[19] M. de Serres, in his Lectures on Anthropology, at the _Jardin des

Plantes_.

[20] P. J. Proudhon has said, in another arrangement of facts depending

on social science, “Revolution is not atheistical; it does not deny the

absolute, it removes it altogether” (_De la Justice_, vol. ii, p. 301).

See, for fuller development of our ideas on this subject, the _Progrès_

of the 20th of May, 1859, article on _Science et Religion_.

[21] _Discours sur le Méthode._

[22] _Lettres à M. Villemain sur la Méthode_, Paris, 1856, p. 3.

[23] See these ideas categorically explained, vol. ii, p. 281.

[24] M. de Quatrefages admits a _sidereal kingdom_; and such a thesis

seems to us a very difficult one to sustain, after the experiments of

Bunsen and Kirchoff on the chemical composition of the stars. M. de

Quatrefages admits also a _human kingdom_; but admitting that animals

_think_, he makes _morality_ and _religion_ characteristics of this

kingdom. _Unité de l’Espèce Humaine_, 1861, p. 30. We shall have

occasion to revert again to these two points. See Bert., _Bulletins de

la Société d’Anthropologie_, August 7, 1862.

[25] See Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle Générale des

règnes organiques_, vol. ii, p. 252.

[26] Certain essential oils, like those of coffee, tea, or hemp.

[27] Alcoholic liquors.

[28] Narcotics.

[29] “If I am not mistaken,” says M. de Quatrefages, “there is in this

result, independently of the scientific consequences which may proceed

from it, a something which responds to our most noble aspirations.

Man confers upon himself dominion _of his own will_; he loves to

proclaim himself legitimate sovereign of all things on the surface

of this globe; and, in fact, no creature will dare to dispute with

him an empire which, day by day, extends and increases. Well! is it

not satisfactory to behold _anthropological characteristics_ sanction

and ennoble this empire by placing by the side of the _right_, which

springs from intellectual superiority, the notion of _duty_, which

arises from morality and religion?” (_Unité de l’Espèce Humaine_, p.

33.)

[30] Courtet de l’Isle has already made this remark. (_Tableau

Ethnographique du Genre Humain_, 1849, p. 8.)

[31] See the _Voyage de l’Isabelle_; also Desmoulins, _Histoire

Naturelle des Races Humaines_, 1826, p. 276.

[32] Cirripeds, tortoises, ornithodelphi, and generally speaking, the

extreme representatives of the divisions of each natural classification.

[33] _Mémoire sur les Tasmaniens, sur les Alfourous, et sur les

Australiens_, in the _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, 1827, vol. x,

p. 155.

[34] Hale, _Natives of Australia_, etc. See _American Journal of

Science_, second series, vol. i, p. 302, May 1846; extract from the

account of C. Wilkes’ Expedition: _Narrative of the U. S. Exploring

Expedition during the years 1838-1842_, vol. vi, “Ethnography and

Philology.”

[35] _Voyage de l’Astrolabe: Zoologie_, vol. i, p. 43.

[36] Even after the assertions of M. de Quatrefages in the _Unité des

Races Humaines_, p. 162, and following, we have not thought ourselves

justified in changing our opinions on the subject of the Australians,

which have lately been confirmed at the Anthropological Society; a Mr.

O’Rourke, an eyewitness, having answered M. de Quatrefages (_Bulletins

de la Société d’Anthropologie_, 21 June, 1860).

[37] J. Ross, _Narrative of a Second Voyage_, etc., 1835, p. 448.

[38] J. Ross, _Narrative of a Second Voyage_, p. 490.

[39] See Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Comptes Rendus_, vol. v,

p. 42. [We should very much like to know at what period our author

imagines this to have been the case, and whether he considers that

these apes were the “men of the day.”--EDITOR.]

[40] “Memorandum on an Unknown Forest Race,” etc., _Journal of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal_, 1855, vol. xxiv, p. 207.

[41] M. Ehrenberg, speaking one day of the unknown centre of Africa,

said to us, “that it might not be impossible to find there men

so different from us that we ought to make of them, willingly or

unwillingly, a special group.” I quote these words in no way with the

design of presuming that there is such an order of beings; but in

order to show that the father of the naturalists of Europe, the friend

of Humboldt, believes in something else than the unity of the human

species, because he admits that a generic plurality is possible.

[42] R. Owen, _On the Characters of the Class Mammalia_, 1857, p. 20,

_note_. The illustrious _savant_ has himself treated on this subject,

_ex professo_, in the catalogue of the collection in the College of

Surgeons.

[43] “The orang-outang is capable of a kind of laugh when pleasantly

excited,” J. Grant, “Account of the Structure of an Orang-Outang”

(_Edinburgh Journal of Science_, vol. ix, 1828).

[44] Artificial love itself, with all the complexity of ideas which it

is supposed must thence arise, is not, as one may think, the debauchery

of civilisation; it belongs to animals akin to man as well as to

man himself. See Ch. Robin and Béraud, _Précis de la Physiologie de

l’Homme_, vol. ii, p. 384. It is the same with impure connection, or

coupling, radically inexplicable by _instinct_. See Isidore Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle Générale des Règnes Organiques_,

vol. iii, p. 142.

[45] Doctor Yvan commanded the _Archimedes_; he has written an account

of his voyage: _Voyages et Récits_, Brussels, 1853, 2 vols. in 12mo.

[46] “The Australians only wear woollen clothing in order to protect

the chest; ... no idea of shame has ever led them to hide the natural

parts.” Lesson et Garnot, _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, 1827, vol.

x.

[47] The orang observed by J. Grant also showed these signs of

desperation; “he poured it (a saucer) angrily out on the floor,

whined in a peculiar manner, and threw himself passionately on his

back on the ground, striking his breast and paunch with his palms,

and giving a kind of reiterated _croak_.”--“Account of the Structure

of an Orang-Outang,” _Edinburgh Journal of Science_, vol. ix, p. 11.

[The same demonstration of feeling was showed by the orangs in the

Zoological Gardens, May 1864.--EDITOR.]

[48] [Tagal, a chief town of Java.--EDITOR.]

[49] _Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. ii, p. 582.

[50] _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des bêtes_, 1728, p. 132.

[51] [_Guenon_, the _Simia nasalis_ of Buffon.--EDITOR.]

[52] Plato, _Leges_, x, 1. See Maury, _Religions_, vol. iii, p. 4,

_note_ 2.

[53] After having said that the idea of good and evil (_moralité_)

exists among all men, M. de Quatrefages adds, that “the notion of the

Divinity and that of another life are also generally diffused” (_Unité

de l’Espèce Humaine_, p. 23). We shall demonstrate further on (chap. v)

that this statement is incorrect, and how fragile the bases are upon

which M. de Quatrefages rests the _fundamental_ characteristics which,

according to him, distinguish the human kingdom.

[54] M. Chevreul has already defined the “Beautiful” as “the expression

of causes whose influence has most force in moving mankind by appealing

to their senses” (_Lettres à M. Villemain sur la Méthode_, 1856, p.

169).

[55] [“Truth lies at the bottom of a well,” is an old saying, but our

author does not seem to agree with it. We should be very sorry to think

that truth was only to be found in science. This is, doubtless, the

opinion of a great many learned men at the present day; but we must

candidly own we do not agree with it, and certainly are not able to

endorse M. Pouchet’s sentiment. We have ourselves not arrived at the

point, and in this we are, doubtless, old-fashioned,--of referring

everything to “reason,” as opposed to faith.--EDITOR.]

[56] _Edinburgh Journal of Science_, 1828, vol. ix, p. 10.

[57] _Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. iii, p. 29.

[58] We can compare this passage from the naturalist philosopher with

the other quotations we made farther back. “Females are extremely

curious about this spectacle (the fondness of a “mother” monkey for

her young one), and doubtless their attention is caused by discovering

therein a true manifestation of the feelings they have themselves

experienced as mothers; they are, above all things, astonished to

recognise in these ardent attentions the joy and pride of maternity, of

which they believed themselves alone to be susceptible.” (É. Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire, _Cours d’Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères_, Paris,

1829, vol. i; Lesson, vi, p. 16).

[59] Proudhon has already laid down as a principle the establishment

of a psychology among animals (_De la Justice_, vol. ii, p. 279).

Frederick Cuvier has done the same.

[60] Hom. iv _in Acta Apostolorum_. See Rechtenbach, _De Sermone

Brutorum_, Erfurt, 1706, p. 1.

[61] Sometimes this restraint is openly avowed; and we see M. Maire,

who is also engaged upon the same questions, admit that, without these

influences, he would embrace the same ideas that we are endeavouring

to bring forward. “Let us frankly avow,” he says, “if we had not

continually before our minds the doctrines of a religion which we

respect,--if we had not a sincere faith, this intuitive belief which

tells us we _must_ make a mistake,--we should dare to write thus.

The more the organisation of the animal is perfected, the more the

spiritual element produced by the action of the various functions is

itself perfected.... There would then be only a hierarchical gradation

of one and the same principle. The psychical fluid would be always

the same in all individuals. The difference in its manifestations

would refer to the difference in the organisations which produce them”

(_Société Havraise d’Etudes Diverses_, p. 169, 1855-1856).

[62] [We cannot exactly see why it must necessarily have been offensive

to Christianity. There is nothing injurious to religion in the theory

of intellectual gradation.--EDITOR.]

