A Major-General.
(CONTINUED.)
General McClellan was now on the banks of the Chickahominy river, at one
point only six miles from Richmond, with the largest and best equipped
army that had ever been raised upon American soil.
His position was a strong one, having the Pāmun′key river on one side
and the James on the other, with the marshes of the Chickahominy in
front as natural barriers to the assaults of the Confederates. Besides,
he had thoroughly fortified his line, which swept in a crescent shape
from Meadow Bridge road on the right, across the Chickahominy, to the
Williamsburg road on the left—a distance of about fifteen miles.
General Lee now determined to send General Jackson to the rear of the
enemy to turn their flank, while General A. P. Hill and Longstreet
assailed them in front.
On the evening of the 26th of June, General A. P. Hill advanced upon
Mechanicsville and attacked the strong position of the Federals. The
latter defended themselves bravely, but at last fell back to their works
on Beaverdam creek. The victorious Confederates followed, and an
artillery fire was kept up until nine o’clock at night. The attack was
renewed at dawn the next morning and raged for hours, when, suddenly,
the Federals retreated in haste from their strong position, leaving
everything in flames.
[Illustration: _Gen. A. P. Hill._]
Jackson had come up, turned their flank, and caused them to retire.
Generals Hill and Longstreet followed them until about noon, when they
found the Federals again drawn up for battle behind Powhite creek, on a
ridge whose slope was fortified by breastworks of trees, and whose crest
was crowned with batteries of frowning guns.
The Confederate troops at once advanced, but were repulsed with great
loss. Again they charged up the hill, and gained the crest only to be
driven back by the storm of shot and shell.
Longstreet was now ordered to make a move on the right towards Gaines’s
Mill, where the Federals were massed in a strong position. In the
meanwhile General Lee ordered General Jackson to advance to the help of
Hill. About five o’clock P. M. the sound of guns was heard to the left,
and soon Jackson’s corps was in the thickest of the fight.
Before them were a swamp, a deep stream, masses of felled timber, and a
wood filled with armed men, and cannon belching forth shot and shell.
The work was hard, but when Jackson gave the order, his men swept
forward with wild cheers and a roar of musketry, while above the clang
arose the cry of Jackson! Jackson! Jackson!
The men rushed on through the swamp, across the creek, and up into the
wood, and drove the enemy from point to point until they gained the top
of the hill.
On the right of the line, Hood’s Texas brigade charged with a yell,
leaped ditch and stream, and drove the foe pell-mell before them. In
this charge they lost one thousand men, but took fourteen cannon and
nearly a regiment of prisoners.
[Illustration: _General J. B. Hood._]
The enemy now retreated in wild disorder all along the line, and the
battle of Old Cold Harbor was won by the Confederates. The very name of
Jackson had struck terror to the foe!
The next morning, the 29th of June, Jackson was ordered to move on the
rear of McClellan’s army.
At Savage Station, the Confederates, under General Magruder, had a
fierce fight with the rear guard of the Federals. At nightfall the
latter again gave way, leaving behind vast stores and a number of
wounded men. While the battle at Savage Station had been going on, the
main body of the Federal army passed over the bridge at White Oak swamp,
destroyed it, and were for awhile safe, for the Confederates could not
pass over the marshy stream under the fire of the Federals, who were
massed on the opposite bank.
General Jackson opened fire with his artillery, and the next morning,
the 1st of July, forced the passage of White Oak swamp, and captured a
part of the Federal artillery.
In the meantime a fierce battle had been fought at Frasier’s farm, by
Generals Longstreet and A. P. Hill, with another portion of McClellan’s
army. Under cover of night, the latter drew off, leaving his dead and
wounded, and a large number of prisoners.
General Jackson was now placed in front of the Confederate forces in
pursuit of the foe, who was nearing the James river. It was General
Lee’s plan to cut them off from the river and destroy the whole army,
but the Confederates were worn out with much fighting, and General
McClellan was allowed to make a stand on Malvern Hill. This strong
position he had hastily fortified; and here, as a wild animal at bay,
was his whole army, determined to contend for existence.
General Lee ordered an assault, placing Jackson and D. H. Hill on the
left and Magruder on the right. Owing to the timber and marshes, the
Confederates could use but little artillery, while the Federals, from
their greater height, rained a storm of shot and shell from three
hundred cannon. The gunboats on the James also threw their monstrous
shells above the heads of the Confederates. In spite of all odds, these
devoted men (Jackson’s) charged across marshes and up the hill, forcing
the enemy back; but, after a fierce combat, they fell back with great
loss. Again and again they charged, with the same result. At sunset,
Magruder, who with much difficulty had gotten his troops into position,
charged on the right with great bravery.
