lands in England with an army; King John marches to meet him; he loses
his baggage and many men in the Lincolnshire quicksands; he flees to
Newark and there dies of chagrin. Henry III succeeds John; the Earl of
Pembroke Protector.
1217. A fifth crusade; Andrew II, King of Hungary, and other princes
head the expedition.
Simon de Montfort, during a revolt, is slain at the siege of Toulouse.
Louis is defeated by the Protector, Pembroke, and returns to France.
1218. Andrew withdraws from the crusade; it is continued by William I,
Count of Holland, and John of Brienne.
1219. Damietta is reduced by the crusaders.
A bull of Pope Honorius III forbids the teaching of the civil law in
the University of Paris.
1220. Imperial coronation of the Hohenstaufen Frederick II.
Turkestan is overrun by the Mongols, who capture Bokhara and
Samarkand.
1221. Disastrous terms are imposed on the crusaders, who evacuate
Egypt.
1222. Signing of the Golden Bull of Hungary. See "THE GOLDEN BULL,
'HUNGARY'S MAGNA CHARTA,' SIGNED," vi, 191.
1223. Death of Philip Augustus; his son, Louis VIII, succeeds to the
French throne.
Pope Honorius III convenes a congress at Florence; Emperor Frederick
pledges himself to proceed on the crusade within two years, and to
marry John de Brienne's daughter, Yolanthe.
Hacon V holds the first Norwegian parliament, or storthing, at Bergen.
1224. Victory over the Russians by the Mongols on the Kalka. See
"RUSSIA CONQUERED BY THE TARTAR HORDES," vi, 196.
Amaury de Montfort cedes his claim on Toulouse to Louis VIII of
France.
1225. Pope Honorius III, annoyed by the Roman senate, retires to
Tivoli.
Frederick, after obtaining a further delay of two years for his
crusade, marries Yolanthe. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi, 208.
1226. Death of Louis VIII; his son, Louis IX (St. Louis), succeeds
under the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile.
Renewal of the Lombard League against Emperor Frederick II.
1227. Death of Pope Honorius III; Gregory IX, who succeeds him, urges
the crusade; Frederick's first expedition miscarries. See "THE SIXTH
CRUSADE," vi, 208.
Great disorders in Italy; the Gyelf partisans are driven out of Verona
and Vicenza.
Death of Ghengis Khan; his four sons divide the empire between them.
1228. Death of Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury; his successor,
Edmund, preserves Magna Charta from being infringed.
1229. Terms fatal to the Albigenses are accepted by Raymond VII of
Toulouse.
Frederick II again departs for Palestine. See "THE SIXTH CRUSADE," vi,
208.
1230. Reconciliation of Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX.
First arrival of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia.
Theodor, Emperor of Thessalonica, defeated, made prisoner, and blinded
by Asan, King of Bulgaria; his brother, Manuel, usurps the throne.
1231. Summoned to assist the Poles, the Teutonic Knights defeat the
pagan Prussians and found their dominions on the shores of the
Baltic.
Four hundred families of Oghusian Tartars, driven from Khorassan,
effect a settlement near Mount Olympus; from these the Ottomans
descend.
1232. Distracted by civil wars the Moors in Spain are defeated at
Seville by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile, and lose the Balearic
Islands to James, King of Aragon.
1233. Conrad of Marburg, the first inquisitor of Germany, put to death
for his cruelty.
Coal first discovered near Newcastle, England.
1234. Pope Gregory IX driven from Rome by the senate and citizens, who
resist his temporal power and seize his revenues; he appeals to
Emperor Frederick II for assistance.
1235. Marriage of Frederick II to Isabella, sister of Henry III of
England. He forbids the extravagant payments usually made on such
occasions to buffoons, mimics, and players.
1236. Ezzelino da Romano, the Ghibelline leader, joins Emperor
Frederick II in war upon the Lombard League.