[63] Jam vero nobis ostendendum est eam (bestia) habere rationem

internam et intus conceptam. Videtur sane a nostra differre, non

essentia sed gradu. Uti nonnulli existimant Deorum a nostra discrepare

rationem, non differentia essentiali, sed quod illorum magis, nostra

minus sit accurata. Et quidem quod ad sensum attinet et reliquam, tum

instrumentorum sensus, tum carnis universæ, conformationem attinet,

eam eodem nobiscum modo se habere in animalibus, ab omnibus fere

conceditur.--Porphyrius, transl. by Holsteinius, _De Abstinentiâ_,

1655, p. 108. Is not unity of composition here conjectured, both for

the intellect and the body?

[64] _Disquisitio de Animâ Brutorum_, Bremæ, 1676.

[65] _Logicæ Brutorum_, Hamburg, 1697. This little treatise, in spite

of the extreme ideas of its author, is not the less precious. J. Stahl

was one of those wells of learning which Germany has so often produced.

There is, perhaps, not one passage in the old authors who wrote on this

point to which he has not referred in his work.

[66] See, among others, S. Gros, _De Animâ Brutorum_, Wittemberg, 1680;

Klemnius, _De Animâ Brutorum_, Vittembergiæ, 1704.

[67] Upon this point, M. de Quatrefages agrees with M. Flourens; but

the distinction which he endeavours to establish, being based upon

_morality_ and _religion_, seems to us much more restricted and much

less clear. Not being able to answer everybody, we have been obliged to

attend merely to the opinions of that partisan of the human kingdom who

gives to animals the largest portion of it.

[68] Proudhon says, in language which is even more concise and

affirmative, “In man, the mind knows itself; whilst elsewhere it

seems to us that it does not do so” (_Système des Contradictions

économiques_, vol. i, 1850, p. 20).

[69] _Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle_, vol. xvi, p. 58.

[70] Maire, _Société Havraise d’Etudes Diverses_, 1855-1856.

[71] _Unité de l’Espèce Humaine_, 1861, p. 24.

[72] Maire, _Société Havraise d’Etudes Diverses_, 1855-1856. We can

make the same comparison with a passage almost similar from Maupertuis,

_Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 134.

[73] _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 95.

[74] See É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Comptes Rendus des Séances de

l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. iv, p. 261.

[75] See Flourens, _Histoire des Travaux de Buffon_, 1844, p. 135.

Descartes made use of the absence of speech in animals as a strong

argument against them.

[76] See Gratiolet, _Bulletins de la Soc. d’Anthropologie de Paris_, 18

April, 1861.

[77] See J. Grimm, _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859, p. 53.

[78] _Traité de l’Origine du Langage_, Engl. transl., 1827, p. 6.

[79] _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859.

[80] _De l’Origine du Langage_, 2nd edit., 1858.

[81] It is by tracing, according to custom, effects to their causes,

that the Buddhist philosophy arrives at the principles of joint

responsibility, which, according to it, unites reason to language,

making them mutually flow one from the other. “Name and form have

as a cause, _intellect_, and intellect has for a cause, _name_ and

_form_.”--See Burnouf, _Le Lotus de la bonne loi_, p. 550. Mercurius

Trismegistus, in the Pimander (Pimander, _De sapientiâ et potestate

Dei_), says almost the same thing: “Speech is the sister of intellect;

intellect is the sister of language.” See Rechtenbach, _De Sermone

Brutorum_, 1706, p. 2.

[82] See _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859.

[83] _De l’Origine du Langage_, 1858, p. 31.

[84] See Jacob Grimm, _De l’Origine du Langage_, transl., 1859, p. 29.

[85] Father Pardies (S. J.), in a work, otherwise of no great value,

_Discours de la Connaissance des Bêtes_, 1672, p. 39.

[86] _Recherches sur les mœurs de fourmis indigènes_, Genève, 1810.

[87] We refer our readers for all these questions to the remarkable

works of M. Toussenel.

[88] _Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes_, 1728, p. 217.

[89] It may be seen, in analysing these two simple facts, that they

lead us to admit the existence of a notion of _duty_ among animals,

although, perhaps, an obscure one:--they know that they _ought_ to act

as they are doing from fear of a whipping, and this is an operation of

the mind which no one, we think, will deny to be complex in its nature,

and purely intellectual.

[90] Isid. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol.

iii, 1860, p. 114. M. Roulin has remarked, that there is something

analogous in this as regards the cat, which loses, in the savage state,

those troublesome mewings which we hear so often during the night from

the European race.--_Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle_, vol.

xvii.

[91] It is because there is a sort of capability for education

in the animal, and indeed in the whole of his race, placed under

certain circumstances; it is because, on the other hand, we refuse

to certain human races the “initiative in progress,” (see Broca,

_Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, May 24 and June 21, 1860),

that we cannot accept the “_class man_” of M. Chevreul, preceding

the “_class mammalia_,” and having, as a characteristic, the

_capability of perfection in the individual, and in the association

of individuals_.--See _Exposé d’un moyen de Définir et de Nommer les

Couleurs_, § 185. (_Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. xxxiii,

1861.)

[92] See Dr. Gibson, Amer. Assoc. (compare _Ami des Sciences_, 29

August, 1858.)

[93] It would be a curious study, for instance, to find out if certain

noises,--certain sounds which have no signification to our ears, do not

produce, among some animals, clearly determined impressions, having

their first origin in these animals themselves, or in their mutual

relations, the education we give them going for nothing in this sort of

evidence.

[94] [The Rev. F. W. Robertson (who died some years ago), states some

opinions in his published sermons which show he was almost before his

time in his ideas concerning animals. He says, in comparing them with

mankind, “There is the same external form, the same material in the

blood-vessels, in the nerves, and in the muscular system. Nay, more

than that, our appetites and instincts are alike, our lower pleasures

like their lower pleasures, our lower pain like their lower pain;

our life is supported by the same means, and our animal functions

are almost indistinguishably the same.” _Sermons_, 3rd series, 1857

(preached in 1850), p. 49. “It is the law of being, that in proportion

as you rise from lower to higher life, the parts are more distinctly

developed, while yet the unity becomes more entire. You find, for

example, in the lowest forms of animal life, one organ performs several

functions; one organ being, at the same time, heart, and brain, and

blood-vessel. But when you come to man, you find all these various

functions existing in different organs, and every organ more distinctly

developed; and yet the unity of a man is a higher unity than that of a

limpet.” (_Sermons_, p. 57.)--EDITOR.]

[95] _A Treatise on the Records of the Creation_, by J. Bird Sumner,

Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, 6th edit., 8vo, London, 1850.

[96] Nullum characterem hactenus eruere potui, unde homo a simia

internoscatur.--Linnæus, _Fauna Suecica_: præfatio.

[97] Owen, _On the Characters of the Class Mammalia_, p. 20, _note_

(_Journal of Proceedings of Linnean Society_, 1857.)

[98] _Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. ii, p. 581.

[99] See the magnificent work, _Sketches of Central Africa_, and the

portrait of the chief, Kanéma, in _Barth’s Travels_, vol. iii.

[100] Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Hist. Naturelle Générale_, vol.

ii, pp. 200-515.

[101] [See Huxley’s _Man’s Place in Nature_, 8vo, London, 1863; and the

article thereon in the _Edinburgh Review_, April, 1863.--EDITOR.]

[102] Crawfurd, _On the Negro Race_, etc. (_British Association for the

Advancement of Science_, 1852, p. 86.)

[103] See the translation of this veritable _Iliad_, by M. H. Fauche.

_Râmâyana_, 1857.

[104] [We are told in the _Voyages de François Pyrard_, vol. ii, p.

331, Paris, 1615, “that in the province of Sierra Leone there is a

species (of orang-outang) so strong limbed and so industrious that,

when properly trained and fed, they work like servants; that they

generally walk on the two hind feet; that they pound any substances

in a mortar; that they go and bring water from the river in small

pitchers, which they carry, full, on their heads. But when they arrive

at the door, if the pitchers are not soon taken off, they allow them

to fall; and when they perceive the pitchers overturned and broken

they weep and lament.” In the _Voyages de Guat. Shoutten aux Indes

Orientales_, we find nearly the same account of the orang: “they

are taken with snares, taught to walk on their hind feet, and to

use their fore-feet as hands in performing different operations, as

rinsing glasses, carrying drink round to the company, turning a spit,”

etc.--EDITOR.]

[105] _Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, vol. ii. See, also,

for the separation of the great toe, the photographs in the _Voyage à

la Côte Orientale d’Afrique_, by Captain Guillain.

[106] _Odontography_, London, 1840, p. 452. _Catalogue of the Hunterian

Collection_, “Osteology,” vol. ii, p. 800.

[107] [A character which, as the Cuviers and Owen have pointed out, man

shares with the fossil _Anoplotherium_ and its allies, from the Paris

gypsum.--EDITOR.]

[108] Tiedemann, of Heidelberg, wrote to Knox with reference to the

nervous system, that he had great reason to believe that the natives of

Australia differed in this matter from Europeans in an extraordinary

degree.--Knox, _The Races of Men_, London, 1850, p. 2.

[109] “The physical characteristics which distinguish human races,

one from the other, are, perhaps, the _one fact in natural history_

which has always most struck the imagination of mankind.... Historians

relate, that when Columbus first returned, Europeans could not take

their eyes off the plants and unknown animals which he had brought with

him; and above all, the Indians, so different from all the races of men

they had ever seen.”--Flourens, _Considérations sur l’enseignement de

l’Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme_. (_Annales des Sciences Naturelles_,

vol. x, p. 357.) This wonder is renewed every day; and I once knew

an intelligent negro who had a very unpleasant remembrance of the

French provinces, where he had been the object of a very general and

indiscreet curiosity.

