MULTIPLICATION BY SEED AND HYBRIDIZING.
We have described, in former pages, the various modes of cultivating
the Rose, and of propagating the many beautiful varieties which exist,
and would now briefly advert to a mode of developing still farther
the beauty which lies hid within the horny covering that protects the
dormant germ of vitality--in other words, of obtaining new varieties
by seed. With the making of the seed-bed commenced a new era in the
culture of the Rose, and advancing with rapid strides, it made more
progress in forty years than in centuries before. The Dutch seem to
have been the first to raise roses from seed, by the same mode which
they applied successfully to their tulips, hyacinths, etc., and from
the time that this mode became generally employed, the varieties of
roses began to increase. In this species of cultivation the French
soon outstripped their Dutch neighbors, and gained the reputation
which they still retain, of preëminent skill in the production of new
varieties of roses from the seed.
From 1805 to 1810, the Empress Josephine, whose love for flowers
is well known, collected at her favorite residence, Malmaison, the
choicest varieties of the Rose that could be obtained from Holland,
Germany, and Belgium, and thus gave an increased impulse to the
culture of roses in the vicinity of Paris.
According to De Pronville, a French writer, there were, in 1814, only
182 varieties of roses, and the advantage of multiplication by seed is
sufficiently evinced by the fact that there are now more than 6,000
varieties, the poorest of which are much better than any which existed
at that day. Among the earliest cultivators of roses from the seed,
were three Frenchmen: Dupont, Vilmorin, and Descemet. The former was
the gardener of the Empress Josephine. When the allied armies entered
Paris, in 1815, the garden of Descemet contained 10,000 seedling
roses, which Vibert, in his anxiety to secure from destruction,
succeeded in carrying to his garden in the interior.
In England, very little attention seems, at that time, to have been
paid to the production of new varieties from seed, and the English
relied very much upon the continent for their choice roses. Now,
however, they are abundantly redeeming their reputation, and many
fine varieties have been produced by English rose-growers, at the
head of whom stands Rivers, whose efforts are seconded by Wood, Paul,
Lane, and others. They are still, however, compelled to yield to the
French cultivators; for to these we are indebted for our very finest
roses--for Lamarque, Solfaterre, La Reine, Chromatella, the new white
Perpetuals, Souvenir de Malmaison, and others.
The varieties of roses became increasingly great after the
introduction of the Bengals, Noisettes, Teas, and Bourbons--all these
classes producing readily from seed, and in endless variety. There
still remains a willingness to cast aside the old for the new, and
however much we may regret this disposition, for the sake of some old
and truly deserving favorites, we cannot feel willing to denounce it,
for it exhibits a gratifying evidence of a desire for improvement,
and the existence of a spirit of progress, which, dissatisfied with
things as they are, is continually striving after nearer approaches to
perfection. If, in this strife, some of our old favorites have been
cast aside, we are more than abundantly compensated for their loss by
the new claimants to our regard.
Those who intend to raise new roses from seed should select varieties
differing as much as possible in color and habit, and possessing
broad, thick, and well-formed petals; their stamens should also be
visible, and their pistils perfect; for perfectly double flowers, in
which all the organs of propagation--the stamens and pistils--are
changed into petals, never yield seed. These should be planted
together in a rich soil, and as far as possible from any other roses.
If there are among them any two varieties whose peculiarities it is
desired to unite in a single plant, place these next to each other,
and there may possibly be such an admixture of the pollen as will
produce the desired result.
Care should be taken not to affect the proper maturity of the seed
by taking off the petals, but allow them to fall by their own decay.
