EUROPE ON THE FALL OF NAPOLEON.
[Sidenote: Complexity of Modern History.]
It would be interesting to trace the history of the civilized world
since the fall of Napoleon; but any attempt to bring within the limits
of a history like this a notice of the great events which have
happened for thirty-five years, would be impossible. And even a notice
as extended as that which has been presented of the events of three
hundred years would be unsatisfactory to all minds. The common reader
is familiar with the transactions of the present generation, and
reflections on them would be sure to excite the prejudices of various
parties and sects. A chronological table of the events which have
transpired since the downfall of Napoleon is all that can be
attempted. The author contemplates a continuation of this History,
which will present more details, collected from original authorities.
The history of the different American States, since the Revolution;
the administration of the various presidents; the late war with Great
Britain; the Seminole and Mexican wars; the important questions
discussed by Congress; the contemporary history of Great Britain under
George IV., William IV., and Victoria; the conquests in India and
China; the agitations of Ireland; the great questions of Reform,
Catholic Emancipation, Education, and Free Trade; the French wars in
Africa; the Turkish war; the independence of the Viceroy of Egypt; the
progress of Russian territorial aggrandizement; the fall of Poland;
the Spanish rebellion; the independence of the South American states;
the Dutch and Belgic war; the two last French revolutions; the great
progress made in arts and sciences, and the various attempts in
different nations to secure liberty;--these, and other great subjects,
can only be properly discussed in a separate work, and even then
cannot be handled by any one, however extraordinary his talents or
attainments, without incurring the imputation of great audacity, which
only the wants of the public can excuse.
In concluding the present History, a very brief notice of the state of
the civilized world at the fall of Napoleon may be, perhaps, required.
[Sidenote: Remarkable Men of Genius.]
England suffered less than any other of the great powers from the
French Revolution. A great burden was, indeed, entailed on future
generations; but the increase of the national debt was not felt so
long as English manufactures were purchased, to a great extent, by the
Continental States. Six hundred million pounds were added to the
national debt; but England, internally, was never more flourishing
than during this long war of a quarter of a century. And not only was
glory shed around the British throne by the victories of Nelson and
Wellington, and the effectual assistance which England rendered to the
continental powers, and without which the liberties of Europe would
have been subverted, but, during the reign of George III., a splendid
constellation of men of genius, in literature and science, illuminated
the world. Dr. Johnson made moral reflections on human life which will
ever instruct mankind; Burke uttered prophetic oracles which even his
age was not prepared to appreciate; and his rivals thundered in the
senate with an eloquence and power not surpassed by the orators of
antiquity; Gibbon wrote a history which such men as Guizot and Milman
pronounced wonderful both for art and learning; Hume, Reid, and
Stewart, carried metaphysical inquiry to its utmost depth; Gray,
Burns, Goldsmith, Coleridge, Southey, and Wordsworth, were not
unworthy successors of Dryden and Pope; Adam Smith called into
existence the science of political economy, and nearly brought it to
perfection in a single lifetime; Reynolds and West adorned the
galleries with pictures which would not have disgraced the land of
artists; while scholars, too numerous to mention, astonished the world
by the extent of their erudition; and divines, in language which
rivalled the eloquence of Chrysostom or Bossuet, declared to an
awakened generation the duties and destinies of man.
France, the rival of England, was not probably permanently injured by
the Revolution; for, if millions of lives were sacrificed, and
millions of property were swept away, still important civil and social
privileges were given to the great mass of the people, and odious
feudal laws and customs were broken forever. All the glory which war
can give, was obtained; and France, for twenty years, was feared and
respected. Popular liberty was not secured; but advances were made
towards it, and great moral truths were impressed upon the nation,--to
be again disregarded, but not to be forgotten. The territorial limits
of France were not permanently enlarged, and the conquests of Napoleon
were restored to the original rulers. The restoration of the former
political system was insisted upon by the Holy Alliance, and the
Bourbon kings, in regaining their throne, again possessed all that
their ancestors had enjoyed but the possession of the hearts of the
people. The allied powers may have restored despotism and legitimacy
for a while; they could not eradicate the great ideas of the
Revolution, and these were destined once more to overturn their
thrones. The reigns of Louis XVIII., Charles X., and Louis Philippe
were but different acts of the long tragedy which was opened by the
convocation of the States General, and which is not probably closed by
the election of Prince Louis Napoleon to the presidency of the French
republic. The _ideas_ which animated La Fayette and Moreau, and which
Robespierre and Napoleon at one time professed, still live, in spite
of all the horrors of the Reign of Terror, and all the streams of
blood which flowed at Leipsic and Waterloo. Notwithstanding the
suicidal doctrines of Socialists and of the various schools of infidel
philosophers, and in view of all the evils which papal despotism, and
democratic license, and military passions have inflicted, and will
continue to inflict, still the immortal principles of liberty are safe
under the protection of that Providence which has hitherto advanced
the nations of Europe from the barbarism and paganism of ancient
Teutonic tribes.
[Sidenote: Condition of Germany.]