[110] The works which followed one another on this subject are due to

Reinhold Wagner (1699), B. S. Albin (1737), Barrière (1742), Mitchell

(1744), Baeck (1748), Meckel (1753-1757), Le Cat (1756-1765), etc. See

G. Pouchet, _Des Colorations de l’Epiderme_, 4to, Paris, 1864.

[111] The analysis of the anatomical differences in the skeleton has

been, perhaps, best made by Bérard, in France, and Lawrence in England;

I may refer for the details to these two authors. Bérard, _Cours

de Physiologie_, 1848, vol. i; Lawrence, _Lectures on Comparative

Anatomy_, 9th edition, 1848.

[112] Is. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, “Sur la Classification

Anthropologique,” _Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie_, 1861, vol. i,

p. 125.

[113] [Compare Joulin, _Anatomie et Physiologie comparé du bassin des

Mammifères_, 8vo, Paris, 1864; and _Mémoire sur le bassin considéré

dans les Races Humaines_, 8vo, Paris, 1864.--EDITOR.]

[114] The proportion given by Camper is this: the great diameter is to

the little,

In the European :: 41 : 27.

In the Negro :: 39 : 27·5.

[115] _Account of the Regular Gradation of Man_, 4to, London, 1799, p.

118.

[116] _Cours de Physiologie_, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394. See, also,

on the same question, A. Maury, in the _Athénéum Français_, 1853, No.

47.

[117] [We cannot entirely agree with the author regarding the low

stature of the Spaniards. From our own observation we may unreservedly

say that, at all events, the inhabitants of the _south_ and _south

western_ parts of Spain are a fine race, not at all liable to the

charge of being different in height from the Anglo-Saxons.--EDITOR.]

[118] [Although our author rather despises the idea of the legs

being bowed by riding, it is tolerably well known in this country

that too much riding on horseback, _when young_, and especially on

large animals, is very apt to alter the shape of delicate and weakly

limbs.--EDITOR.]

[119] “Tribus Mongoles,” translated by S. A. de Grandsagne, in the

_Mémoires du Muséum_, vol. xvii.

[120] See Broca, _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, 3rd April,

1862.

[121] See Lawrence, _Lectures on Comparative Anatomy_, London, 1848, p.

410.

[122] Davy, _An Account of the Interior of Ceylon_, 1821, p. 109.

[123] See Daniel Wilson, in the _British Review_, 1851; and in

Stephens, the description of the Temple of Uxmal.

[124] See _Bulletins de la Société de Géographie_, 4th series, vol. x,

p. 45. It must not be forgotten that these weapons with a small handle

may have been used by those valiant heroines, whose praises have so

often been sung in the songs of the north.

[125] Presented by A. C. Harris, Esq., 1840.

[126] [Compare the memoir of Professor C. G. Carus, _Ueber die Typisch

geurdenen abbildungen menschlichen kopfformen namentlich auf münzen in

verschiedenen zeiten und volkern_, published in the _Novorum Actorum

Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldini-Carolinæ Germanicæ naturæ curiosum_ for

1863, in which the author gives characteristic examples of the ancient

types, as deduced from the examination of coins, etc. Compare, also,

Nott and Gliddon, _Types of Mankind_.--EDITOR.]

[127] See especially Lepsius, _Denkmaeler von Egypten und Œthiopen_,

vol. ii, pl. 133; vol. iii, pl. 116, 117, 118, 136.

[128] Bérard, _Cours de Physiologie_, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p. 394.

[129] See J. H. Hanneman, _Curiosum Scrutinium Nigredinus Posterorum

Cham_, in 4to, Kiloni, 1677, § 14.

[130] See Pruner-Bey, _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, 5th

March, 1863.

[131] See, upon this point, G. Pouchet, _Des Colorations de

l’Epiderme_, 4to, Paris, 1864.

[132] Bory de Saint-Vincent divided mankind into _Leucotriques_ and

_Ulotriques_ (see Bérard, _Cours de Physiologie_, 1848, vol. i, p.

394). Prichard refers all these races to the three following types:--1.

_Melanocomous_; 2. _Leucous_; 3. _Xanthous_ (see _English Cyclopædia_,

art. “Man”).

[133] _Tableau Synoptique des Races Humaines_ (_Mém. de la Société

d’Anthropologie_, vol. i, p. 143).

[134] See Pruner-Bey, _De la Chevelure_ (_Mém. de la Soc. d’Anthrop._,

vol. ii, p. 1).

[135] See Smith, _The Natural History of the Human Species_, p. 189.

[136] See Earl, quoted by Crawfurd, _On the Negro Race_, etc. (_British

Association_, 1852, p. 86.)

[137] Compare Burnouf, _Le Lotus de la bonne loi_, p. 562.

[138] Compare, _idem_, _ibidem_, p. 569.

[139] _Narrative of a Second Voyage_, etc., 1835, p. 427.

[140] [The name given to Persia by its inhabitants.--EDITOR.]

[141] Compare _The Natural History of the Human Species_.

[142] M. de Serres, in his _Lectures on Anthropology_, at the Museum of

Natural History.

[143] Ross, _Narrative of a Second Voyage_, etc., p. 446.

[144] This fact is related by Pallas, _Mémoires du Muséum_, vol. xvii,

p. 238. A Kalmuc saw a body of men thirty versts off [nearly twenty

miles English], while the Russian general could see nothing even with a

telescope.

[145] It would be interesting to discover if the fact related by Knox

(_The Races of Men_, 1850, p. 271) is true; namely, that the sharpness

of sight, which the Bosjesmans possess in a very high degree, is lost

immediately on crossing the breed with the whites.

[146] Le Cat, _Traité des Sens_, 1744; Haller, _Elementa Physiologiæ_,

vol. v, p. 179; Humboldt, _Relation Personnelle_, vol. iii, p. 229.

[147] See Robin, _Annales des Sciences Naturelles_, 1845; _Zoologie_,

vol. iv, p. 380.

[148] _Histoire des Travaux de Buffon_, p. 92.

[149] [“Face to face with the present position of metaphysical thought

in England, that anthropology, which can find no higher employment

for the human mind than the ascertainment of man’s relations with

the baboons, will find no place at all.... We have no real fear that

the consequences which may result from the practical application of

this law (transmutation) will be prejudicial to religion, morality,

or society.... But until the day comes when such a law shall be

fully, entirely, and satisfactorily established, we must strenuously

protest against the diffusion, even amongst the ‘wider circle of the

intelligent public,’ of essays, the object of which is to render ‘Man’s

Place in Nature’ closer to that of the brute creation.” C. Carter

Blake, _Man and Beast_ (_Anthropological Review_, vol. i, pp. 154,

161).--EDITOR.]

[150] See Sömmering, 1785, p. 42.

[151] _Sketches of Central Africa._

[152] There is a copy of it at the British Museum.

[153] We only know of one painting in which Egyptians themselves are

represented in a like position; it is in the British Museum, and is

on a tomb. It is a group of persons squatted behind a flock of geese.

It is right to remark, however, that the artist may have been rather

puzzled about its composition, more complicated than usual, and that

the inartistic profiles of his figures, which almost cover one another,

greatly diminish the value of the picture with reference to our subject.

[154] _Geographische Nosologie oder die Lehre von den Veränderungen der

Krankheiten in den Verschiedenen Gegenden der Erde, in Verbindung mit

Physicher Géographie und Naturgeschichte des Menschen_, 8vo, Stuttgart,

1813.

[155] _Traité de Géographie Médicale_, 1857: Introduction, p. 29.

[156] [“The great question of acclimatisation has hitherto been

treated lightly enough. ‘A firm resolution not to be conquered by a

malady,’ says Malte-Brun, ‘is, in the opinion of most doctors, one

of the most efficacious preventives of disease. Our body depends

on our intelligence. In every climate the nerves, the muscles, the

blood-vessels, in relaxing or in stretching, in dilating or in

contracting, soon take the particular state which suits the degree

of heat or cold which is borne by the body.’ Thus, according to this

celebrated geographer, man has only to exercise his _will_ in order to

accommodate his organism to all the difficulties of a new temperature

and a new climate.” H. J. C. Beavan, _The Acclimatisation of Man_

(_Social Science Review_, February 21, 1863.)--EDITOR.]

[157] Hirsch, _Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie_, §

10. With the author of this immense compilation we refer our readers

(with reference to this relative immunity of Negroes from marsh-fever)

to the works of Jobin, Tschudi, M’Cabe, Hunter, Arnold, Cameron,

Heymann, Epp, Bartlett, Thomson, Tidyman (_Philad. Journ. of Med.

Science_, vol. iii, No. 6), etc.

[158] _Epidemiological Society_, 3rd June, 1861; _Medical Times and

Gazette_, 29th June, 1861, No. 574.

[159] [“In spite of ‘previous acclimatisation,’ a Negro regiment was

almost entirely destroyed by chest disease at Gibraltar, in 1817,

within the short space of fifteen months.” _Acclimatisation of Man_

(_Social Science Review_, February 21, 1863).--EDITOR.]