The seed should be perfectly mature before it is gathered, which will
be immediately after the first hard frost. After the hips have been
gathered, the seeds can be taken out with the point of a knife, or,
if there is a large quantity, they can be put on a table and bruised
with a wooden roller; the covering of the seeds is so tough that they
cannot easily be injured. When the hip is sufficiently bruised, it
can be plunged into a vessel of water; and by continued friction, the
seeds can be easily separated from the pulp which surrounds them, and
will generally fall to the bottom. After being dried a few days in the
shade, they should be placed just beneath the surface, in pots filled
with fine sand, or peat earth, where they can be kept until wanted for
planting in the spring. The seeds which are not thus placed in sand
soon after they are gathered will not grow until the second, and if
delayed very long, until the third year. In this case, however, their
germination can be hastened by sowing them in earthen pans, which
are placed upon a hot-bed or under a glass frame. The seeds being
thus planted immediately after being gathered, the sand should be
kept moistened through the winter, and the pots put out of the reach
of frost. Mice are very fond of these seeds, and will destroy them
unless they are protected. The pots should be kept out of all heat,
excepting what may be required to keep the frost from them, until the
first of April, in this latitude, and at the South, earlier; this is
requisite, in order to prevent their germinating before all danger
of frost is past in the open air. At the time the pots or pans are
brought from their sheltered place into a warm temperature, beds for
the plants should be made in the open air, that they may be ready the
moment they are required. For these an eastern aspect is the best,
and in our hot climate, on the north side of a fence would answer
very well; if they are in an open piece of ground, they should be
sheltered by an awning from the hot sun. The soil should be a rich,
light sandy mould, with a little peat, if convenient, and should be
finely pulverized. The seeds should now be closely watched, and the
moment they are seen pushing up the sand, in order to obtain light,
they should be taken out singly with the point of a knife, taking a
small portion of the sand with them. The bed having been previously
watered, and raked fine, drills can be made, half an inch deep and
about a foot apart, in which the germinating seeds can be placed, at
a distance of six inches from each other, and then carefully covered
with finely pulverized soil. Having commenced germinating in the pots,
the seeds, now in the genial warmth of a spring sun, but protected
from its fiercest rays, will soon show their heads above the ground,
and striking deep root in the rich soil, grow rapidly. While the
plants are small, care should be taken to keep the ground constantly
moist.
We are aware that this process is somewhat new with rose seeds,
although it has been long practiced with Rhododendrons and other
plants, but we are convinced of its superiority to the old mode. The
delicate roots of young plants are very susceptible of injury by
change, and many are frequently lost by the first potting; this risk
is avoided by transplanting the seed before the first root fibre
is formed, and when, being in the act of germination, there can be
no possible danger of its rotting, which is frequently a serious
objection to sowing seeds at once in the open ground. The trouble
and risk of loss occasioned by subsequent re-pottings are also
avoided, and the plants have, by this mode, full liberty to grow as
luxuriantly as they choose, with only the slight attention required by
watering and shading. As the plan of Rivers is materially different,
we will give his directions in detail, admitting, at the same time,
that, under some circumstances, it may be preferable to that we have
presented above.
"The hips of all the varieties of roses, will, in general, be fully
ripe by the beginning of November; they should then be gathered and
kept entire, in a flower pot filled with dry sand, carefully guarded
from mice. In February, or by the first week in March, they must be
broken to pieces with the fingers, and sown in flower pots, such as
are generally used for sowing seeds in, called 'seed pans'; but for
rose seeds they should not be too shallow; nine inches in depth will
be enough. These should be nearly, but not quite, filled with a rich
compost of rotten manure and sandy loam, or peat; the seeds may be
covered, to the depth of about half an inch, with the same compost;
a piece of kiln wire must then be placed over the pot, fitting
closely at the rim, so as to prevent the ingress of mice, which are
passionately fond of rose seeds; there must be space enough between
the wire and the mould for the young plants to come up--half an inch
will probably be found enough; the pots of seed must never be placed
under glass, but kept constantly in the open air, in a full sunny
exposure, as the wire will shade the mould and prevent its drying.