Germany suffered the most, and apparently reaped the least, from the
storms which revolutionary discussion had raised. Austria and Prussia
were invaded, pillaged, and humiliated. Their cities were sacked,
their fields were devastated, and the blood of their sons was poured
out like water. But sacrifice and suffering developed extraordinary
virtues and energies, united the various states, and gave nationality
to a great confederation. The struggles of the Germans were honorable
and gigantic, and proved to the world the impossibility of the
conquest of states, however afflicted, when they are resolved to
defend their rights. The career of Napoleon demonstrated the
impossibility of a universal empire in Europe, and least of all, an
empire erected over the prostrated thrones and discomfited armies of
Germany. The Germans learned the necessity and the duty of union, and
proved the strength of their sincere love for their native soil and
their venerable institutions. The Germans, though poor in gold and
silver, showed that they were rich in patriotic ardor, and in all
those glorious sentiments which ennoble a great and progressive
nation. After twenty years' contention, and infinite sacrifices and
humiliations, the different princes of Germany recovered their ancient
territorial possessions, and were seated, more firmly than before on
the thrones which legitimacy had consecrated.
[Sidenote: Condition of Other Powers.]
Absolute monarchy was restored also to Spain; but the imbecile
Bourbons, the tools of priests and courtiers, revived the ancient
principles of absolutism and bigotry, without any of those virtues
which make absolutism respectable or bigotry endurable. But in the
breasts of Spanish peasants the fires of liberty burned, which all the
terrors of priestly rule, and all the evils of priestly corruption,
could not quench. They, thus far, have been unfortunate, but no person
who has studied the elements of the Spanish character, or has faith in
the providence of God, can doubt that the day of deliverance will,
sooner or later, come, unless he has the misfortune to despair of any
permanent triumph of liberty in our degenerate world.
In the northern kingdoms of Europe, no radical change took place; and
Italy, the land of artists, so rich in splendid recollections, so poor
in all those blessings which we are taught to value, returned to the
dominion of Austria, and to the rule of despotic priests. Italy,
disunited, abandoned, and enslaved, has made generous efforts to
secure what is enjoyed in more favored nations, but hitherto in vain.
So slow is the progress of society! so hard are the struggles to which
man is doomed! so long continued are the efforts of any people to
secure important privileges!
Greece made, however, a more successful effort, and the fetters of the
Turkish sultan were shaken off. The Ottoman Porte looked, with its
accustomed indifference, on the struggles of the Christians, and took
no active part in the war until absolutely forced. But it looked with
the indifference of decrepit age, rather than with the philosophical
calmness of mature strength, and exerted all the remaining energies it
possessed to prevent the absorption of the state in the vast and
increasing empire of the czars. Russia, of all the great powers which
embarked in the contest to which we have alluded, arose the strongest
from defeat and disaster. The rapid aggrandizement of Russia
immediately succeeded the fall of Napoleon.
The spiritual empire of the Popes was again restored, and the Jesuits,
with new powers and privileges, were sent into all the nations of the
earth to uphold the absolutism of their great head. Again they have
triumphed when their cause seemed hopeless; nor is it easy to predict
the fall of their empire. So long as the principle of Evil shall
contend with the principle of Good, the popes will probably rejoice
and weep at alternate victories and defeats.
[Sidenote: The United States of America.]
The United States of America were too far removed from the scene of
conflict to be much affected by the fall of thrones. Moreover, it was
against the wise policy of the government to interfere with foreign
quarrels. But the American nation beheld the conflict with any
feelings but those of indifference, and, while its enlightened people
speculated on the chances of war, they still devoted themselves with
ardor to the improvement of their institutions, to agriculture, and
manufacturing interests. Merchants, for a while, made their fortunes
by being the masters of the carrying trade of the world, and the
nation was quietly enriched. The wise administrations of Washington,
Adams, Jefferson, and Madison, much as they conflicted, in some
respects, with each other, resulted in the growth of commerce,
manufactures, agriculture, and the arts; while institutions of
literature and religion took a deep hold of the affections of the
people. The country increased and spread with unparalleled rapidity on
all sides, and the prosperity of America was the envy and the
admiration of the European world. The encroachments of Great Britain,
and difficulties which had never been settled, led to a war between
the two countries, which, though lamented at the time, is now viewed,
by all parties, as resulting in the ultimate advancement of the United
States in power and wealth, as well as in the respect of foreign
nations. Great questions connected with the rapid growth of the
country, unfortunately at different times, have produced acrimonious
feelings between different partisans; but the agitation of these has
not checked the growth of American institutions, or weakened those
sentiments of patriotism and mutual love, which, in all countries and
ages, have constituted the glory and defence of nations. The greatness
of American destinies is now a favorite theme with popular orators.
Nor is it a vain subject of speculation. Our banner of Liberty will
doubtless, at no distant day, wave over all the fortresses which may
be erected on the central mountains of North America, or on the shores
of its far distant oceans; but all national aggrandizement will be in
vain without regard to those sacred principles of law, religion, and
morality, for which, in disaster and sorrow, both Puritan Settler and
Revolutionary Hero contended. The believer in Progress, as affected by
influences independent of man, as coming from the benevolent
Providence which thus far has shielded us, cannot otherwise than hope
for a still loftier national elevation than has been yet attained,
with all the aid of circumstances, and all the energies of heroes.