[160] “Si no acontecía ahorcar al Negro, nunca moría.” Compare Herrera,

_Hist. Gener. de los Hechos de los Castellanos_, dec. 2, Book III,

chap. xiv.

[161] Bancroft (Essay 273); Blair, _Some Account of the last Yellow

Fever Epidemic of British Guiana_, London, 1850; Jackson; Hirsch,

_Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie_, § 36.

[162] “It is a well-established fact, that there is something in the

Negro constitution which affords him protection against the worst

effects of yellow fever, but what it is I am unable to say.”--Fenner.

Compare Hirsch, _Handbuch_, § 36.

[163] “The smallest admixture of Negro blood, even though the subject

be brought from a more northerly state, seems to be a potent antidote

against the morbid poison.”--Nott, _Southern Journal of Medicine_,

February, 1847. “The coloured people resisted the epidemic influence

better than the whites; and, I believe I may hazard the observation,

that their degree in resistance was in proportion to the admixture of

white blood.”--Bryant, _American Journal_, April, 1856, p. 301. Compare

Hirsch, _Handbuch_, § 36.

[164] See _Mémoires de Médecine et de Chirurgie Militaire_, November

and December 1863; _Société d’Anthropologie_, meeting of 19th March,

1864.

[165] M. d’Eichthal, _Lettres sur la Race noire_, 1839, p. 15.

[166] [“The Arabs say that Mohammed, whilst on the road from Medina to

Mecca, one day happened to see a widow woman sitting before her house,

and asked how she and her three sons were; upon which the troubled

woman (for she had concealed one of her sons on seeing Mohammed’s

approach, lest he, as is customary when there are three males of a

family present, should seize one and make him do porterage), said,

‘Very well; but I’ve only two sons!’ Mohammed, hearing this, said to

the woman, reprovingly, ‘Woman, thou liest! thou hast three sons; and

for trying to conceal this matter from me, henceforth remember that

this is my decree,--that the two boys whom thou hast not concealed

shall multiply and prosper, have fair faces, become wealthy, and reign

lords over all the earth; but the progeny of your third son shall, in

consequence of your having concealed him, produce _seedis_ as black

as darkness, who will be sold in the market like cattle, and remain

in perpetual servitude to the descendants of the other two.’” This is

the Arab theory of the Negro’s origin, mentioned in _What led to the

Discovery of the Source of the Nile_, by J. H. Speke, p. 341, London,

1864.--EDITOR.]

[167] _Othello_, Act I, Scene 3. [Othello was, however, a _Moor_, not

a Negro, and capable of a far higher delicacy of mental perceptions

than the veritable “unbleached African.” Perhaps one of the most absurd

theatrical errors was committed when the part of Othello was acted by a

genuine Negro, Ira Aldridge.--EDITOR.]

[168] Edmond About, _Le Progrès_, 1864, p. 15.

[169] These are Negroes of whom he is speaking.

[170] “_De l’Unité de l’Espèce Humaine_,” _Biblioth. Univ. de Genève_,

nouv. ser., vol. liv, p. 145, 1844.

[171] Gliddon, _Types of Mankind_, p. 59. Carus has observed, that

among the remarkable Negroes mentioned by Blumenbach, not one of

them was distinguished either in politics, literature, or in any

high conception of art. Compare Gobineau, _De l’Inégalité des Races

Humaines_, vol. i, p. 122, 1853.

[172] See De Maillet, _Telliamed_, 8vo, vol. ii, p. 187, Amsterdam,

1748. For want of those passages of the Korán to which he refers, we

give the whole of Maillet’s remark on the subject:--“Mohammed was so

struck with the difference between white and black men, that he did

not hesitate to say, that God had made the first with _white earth_,

and the latter with _black_. He did not imagine that men so different,

not only in colour but in figure and inclination, could possibly be of

one and the same origin. He observes, in another place, that although

there have been prophets of all other nations, there was never one

among the blacks; which shows that they have so little mind, that the

gift of foresight,--the effect of natural wisdom, which has sometimes

been honoured with the name of prophecy,--has never fallen to the lot

of any of them.” This passage is, besides, remarkable; because this

custom of prophecy seems to be a special attribute of the Semitic race

(compare Renan, _Histoire Générale des Langues Sémitiques_, 8vo, p. 8,

Paris, 1855), and Mohammed, in making this distinction, declared almost

a specific characteristic. In the translation of the “Évangile de

l’Enfance,” by G. Brunet (_Evangiles Apocryphes_, 12mo, Paris, 1849),

there is this curious document (Jesus had just changed some children

into rams in the sight of some women, who asked for their pardon), “The

Lord Jesus having answered, that _the children of Israel were, among

other nations, like the Ethiopians_; the women said,” etc. This is

merely a proof of the contempt which overwhelmed this unhappy race in

the east.

[173] _On the Negro’s Place in Nature_ (Dr. Hunt, _Anthropological

Society of London_, November 17, 1863).

[174] See the table taken from the _Systema Naturæ_. We know that

Linnæus had adopted the geographical classification of human races.

Homo Americanus. { _Pertinæ_, contentus, liber.

{ Regitur consuetudine.

” Europæus. { Levis, argutus, _inventor_.

{ Regitur ritibus.

” Asiaticus. { _Severus_, fastuosus, avarus,

{ _Regitur opinionibus._

” Afer. { Vafer, segnis, negligens,

{ _Regitur arbitrio._

[175] _Des Races Humaines_, in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_.

[176] [It is, indeed, worthy of a place in science, though not

apparently in the sense which is meant by our author. C. Carter

Blake says, and says truly, “In zoology, as in all other methods of

human thought, the sincere searcher after truth will reap some solid

benefit for his labours if carried on in a fair and honest spirit.

What science reveals to us,--and we know of no source of knowledge

whence the revelation of the truth, as it is manifested in living

nature, can be impugned,--what science teaches us, a simple-minded

student will accept, that which the unbiassed evidences of his senses

and the manifestations of his own consciousness tell him to be true.”

(C. Carter Blake, _On the Doctrine of Final Causes, as illustrated

by Zoology_, Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13,

1864.)--EDITOR.]

[177] [“The natives of Australia,” observes Hasskarl, “are deficient in

the idea of a Creator or moral Governor of the world, and all attempts

to instruct them terminate in a sudden break up of the conversation.

The Bechuanas, one of the most intelligent tribes of the interior

of South Africa, have no idea of a Supreme Being; and there is no

word to be found in their language for the conception of a Creator.”

(_Force and Matter_, by Dr. Louis Büchner, transl. and edited by J. F.

Collingwood, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.).--EDITOR.]

[178] I translate in this way the word _mythology_, used by Latham;

it is the real translation. Every religion is necessarily based on a

_fable_, for whoever does not practise it, “Mutato nomine, de te fabula

narratur.” [This is an assertion which our author has no right to make,

and which certainly does not redound to his credit. We must earnestly

protest against it. A moment’s consideration, however, will satisfy

most men that the translator’s license has here been carried to a most

unwarrantable extent.--EDITOR.]

[179] The Reverend Messrs. Schmidt, Parker, etc.

[180] John Leighton.

[181] See Bertillon, _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, March

15, 1860. [See above, p. 66, _note_.--EDITOR.]

[182] I had this fact from the mouth of M. de Lesseps, on his return

from a journey to Khartûm.

[183] J. Ross, _Narrative of a Second Voyage_, p. 548, 1835.

[184] Emanuel Zobrega wrote to the Company from Brazil, in 1552:--“The

inhabitants acknowledge Saint Thomas, whom they call Zomé (changing the

_Th_ into _Z_, according to their dialect); and they have a tradition

that he once journeyed through this country.” His letter is fully given

by Nieremberg, _Historia Naturæ_, fol., Antuerpiæ, 1635.

[185] “On the Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux” (_Edinburgh New

Philosophical Journal_, vol. xxxviii, p. 306, October 1844 to April

1845.)

[186] _L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs_, transl. by I. Cohen,

12mo, Paris, 1857.

[187] See Brecher, _L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs_, p. 81.

[188] Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, ch. 2, transl. by D. G.

Génébrard, Paris, 1639.

[189] Chapter upon the “Nirvâna.”

[190] Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, _Bouddha et sa Religion_, chapter upon

the “Nirvâna,” 1862.

[191] Niebuhr quoted, in support of this, the Nalhkis and the Guaranis

in the New Californian and Cape Missions. Schlegel (_Essais_, p. 341,

Paris, 1841) declares, that most savage nations ought always to remain

so by the will of nature.

[192] See _Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences_, meeting of July

20, 1857.

[193] “I maintain,” says Courtet de l’Isle (_Tableau Ethnographique du

genre humain_, p. 89, 8vo, Paris, 1849), “that human races are unequal

in intellectual power, that they are, consequently, not susceptible of

the same degree of development, and that each of them is called upon to

fill, in unequal conditions, a mission marked out by Providence.”

[194] Doctor Martius is a curious example of the extravagances to which

monogenist ideas may lead. In order to explain the moral character of

the Americans, he is obliged to suppose a frightful cataclysm [great

inundation] which happened, he cannot say when, and adds, “Is it the

profound terror felt by those unhappy people who escaped from this

awful calamity which, being transmitted without a diminished intensity

to following generations, has troubled their reason, obscured their

intelligence, and hardened their heart?” Compare Morel, _Traité des

Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine_, 1857, and _Discours Inaugural à

l’Académie de Rouen_, 1857.