Water should be given occasionally, in dry weather. The young plants
will perhaps make their appearance in April or May, but very often
the seed does not vegetate until the second spring. When they have
made their 'rough leaves,' that is, when they have three or four
leaves, they must be carefully raised with the point of a narrow
pruning-knife, potted into small pots, and placed in the shade; if the
weather is very hot and dry, they may be covered with a hand-glass
for a few days. They may remain in those pots a month, and then be
planted out into a rich border; by the end of August those that are
robust growers will have made shoots long enough for budding." Until
the plants have become firmly rooted, and, in fact, through the most
of the first summer, they should be protected from the heat of the
sun; a cheap mode of doing this is to put up rough posts, connect
them by pieces of wood, lay rough slats across these, and cover the
whole with straw or cornstalks; but a much neater covering is a good
canvas awning, supported by posts, which can be taken down when not
needed, and will last many years. The Bourbons and Bengals, with the
Teas and Noisettes, will sometimes bloom the first season; but as
the plant will be weak, a correct opinion cannot be formed of its
character until the second summer. The summer roses, or those which
bloom only once in the season, never show bloom until their third, and
sometimes not until their fourth and fifth year. It is well to let all
the plants remain in the seed-bed until the fifth year, as some which
prove unpromising at first may result in something really good. All
that prove bad the fifth year can be marked for destruction, or cut
down to receive the buds of the good varieties. In order to obtain a
good bloom as soon as possible, it is well to have ready some strong
stocks of the Greville, Mannetti, or any other free-growing rose, into
which buds can be inserted of any of the seedlings whose habit and
general appearance promise good flowers, and whose growth has been
sufficient to furnish good buds. The next spring the stock should
be cut down to the bud, which will then make luxuriant shoots, and
produce flowers the same season, if an Everblooming variety; but if
one of the Summer roses, not until the next season. The third spring
let every branch be cut down to three or four eyes, when it will more
fully develop its character, and will often continue improving until
its fifth or sixth year.
The first winter, the young plants will require protection from
the cold by some kind of litter, and the Bengal, Tea, and Noisette
varieties will always need it during the winter. Where there are any
plants of these latter, whose habit and appearance promise something
excellent, they can be potted on the approach of winter, kept in a
cool temperature, free from frost, and replanted in the spring.
When it is desired that the young plant should possess the properties
of two well-known flowers, resort is had to artificial impregnation.
Although the existence of sexuality in plants appears to have been
known to the ancients, and is mentioned not only by Pliny, Claudian,
and Theophrastus, but also by Ebu-Alwan, in a work on agriculture
written originally in Chaldaic; yet it does not seem to have been
generally admitted by botanists, until announced by Linnæus in 1731.
From this time the possibility of the existence of hybrid plants
was admitted, and Linnæus, with many subsequent authors, published
observations tending to show that, even in the natural state, new
species were formed by two different plants, the pistil of one having
been fecundated by the stamens of the other. This impregnation has
been artificially applied, by modern cultivators, to the production
of new varieties of fruits and flowers. With the Geranium, Fuchsia,
Pæony, Pansy, and other flowers, it has produced remarkable results.
The mode of impregnating the Rose artificially has been so little
practiced with us, and has been so well described by Rivers, that we
prefer detailing the process in his own words:
"When it is desirable the qualities of a favorite rose should
preponderate, the petals of the flower to be fertilized must be
opened gently with the fingers. A flower that will expand in the
morning should be opened the afternoon or evening previous, and the
anthers all removed with a pair of pointed scissors. The following
morning, when this flower is fully expanded, it must be fertilized
with a flower of some variety of whose qualities it is desired to
have seedlings largely partake. It requires some watchfulness to
open the petals at the proper time; if too soon, the petals will be
injured in forcing them open, and in hot weather, in July, if delayed
only an hour or two, the anthers will be found to have shed their
pollen. To ascertain precisely when the pollen is in a fit state for
transmission, a few of the anthers should be gently pressed with the
finger and thumb; if the yellow dust adheres to them, the operation
may be performed; it requires close examination and some practice to
know when the flower to be operated upon is in a fit state to receive
the pollen; as a general rule, the flowers ought to be in the same
state of expansion, or, in other words, about the same age.