APPENDIX.
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
FROM THE FALL OF NAPOLEON.
1815.--Battle of Waterloo, (June 18.) Napoleon embarks for
St. Helena, (August 7.) Final Treaty at Paris between the
Allied Powers, (November 20.) Inauguration of the King of
Holland. First Steam Vessels on the Thames.
1816.--Great Agricultural distress in Great Britain. Brazil
declared a Kingdom. Consolidation of the Exchequers of
England and Ireland. Marriage of the Princess Charlotte with
Prince Leopold.
1817.--Disorders in Spain. Renewal of the Bill for the
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. Inauguration of
President Monroe. Death of the Princess Charlotte. Death of
Curran.
1818.--Entire Withdrawal of Foreign Forces from France.
Seminole War. Great Discussions in Parliament on the Slave
Trade. Death of Warren Hastings, of Lord Ellenborough, and
of Sir Philip Francis.
1819.--Great depression of Trade and Manufactures in Great
Britain. Great Reform meetings in Manchester, Leeds, and
other large Towns, Lord John Russell's Motion for a Reform
in Parliament. Organized bands of robbers in Spain.
Settlement of the Pindarrie War in India. Assassination of
Kotzebue.
1820.--Death of George III., (January 23.) Lord Brougham's
Plan of Popular Education. Proceedings against Queen
Caroline. Rebellion in Spain. Trial of Sir Francis Burdett.
Election of Sir Humphrey Davy as President of the Royal
Society. Ministry in France of the Duc de Richelieu. Death
of Grattan; of the Duke of Kent.
1821.--Second Inauguration of President Monroe. Revolution
in Naples and Piedmont. Insurrections in Spain. Independence
of Colombia, and fall of Spanish Power in Mexico and Peru.
Disturbances in Ireland. War in the Morea. Formal occupation
of the Floridas by the United States. Extinction of the
Mamelukes. Revolt in Wallachia and Moldavia. Death of Queen
Caroline; of Napoleon.
1822.--Mr. Canning's Bill for the admission of Catholic
Peers to the House of Lords. Disturbances in Ireland. Sir
James Mackintosh's Motion for a reform of Criminal Law. Mr.
Canning succeeds the Marquis of Londonderry (Lord
Castlereagh) as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Lord
Amherst appointed Governor-General of India. Fall of the
administration of the Duc de Richelieu. Congress of Vienna.
War in Greece. Insurrection of the Janizaries. The Persian
War. Settlement of the Canadian Boundary. Suicide of the
Marquis of Londonderry.
1823.--Great Agricultural Distress in Great Britain. Debates
on Catholic Emancipation, and on the Slave Trade. French
Invasion of Spain. Captain Franklin's Voyage to the Polar
Seas. Death of Pius VII.
1824.--General Prosperity in England. Capture of Ipsara by
the Turks. Visit of La Fayette to the United States. Leaders
of the Carbonari suppressed in Italy by the Austrian
Government. Repeal of duties between Great Britain and
Ireland. Burmese War, and Capture of Rangoon. Censorship of
the Press in France. Death of Louis XVIII., (September 16.)
1825.--Inauguration of President Adams. Independence of
Brazil acknowledged by Portugal. Coronation of Charles X.
Siege of Missolonghi. Inundations in the Netherlands. Death
of the Emperor Alexander, (December 1.)
1826.--Bolivar chosen President of Peru for Life.
Independence of Hayti acknowledged by France. Riots in
Lancashire. Surrender of the fortress of St. Juan d'Ulloa to
the Mexicans. Great Debates in Parliament on the Slave
Trade. Death of Ex-President Adams; of Jefferson. Coronation
of the Emperor Nicholas.
1827.--Death of the Earl of Liverpool, and dissolution of
the Ministry. Mr. Canning appointed First Lord of the
Treasury; dies four months after; succeeded by Lord
Goderich. National Guard disbanded in France. Defeat of the
Greek army before Athens. Battle of Navarino. Foundation of
the University of London. Death of the Duke of York; of La
Place; of Mitford, the Historian; of Eichhorn; of
Pestalozzi; of Beethoven; of King Frederic Augustus of
Saxony.
1828.--Dissolution of Lord Goderich's Ministry, and new one
formed under the Duke of Wellington, Mr. Peel and the Earl
of Aberdeen. Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. New
Corn Law. Riots in Ireland. Mr. O'Connell represents the
County of Clare. New and Liberal ministry in France. Final
departure of the French Armies from Spain. War between
Naples and Tripoli. War between Russia and Turkey.
Independence of Greece. Death of Ypsilanti.
1829.--Inauguration of President Jackson. Passage of the
Catholic Emancipation Bill. New and Ultra-Royalist ministry
in France, under Polignac. Victories of Count Diebitsch
against the Turks. Surrender of Adrianople. Civil War in
Mexico. Don Miguel acknowledged as King of Portugal by
Spain. Burning of York Cathedral. Treaty between the United
States and Brazil. Civil War in Chili. Death of Judge
Washington.