Cordova recovered from the Moors by Ferdinand III of Leon and Castile.
1237. Battle of Cortenuova; victory of Frederick II over the Lombard
League.
Union of the Knights Swordbearers, founded 1186, with the Teutonic
Knights in Prussia; they extend their conquests.
1238. League of Venice, Genoa, and Pope Gregory IX against Frederick
II.
Establishment of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, Spain.
1239. Frederick II, having married his natural son, Enzio, to
Adelaide, heiress of the two principalities of Torri and Gallura,
creates him king of Sardinia. Pope Gregory IX claims the island and
excommunicates the Emperor, denouncing him as a heretic and absolving
his subjects from their allegiance.
1240. Emperor Frederick II advances against Pope Gregory IX and
threatens Rome. The Pope declares a crusade against him.
Batu Khan, at the head of Mongols of the Golden Horde, overruns and
devastates Russia.
On the Neva, Alexander, Prince of Novgorod, gains a great victory over
the Swedes.
1241. Hamburg and Lubeck form an alliance to protect their commerce.
See "RISE OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE," vi, 214.
Central Europe is invaded by the Mongols, or Tartars, who vanquish
the Silesians, Poles, and Teutonic Knights at Wahlstatt; they defeat
the Hungarians on the Sajo.
A Pisan and Sicilian fleet, by order of Frederick II, captures
twenty-two Genoese galleys in which cardinals, prelates, and
ambassadors, summoned by the Pope, were proceeding to hold a council
at Rome; the prisoners were held at Naples and Apulia.
1242. Aldermen first elected in London.
Asia Minor is invaded by the Mongols.
Alexander Nevski, son of Jaroslav, defeats the Swedes and Knights
Swordbearers at Lake Peipus.
1243. Frederick II urges the cardinals to appoint a pope; he releases
some of his prisoners to attend the conclave.
1244. Jerusalem is stormed and sacked by the Kharesmians.
Pope Innocent IV escapes from Rome and fixes his court at Lyons.
Earliest use of the word "parliament" in England.
1245. Thirteenth general council (Lyons) convened by Pope Innocent IV;
it proclaims the deposition of Frederick II. A new crusade is ordered.
End of the Babenberg dynasty in Austria.
1246. Ferdinand, assisted by the Moors of Granada, lays siege to
Seville.
1247. Parma, recovered by the papal party, is besieged by Frederick
II.
1248. First crusade of Louis IX of France. See "Louis IX LEADS THE
LAST CRUSADE," vi, 275.
Seville is wrested from the Moors by St. Ferdinand of Leon and
Castile.
Emperor Frederick II compelled to raise the siege of Parma.
1249. Damietta is captured by the crusaders.
1250. Battle of Mansourah; total defeat of the crusaders by the
Egyptians; King Louis IX captured with his army; they are released on
restoring Damietta and promising to abstain from future hostilities.
Turan Shah, Sultan of Egypt, assassinated by the mamelukes. See
"MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN EGYPT," vi, 240.
Death of Emperor Frederick II; his son Conrad succeeds as king of
Italy; he is acknowledged as king of Germany by most of the temporal
princes. William II, Count of Holland, assisted by the ecclesiastical
states and the papal party, contests the imperial dignity.
Waldeman, King of Sweden, introduces the mariner's compass among the
navigators of the Baltic.
Florence adopts a democratic government; peace obtained between the
Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1251. Ottocar, son of Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, acquires Austria. Pope
Innocent IV returns to Italy; he visits Genoa, Milan, and other
cities, and fixes his residence in Perugia.
1252. Crusading movement of the "Pastors." This originated in France
on receipt of the news of St. Louis' expedition; there occurred an
outbreak of fanaticism as insensate as that of the Children's Crusade.
A Hungarian, named Jacob, proclaimed that Christ rejected the great
ones of the earth, and that the deliverance of the Holy City must be
accomplished by the poor and humble. Shepherds left their flocks,
laborers laid down the plough, to follow his footsteps. "Pastors" was
the name given to these village crusaders.