"To exemplify the process, we will suppose that a climbing Moss Rose,
with red or crimson flowers, is wished for: the flowers of the Blush
Ayrshire, which bear seed abundantly, may be selected, and before
expansion, the anthers removed; the following morning, or as soon
after the operation as these flowers open, they should be fertilized
with those of the Luxembourg Moss; if the operation succeed, seed will
be procured, from which, the probability is, that a climbing rose
will be produced with the habit and flowers of the Moss Rose, or at
least an approximation to them. I mention the union of the Moss and
Ayrshire Roses by way of illustration, and merely to point out to the
amateur how extensive and how interesting a field of operations is
open in this way. I ought to give a fact that has occurred in my own
experience, which will tell better with the sceptical than a thousand
anticipations. About four years since, in a pan of seedling Moss
Roses, was one with a most peculiar habit, even when very young; this
has since proved a hybrid rose, partaking much more of the Scotch
Rose than of any other, and until the plant arrived at full growth, I
thought it a Scotch Rose, the seed of which had by accident been mixed
with that of the Moss Rose, although I had taken extreme care. To my
surprise it has since proved a perfect hybrid, having the sepals and
the fruit of the Provence Rose, with the spiny and dwarf habit of the
Scotch Rose; it bears abundance of hips, which are all abortive. The
difference in the fruit of the Moss and Provence Rose, and that of the
Scotch, is very remarkable; and this it was which drew my particular
attention to the plant in question. It was raised from the same seed,
and in the same seed-pan, as the single crimson Moss Rose. As this
strange hybrid came from a Moss Rose accidentally fertilized, we may
expect that art will do much more for us.
"It is only in cases where it is wished for the qualities of a
particular rose to predominate, that the removal of the anthers of the
rose to be fertilized is necessary: thus, if a yellow climbing rose
is desired by the union of the Yellow Brier with the Ayrshire, every
anther should be removed from the latter, so that it is fertilized
solely with the pollen of the former. In some cases, where it is
desirable to have the qualities of both parents in an equal degree,
the removal of the anthers must not take place: thus I have found,
by removing them from the Luxembourg Moss, and fertilizing that rose
with a dark variety of _Rosa Gallica_, that the features of the Moss
Rose are totally lost in its offspring, and they become nearly pure
varieties of the former; but if the anthers of the Moss Rose are left
untouched, and it is fertilized with _Rosa Gallica_, interesting
hybrids are the result, more or less mossy."
There is no branch of rose culture possessing more interest for the
amateur, with whose leisure its prosecution is compatible. The
constant care and attention required, in order to ensure success,
place it in a great measure beyond the limits of a large commercial
establishment. The great desideratum at this time is a double, yellow,
climbing rose. If the Harrison Rose were fertilized with the Queen
of the Prairies, or the latter with the Solfaterre or Chromatella, a
rose might possibly be obtained with the rich yellow of the Harrison
Rose, and the robust habit and beautifully formed flower of the Queen
of the Prairies. While, however, we recommend this mode of artificial
impregnation, we would by no means discourage the sowing of seeds
whose flowers have not thus been fecundated. The seed of the Harrison
Rose, or of any of the yellow roses, may, if perseveringly saved from
generation to generation, produce a yellow climbing rose. In fact, we
are inclined to think that among all the reputed hybrids, a much less
number than is supposed owe their origin to a crossed fecundation.
It is a fact generally admitted by botanists, that all varieties of
plants will generally produce from their seed plants very dissimilar,
preserving, perhaps, some peculiarities of their parents, but
differing in many essential particulars.
It will thus be perceived that, in the simple sowing of seeds, where
there is a dislike to the trouble of artificial impregnation, there is
a wide field for experiment and for successful result. But to those
who have the leisure and the patience to transfer from one plant to
another its fertilizing matter, it forms a pleasant amusement, with
rather a greater probability of satisfactory results. In either case,
every amateur of roses should have his seed-plat; and if, out of a
thousand, or even five thousand roses, he should obtain one good
variety, and differing from any other known, he will be conferring
an important service upon rose-culture, and will encourage others to
pursue the same course, until we shall be in no wise behind either
France or England in this interesting branch of horticulture.