide and pin connected with another arrangement of levers, which
operates on the valve-rod as shown. If the link be so arranged that
the slide is at its centre, then the movement of the eccentrics will
simply cause the link to oscillate about the pin of the slide, and the
valve-rod will be at rest. Otherwise the valve-rod will move, and, if
the slide be at an end of the link, steam will be admitted during
nearly the whole stroke, but if the slide occupy an intermediate
position the period of admission of steam is shorter In the latter
case the steam is worked more or less expansively.
43. Joy's locomotive valve-gear operated by the connecting-rod. The
rod A is connected to the starting-lever to reverse, vary, or stop the
distribution of steam by the slide-valve (cf. 42).
44. Side shaft motion for operating Cornish, Corliss, and spindle
valves.]
[Illustration:
45. The "Geneva stop", used in Swiss watches to limit the number of
revolutions in winding up. The convex part _a b_ of the upper wheel
acts as the stop.
46. A form of strap brake used in cranes and other hoisting-machines.
If the lever be depressed the ends of the brake-strap are drawn toward
each other, and the strap is thus tightened on the brake-wheel.
47. A dynamometer, used to ascertain the amount of useful effect given
out by a motive-power. A is a smooth pulley secured on a shaft as near
as possible to the motive-power. Two blocks of wood, or one block and
a series of straps fastened to a band or chain, are fitted to the
pulley, and these are so arranged as to bite or press upon the pulley
by means of the screws and nuts on the top of the lever D. At the end
of D is a scale, and the stops C, C' prevent the lever from travelling
far from the horizontal position. The shaft being in motion, the
screws are tightened and weights are placed in the scale until the
lever takes the position shown at the required rate of revolution. The
useful effect is then represented by the product of the weight added
and the velocity at which the point of suspension of the scale would
revolve if the lever were attached to the shaft.
48. A diagrammatic sketch of a form of groove for ball-bearings,
running horizontally, showing the points of bearing in the grooves.
49. A diagrammatic sketch of a roller bearing for a vertical shaft,
with steel balls between the ends of the cone-rollers to separate them
and reduce their friction.
50. A diagrammatic sketch of a roller bearing for a wagon axle, with
balls between the roller ends to separate them and prevent internal
friction. Two views of the bearing are shown in order to make the
arrangement perfectly clear.
51. A recoil escapement for clocks. The anchor H L K is made to
oscillate on the axis _a_ by the swing of the pendulum. The teeth of
the escapement-wheel A come alternately against the outer surface of
the pallet A and the inner surface of the pallet D. The pallets are
not concentric to the axis _a_, and therefore a slight recoil of the
wheel takes place after the escape of a tooth (whence the name of the
escapement). When the pallets leave a tooth the teeth slide along
their surfaces, giving an impulse to the pendulum.]
[Illustration:
52. A dead-beat or repose escapement for clocks. The lettering is as
in the preceding. The pallets are concentric with the axis _a_, and
thus while a tooth is against the pallet the wheel is stationary.
53. A lever escapement of a watch. The anchor B is attached to the
lever E C, with the notch E. On a disk D, on the axis of the
balance-wheel, there is a pin which enters the notch at the middle of
each vibration, causing the pallet to enter in and retire from between
the teeth of the scape-wheel. The wheel gives an impulse to each
pallet alternately as it leaves a tooth, and the lever gives an
impulse to the balance-wheel in opposite directions alternately.
54. Chronometer escapement. As the balance rotates in the direction of
the arrow, the tooth V presses the spring against the lever, thus
pressing aside the lever and removing the detent from the tooth of the
wheel. As the balance returns V presses aside and passes the spring
without moving the lever, which then rests against the stop E.
55. A parallel motion. To the left-hand end of the short vibrating rod
in the centre the radius-rod is connected, to its right-hand end the
beam, and to its centre the piston-rod.
56. The working of the pin in the oblique groove of the lower cylinder
produces an alternating traverse of the upper shaft with its drum.
57. A drilling-machine. Rotary motion is given to the vertical
drill-shaft by the bevel-gearing. The shaft slides through the
horizontal bevel-wheel, but is made to turn with it by a feather and
groove. It is depressed by means of a treadle connected with the upper
lever.
58. Showing how to describe a spiral line on a cylinder. The
spur-wheel on the right gears with the toothed rack shown behind,
thus causing the pencil to traverse the cylinder vertically. It also
produces rotation of the cylinder.
59. Wheel-work in the base of a capstan. The drumhead and the barrel
can be rotated independently. If the former, which is fixed to the
spindle, be locked to the barrel by a bolt, it turns the barrel with
it (single-purchase). Otherwise the wheel-work comes into operation,
and the drum-head and barrel rotate in opposite directions with
velocities as three to one (triple-purchase).]
[Illustration:
60. A centrifugal governor for steam-engines. The central spindle is
driven from the engine by the bevel-gearing, and the balls fly out
under the action of centrifugal force. If the engine speed increases,
the balls diverge farther, thus raising the slide at the bottom and so
reducing the opening of the regulating-valve connected with it. If the
speed of the engine decreases, an opposite result follows.
61. Crank-shaft governor cut-off gear. Two hinged centrifugal weights
are coupled by links to the cut-off eccentric sheaves and returned by
springs to the full open position.
62. A gas-engine governor. The revolving cam throws the vertical arm
of the lever far enough to close the gas-valve when the speed
increases beyond the normal.