1253. Founding of the Sorbonne in Paris for secular ecclesiastics; its
decisions on religious questions were deemed final.
1254. Death of Conrad IV, last of the Hohenstaufen emperors; his heir
is Conradin, his infant son. In Germany, William is acknowledged; Pope
Innocent IV attempts to wrest the Two Sicilies from the Hohenstaufens;
he is defeated by the regent Manfred, uncle of Conradin.
Pope Innocent IV dies at Naples. Alexander IV is elected.
1255. Bills of exchange in favor of Italian merchants drawn at Rome on
the English bishops and abbots, which they are compelled to pay.
1256. Death of William of Holland in battle against the Frisians.
1257. Rival election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and
Alfonso of Castile as kings of the Romans. The reign of both is only
nominal.
1258. In England the barons form a council to advise or command the
King. See "THE MAD PARLIAMENT," vi, 246.
Genoa and Venice engage in their first great conflict; the combined
fleets of Venice and Pisa defeat the Genoese.
Manfred is crowned king of the Two Sicilies.
Hulaku Khan founds the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans and ends the
caliphate of Bagdad.
1259. Treaty of Abbeville between Henry III, King of England, and
Louis IX (St. Louis) of France.
1260. Ottocar II of Bohemia secures Styria by defeating Bela IV of
Hungary.
1261. Overthrow of the Latin Empire of the East; Michael Palaeologus,
assisted by Genoese forces, instals the Palaeologi dynasty on the
Eastern throne; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks. The Genoese
are given important naval stations, and the Venetians are excluded
from the Black Sea.
1262. Beginning of the barons' war in England; the kingly power is
restored to Henry III by parliament; his son Edward brings in a
foreign army to support him.
1263. Last invasion of Scotland by the Norwegians repulsed by King
Alexander III.
1264. Henry III and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, are defeated and
taken prisoners at Lewes by Simon de Montfort at the head of the
English barons.
1265. Representation of the commons in parliament is granted by Simon
de Montfort. At the battle of Evesham he is defeated and slain; the
authority of the King is restored.
Birth of Dante.
1266. Magnus, King of Norway, cedes the Hebrides and the Isle of Man
to Scotland.
Charles of Anjou conquers Sicily.
Florentine nobles (Grandi) are excluded from all part in the
government of Florence.
1267. Conradin enters Italy with an army; a large part of Sicily
declares in his favor.
1268. In attempting to recover the Two Sicilies from Charles,
Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, is captured and executed.
Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquers the Christian
principalities of Antioch and Joppa. See "MAMELUKES USURP POWER IN
EGYPT," vi, 240.
Louis IX, by a pragmatic sanction, resists the papal claim to nominate
bishops in France.
1269. Charles of Anjou aids in the restoration of the Guelfs in
Florence.
1270. Louis IX, of France, by his "establishments," suppresses the
wager of battle and provides for a regular administration of justice.
The last of the crusades. See "Louis IX LEADS THE LAST CRUSADE," vi,
275.
Venice levies a toll on the goods of Bolognese merchants; payment is
refused; war between the two states follows.
1271. Crusade of Prince Edward of England; he drives Beibars from the
siege of Acre and takes Mazareth; an attempt is made to murder him.
Marco Polo sets out on his travels. See "HEIGHT OF THE MONGOL POWER IN
CHINA," vi, 287.
1272. Prince Edward concludes a truce with Beibars for ten years; he
leaves Palestine. End of the crusades.
Death of Henry III of England; his son, Edward I, succeeds.
A patent of nobility is granted to his silversmith by Philip III, King
of France.
1273. Election of Rudolph as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
1274. After a long stay in France Edward I lands in England; is
crowned with his Queen, Eleanora, at Westminster.
