"Many men, many minds," runs the proverb. "Many nations, many ships,"
is almost equally true. A nation may show its individuality in the
fashion of its marine architecture as much as in any other direction--
as, for instance, in its national dress, dwelling-houses, food,
amusements; and an ethnologist in studying a people's characteristics
may do wisely not to overlook its ships and boats.
Even in Europe, where an advanced civilisation may be supposed to be
slowly smoothing off national characteristics and peculiarities, and
gradually blending and amalgamating diverse national customs, there
still exists a considerable disparity in the marine architecture of
different states; while between the ships of Europe and those of some
parts of Asia the gulf is certainly broad enough, so that about the only
point of resemblance between an English ironclad and a Chinese junk is,
that both are manifestly better adapted for the sea than the land. We
now propose describing some of the more curious craft peculiar to
various nations, beginning with Europe:
The Dutch galliot is a somewhat peculiar craft to the eye of an
Englishman; heavy and clumsy-looking beyond doubt, but a good sea-boat
notwithstanding. The galliot looks much the same, whether you regard
her from stem or from stern, both being almost equally rounded. Keel
she has scarce any; her floors are flat, hull broad and deep, and rudder
very wide. Hung on each side is a large lee-board, to keep her from
making too much leeway. Her hull is varnished a bright yellow colour,
and shines in the sun. Her bulwarks are lofty; and a wooden house is
placed aft, where the captain and his family live, and which is always
kept brightly painted. This part of the ship is a remarkably snug
place, comfortably furnished, and kept with the characteristic Dutch
cleanliness and neatness. Forward is the caboose of the crew, a wide,
low, but roomy erection.
The galliot is rigged with square sails on her mainmast, a fore and aft
main-sail, a gaff mizzen and mizzen gaff top-sails, and a high bowsprit.
Her sails are sometimes white, sometimes tanned. If the reader has
ever chanced to enter the port of Rotterdam, he will have encountered
plenty of examples of the craft we are describing; and if he did not
altogether approve or admire their shape, he must at least have been
struck by their remarkable cleanness and brightness. A Dutch galliot
may be fifty, eighty, or even a hundred and fifty tons burden. When the
Dutch build vessels of a larger size than this, they do so on very
similar lines to English merchantmen, though usually somewhat broader
and bluffer.
Off the coast of Portugal we meet with many different kinds of craft, of
which the trading schooners differ from almost any other kind of vessel.
Broad in the beam, and short in the counter, some are rounded at the
stem, some nearly square. They are decked, and are from forty to one
hundred tons burden. They are peculiarly rigged, having only lower
masts stepped at different angles. The gaffs of the fore-sail, as well
as the main-sail, can be raised to different heights. They have fore
stay-sail, jib and flying jib, gaff top-sails, and a large square sail
and square top-sails. On the whole, they are ungainly-looking craft in
the extreme; but they are very capable sea-boats, and make voyages as
far as South America.
Mr W.H.G. Kingston gives a graphic description of a Portuguese craft
which it has never been our fortune to see. He calls it the Lisbon
bean-pod, from its exact resemblance to that vegetable, and affirms it
to be the most curious of European craft, which we can readily believe.
"Take a well-grown bean-pod," he says, "and put it on its convex edge,
and then put two little sticks, one in the centre and one at the bows,
raking forward, for the masts, and another in the bows, steeving up, for
the bowsprit, and another astern for a boomkin or outrigger, and then
you have before you the boat in question." These boats carry a lateen
sail, sail very fast, and are much used on the waters of the Tagus as
fishing-boats and trawlers.
Other curious craft to be met with in Europe are the scamparia and
felucca of the Mediterranean, the Greek mystico and the trabacalo of the
Adriatic. The gondola, than which, perhaps, nothing that floats on the
waters is suggestive of more romantic and poetical associations, is so
familiar to everybody from pictures, and has so often been introduced
into story, song, and narratives of travel, that we shall not pause to
describe it.
Passing from Europe to Africa, we note among the craft peculiar to that
country the diabiah or Nile boat, a very comfortable travelling boat for
warm climates. It is a large boat, and contains a house at one end, in
which the passengers sleep at night, or take refuge from the sun's
fierce heat by day.
In Asia a great variety of vessels and boats of various shapes and sizes
are met with, to describe all of which would carry us far beyond the
space at our disposal. The dhow of the Arabs runs from sixty to a
hundred tons, is almost entirely open, and has a sharp pointed bow,
projecting for a considerable distance beyond the hull. On the high,
broad stern a covered-in poop is placed, containing the quarters of the
captain and passengers. The stern is usually ornamented with carving,
as English vessels used to be in old days. The dhow carries but one
sail, lateen-shaped, and the mast stoops forward at a sharp angle.