As darkness came on, the Confederates fought with renewed courage. Whole
lines of the enemy fell beneath their musket fire, but the guns could
not be taken by the Confederates, because no line of men could live
within the zone of fire which flamed from the mouths of the blazing
cannon.
About ten o’clock P. M. the firing ceased, and the Confederate troops,
holding their position, slept upon the battle-field.
When the battle had ended thus, Jackson went slowly to the rear, where
his faithful servant, Jim, was waiting for him with food and a pallet
made upon the ground. After eating a few morsels, Jackson lay down and
fell into a deep sleep. About one o’clock, Generals Hill, Ewell, and
Early came to tell him that their commands were cut to pieces, and that
when day broke they would not be able to continue the fight. Jackson
listened to them in silence, and then said: “McClellan and his army will
be gone by daylight.” The generals thought him mad, but when morning
came, they found that he had foretold aright the flight of McClellan.
Malvern Hill was found to be deserted by the foe. They had retreated
during the night to Harrison’s landing, under cover of their gunboats,
and Richmond was for the time safe.
The battle of Malvern Hill was a dearly bought victory for the
Confederates. General Jackson lost in the battle three hundred and
seventy-seven men killed, and one thousand seven hundred and forty-six
wounded, with thirty-nine missing. As soon as possible, the Southern
army followed McClellan, but found him too strongly entrenched to
attack. So the worn-out men went into camp near by, and rested for the
first time in a fortnight.
General Jackson soon grew weary of watching McClellan, and began to plan
a bold march into Maryland to threaten Washington city. It was not long
before he did move northward. News came that a Federal army of forty
thousand men, under General Pope, was coming towards Gordonsville to the
help of McClellan. General Jackson was at once ordered to advance to
meet him and drive him back.
His corps moved forward, and, on August 9th, fought the battle of Cedar
Run. In this fierce battle one of the regiments began to fall back. At
that instant Jackson placed himself in front of his men, drew his sword,
and cried in a voice of thunder, “Rally, brave men! Jackson will lead
you! Follow me!” This turned the tide of battle, and the Federal army
broke into full retreat. Just before this battle, some officers enquired
of “Jim,” the General’s servant, if there were any signs of a battle.
“Oh, yes, sir,” replied he, “the General is a great man for praying
night and morning, all times; but when I see him get up in the night and
go off and pray, then I know there is going to be something to pay; and
I go right straight and pack his haversack, for I know he will call for
it in the morning.”
General Lee now came up with the greater part of the Southern army,
leaving only a small force to watch General McClellan. The plan of the
Southern leaders was to rout General Pope and march northward to
threaten Washington, thus compelling General McClellan to leave his camp
on the James river.
The main body of Lee’s army moved nearer to Pope’s front, while
Jackson’s corps moved off to the northwest, and was again “lost.” It was
marching across the Rappahannock and behind Bull Run mountains, which
hid it from the enemy.
[Illustration: _General Jackson preparing for battle._]
On August 26th it passed through the mountains at Thoroughfare Gap, and
took a position between Pope and Washington city.
Jackson at once took Manassas Junction, where three hundred prisoners
and immense quantities of stores were captured. The poor, hungry
soldiers took what could be carried away, and the rest was burned.
As soon as Pope heard that Jackson was in his rear, he moved to meet
him, and ordered McDowell to close in upon him from the direction of
Gainesville, saying, “We shall bag the whole crowd.” But the wary
Jackson was a match for his foes. Taking a good position upon the old
battle-field of Manassas, he at once attacked the enemy coming up on the
evening of August 28th. When darkness fell upon the blood-drenched
plain, the Confederates were the victors. On the next morning the fight
was renewed, but Jackson’s men were almost exhausted, when Longstreet’s
corps appeared and soon turned the tide of battle.
It was not long before Pope’s army was in full retreat towards
Washington, and Jackson was again victor. During a part of the battle a
severe storm came up. An aide from General A. P. Hill rode up, and
reported that his ammunition was wet, and asked leave to retire. “Give
my compliments to General Hill,” said Jackson, “and tell him that the
Yankee ammunition is as wet as his; to stay where he is.” “There was
always blood and danger,” says a friend, “when Jackson began his
sentences with, ‘Give my compliments.’”
General Lee now determined to cross the Potomac and threaten Washington,
and Jackson led the advance. On September 6th he reached Frederick and
remained there several days, resting and refitting his command. When
General Lee came up, he at once sent General Jackson to Harper’s Ferry
(September 10th), to capture the Federal forces at that place. After
taking the heights around that town, he proceeded to take the town by
storm.