Fourteenth general council, Second of Lyons, presided over by Pope
Gregory IX.
Death of Thomas Aquinas, the "Angelic Doctor," while on his way to
attend the council of Lyons.
1275. Edward I persecutes the Jews in England.
Marriage between the doges and foreigners prohibited by the Venetians.
1276. Ottocar II, of Bohemia, is vanquished by Rudolph of Hapsburg.
See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
Lombardy distracted by civil wars, earthquakes, floods, famine, and
pestilence, followed by a severe winter of four months.
Death of Beibars, Sultan of Egypt and Syria; succession of Kaldoun.
Edward I subdues Wales as far as Snowdon. See "EDWARD I CONQUERS
WALES," vi, 316.
1278. Prussia submits to the Teutonic Knights.
Ghibellines allowed to return to Florence.
Rudolph defeats Ottocar II at Marchfeld; he is slain. See "FOUNDING OF
THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
1279. Edward I, of England, gives up Normandy to Philip III of France.
The English Parliament passes the first statute of mortmain; it
forbids the alienation in mortmain of real property to religious
houses or other corporations.
1280. Kublai Khan, grandson of Ghengis Khan, completes the Mongol
conquest of China.
1281. Tartars attempt the conquest of Japan. See "JAPANESE REPEL THE
TARTARS," vi, 327.
A vacancy of six months in the papal chair; Martin IV ultimately
elected pope.
Edward I further extends his conquest in Wales. See "EDWARD I
CONQUERS WALES," vi, 316.
1282. Rudolph of Hapsburg invests his sons, Albert and Rudolph, with
the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carniola, founding the house of
Austria. See "FOUNDING OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG," vi, 298.
A great inundation of the sea forms the Zuyder Zee, a large gulf in
the Netherlands, formerly covered with forests and towns; thousands of
lives are lost and all the towns and villages submerged.
Massacre of the French in Sicily. See "THE SICILIAN VESPERS," vi, 340,
1283. After a struggle of fifty years the Teutonic Knights complete
their power over the Prussians.
1284. Naval battle of Meloria; the Genoese crush the power of the
Pisans.
Queen Eleanora gives birth to a son at Carnarvon castle, Wales,
afterward Edward II, from whom the eldest son of the King of England
takes the title of Prince of Wales. See "EDWARD I CONQUERS WALES," vi,
316.
1285. Death of Philip III of France; his son, Philip IV, succeeds.
Florence is appealed to for protection by the citizens of Pisa.
1286. First introduction of the _gabelle_, or salt duty, in France.
1287. Destruction of the shipping and magazines in the harbor of Pisa
by the Genoese.
1288. Othman, from whose name are derived the terms Ottoman and
Osmanli, lays the foundation of the Turkish empire in Asia Minor.
1289. The Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies are defeated by the
Florentines at Campaldino.
1290. Edward I expels the Jews from England. See "EXPULSION OF JEWS
FROM ENGLAND," vi, 356.
Death of the "Maid of Norway," Queen of Scotland; John Balliol, Robert
Bruce, and others dispute the succession.
Ladislaus of Hungary assassinated; he is succeeded by Andrew III,
called the Venetian, from the place of his birth.
1291. Edward I, of England, decides the disputed succession in
Scotland; he claims and receives homage from the competitors as their
suzerain.
In Switzerland the three Forest Cantons confederate, these being Uri,
Schwyz, and Unterwalden.
Siege and conquest of Acre from the Christians by Malek el-Ashref; end
of the Christian realm of Jerusalem.
Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg.
Death of Saadi, the Persian poet.
1292. Edward I awards the crown of Scotland to John Balliol, who does
homage to him.
Adolphus of Nassau elected to the German throne.
1293. Balliol hesitates to obey a summons from Edward I to appear in
London.
1294. Under Nicolo Spinola the Genoese capture a Venetian fleet and
take Canea, in the isle of Candia.