These craft have not unfrequently been engaged in the nefarious slave
traffic carried on on the east coast of Africa.
The catamaran of Madras can only be called a boat on the _lucus a non
lucendo_ principle, for it consists simply of three logs placed side by
side, pointed at the bows, and kept together by two cross-pieces. Yet
this rude raft does good service in its way, being the only means of
communication in rough weather between vessels lying off Madras and the
shore; for there are no wharves at Madras, and ships are compelled to
anchor in the offing. When the sea runs so high that boats of the
ordinary kind are useless, the services of the catamarans are gladly
enough made use of.
The native boatmen, seated on their log rafts, and quite naked, make
their way through the roughest surf to the vessels, carrying messages to
and from the land. The rower propels his boat with a rather long
paddle. Sometimes he is washed off his catamaran into the sea; but
being an expert swimmer, he usually recovers his seat without much
trouble, and it rarely happens that any of these men are drowned.
We spoke a little space back of the national characteristics of a people
being traceable in its marine architecture as well as in other things,
and surely this statement finds abundant illustration in the craft of
the Chinese. In China we find an intensely conservative people, and
their national bent is undoubtedly indicated in their ships, which in
all probability have not altered in any material regard for centuries.
A Chinaman would be as slow to change the shape of his junk as his
shoes, or the length of his pigtail. And a strange, old-world,
semi-barbarous look a Chinese junk has.
Chinese junks vary greatly in size, but all present the same type of
architecture. The sails in every case are of brownish-yellow matting,
swung across the mast like a main-sail, and having pieces of bamboo
placed cross-wise and parallel to each other, making them look somewhat
like venetian blinds. These wooden strips both strengthen the sail and
facilitate its reefing when lowered.
A large Chinese junk rises high out of the water; there are two or more
decks aft above the main-deck, painted and carved with various devices;
and the cabins are often luxuriously furnished according to Celestial
tastes. If you look at any representation of a junk, you will notice
that the rudder is very broad, resembling somewhat the rudder of a canal
barge. In spite of its primitive look, it has, after all, something
picturesque about it; but we fancy that we would rather contemplate it
in a picture than sail in one across the Atlantic.
On the deck of a junk is always to be found a josshouse or temple, in
front of which the crew keep incense, sticks, and perfumed paper
continually burning. When a calm overtakes an English vessel, the
sailors and passengers are always supposed to try what "whistling for a
wind" will effect. In lieu of this method of "raising the wind," a
Chinese sailor shapes little junks out of paper, and sets them afloat on
the water as a propitiatory service to the divinity who has the welfare
of seamen under his especial care.
The river-life of China is very curious. Quite a large proportion of
the people spend their whole lives on the water, while many who are
employed during the day on land sleep in boats on the various rivers.
This condition of things corresponds in some degree to that described by
Captain Marryat in that fine old story "Jacob Faithful," in the early
chapters of which we get diverting glimpses of life on board a Thames
lighterman. But the river population of China is still more absolutely
aquatic in manner of life than the Thames barge-folk. The boats in
which this class of the population live have an awning of bamboo and
matting fore and aft, which is removed by day and raised at night. At
sundown the boat-people anchor their craft in rows to stakes, thus
forming boat-terraces as it were. When business grows slack at one part
of the river, the master of the boat moves up or down stream to some
other part. From the shape of these boats, resembling somewhat the half
of an egg cut lengthwise, they are called in the Chinese language
"egg-boats." A large family will sometimes pack itself into an egg-boat
not much more than twelve feet long and six broad.
These river-folk have characteristics which almost render them a people
apart. They have a code of laws of their own, differing in many points
from that which governs the land community, and the two populations do
not intermarry. Women to a large extent navigate the egg-boats, as
indeed they do many other kinds of boats in China. Travellers report
that these river-families live peaceable and happy enough lives, seldom
disturbed by disputes of any kind. Possibly one cause for this may be
that which some humourist suggested as the reason why "birds in their
little nests agree," namely, because it would be dangerous if they "fell
out." But, speaking seriously, it says much for the placable nature of
these Chinese river-folk that they can pass such a happy existence
within the narrow bounds of their egg-boats.
Passing over to America, we shall first describe the famous American and
Canadian river steamboats, which are in many respects as curious and
unique as they are generally magnificent. These steamers are usually
paddle-boats; are very long and narrow in shape, but of great strength.
On the hull a sort of lofty platform is built, which is divided into
what may be called the middle and the main deck, one above the other.
Fore and aft there is a spacious, luxuriously appointed, and richly
decorated saloon, covered in with a glass roof.