1830.--Great discussions in Congress on the Tariff. Reform
Agitations in England. Death of George IV., (June 26.) New
Whig Ministry under Earl Grey and Lord John Russell. Opening
of the Liverpool Railroad. Revolution in France, and the
Duke of Orleans declared King. Capture of Algiers by the
French. Belgium erected into an independent Kingdom. Riots
and Insurrections in Germany. Plots of the Carlists in
Spain. Murder of Joseph White. Death of Pope Leo XII.; of
the King of Naples; of Sir Thomas Lawrence; of the Grand
Duke of Baden.
1831.--Dissolution of the Cabinet at Washington. Great
discussions on the Reform Bill. Agitations in Ireland.
Leopold made King of Belgium. Insurrection in Switzerland.
Revolution in Poland. Treaty between the United States and
Turkey. Coronation of William IV. Appearance of the Cholera
in England. Its great ravages on the Continent. Death of
Bolivar; of Robert Hall; of Mrs. Siddons; of William Roscoe;
of James Monroe.
1832.--Veto of President Jackson of the Bill to recharter
the United States Bank. Discontents in South Carolina, in
consequence of the Tariff. War with the Indians. Bristol and
Birmingham Riots. Final passage of the Reform Bill.
Abolition of the Slave Trade in Brazil. Death of Casimir
Périer, Prime Minister of France, who is succeeded by
Marshal Soult. Death of Sir Walter Scott; of Sir James
Mackintosh; of Spurzheim; of Cuvier; of Goethe; of
Champollion; of Adam Clarke; of Andrew Bell; of Anna Maria
Porter; of Charles Carroll of Carrollton.
1833.--Second Inauguration of Andrew Jackson. Mr. Clay's
Tariff Bill. President Jackson's war with the United States
Bank. Recharter of the Bank of England and of the East India
Company. Fortifications of Paris commenced. Santa Anna
inaugurated President of Mexico. Bill passed to abolish
slavery in the British Colonies. Trial of Avery. Death of
the King of Spain; of Mr. Wilberforce; of Hannah More; of
Caspar Hauser; of Lord Grenville; of Dr. Schleiermacher.
1834.--Discussions on the Corn Laws. Destruction of the two
Houses of Parliament. Change of Ministry in France. Congress
of Vienna. Donna Maria acknowledged Queen of Portugal.
Opening of the Boston and Worcester Railroad. Resignation of
Earl Grey, succeeded by Lord Melbourne, who is again shortly
succeeded by Sir Robert Peel. Irish Coercion Bill. Death of
La Fayette; of William Wirt; of Dr. Porter; of General
Huntingdon; of Coleridge; of Rev. Edward Irving.
1835.--New Ministry of Viscount Melbourne. French expedition
to Algiers. Otho made King of Greece. Suppression of the
Jesuits in Spain. Remarkable eruption of Vesuvius. Revolt in
Spain. Great fire in New York. Death of the Emperor of
Austria; of Chief Justice Marshall; of Nathan Dane; of
McCrie; of William Cobbett.
1836.--Settlement of the disputes between France and the
United States. Resignation of M. Thiers, who is succeeded,
as Prime Minister of France, by Count Molé. Military
operations against Abd-el-Kader. Massacre of the Carlist
Prisoners at Barcelona. Isturitz made Prime Minister of
Spain. Prince Louis Napoleon attempts an insurrection at
Strasburg. Commutation of Tithes in England. Bill for the
Registration of Births and Marriages. Passage of the Irish
Municipal Corporation Bill. Agitations in Canada. War
between Texas and Mexico. Burning of the Patent Office at
Washington. Death of Aaron Burr; of the Abbé Sièyes; of Lord
Stowell; of Godwin.
1837.--Inauguration of President Van Buren. Death of
William IV., (June 20.) Insurrection in Canada. Suspension
of cash payments by the Bank of the United States in
Philadelphia, and by the banks in New York. Acknowledgment
of the Independence of Texas. Treaty with the Indians. Great
failures in New York. Great Protestant Meeting in Dublin.
Change of Ministry in Spain. Death of Gustavus Adolphus IV.
of Sweden; of M. de Pradt; of Abiel Holmes; of Dr. Griffin;
of Charles Botta; of Lovejoy.
1838.--War with the Seminoles. General Scott takes command
of the New York Militia on the Frontiers. Affair of the
Caroline. Lord Durham Governor-General of Canada. Coronation
of Queen Victoria; of the Emperor Ferdinand. Violence of
Civil War in Spain. Circassian War. Revolution in Peru and
Bolivia. Peace between Russia and Turkey. Great Chartist
meetings in England. Emancipation of the West India Negro
Apprentices. Death of Lord Eldon; of Talleyrand; of Noah
Worcester; of Dr. Bowditch; of Zachary Macaulay.
1839.--Disputes between Maine and New Brunswick. Resignation
of the Melbourne Ministry, and the failure of Sir Robert
Peel to construct a new one. Birmingham Riots. Chartist
Convention. Resignation of Count Molé, who is succeeded, as
Prime Minister, by Marshal Soult, and Guizot. Capture of the
fortress of St. Juan d'Ulloa by the French. Treaty of Peace
between France and Mexico. Affghan War. War between Turkey
and Mohammed Ali. Invasion of Syria. Death of Lady Hester
Stanhope; of Governor Hayne; of Dr. Bancroft; of Stephen Van
Rensselaer; of Zerah Colburn; of Samuel Ward.