1295. Philip the Fair of France, and John Balliol, King of Scotland,
make war on England.
1296. Balliol is dethroned by Edward I, who invades and conquers
Scotland.
Pope Boniface VIII issues his bull (_Clericus laicos_) against the
taxation of the property of the Church without the consent of the holy
see. Philip the Fair of France refuses to comply with it.
1297. Great victory of the Scots, under William Wallace, at Stirling.
See "EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF WILLIAM WALLACE," vi, 369.
Count Guy Flanders is defeated by the French.
Philip the Fair is excommunicated because his law against the export
of coin stops the papal revenues derived from France.
Pope Boniface VIII prohibits the dissection of dead bodies for the
study of anatomy at Bologna.
1298. Adolphus of Nassau defeated and slain by Rudolph's son, Albert,
who is elected king by the German electors.
At Curzola the Genoese gain a naval victory over the Venetians.
A successful war is waged against the Colonnas by Pope Boniface VIII.
Wallace defeated at Falkirk by Edward I. See "EXPLOITS AND DEATH OF
WILLIAM WALLACE," vi, 369,
1299. Defeat of the Turks at Hems by the allied forces of the Templars
and Mongols; recovery of Jerusalem for a short period.
Ottoman Turks invade the Greek empire.
1300. Institution of the jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII. See "FIRST
GREAT JUBILEE OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH," vi, 378.
Guy, Count of Flanders, defeated and made prisoner by Philip's
brother, Charles de Valois.
A charitable society at Antwerp is first given the name of Lollards,
because they lulled the sick by singing to them.
FOOTNOTES:
1. See _The Peace of Constance_, page 28.
2. See _Archiepiscopate of Thomas Becket_, page 1.
3. See _Saladin Takes Jerusalem from the Christians_, page 41.
4. See _The Third Crusade_, page 54.
5. See _Philip of France Wins the French Domains of the English
Kings_, page 86.
6. See _Signing of the Magna Charta_, page 175.
7. See _Innocent III Exalts the Papal Power_, page 156.
8. See _Decline of the Moorish Power in Spain_, vol. v, page 256.
9. See _Venetians and Crusaders Take Constantinople_, page 121.
10. See _Latin Empire of the East_, page 140.
11. See _The Sixth Crusade_, page 208.
12. See _The Teutonic Knights_, page 68.
13. See _Mamelukes Usurp Power in Egypt_, page 240.
14. See _Louis IX Leads the Last Crusade_, page 275.
15. See _The Sicilian Vespers_, page 340.
16. See _First Great Jubilee of the Roman Catholic Church_, page 378.
17. See _Rise of the Hanseatic League_, page 214.
18. See _Founding of the House of Hapsburg_, page 298.
19. See _Founding of the Mongol Empire_, page 103.
20. See _Russia Conquered by the Tartar Hordes_, page 196.
21. See _Height of the Mongol Power in China_, page 287.
22. See _Japanese Repel the Tartars_, page 327.
23. See _The Golden Bull, "Hungary's Magna Charta,"_ page 191.
24. See _The "Mad Parliament,"_ page 246.
25. See _Edward I Conquers Wales_, page 316.
26. See _Exploits and Death of William Wallace_, page 369.
27. See _Expulsion of Jews from England_, page 356.
28. A tax originally levied by Ethelred II to maintain forces against
the Danes.
29. He had killed the father of a young lady whom he had betrayed.
30. The King knew not how to behave to the murderers. To punish them
for that which they had understood he wished them to do, appeared
ungenerous; to spare them was to confirm the general suspicion
that he had ordered the murder. He left them therefore to the
judgment of the spiritual courts. In consequence they travelled to
Rome, and were enjoined by Alexander to make a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem, where some, if not all, of them died.
31. Guy--Guido of Lusignan--was King of Jerusalem, the kingdom
founded by the crusaders in 1099. When Saladin took the city, in
1187, he imprisoned Guy.