63. A plan view of the Fourneyron turbine. In the centre are a number
of fixed curved "shutes" A, which direct the water against the buckets
of the outer wheel B, thus causing it to revolve.
64. The Jonval turbine. The shutes are on the outside of a drum _a_,
stationary within the casing _b_. The wheel _c_ is similar, with the
buckets exceeding the shutes in number and set at a slight tangent
instead of radially.
65. Montgolfier's hydraulic ram, by means of which a small fall of
water throws a jet to a great height or furnishes a supply at a high
level. The action of the water on the two valves, which are
alternately open, is easily comprehended. The right-hand one is
pressed down by a weight or spring. The elasticity of the air gives
uniformity to the efflux.
66. Common lift-pump. During up-stroke lower valve opens and
piston-valve closes, and water rushes up to fill the vacuum created.
During down-stroke lower valve closes and piston-valve opens, and the
water passes through the piston. At next up-stroke it is raised by the
piston and passes out by the spout.
67. Common force-pump, with two valves. When piston rises, the
suction-valve opens and water enters the vacuum. When piston descends
the suction-valve closes and the outlet-valve opens, and the water is
forced up through the outlet-pipe.
68. A double-acting piston-pump with four valves.]
[Illustration:
69. A hydrostatic press. Water forced by the pump through the small
pipe into the ram cylinder and under the solid ram forces the latter
up. The amount of force exerted on the ram bears to the pressure on
the plunger the same ratio as the area of the ram does to the area of
the plunger. Thus, if the area of the plunger cross-section be two
square inches and that of the ram four square feet, a pressure of ten
pounds on the former will produce a pressure of 2880 pounds on the
latter, or nearly 26 cwts.
70. The Bourdon aneroid gauge. B is a bent tube closed at the ends
and secured at its middle, C. The ends of the tube are connected
with a toothed sector gearing with a small pinion which carries the
indicating pointer. Pressure of steam or other fluid admitted to the
tube tends to straighten it, thus moving the pointer more or less.
71. An air-pump with foot and head valves.
72. Root's rotary engine, used as blower and also as pump. It has two
rotating pistons of special shape, so arranged that air or water may
be caught and carried forward by their motion.
73. Waygood's patent hydraulic balance lift. A is the lift-cylinder
communicating with the interior of the cylinder and ram B. The
cylinder C and ram D are loaded to nearly balance the cage and ram A,
and the load is raised by admitting pressure water to cylinder C.
74. An epicyclic train. The wheel A, which is concentric with the
revolving frame C, gears with F, which is fixed to the same axle as E.
E gears with B and D, the latter on the same axis as A. The driving
motion may be communicated to the arm and one extreme wheel, A or D,
in order to produce an aggregate motion of the other extreme wheel; or
motion may be given to the two extreme wheels, thus communicating
motion to the arm.
75. Another form of epicyclic train. F G is the arm, secured to the
central shaft, A, upon which are loosely fitted the bevel-wheels C, D.
The bevel-wheel B turns freely on F G. Motion may be given to the two
wheels C, D to produce aggregate motion of the arm, or to the arm and
one of these wheels to produce aggregate motion of the other.
76. Common D slide-valve with three ports: a diagrammatic section.]
[Illustration:
77. Another form of slide-valve, partly in equilibrium. The arrows
show the movement of the steam. (Like the other figures on this plate,
this one is a diagrammatic section.)
78. A variable cut-off valve on the back of the main slide, the rod of
which (seen above) can be revolved by hand or from the governor to
vary the opening of the cut-off valves.
79. Double-beat valve, with sunk seating.
80. Reducing-valve, which can be adjusted by the balance weight to
pass fluids from a high to any lower pressure.
81. An equilibrium-valve.
82. India-rubber disc and grating valve.
83. A four-plunger valve, used for double-power hydraulic lift-cylinders
employing a trunk piston For the low power the pressure-water acts on
both sides of the piston; for the double power it acts only on the
back of the piston, the front side being then open to the exhaust.
84. Sketch of the Corliss valve-gear, operated by a single eccentric.
It has two steam and two exhaust valves of an oscillating cylindrical
type, worked from pins on a rocking wrist-plate. The steam-valves have
trips regulated by the governor.]
[Illustration:
85. Corliss valve, with rectangular rocking spindle.
86. A favourite type of vertical overhead cylinder screw engine, with
half-standards and distance rods, one, two, or three cylinders, simple
or compound. The condenser is usually in the back standards and the
pumps behind.
87. A pedestal bearing, with four brasses and set-screw adjustments.
88. A hydraulic oil-pivot for vertical-spindle. Oil under pressure is
forced into the channels between the bearing faces, the area and
pressure being adjusted to the load. The surplus oil is returned from
the oil-well to the pump.
89. An engine crosshead, with adjustable guide-brasses, set up by
taper keys and nuts.
90. An equalizing lever to distribute the load on two car springs.
91. Korting's water-jet condenser. It requires three feet head of
condensing water
92. An automatic tipping-scale. When full, to equal the weight, it
falls and tips by striking a fixed stop. The scale then turns over and
returns to its position to be refilled.]
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Transcriber's Note:
Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as
printed.
Words printed in italics are marked with underlines: _italics_. Words
printed in bold are marked with tildes: ~bold~.
End of Project Gutenberg's How to Succeed as an Inventor, by Goodwin B. Smith