1840.--Marriage of Queen Victoria. Penny Postage in England.
Affghan War. Difficulties in China respecting the Opium
Trade. Blockade of Canton. Ministry of M. Thiers. Arrival of
Napoleon's Remains from St. Helena. Abdication of the King
of Holland. Continued Civil War in Spain. Burning of the
Lexington. Ministry of Espartero. Death of Frederic
William III. of Prussia; of Lord Camden; of Dr. Olinthus
Gregory; of Blumenbach; of Dr. Follen; of Dr. Kirkland; of
John Lowell; of Judge Mellen; of Dr. Emmons; of Prof. Davis.
1841.--Inauguration of President Harrison; his Death;
succeeded by John Tyler. Trial of McLeod. Repeal of the
Sub-Treasury. Veto, by the President, of the Bill to
establish a Bank. Resignation of the Melbourne Ministry,
succeeded by that of Sir Robert Peel. War in Scinde.
Espartero sole Regent of Spain. Revolution in Mexico. Treaty
between Turkey and Egypt. Treaty between the United States
and Portugal. Death of Chantrey; of Dr. Marsh; of Dr.
Oliver; of Dr. Ripley; of Blanco White; of William Ladd.
1842.--Great Debates in Parliament on the Corn Laws. New
Tariff of Sir Robert Peel. Affghan War. Treaty of Peace
between England and China. Treaty between England and the
United States respecting the North-eastern Boundary
Question. Chartist Petitions. Income Tax. Accident on the
Paris and Versailles Railroad. Death of the Duke of Orleans;
of Lord Hill; of Dr. Charming; of Dr. Arnold; of Jeremiah
Smith.
1843.--Activity of the Anti Corn Law League. Repeal
Agitation in Ireland. Monster Meetings. Establishment of the
Free Presbyterian Church in Scotland. War in Scinde. Sir
James Graham's Factory Bill. Repudiation of State Debts.
Death of Southey; of Dr. Ware; of Allston; of Legare; of Dr.
Richards; of Noah Webster.
1844.--Corn Law Agitations in Great Britain. Passage of the
Sugar Duties Bill; of the Dissenters' Chapel Bill. State
Trials in Ireland. Opening of the Royal Exchange. Sir
Charles Napier's victories in India. Louis Philippe's visit
to England. War between France and Morocco. Disturbances on
the Livingston and Rensselaer Manors. Insurrection in
Mexico. Death of Secretary Upshur.
1845.--Installation of President Polk. Treaty between the
United States and China. Great Fire in New York. Municipal
disabilities removed from the Jews by Parliament. War in
Algeria. Abdication of Don Carlos. Termination of the War in
Scinde. Revolution in Mexico. War in the Punjaub.
1846--War between the United States and Mexico. Battle of
Monterey. New Tariff Bill. Passage of the Corn Bill in
England, and Repeal of Duties. Free Trade policy of Sir
Robert Peel. Settlement of the Oregon Question. Distress in
Ireland by the failure of the Potato Crop. Resignation of
Sir Robert Peel; succeeded by Lord John Russell. Marriage of
the Queen of Spain; and of her sister, the Infanta, to the
Due de Montpensier. Escape of Prince Louis Napoleon from
Ham. Death of Pope Gregory XVI., and elevation of Pius IX.
Death of Louis Napoleon, Ex-King of Holland.
1847.--Splendid military successes of Generals Scott and
Taylor in Mexico. Fall of Mexico. Ravages of the Potato
Disease. Awful Distress in Ireland. Guizot succeeds Soult as
President of the Council. Frequent changes of Ministry in
Spain. Civil War in Switzerland. Grant of a Constitution to
Prussia. Liberal Measures of Pius IX. Death of the King of
Denmark; of Dr. Chalmers; of Silas Wright.
1848.--French Revolution, and Fall of Louis Philippe.
Abdication of the King of Bavaria. Tumults in Vienna and
Berlin. Riots in Rome. Chartist demonstrations in London.
Election of the National Assembly in France. General
fermentation throughout Europe. Distress of Ireland. Oregon
Territorial Bill. Free Soil Convention in Buffalo. Death of
John Quincy Adams. Election of General Taylor for President
of the United States.
* * * * *
PRIME MINISTERS OF ENGLAND SINCE THE ACCESSION OF HENRY VIII.
KING HENRY VIII.
1509. Bishop Fisher, and Earl of Surrey.
1513. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
1529. Sir Thomas More, and Cranmer.
1532. Lord Audley, (Chancellor,) Archbishop Cranmer.
1538. Lord Cromwell, (Earl of Essex.)
1540. Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Surrey, and Bishop Gardiner.
1544. Lord Wriothesley, Earl of Hertford.
KING EDWARD VI.
The Earl of Hertford, continued.
1552. John, Duke of Northumberland.
QUEEN MARY.
1553. Bishop Gardiner.
QUEEN ELIZABETH.