In a short while the garrison of eleven thousand men, with seventy-three
cannon, thirteen thousand stand of small-arms and a vast amount of
stores, surrendered. Jackson, leaving General Hill to receive the
captured prisoners and property, at once set out to return to General
Lee, at Sharpsburg, a little village two and one-half miles from the
Potomac river. After a weary night-march he reached that place on the
morning of the 16th. He found General Lee facing the hosts of McClellan
and drawn up for battle. When he had rested his worn-out men for several
hours, he took his position on the left, next to the Potomac river. This
was the post of danger, for against it, on the 17th, McClellan massed
forty-four thousand men.
The corps of Jackson numbered now, after so much fighting and marching,
less than seven thousand men, but this little band held the ground
throughout the day, and bravely drove back every assault of the enemy.
When night closed the bloody fray, each army held its own position. On
the next morning, General Lee awaited another attack, but General
McClellan had received so heavy a blow that he would not venture another
battle until fresh troops had come up.
The 18th was spent by both armies in burying their dead and caring for
the wounded. In the evening General Lee, learning that large bodies of
fresh troops were reaching McClellan, determined to recross the Potomac.
As soon as night came, the troops began to move towards the ford at
Shepherdstown. “For hours,” says Dr. Dabney, “Jackson was seen seated
upon his horse, motionless as a statue, watching the passage until the
last man and the last carriage had touched the Southern shore.” The
battle of Sharpsburg, or Antietam (An tē′tam), as it is sometimes
called, was a drawn battle—neither side was victorious, each losing in
killed and wounded about twelve thousand men.
The Southern men were so worn out and foot-sore from constant marching,
and weak from starvation, that they were really unfit for the battle of
Sharpsburg. More than half of Lee’s army was left behind along the
Virginia roads, and those who, wan and gaunt, fought the battle, were
kept up during that bloody day only by their devotion to the Southern
cause and leaders. Fortune also had smiled upon McClellan by revealing
to him the plans of Lee. An order setting forth Lee’s line of march was
picked up in D. H. Hill’s deserted camp, and taken to McClellan, who
then, of course, knew just where to strike Lee.
On the morning of the 19th, a force of Federals crossed the Potomac at
Boteler’s ford, but were met by A. P. Hill’s division of Jackson’s
corps, and driven back into the river with great loss. On the northern
side of the river, seventy large cannon were planted, which rained
grape-shot upon the Southern men, but they rushed forward and hurled
hundreds of the Federals into the water, and then picked them off with
steady aim until the river was black with floating bodies.
While this was going on, a messenger from General Lee found Jackson
watching the progress of the fight. His only remark was, “With the
blessing of Providence, they will soon be driven back.” McClellan made
no further attempt to follow Lee.
For some weeks Lee’s army lay quietly resting in the lower Valley. But
Jackson was never idle. He was now busy in getting clothes and shoes for
his men, and filling up the ranks which had been so thinned during the
summer. His regiments were at the time filled up by the return of the
sick and the foot-sore and by new recruits.
Jackson had now become the idol of his men. Their pet name for him was
“Old Jack.” Whenever he rode by they would cheer themselves hoarse; and
his devotion to them was just as great. This story is told of him by an
eye-witness of the scene: “When Jackson’s men were on their famous march
to Manassas, at the close of the first day, they found Jackson, who had
ridden forward, dismounted, and standing upon a great stone by the
road-side. His sun-burned cap was lifted from his brow and his blue eyes
gleamed in the rays of the setting sun. His men burst forth into cheers,
but he at once sent an officer to request that there be no cheering, as
it might betray their presence to the enemy. Instantly the cheering
stopped, but as they passed their General their eyes told what their
lips could not utter—their love for him. Jackson turned to his staff,
his face beaming with delight, and said, ‘Who could not conquer with
such troops as these?’” Well might he be proud of men who had been
marching and fighting for five days, many of them having no rations and
living upon green corn found along the way, yet whose courage and
devotion knew no bounds!
Crĕs′çent, shaped like the new moon.
Băr′rier, a bar, a defense.
Swamp, soft, low, and spongy ground.
De-vō′-tion, love.
Re-vēal-ing, making known.
Can you describe—
McClellan’s position on the Chickahominy river?
The charge of Jackson’s men at “Old Cold Harbor”?
The battle of Malvern Hill?
The second battle of Manassas?
The capture of Harper’s Ferry?
The battle of Antietam?