[195] D’Orbigny saw the Charruas continue a war against the Spaniards

(who decimated them) rather than renounce their much-valued

independence. (_Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, vol. iv,

Introduction p. 4.) [Our author ought not to compare the northern

Americans with the southern aborigines, giving to _both_ of them,

apparently, the same characteristics. The northerners are whites, and

(supposing the Canadians and the north-western settlers are spoken

of) worthy of his praise. We put the present _Northern States_ on one

side altogether, as the character given by our author cannot possibly

apply to them. The Charruas, who are mentioned in the above note,

are Indians, inhabiting the banks of the Uruguay in South America,

and therefore, whatever may be their courage and love of liberty _as

aborigines_, they cannot properly be classed with white inhabitants,

who are merely _settlers_.--EDITOR.]

[196] Compare D’Escayrac de Lauture, _Le Désert et le Soudan_; _Mémoire

sur le Soudan_, etc. [These people are not so very peculiar in this

respect. Even in our own land, there is sometimes a good deal of

difficulty in obtaining information about routes; and agricultural

labourers especially are much given to scratching their heads and

chewing the cud of meditation, ending with an indecision quite

delightful to the tired traveller.--EDITOR.]

[197] See _Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica_, pp. 482, 483,

4to, Amstelodami, 1723.

[198] See _Essai Politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne_,

Paris, 1811.

[199] _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale._

[200] _Crania Americana_, Introduction.

[201] _Mémoire_ on the preceding work.

[202] [Dr. Hunt, however, does not think that language is such

an unfailing test as our author appears to imagine. He considers

that language must be utterly discarded as the first principle of

anthropological classification, and gives a far higher value to

religion and to art, considering language merely as the third element.

It is possible to change the language of a race; but apparently

impossible to change either their religion or their innate ideas of

art. See Hunt on _Anthropological Classification_ (_Brit. Assoc._,

1863), _Anthrop. Rev._, vol. i, p. 383. “On ethnology, Professor

Müller says, ‘The science of language and the science of ethnology

have both suffered most seriously from being mixed up together. The

classification of races and languages should be quite independent of

each other. Races may change their languages; and history supplies us

with several instances where one race adopted the language of another.

Different languages, therefore, may be spoken by one race, or the

same language may be spoken by different races; so that any attempt

at squaring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily

fail.’”(_On the Science of Language_, R. S. Charnock; _Anthrop. Rev._,

vol. i, p. 200.)--EDITOR.]

[203] See Chavée, _Les Langues et les Races_, 1862.

[204] _Histoire des Langues Sémitiques_, p. 467, Paris, 1855.

[205] See Prichard, _The Eastern Origin of the Celtic Nations_, edited

by Latham, 1857.

[206] “The sound of their voice resembles sighing.” “Their language

resembles the clucking of a turkey.” Compare White, _Account of the

regular gradation of Man_, p. 67, London, 1799. Appleyard, _The Kafir

Language_, p. 3, 8vo, King William’s Town, 1850. Morel, _Traité des

Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine_, p. 42, Paris, 1857. “The Kafirs

have adopted some of the inflexions in use among their neighbours, but

as a simple ornament to their speech, without attributing any special

signification to these ‘cluckings.’”--Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

(_Correspondence_).

[207] Compare Cabanis, _Rapports du Physique et du Moral_, 13th year,

vol. ii, p. 201: Knox, _The Races of Men_, p. 82, London, 1850: Morel,

_Dégénérescences de l’Espèce Humaine_, Paris, 1857.

[208] See Beddom in _English Cyclopædia_: see, also, Vitruvius, book

vi, ch. i.

[209] _Rapports du Physique et du Moral_, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 294.

[210] _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. iii, p. 319, 1860. We do

not here quote the facts relative to the Barbary and Corsican stag

(_ibidem_, p. 407), since they rest only on the negative assertion of

an old author.

[211] “Partout de petits changements, nulle part de grands.” _Hist.

Naturelle Générale_, vol. iii, p. 388.

[212] _Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles_, 4to, vol. i, p. 59, 1831.

[213] _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. iii, p. 389.

[214] “What would be thought of a breeder who took Norman colts or

Flemish calves to the high lands of the Alps and the Pyrenees, and then

expected to see them reproduce (their training having been finished)

all the pure characteristics of the original races?”--Isidore Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. iii, p. 307.

[215] See Verneuil, _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, February

2, 1860.--Bonté, _ibidem_, August 6, 1863.

[216] [“A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth or a

fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest, shall pass

a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal

honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking

beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon

fly” (_Institutes of Menu_, § 353). Thus, apparently with regard to

_comparison_, the Hindú considers insects to be the lowest form of

animal life, into which _moral_ criminals are to pass after death,

according to their doctrine of metempsychosis.--EDITOR.]

[217] [Why will some scientific men persist in separating, so strongly,

religion and science, as if _both_ could not be practised? This is what

the “master of science” appears to think. Each _student_ of science may

well apply the following lines: “It is your duty to go on steadfastly,

unwaveringly, _ohne Hast, ohne Rast_, conscious that you interpret,

to the best of your finite ability, your conceptions of the truths of

science, equally conscious that whatever may be the immediate result of

your labours, they must eventually fulfil the aspiration which tends

_ad majorem Dei gloriam_.”--C. Carter Blake _On the Doctrine of Final

Causes_ (_Hastings Philosophical Society_, meeting of January 13,

1864).--EDITOR.]

[218] Robin, _Mémoire sur la Production du Blastoderme_ (_Journal de

Physiologie_, p. 358, 1862).

[219] It is thus that we do not see realised in man that general

law which decrees that animal species are large in proportion to

the continent which they inhabit; the mean size of the mammalia, in

particular, is regularly proportional to the extent of Australia,

America, the ancient continent, and the bottom of the ocean.

[220] Compare Mitchell, _An Essay upon the Causes of the Different

Colours_, etc. (_Philosophical Transactions_, 1745.)

[221] “Sole colorari homines non dubium, eosque autem ut nigrescant non

constat.” Albinus, _De Sede et Causa Coloris Æthiopum_, p. 12. He also

says, still speaking of Negroes, that they are coloured, “quod suum

parentes colorem in liberos propagant ...; æthiops fœmina si cum mare

æthiope rem habuerit, æthiopem, ni quid forte natura ludat, gignit;

alba si cum albo, album.”--_Ibidem_, p. 10. It is in some manner the

permanence of a declared type.

[222] _Dissertation Physique sur les Différences des Traits du Visage_,

p. 17.

[223] See above, p. 85.

[224] Yvan, _De France en Chine_, p. 175, Paris, 1853. [“M. Périer

has mentioned, according to Yvan, the beauty of the inhabitants of

the island of Réunion, who descend from a few couples only, and yet

have known how to preserve their purity of blood” (_An Inquiry into

Consanguineous Marriages and Pure Races_, Dr. E. Dally; transl. by H.

J. C. Beavan, _Anthrop. Review_, p. 97, 1864).--EDITOR.]

[225] White, _Account of the regular Gradation of Man_, p. 112. Morton,

_Crania Americana_, Introduction. Prince de Wied, _Voyage au Brésil_,

vol. ii, p. 310. Bory de St. Vincent, _Essai Zoologique sur le genre

humain_, vol. ii, p. 20.

[226] Desmoulins, _Histoire Naturelle des races humaines_, p. 162.

_Indigenous Races of the Earth_, p. 585.

[227] White, _Account of the regular Gradation of Man_, p. 104.

[228] W. Edwards, _Des Caractères Physiologiques des races humaines_,

p. 14. Niebuhr (transl.), _Lectures on Ethnography_, vol. i, p. 374.

[229] John Hunter also thought that man was originally black; he had

remarked that domestic animals become white by age. Compare White,

_Account of the regular Gradation of Man_, p. 100. Hunter thus

confounded men with domestic animals. We have already said what must be

thought of this connexion.

[230] Compare Morel, _Dégénérescence de l’espèce humaine_, p. 5, Paris,

1857.

[231] See above, p. 73.

[232] Climateric influences act probably upon wild animals in the same

manner; it must be remarked, however, that a captive animal and a

man, taken to another country, are not exposed in the same degree to

the action of the new medium; conditions are not similarly altered as

regards both of them. Sometimes the man, sometimes the animal, will

have most chances of resistance; the one being always obliged by his

master to submit to an intellectual government, approaching as much as

possible his former state; the other, abandoned to himself, and drawn

fatally into the new habits which he sees around him.

[233] See, on this point, Boudin, _Géographie Médicale_, vol. ii, p.

15, Paris, 1857. _Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes_, p. 230, 1833. G.

Pouchet, _Des Colorations de l’épiderme_, 4to, Paris, 1864.

[234] [Dr. Waitz, in his _Introduction to Anthropology_ (translated

and edited by J. F. Collingwood), gives an explanation concerning the

colouring matter in the Negro, which is very curious, but with which,

however, he does not agree; viz., “that in hot climates the amount of

oxygen inspired is insufficient to change the carbon into carbonic

acid, and that the unconsumed carbon is deposited in the pigment-cells

of the skin.... It is, however, difficult to admit that the browning

of the skin in our climate in summer is produced by the same causes as

the black colour of the Negro, and that it would only require a greater

intensity and a longer duration to become so entirely.” Part. I, sect.

i, p. 35.--EDITOR.]

[235] The precociousness of the genital functions is in direct relation

with this general fact.

[236] W. Edwards, _Caractères Physiologiques_, etc., p. 14. “The

tropics alone produce the combination of infantine grace with the full

development of female maturity.” Smith, _Natural History_, etc., p.