Ranged on each side of the saloon are the cabins, each containing two
berths. These sleeping-cabins, like the saloon, are prettily furnished
and tastefully decorated. Over the saloon is another deck or platform--
the whole structure as may be seen from our illustration is very much
"be-decked"--about the middle of the vessel and in front of the funnel.
Here is situated the wheel, and here also the captain and officers take
their position. This part of the vessel is kept private to them, no
passenger being permitted to trespass on it.
Beneath the saloon-deck is the middle-deck, as has already been
indicated, which also contains a saloon of its own, as well as sleeping
apartments. This portion of the steamer is usually reserved for the
unmarried ladies among the passengers, who, as all readers of American
literature must be aware, are treated in America with an almost
chivalrous courtesy and consideration.
The dining-saloon of the vessel is situated in a third and undermost
deck, which reaches from the middle of the boat right aft, and is a
well-lighted, well-arranged room.
The cargo is placed amidships, heaped up in great piles--passenger boats
seldom or never carrying heavy goods. The American's passion for
economising time is manifest in the steamboats as everywhere else, most
of them carrying a barber, who will accommodate you with "easy shaving"
during the voyage. The barber's shop is forward with the cook's
quarters and other offices. American river-boats may vary, of course,
in details, but we have endeavoured to indicate the leading
characteristics of a typical example. The stories current in regard to
the facility with which an American steamboat blows up have been much
exaggerated, but nevertheless it is probably true that they bear the
bell in this direction of risk and danger.
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Of all craft of the canoe order, the flying-proa of the Pacific is the
swiftest. It carries a sail almost triangular in shape, and a straight
yard. It has an outrigger; and outrigger, mast, and yard are of bamboo.
Strong matting composes the sail, which is stretched very flat upon the
yard. When the crew wish to put their boat about they have merely to
shift the sail, when what was before the prow of the proa becomes the
stern. These boats are usually manned by a crew of about half-a-dozen.
One man sits at either end of the vessel and takes his turn of steering
according to whatever tack the canoe is on. The duty of the rest is to
bail out the boat and to keep the sail properly trimmed.
Nothing afloat, probably, can go so close to the wind as the
flying-proa, while its speed is astonishing. The Malays use the proa,
but theirs is a broader, heavier, and less swift boat than that used by
the Ladrone islanders of the Pacific, which is that which we have just
described.
The canoes of the Fijians are superior to those in use among any other
of the South Sea islanders. Their chief feature is that they are
twin-canoes, joined together by cross-beams, which support a platform of
from twelve to fifteen feet broad. Of the two canoes, one is smaller
than the other, and the smaller serves by way of an outrigger. These
canoes are sometimes one hundred feet long, their depth being usually
about seven feet. Sometimes a small cabin is built upon the platform.
The mast is about thirty feet long, is supported by guys, and is
furnished with a yard carrying a large sail. There are small hatchways
at both ends of the craft, at each of which one of the crew sits ready
to bail out the boat. The Fijian canoes can also be propelled by means
of sculling, the sculler using a broad-bladed scull about ten feet in
length. A large canoe can be got through the water at the rate of two
or three miles an hour by sculling.
Various experiments have from time to time been made in the way of
building boats and ships with double hulls, the object being to obtain
increased stability, and thus reduce to a minimum the rolling and
pitching of ordinary vessels. The steamship Castalia was an ambitious
attempt in this direction. She was built for the passenger service
between England and France. But she did not realise the expectations
formed of her.
Most persons who have crossed from Dover to Calais, or vice versa, by
the Calais-Douvre mail packet, will bear witness both to the comfort and
speed of that vessel. Up to this she has proved the most perfect form
of steam-ship yet constructed for the purpose required. The
Calais-Douvre is built somewhat upon the same principle as the Castalia,
but differs from that vessel in that whereas the latter was two
half-ships joined together, each twin-portion of the Calais-Douvre is a
perfect ship in itself. The result has been, that while the Castalia
was a failure, the Calais-Douvre has proved a distinct success. She is
three hundred feet in length and sixty feet in breadth; her tonnage is
two thousand, and her water-draught only six feet, so that she can enter
Calais Harbour at even a low tide. Two transverse iron girder
bulk-heads unite the two hulls of the vessel; and her steering apparatus
is so simple, and at the same time so effective in construction, that
one wheel is usually sufficient to work it. She makes the passage from
Dover to Calais usually in an hour and a half; but in very fine weather
we ourselves have crossed in less than that time. With the maximum rate
of speed, the Calais-Douvre has attained the minimum amount of pitching
and rolling yet secured by any Channel boat. Her saloons, cabins, and
decks are spacious and handsomely appointed, so that the Channel passage
in this vessel is made under as favourable conditions for bad sailors as
any sea-passage can be.