1558. Sir Nicholas Bacon, and Sir William Cecil, (afterwards
Lord Burleigh.)
1564. Earl of Leicester, (a favorite)
1588. Earl of Essex.
1601. Lord Buckhurst.
JAMES I.
Lord Buckhurst, (Earl of Dorset.)
1608. Earls of Salisbury, Suffolk, and Northampton.
1612. Sir Robert Carr (Earl of Somerset.)
1615. Sir George Villiers (Duke of Buckingham.)
CHARLES I.
Duke of Buckingham.
1628. Earl of Portland, Archbishop Laud.
1640. Archbishop Laud, Earl of Strafford, Lord Cottington.
1640. Earl of Essex.
1641. Lord Falkland, Lord Digby.
Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell.
CHARLES II.
1660. Earl of Clarendon.
1667. Dukes of Buckingham and Lauderdale.
1667. Lord Ashley, Lord Arlington, Lord Clifford.
1673. Lord Arlington, Lord Ashley (Earl of Shaftesbury,) and
Sir Thomas Osborne.
1674. Sir Thomas Osborne.
1677. Earl of Essex, Duke of Ormond, Marquis of Halifax,
Sir William Temple.
1682. Duke of York and his friends.
JAMES II.
1685. Earls of Sunderland and Tyrconnell, Lord Jeffreys.
1687. Lord Jeffreys, Lord Arundel, Earl of Middleton.
WILLIAM III.
1688. Lord Somers, Lord Godolphin, Earl of Danby (Duke of Leeds.)
1695. Earl of Sunderland.
1697. Charles Montague (Earl of Halifax,) Earl of Pembroke,
Viscount Lonsdale, Earl of Oxford.
QUEEN ANNE.
1705. Lord Godolphin, R. Harley, Lord Pembroke, Duke of
Buckingham, Duke of Marlborough.
1707. Earl Godolphin, Lord Cowper, Dukes of Marlborough and
Newcastle.
1710. R. Harley (Earl of Oxford.)
1710. Earl of Rochester, Lord Dartmouth, Henry St. John
(Lord Bolingbroke,) Lord Harcourt.
1714. Duke of Shrewsbury.
GEORGE I.
1714. Lord Cowper, Duke of Shrewsbury, Marquis of Wharton,
Earl of Oxford, Duke of Marlborough, Viscount Townshend.
1715. Robert Walpole, Esq.
1717. Earl Stanhope.
1718. Earl of Sunderland.
1721. Sir Robert Walpole (Earl of Orford.)
GEORGE II.
1742. Lord Carteret, Lord Wilmington, Lord Bath, Mr. Sandys, &c.
1743. Hon. Henry Pelham, Lord Carteret, Earl of Harrington,
Duke of Newcastle, &c.
1746. Mr. Pelham, Earl of Chesterfield, Duke of Bedford, &c.
1754. Duke of Newcastle, Sir Thos. Robinson, Henry Fox, &c.
1756. Duke of Devonshire, Mr. William Pitt, Earl Temple,
Hon. H. B. Legge, &c. (Dismissed in April, 1757; restored
in June the same year.)
1757. William Pitt, Mr. Legge, Earl Temple, Duke of Newcastle, &c.
GEORGE III.
1761. Earl of Bute, Earl of Egremont, Duke of Bedford, &c.
1762. Earl of Bute, Hon. George Grenville, Sir F. Dashwood, &c.
1763. Hon. George Grenville, Earl of Halifax, Earl of Sandwich, &c.
1765. Marquis of Rockingham, Duke of Grafton, Earl of Shelburne, &c.
1766. Duke of Grafton, Hon. Chas. Townshend, Earl of Chatham, &c.
1767. Duke of Grafton, Lord North, &c.
1770. Lord North, Lord Halifax, &c.
1779. Lord North, Lord Dartmouth, Lord Stormont, &c.
1782. Marquis of Rockingham, Chas. James Fox, &c.
1782. Earl of Shelburne, William Pitt, &c.
1783. Duke of Portland, Lord North, Mr. Fox, &c.
1783. Mr. Pitt, Lord Gower, Lord Thurlow, &c.
1786. Mr. Pitt, Lord Camden, Marquis of Stafford, &c.
1790. Mr. Pitt, Lord Grenville, Duke of Leeds.
1795. Mr. Pitt, Duke of Portland, Mr. Dundas, &c.
1801. Rt. Hon. Henry Addington, Duke of Portland, &c.
1804. Mr. Pitt, Lord Melville, Geo. Canning, &c.
1806. Lord Grenville, Earl Spencer, Mr. Fox, &c.
1807. Duke of Portland, Mr. Canning, Earl Camden, &c.
1809. Mr. Perceval, Earl of Liverpool, Marquis Wellesley, &c.
REGENCY OF THE PRINCE OF WALES.
Mr. Perceval, Earl of Liverpool, &c.
1812. Earl of Liverpool, Viscount Castlereagh, Viscount Sidmouth, &c.
GEORGE IV.
Earl of Liverpool, &c.