190. See, also, Cabanis, _Rapports du Physique et du Moral_, vol. ii;

and Davy, _Account of Ceylon_. These two authors in particular have

quite appreciated these changes.

[237] Boudin, _Géographie Médicale_, vol. ii, p. 150, 1857.

[238] Meeting of November 7, 1861.

[239] [See above, p. 59, _note_.--EDITOR.]

[240] It would appear from the documents collected by Nott (_Two

Lectures on the Natural History of the Caucasian and Negro Races_,

Mobile, 1844, compare Boudin, _Géogr. Méd._, vol. ii, p. 144), that

as we advance towards the upper part of the Northern States, madness

becomes very frequent among the Negroes. It reaches the proportion of

one case of insanity among twenty-eight sane persons in Massachusetts

and Maine. We hesitate in acknowledging climateric influence, because

the number of cases seems to increase relatively to the degree of

instruction among the people; not that madness depends on education,

but because it finds out a great number of cases of which we should

otherwise have been ignorant, as often happens in the east among a less

enlightened people.

[241] Compare Boudin, _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, August

1, 1861.

[242] Compare Boudin, _Traité de Géographie Médicale_, 1857,

Introduction.

[243] _New York Medical Journal_, p. 399, February 1831 (see Hirsch,

_Handbuch der Historisch-geographischen Pathologie_, § 35, p. 1).

[244] _Some Account of the Last Yellow Fever Epidemic of British

Guiana_, p. 59, 8vo, London, 1850.

[245] Barton, _Report of the Sanitary Commission of New Orleans for

1853_, p. 248, New Orleans, 1854 (see Hirsch, _Handbuch_, etc., § 35).

He brings forward several pieces of evidence in the same question.

They seem to us too decisive, in a polygenist point of view, for us

not to give the entire list of his quotations: Romay, _Diss. sobre la

Fiebre Amarilla_, etc., Habana, 1797: Arnold, _Treatise on the Bilious

Remittent Fever_, etc., p. 26, London, 1840: Zimpel, _Jenaische Annalen

für Med._, i, p. 68: Dickinson, _Observations on the Inflammatory

Endemic incident to Strangers in the West Indies_, etc., p. 13, London,

1819: Ferguson, _Notes and Reflections_, p. 150, London, 1846: Dickson,

_Philadelphia Med. and Phys. Journal_, iii, p. 250: Lallemand, _Das

Gelbfieber_, etc., p. 121. [Schomburgk, _A Description of British

Guiana_, etc., p. 22, London, 1840.--EDITOR.]

[246] Words borrowed from the definition of species by Isidore

Geoffroy, _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. ii, p. 437. “The act

which appears most natural to living beings who are perfect, and who

are not abortive, nor produced by spontaneous generation, is the

production of a being like themselves, the animal producing an animal,

the plant a plant, so as to participate in the eternal and divine

nature as much as they can.”--_De l’âme_, book ii, chap. iv, § 2,

transl. by Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire.

[247] Nott and Gliddon, _Indigenous Races of the Earth_, p. 443.

[248] Nott and Gliddon, _Types of Mankind_, p. 373, 1854.

[249] See Boudin, _Géographie Médicale_, Introduction, p. 39.

[250] See Morel, _Traité des Dégénérescences_.

[251] Périer, _Société d’Anthropologie_, meeting of April 21, 1864.

[252] _Des Races Humaines_, 1845.

[253] _Account of the Regular Gradation of Man_, p. 146.

[254] Compare W. Edwards, _Des Caractères Physiologiques_, etc., p. 29.

[255] Individual distinctions can only, then, be based on the

alterations of type, in characteristics which are not those of the

supposed ideal. It hence results that, if we have lived with a stranger

who has all the characteristics of his race well marked, we think that

we see him while travelling among his fellow countrymen.

[256] “It is one of the clearest facts in the animal, as well

as in the vegetable world; all races generally reproduce and

perpetuate themselves without mingling and confounding one with the

other.”--Prichard, _Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme_, vol. i., p. 17.

Compare Morel, _Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine_, p. 2.

[257] Third number. Most of the articles in this remarkable production

are unsigned.

[258] “No race will amalgamate with another; they die out, or seem

slowly to be becoming extinct.” Compare the _Ethnological Journal_, p.

98.

[259] “We arrive at the fundamental conclusion that it is useless for

people belonging to varieties of different races, but neighbours,

to ally themselves together; part of the new generation will always

preserve the primitive type.”--See Courtet de l’Isle, _Tableau

Ethnographique_, p. 77.

[260] Latham thinks, however, that he has discovered some vestiges of

the Phœnician race in Africa and Cornwall. Compare Knox, _The Races of

Men_, 1850.

[261] [Small columns, having neither base nor capital.--EDITOR.]

[262] It is the case with the hippopotamus and the lion.

[263] Thus, at least, Buffon translates “Gothi corpore

proceriore, capillis albidis rectis, oculorum indibus

cinere--cærulescentibus.”--Linnæus, _Fauna succica_, p. 1.

[264] By virtue of the law which makes us find a family likeness in an

individual after it has been absent, or rather hidden, for one or more

generations.

[265] “Rutilæ comæ, magni artus.”--Tacitus, _Agricola_, ii, § 11.

[266] “Colorati vultus et torti plerumque crines.”--Idem, _ibidem_.

[267] Idem, _ibidem_.

[268] See Latham, _Celtic Language_, p. 371. J. B. Davis and J.

Thurnam, _Crania Britannica_, p. 53. Garnet, in the _Transactions of

the Philological Society_. R. Cull and Latham, in the _Edinburgh New

Physical Journal_, 1854. Périer, _Fragments Ethnologiques_, Paris, 1857.

[269] J. Philips, see _British Association_, 1849.

[270] The name itself of this district shows, however, the habitation

of these parts by the Scandinavians.

[271] Compare W. Edwards, _Des Caractères Physiologiques des Races

Humaines_. Paris, 1829.

[272] See Périer, _Fragments Ethnologiques_, Paris, 1857.

[273] _Recherches sur l’Ethnologie de la France_ (_Mémoires de la

Société d’Anthropologie_, vol. i, p. 1). See, also, the discussion

which followed the reading of this paper (_Bulletins de la Société

d’Anthropologie_, meetings of July 21 and August 4, 1859).

[274] We may remark this line is precisely perpendicular to the

climateric parallels which divide France.

[275] [The standard in France is, we believe, five feet.--EDITOR.]

[276] _Peru_, 1846.

[277] _Nicaragua: its People_, vol. ii, p. 153, New York, 1852.

[278] _Essai sur l’Inégalité des Races Humaines_, Paris, 1852.

[279] _Rapports du Physique et du Moral_, vol. i, p. 484.

[280] M. Morel, _Traité des Dégénérescences_.

[281] [“All races of mankind intermix, they are fertile, producing

cross-breeds, mulattoes, mestizoes, etc., which again are productive.

All human races constitute, therefore, on physiological principles, but

one species, which is here identical with _genus humanum_.” So thinks

Professor Rudolph Wagner, but his arguments are not very satisfactory.

He refers varieties of race in a great measure to climatic influence.

See _Creation of Man and Substance of the Mind_ (_Anthrop. Rev._, vol.

i, p. 229).--EDITOR.]

[282] Compare _Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie_, vol. iii, p.

175.

[283] In applying these principles to family consanguinity, we may say

in a general manner, that it will be favourable or not to the offspring

according to the state of the parents. If the parents are perfectly

healthy, and exempt from all commencing degeneracy, they can only give

birth to children at least as healthy as themselves. If one of the two

parents is tainted with a commencement of degeneracy, the descendant,

in his quality of offspring, will perhaps bear the trace of this

degeneracy, but sensibly weakened. If the two parents are separately

tainted with a different commencement of degeneracy, one or the other

ought to continue it in the child, only in a lesser degree. But if the

same degeneracy has already tainted both the parents, the offspring

will show it in a greater degree, and will tend towards entire

disappearance.

[284] Flourens, _Histoire des Travaux de Buffon_, p. 180.

[285] [_On the Phenomena of Hybridity in the Genus Homo_, edited by C.

Carter Blake, F.G.S., F.A.S.L.--EDITOR.]

[286] Compare G. Pouchet, _Précis d’Histologie Humaine_, § 5.

[287] “Ac Sylla quidem sodalis noster, fatus nos parva quæstione

tanquam instrumento ingentem et gravem de origine mundi quæstionem

subruere.” _Quæstionem Convivalium_, book ii, quest. 3; transl., edited

by F. Didot, 1841.

[288] Buffon said that (_Suppléments_, vol. iv, p. 335) this method

of generation is not only the most frequent and the most general, but

the most ancient, that is, the first and most universal one. Plutarch

(_Quæst. Conviv._, book ii, quest. 3; transl., edited by F. Didot,

1841) makes the same remark: “Proinde probabile est primum ortum ex

terra gignentis perfectione ac robore absolutum fuisse, nihilque

indigentem hujusmodi instrumentis, receptaculis et vasis, qualia nunc

ob imbecillitatem natura parit atque machinatur parientibus.”

[289] It must not be forgotten, that organic substances are supposed to

have been found even in the formation of certain aërolites.

[290] É. Geoffroy, _Comptes Rendus des séances de l’Académie des

Sciences_, vol. v, p. 193.