32. The house of Comnenus, rulers of the Byzantine empire.
33. Mother of John, grandmother of Arthur, and heiress of Aquitaine.
34. According to R. Coggeshall, Philip virtually declared himself
still ignorant on the point six months later.
35. These were the alternative versions proposed by John's friends,
according to M. Paris.
36. _Johannem Mollegladium_. This nickname is no doubt a translation
of one which must have been applied to John in French, though
unluckily its vernacular form is lost. It has been suggested that
"if the phrase had any English equivalent, it would probably be
something embracing a more direct metaphor than
'Softsword'--something like 'Tinsword,' or, better still, if the
thirteenth century knew of putty, 'John Puttysword.'"
37. In 1199, by acknowledging Arthur as their liege lord and Richard's
lawful heir.
38. _I.e._, "May the band that binds the felts and spars of the yurt
never decay"; in other words, may he ever be prosperous--a
favorite Mongol wish.
39. Transports.
40. The Petrion, which is repeatedly mentioned by contemporary
writers, was a district built on the slope of a hill running
parallel to the Golden Horn for about one-third of the length of
the harbor walls eastward from Blachern. It had apparently been a
neglected spot during the early centuries of the history of
Constantinople, but had lately come to be the residence of
numerous hermits, and the site of several monasteries and
convents. A great part is now occupied by the Jewish colony of
Galata.
41. Nicetas' _Chronicate_, Greek authority on the Latin conquest.
42. Engines for throwing stones and other missiles.
43. Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor.
44. The remarkable church of this monastery still exists as a mosque,
and is known as Eski imaret Mahallasse. It still bears witness to
its having been arranged for both monks and nuns. It is on the
Fourth Hill, just above the Phanar.
45. Alexius V, his Greek name.
46. It was the quarter about the gate in the harbor walls, now known
as Zindan Capou, near the dried-fruit market.
47. Another name of Constantinople.
48. The Great Church, dedicated to the "Divine Wisdom"; the Santa
Sophia, built by Justinian.
49. This office still exists. The principal duty of the person who
holds it is to recite the creed in great religious services when
the patriarch officiates.
50. Romania was the usual name for the Byzantine or Eastern empire.
51. Innocent III.
52. By a similar manoeuvre did the Spaniards rob King René two hundred
years later of the city of Naples.
53. Peter's Patrimony was an administrative division of the Papal
States, situated in Central Italy northwest of the Roman
Campagna.--ED.
54. Apulia, a former duchy, was now a part of the Two Sicilies.
55. Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, also ruler of a large part of
Northern Italy, died about 1115, bequeathing her possessions to
the papacy, which she had supported in its struggle with the
Empire. The execution of her will had been prevented by the
Imperial power.
56. This seems a very strong proof that the house of commons was not
then in being; otherwise the knights and burgesses from the
several counties could have given in to the lords a list of
grievances, without so unusual an election.
57. Novgorod was for centuries the chief commercial city of Russia. It
was an independent republic, holding sway over extensive
territories around the Baltic Sea.
58. Suzdal was at this time the principal state of Central Russia,
with a capital of the same name.
59. Translated by Joseph Sohn.
60. Thus was gradually introduced what has since been considered the
constitutional method of opposing the measures of the Crown, the
refusal of the supplies for the current year. Henry's predecessors
were too rich to depend on the aid of their vassals: to resist
their will with any hope of success it was necessary to have
recourse to the sword. But his poverty compelled him annually to
solicit relief, and to purchase it by concessions to his
parliament.
61. The Earl of Gloucester also massacred the Jews in Canterbury; and
the Earl of Derby destroyed their houses at Worcester and
compelled them to receive baptism. As a justification, it was
pretended that they were attached to the King, had Greek fire in
their possession, kept false keys to the gates, and had made
subterraneous passages from their houses leading under the walls.
62. Grandfather of King Robert Bruce, of Scotland.