1827. Rt. Hon. George Canning, Lord Goderich, Lord Lyndhurst, &c.
1827. Viscount Goderich, Duke of Portland, Mr. Huskisson, &c.
1828. Duke of Wellington, Rt. Hon. Robert Peel, Viscount Melville, &c.
1828. Duke of Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, &c.
WILLIAM IV.
Duke of Wellington, &c.
1830. Earl Grey, Viscount Althorpe, Melbourne, Goderich, and
Palmerston, &c. (Earl Grey resigns May 9, but resumes office
May 18.)
1834. Viscount Melbourne, Viscount Althorpe, Lord John Russell,
Lord Palmerston, &c.
1834. Viscount Melbourne's Administration dissolved. The Duke of
Wellington takes the helm of state provisionally, waiting
the return of Sir Robert Peel from Italy.
1834. Sir Robert Peel, Duke of Wellington, Lord Lyndhurst, &c.
1835. Viscount Melbourne and his colleagues return to office.
QUEEN VICTORIA.
Viscount Melbourne, and the same Cabinet.
1839. Viscount Melbourne resigns, May 7.
Sir Robert Peel fails to form an administration. Lord Melbourne
and friends reinstated.
1841. Sir Robert Peel, Duke of Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen.
1846. Lord John Russell, &c.
* * * * *
TABLE OF THE MONARCHS OF EUROPE
DURING THE SIXTEENTH, SEVENTEENTH, EIGHTEENTH, AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES.
ENGLAND.
1509. Henry VIII.
1547. Edward VI.
1553. Mary.
1558. Elizabeth.
1603. James I.
1625. Charles I.
1653. Cromwell.
1660. Charles II.
1685. James II.
1688. William & Mary.
1702. Anne.
1714. George I.
1727. George II.
1760. George III.
1811. Prince of Wales, (Regent.)
1820. George IV.
1830. William IV.
1837. Victoria.
FRANCE.
1515. Francis I.
1547. Henry II.
1559. Francis II.
1560. Charles IX.
1574. Henry III.
1589. Henry IV.
1610. Louis XIII.
1643. Louis XIV.
1715. Louis XV.
1774. Louis XVI.
1789. Revolution.
1792. Republic.
1795. Directory.
1799. Consuls.
1802. Napoleon First Consul.
1804. Napoleon Emp'r.
1815. Louis XVIII.
1825. Charles X.
1830. Louis Philippe.
GERMANY.
1493. Maximilian.
1519. Charles V.
1558. Ferdinand I.
1564. Maximilian II.
1576. Rodolph II.
1612. Matthias.
1619. Ferdinand II.
1637. Ferdinand III.
1658. Leopold I.
1705. Joseph I.
1711. Charles VI.
1742. Charles VII.
1745. Francis & Maria Theresa.
1765. Joseph II.
1790. Leopold II.
1792. Francis II.
EMPERORS OF AUSTRIA.
1804. Francis.
1835. Ferdinand I.
SPAIN.
1516. Charles I.
1556. Philip II.
1598. Philip III.
1621. Philip IV.
1665. Charles II.
1700. Philip V.
1724. Louis.
1725. Philip V.
1746. Ferdinand VI.
1759. Charles III.
1788. Charles IV.
1808. Ferdinand VII.
1808. Jos. Bonaparte.
1814. Ferdinand VII.
1820. Revolution.
1833. Isabella II.
SWEDEN.
1523. Gustavus II.
1560. Erick XVI.
1568. John III.
1592. Sigismund.
1599. Charles IX.
1611. Gust. Adolphus.
1632. Christina.
1654. Charles X.
1660. Charles XI.
1697. Charles XII.
1718. Ulrica Leonora.
1751. Adolphus Frederic.
1771. Gustavus III.
1792. Gustavus IV.
1809. Charles XIII.
1810. Bernadotte.
DENMARK.
1513. Christian II.
1523. Frederic I.
1534. Christian III.
1559. Frederic II.
1588. Christian IV.
1648. Frederic III.
1670. Christian V.
1699. Frederic IV.
1730. Christian VI.
1746. Frederic V.
1766. Christian VII.
1784. Regency.
1808. Frederic VI.
1839. Christian VIII.
RUSSIA.
1696. Peter the Great.
1725. Catharine I.
1727. Peter II.
1730. Ivan.
1741. Elizabeth.
1761. Peter III.
1762. Catharine II.
1796. Paul I.
1801. Alexander.
1825. Nicholas.
PRUSSIA.
1700. Frederic.
1713. Frederic Wm.
1740. Frederic II.
1786. Frederic Wm. II.
1796. Fred. Wm. III.
1840. Fred. Wm. IV.
TURKEY.
1512. Selim.
1520. Solyman.
1566. Selim II.
1574. Amurath III.
1595. Mohammed III.
1604. Achmet I.
1617. Mustapha I.
1618. Othman II.
1622. Mustapha II.
1623. Amurath IV.
1640. Ibrahim.
1655. Mohammed IV.
1687. Solyman II.
1691. Achmet II.
1695. Mustapha III.
1703. Achmet III.
1730. Mohammed V.
1757. Achmet IV.
1789. Selim III.
1807. Mustapha IV.
1808. Mohammed VI.
1819. Abdul Medjid.
POPES.