[291] See Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Histoire Naturelle

Générale_, vol. iii, p. 210.

[292] [We are almost tempted, in all kindness, to refer our author to

the following remarks in the _Reliques of Father Prout_, p. 264. “I

have been at some pains to acquire a comprehensive notion of the Count

de Buffon’s system, and, aided by an old Jesuit, I have succeeded in

condensing the voluminous dissertation into a few lines, for the use of

those who are dissatisfied with the Mosaic statement:--

1. In the beginning was the sun, from which a splinter was shot off by

chance, and that fragment was our globe.

2. And the globe had for its nucleus melted glass, with an envelope of

hot water.

3. And it began to twirl round, and became somewhat flattened at the

poles.

4. Now, when the water grew cool, insects began to appear, and

shell-fish.

5. And from the accumulation of shells, particularly oysters (see vol.

i, p. 14, 4to, 2nd ed.), the earth was gradually formed, with ridges of

mountains, on the principle of the Monte Testacio at the gate of Rome.

6. But the melted glass kept warm for a long time, and the arctic

climate was as hot in those days as the tropics now are,--witness a

frozen rhinoceros found in Siberia.” Let the leaven work, although a

mere joke to M. Pouchet’s reality.--EDITOR.]

[293] _Histoire Naturelle_, vol. ix, p. 127, 1761. Étienne Geoffroy

(_Comptes Rendus_, vol. iii, p. 29) says the same thing “as regards

the actual constitution of the globe; each race is a species _sui

generis_,--a form or combination of its own in nature.”

[294] The terms of this definition are almost entirely borrowed from

Isidore Geoffroy. By ending it with these words, “in the present order

of things,” Isidore Geoffroy only defined the existing species, and

took away, without any reason, the palæontologic species.

[295] Lamarck, _Discours de l’An XI_, p. 45.

[296] See Flourens, _Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l’Origine des

Espèces_, 18mo, Paris, 1864. We are at least astonished to find the

name of the Geoffroys mentioned but once in such a work (p. 45). M.

Flourens charges Darwin with only quoting the partisans of his own

opinions (p. 40).

[297] [See above, p. 84, _note_.--EDITOR.]

[298] _Sur l’Influence du monde ambiant_, 1831 (_Mémoires de l’Académie

des Sciences_), vol. xii, p. 81.

[299] Vol. ii, second part, 1859.

[300] _Philosophie Zoologique_, vol. i, p. 221.

[301] _Système des Connaissances Positives_, p. 143, 1820.

[302] _Discours de l’An XI_, p. 45. He says, also, in another place

(_Philosophie Zoologique_, vol. i, p. 66), “What we call species, has

only a relative constancy in that state, and cannot be as ancient as

nature itself.”

[303] Lamarck, _Organisation des Corps Vivants_, p. 53.

[304] For nature “time has no limit, and consequently has it always at

its disposal.” Lamarck, _Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres_, p. 13,

1801.

[305] Darwin _On the Origin of Species_, p. 518, London, 1861. “I

believe that animals have descended from at most only four or five

progenitors, and plants from an equal or less number. Analogy would

lead me one step farther, namely, to the belief that all animals and

plants have descended from some one prototype.”

[306] Compare Darwin _On the Origin of Species_, p. 96, 1861.

[307] _Histoire Naturelle Générale_, vol. ii, p. 421, 1859.

[308] “The observation of species in a state of nature, by revealing

to us a multitude of modifications more or less important, cannot show

us any serious deviation from the types formed or preserved by the

influence of the existing state of things.” Isidore Geoffroy, _Vie

d’Étienne Geoffroy_, p. 349.

[309] See Leibnitz, _Protogée_, transl. by Bertrand de Saint-Germain,

Introduction, p. 61.

[310] _Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie_, February 22, 1858.

[311] We shall be thanked for publishing here the following extract

from a letter addressed to us by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the

3rd of June, 1860, and which relates to all these questions. “I said,

two or three years ago, as I have learnt from M. Lartet (who remembered

the expression which I had myself forgotten), that the present movement

of science tends to substitute in geology the idea of the _evolution_

of the globe for that of _revolutions_. M. Lartet has taken up this

view, and adheres to it. It is of great importance to me, as regards

my works on species, in which we must in this case substitute the

notion of _evolution_ for that of _revolution_; _revolutions_ are here

pretended creations, abruptly successive. It is time to have done with

these views, which, instead of taking creation as having been once

concluded, make at every instant the _Deus ex machinâ_ intervene.”

[312] [“In the neighbourhood of Mount Ætna, or on the sides of that

extensive mountain, there are beds of lava covered over with a

considerable thickness of earth; and at least another, again, which

though known from ancient monuments and historical records to have

issued from the volcano at least two thousand years ago, is still

almost entirely destitute of soil and vegetation; in one place a pit

has been cut through seven different strata of lava; and these have

been found separated from each other by almost as many thick beds of

rich earth. Now, from the fact that a stratum of lava, two thousand

years old, is yet scantily covered with earth, it has been inferred

by the ingenious Canon Recupero, who has laboured thirty years on the

natural history of Mount Ætna, that the lowest of these strata which

have been found divided by so many beds of earth, must have been

emitted from the volcanic crater at least _fourteen thousand_ years

ago, and consequently, that the age of the earth, whatever it may

exceed this term of years, cannot possibly be less.”--Brydone’s _Tour

through Sicily and Malta_ (1770). Plato, in his _Critias_, mentions the

island Atlantis as having been buried in the ocean nine thousand years

before his own time. In the _Universal History_, vol. i, (preface,)

we are told that the astronomical records of the ancient Chaldeans

carry back the origin of society to the remote period of _four hundred

and seventy-three thousand_ years. Among comparatively well-known

authorities, there is a good deal of difference in the time of the

supposed formation of the world. The Hebrew bible makes the creation

3,944 years before the Christian era. The Samaritan bible, 4,305 years;

the Septuagint, 5,270 years; Usher, 4,004 years; Josephus, 4,658 years;

M. Pezron, 5,872 years. In all these differences, however, there is

nothing so striking as in the theories we mention above, of Recupero,

the Chaldeans, etc.--EDITOR.]

[313] [Our author is quite right. Science _does_ teach us what to think

of divine power in its outward manifestations. The more we understand

nature, the more ready will earnest-minded men be to praise and give

glory to the God who made it, who created man and beast with such

marvellous and exquisite regularity, and who continues to govern the

world and all that is upon it. Perhaps M. Pouchet thinks he himself

could have made a better one. It is a pity that a clever mind is so

warped by that science which ought to make him more satisfied than ever

that God is the creator of the world; and that spontaneous generation,

and the never-clearly explained origin of the _first_ matter, about

which even M. Pouchet cannot tell us, with all his scepticism, ought to

go to pave the “pathway of good intentions.”--EDITOR.]

[314] [Why not?--EDITOR.]

[315] Some may be astonished at our applying the word _kingdom_ to the

vertebrata. We do so because, in truth, the distance which separates

them from other animals seems to us almost as great, and even more

decided, than that which separates the invertebrata from plants.

[316] The diagram which Darwin has placed in his book _On the Origin of

Species_, is only a fraction and piece of detail of the general figure

which we are endeavouring to place before the mind of the reader.

[317] _L’Insecte_, p. 128, 1858.

[318] Predominance of the immediate azotic principles, respiration

comparable to that of animals, voluntary movements, indivisibility of

organism, etc.

[319] [See above, pp. 46, 47.--EDITOR.]

[320] See _On the Origin of Species_, chap. iii.

[321] Lions hindered the army of Xerxes in Macedonia. They abounded

in the province of Africa in the time of the Roman Emperors. At the

present time, however, Gérard was obliged to watch for three hundred

nights in order to kill only thirty or forty.

[322] The crocodile, which used to swarm on the Delta, is now only

found in Upper Egypt.

[323] The hippopotamus, since the Roman occupation, has successively

retired from the mouth of the Nile to the fourth cataract. Some years

ago, there existed one, and one only, at the Island of Argo, on this

side of New Dongolah. Some hunters killed it, and since then, they have

only been found at the Berber level.

[324] [_Hamites_, a genus of extinct Cephalopods, found in the

greensand formation in England.--EDITOR.]

[325] _Comptes Rendus_, vol. iv, p. 58. Perhaps the only logical

deduction which we can really draw from the greater size of these

animals, is the greater extent of the continents which they inhabited.

The belief in the gigantic dimensions of the fossil _fauna_ and

_flora_, is also a remains of the marvels which the first inquirers

into science involuntarily reported. In examining matters nearer and

more impartially, we see that certain zoological groups have been, in

fact, formerly represented by larger species than at the present day;

but until we arrive at some new discovery, we have the right to think

that the other groups of animals, on the contrary, have a class of

larger representatives _than in former times_; like the quadrumana,

the cetacea, insects, cephalopods, acephalous mollusks, etc. But this

pretended decay is especially false as regards plants; if we find in

the ground some large ferns, or enormous grasses, we must subtract

a good deal from those so-called _antediluvian_ forests, which many

have not hesitated to bring forward in support of their ideas. All the

fossil plants that we know are, without exception, extremely wretched

in comparison with the gigantic conifers and dicotyledons in the

forests of the old and new world.