1513. Leo X.
1522. Adrian VI.
1523. Clement VII.
1534. Paul III.
1550. Julius III.
1555. Marcellus III.
1555. Paul IV.
1559. Pius IV.
1566. Pius V.
1572. Gregory XIII.
1585. Sixtus V.
1590. Gregory XIV.
1590. Gregory XV.
1591. Innocent IX.
1592. Clement VIII.
1605. Leo XI.
1623. Urban VIII.
1644. Innocent X.
1655. Alexander VII.
1667. Clement IX.
1670. Clement X.
1676. Innocent XI.
1689. Alexander VIII.
1691. Innocent XII.
1700. Clement XI.
1721. Innocent XIII.
1724. Benedict XIII.
1730. Clement XII.
1740. Benedict XIV.
1758. Clement XIII.
1769. Clement XIV.
1775. Pius VI.
1800. Pius VII.
1823. Leo XII.
1831. Gregory XVI.
1847. Pius IX.
GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE ROYAL FAMILY OF GREAT BRITAIN
+ _denotes date of decease._
JAMES I.
+ 1625.
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | |
Henry, d. young. CHARLES I. Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia.
+ 1649. |
| |
----------------------------------- |
| | |
CHARLES II. JAMES II. Electress Sophia of Hanover.
+ 1685 Abdic. 1688. + 1714.
+ 1701. |
| |
------------------------------------------------ | George Louis,
| | | | Elector of Hanover,
MARY, ANNE, James the Pretender. | and GEORGE I.
+ 1694 + 1714. | + 1727.
Wife of William III. Wife of George, Prince of Denmark, |
Duke of Gloucester, d. young. ------------------------
| |
GEORGE II. Sophia, mother of
+ 1760. Frederic the Great.
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | |
Frederic, Anne, married Amelia, Elizabeth, William, Maria, Louisa, George,
Prince Prince d. unmar. d. unmar. Duke of Princess Queen d. young.
of Wales, of Orange. Cumberland. of Hesse. of Denmark.
+ 1750.
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | |
GEORGE III. Edward, William, Duke Henry, Frederic, Augusta, Elizabeth Caroline
+ 1820. Duke of York, of Gloucester, Duke of d. young. Duchess of Louisa, Mathilda,
| + 1767. + 1805. Cumberland. Brunswick. d. unmarried. Queen of
| Denmark.
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
GEORGE IV. Frederic, WILLIAM IV. | Edward, Augusta Elizabeth, Ernest, Augustus, Adolphus, Mary, Sophia, Amelia,
+ 1830. Duke of + 1837. | Duke of Kent, + 1840. Princess of Duke of Duke of Duke of Duchess of d. unmar. + 1809.
| York. | | + 1820. Hesse-Homburg, Cumberland, Sussex. Cambridge. Gloucester.
| + 1827. | | | + 1840. King of |
| | | | Hanover. -----------------------
| | | | | | | |
Charlotte, Charlotte, | VICTORIA. George. George. Augusta. Mary.
Princess of Elizabeth. | |
Wales, | |
+ 1817. | |
| |
| |---------------------------------------------------------------
| | | | |
Charlotte, Victoria Adelaide. Prince Edward. Alice Maud. Alfred Ernest Albert.
Queen of
Wirtemberg,
+ 1828.
GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE BOURBONS.
+ _denotes date of decease._
HENRY IV. + 1610.
|
LOUIS XIII. + 1643.
|
---------------------------------
| |
LOUIS XIV. + 1715. Philip, Duke of Orleans,
| + 1710.
| |
Louis (Dauphin,) Philip (Regent,)
+ 1711. + 1723.
| |
----------------------------- Louis, Duke of Orleans,
| | + 1752.
| | |
Louis, PHILIP Louis Philip, D. of Orleans,
Duke of Burgundy, (Duke of Anjou,) + 1785.
+ 1712. King of Spain, |
| + 1746. |
| | |
| ----------------- -------------------
| | | | |
LOUIS XV. FERDINAND VI. CHARLES IV. Louis Philip Louisa Maria,
+ 1774. + 1759. King of Naples, (Égalité,) Duchess of
| | + 1759. + 1796. Bourbon.
| | | |
Louis CHARLES III. FERDINAND IV. |
(Dauphin,) + 1788. + 1825. |
+ 1765. | | |
| CHARLES IV. FRANCIS. |
| Ab. 1808 + 1830. |
| | | |
| -------------------- | -----------------------
| | | | | | |
| FERDINAND VII. Charles, FERDINAND V. LOUIS Anthony, Louis,
| + 1833. or PHILIPPE. Duke of Count of
| | Don Carlos. Montpensier. Beaujolais,
| | + 1808.
| ISABELLA II.
|
-------------------------------------------------
| | |
LOUIS XVI. LOUIS XVIII. CHARLES X.
+ 1793. + 1825. (Abd.)
| + 1836.
| |
------------------------ --------------------------
| | | |
Louis Joseph, Louis XVII. Louis, Charles, Duke of Berri,
+ 1789. + 1795. Duke of + 1820.
Angoulême. |
Henry, Duke of
Bourdeaux.