[326] [If this new handiwork of man, so charmingly arranged by our

author, is not more successful than Pandora, as made by Vulcan, we

fear the world will not gain much by it. In the olden times, the man

who propounded such curious ideas would probably have had a punishment

awarded him, something similar to that suffered by Prometheus. Does

M. Pouchet, in quoting this personage, entirely forget the rest of

the tale, and the _consequences_ of his rashness? We are really

sorry, however, to see science perverted to a _pet idea_, if we may

use the expression, and twisted by means of “bad anatomy and worse

theology,” as a friend of ours calls it, for the sake of proving facts

quite impossible to be solved. M. Pouchet gives us, in spontaneous

generation, a first germ with which to start a _primordial anatomical

element_, as he calls it. He starts with this, and argues--in what

manner we leave it to our readers to determine--that, from this germ

there have, in time, sprung all the animals on the surface of the

globe. But he does not tell us how this _first germ_ itself arose. That

is put entirely on one side, and taken for granted. We cannot take it

for granted however; and until we have it satisfactorily proved that he

is right in any part of his idea, we shall go on thinking and believing

as we have done before.--EDITOR.]

[327] See Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, _Vie d’E. Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire_, p. 287.

[328] See above, chap. viii.

[329] Compare Owen, _On the Characters, Principles of Division, and

Primary Groups of the Class Mammalia_ (_Journal of Linnean Society_,

1857.)

[330] See, for the explanation and discussion of these different

systems, Crull, _Dissertatio de Cranio_, 1810.

[331] Compare Crull, _Dissertatio de Cranio_, p. 28, 1810.

[332] Compare Crull, _Dissertatio de Cranio_, p. 52.

[333] Busk and Quekett (_Medical Times and Gazette_).

[334] One always endeavours to find some former indication or

presentiment, although even confused and full of obscurity, beyond the

origin of positive science; it is curious to find in the works of the

_potter physician_ a sort of germ which, when developed, may have given

birth to cranioscopy,--a sort of foresight of the importance which the

measurement of the skull would one day acquire. It is in the _Recepte

Véritable_: one of two speakers relates a dream in which he saw the

different instruments used in geometry dispute about precedence: he

answers them, that man is above them all; they exclaim, that man cannot

even use one of them in order to measure any part of his body. [We

think it best to give the original here.--EDITOR.] “Quoy voyant, il me

print envie de mesurer la teste d’un homme, pour scauoir directement

ses mesures, et me sembla que la sauterelle, la reigle, et le compas

me seroient fort propres pour ceste affaire, mais quoy qu’il en soit,

ie n’y sceu iamais trouver une mesure asseurée.” Bernard Palissy,

_Œuvres_, p. 93, 12mo, Paris, 1844. Blumenbach says somewhere, “The

habit and constant use of my collection of skulls makes me understand

every day the impossibility of subjecting a variety of skulls to the

rule of any possible angle, the head being susceptible of so many

forms, and the parts which compose it being of so many different

proportions and directions.” See Morel, _Traité des Dégénérescences

dans l’espèce humaine_, p. 68. M. Aitken Meigs, at the present day,

shows no less than twenty-nine different measurements of the skull

which must be obtained if we wish to have anything like a satisfactory

idea of the same.

[335] See above, chap. iv.

[336] See _Indigenous Races of the Earth_, p. 320.

[337] See Strope, _Description d’une Momie très-ancienne_ (_Recueil

Périod. d’Observ. de Médecine_, vol. iv, p. 290, Jan. 1756). One may

see in reading the account of a very able and judicious narrator how

much ancient scientific observations alter with the times, when no care

is taken to refer to the original sources.

[338] See Vivien, in the _Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique_, vol.

ii, p. 59.

[339] _Portfolio_, Philadelphia, 1814.

[340] W. Edwards, _Des Caractères Physiologiques des races humaines_,

p. 45, has especially noticed the great importance of external

characteristics; he has only done wrong in excluding the hair, and

attending solely to the form of the skull, which never concerns us when

we endeavour to picture or recall to our mind the features of a man.

[341] See Michelet, with regard to the paintings in the Sixtine Chapel,

_Histoire de France, Renaissance_.

[342] “Philology is at once the most elevated and the most positive

branch of the natural history of the human race.” Chavée, _Moïse et

les Langues_ (_La Revue_). M. Flourens seems to give philological

a superior rank to physical characteristics. [See above, p. 77,

_note_.--EDITOR.]

[343] He believes that by their means we can go back to the most

distant geological periods. See _Apophthegms_ (_Edinburgh New

Philosophical Journ._, vol. li.)

[344] Latham thus explains it: “This is because whilst A and B, in the

way of stock-blood or pedigree, will give C a true _tertium quid_,

or a near approach to it, and A and B, in the way of language, will

only give themselves, _i. e._, they will give no true _tertium quid_,

nor any very close approach to it.” _Celtic Nations_, p. 33. We have

endeavoured to prove that this true _tertium quid_--this _real mean

term_, is never produced as far as species.

[345] [“Either language must have been originally revealed from heaven,

or it must be the fruits of human industry. The greater part of Jews

and Christians, and even some of the wisest Pagans, have embraced the

former opinion, which seems to be supported by the authority of Moses,

who represents the Supreme Being as teaching our first parents the

_names_ of animals. The latter opinion is held by Diodorus Siculus,

Lucretius, Horace, and many other Greek and Roman writers, who consider

language as one of the arts invented by man. The first men, say they,

lived for some time in woods and caves, after the manner of beasts,

uttering only confused and indistinct noises, till, associating for

mutual assistance, they came by degrees to use articulate sounds

mutually agreed upon, for the arbitrary signs or marks of those ideas

in the mind of the speaker which he wanted to communicate to the

hearer. This opinion sprung from the atomic cosmogony which was framed

by Mochus, the Phœnician, and afterwards improved by Democritus and

Epicurus; and though it is part of a system in which the first men are

represented as having grown out of the earth, like trees and other

vegetables, it has been adopted by several modern writers of high

rank in the republic of letters, and is certainly in itself worthy of

examination.”--_Encyclop. Brit._, vol. ix, p. 530, 1797.--EDITOR.]

[346] I do not here mention the opinions of the Swede (see Latham,

_Celtic Nations_, p. 2), who thinks that important changes can be

introduced into a language by certain customs of a people, who change,

for instance, the lips for the nostrils, and thus substitute nasal

for labial consonants. These facts are, perhaps, true in the detail,

but they ought not to have much importance, as they do not alter the

specific and personal character of the language, which is far from

consisting in the relative number of one or two kinds of letters.

[347] Bunsen (Eng. transl.), Niebuhr’s _Life and Letters_, vol. i, p.

39.

[348] “Languages,” he says, “give but feeble probabilities in

Anthropology.” _Voyage aux regions Equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent_,

vol. iii, p. 352.

[349] See, in the _Mémoires de la Société Ethnologique_ (July 1843),

a letter in which M. Vivien denies a first rank to language as a

distinctive characteristic, and gives it to physical type.

[350] See above, p. 32.

[351] “I am led to believe that familiar languages (if this

philological barbarism is permitted me) do not resemble one another

_because_ they come from the same parent, but because they have been

brought up together; Africa especially seems to me to furnish a

proof of it, for we must study the history of families of languages,

especially in the place where they began to be formed, and I believe

that language was formed in Africa. My hypothesis is not applicable

to all cases, but to several; thus, the French, Italian, Spanish,

etc., come from the Latin, and were born at its death; but many other

languages appear to me to take their features one from the other by

simple frequentation, by the natives being often in company together,

and, as time goes on, these mutual loans make two or several languages,

like the branches of the same tree, only, in my idea, the tree does not

exist.”--_Correspondence_, 1857.

[352] See above, p. 78.

[353] [Pali, the ordinary language of daily life in Hindoostan at the

time when Sanscrit was used in elevated literature alone.--EDITOR.]

[354] _Des Colorations de l’épiderme_, 4to, Paris, 1864.

[355] See _The Natural History of Man_, 1844.

[356] See _Ethnographic Tableau_ (_Indigenous Races of the Earth_,

London, 1857).

[357] We may quote, as types of genus, two paintings, incomparable in

an anthropological point of view, _Portrait d’un Nègre_; _Portrait d’un

Oriental_, by Herschop (Berlin Museum, Nos. 825 and 827).

[358] M. Flourens, in saying that Buffon collected the accounts of

different travellers in order to write his _Histoire des Races_,

adds, “Whatever they have only seen with the eyes of their body,

he sees with the eyes of his mind, and by that means alone he sees

better than they can; each of them has seen merely some scattered

characteristics,--Buffon sees everything; he links together

whatever they may have separated, and separates whatever they have

confounded.”--_Histoire des Idées de Buffon_, p. 167.

[359] “Boni viri nullam oportet esse causam præter veritatem.”

[360] [Yes, but the difficulty is to determine if it _is_ true. We

cannot receive _anything_ as true merely because a _savant_ says it

is so. We must go on enquiring in a proper spirit; but we must not

put inquiry after truth in the same category with scepticism,--“that

cheerlessness of soul to which certainty respecting anything and

everything here on earth seems unattainable.” This is the age for

seeking after truth; but in how many different ways do men endeavour to

attain to it! We must search the past carefully in all its scientific

and natural facts, and as Longfellow beautifully says,--

“Nor deem the irrevocable past,

As wholly wasted, wholly vain,

If, rising on its wrecks, at last

To something nobler we attain.”

This is the true aim of all inquiry.--EDITOR.]

Transcriber’s Notes

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations

in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other

spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

Italics are represented thus _italic_.

The “Errata” have been corrected in line.