=Beggar Ticks, Bidens frondosa.=
126c. Outer leaf-like bracts about 4
=Beggar Ticks, Bidens discoidea.=
127a. Bracts of the involucre all essentially alike in form and texture
(flowers in summer and autumn) (Sunflower) --179.
127b. Bracts of the involucre in two distinct sets, differing in form or
consistency or both --128.
128a. Leaves entire (3-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) --120b.
128b. Leaves serrate (late summer and autumn) (Bur Marigold) --129.
129a. Rays large and conspicuous, 2-3 cm. long (3-10 dm. high)
=Bur Marigold, Bidens laevis.=
129b. Rays 1 cm. long or less --130.
130a. Outer bracts leaf-like, serrate, 3-8 cm. long (4-15 dm. high)
=Bur Marigold, Bidens comosa.=
130b. Outer bracts 1-2.5 cm. long (2-15 dm. high) --131.
131a. Heads nodding after flowering =Bur Marigold, Bidens cernua.=
131b. Heads permanently erect =Bur Marigold, Bidens connata.=
132a. Heads small, seldom more than 1 cm. wide, including the rays,
blooming in late summer and autumn; flowers numerous, crowded
in spikes, racemes, corymbs, or panicles (Goldenrod) --133.
132b. Heads medium size or large, more than 1 cm. and usually
exceeding 2 cm. in width, including the rays --165.
133a. Heads chiefly in clusters or short racemes in the axils of
ordinary foliage leaves, or occasionally the upper compacted into
a leafy cluster terminating the stem --134.
133b. Heads crowded at or near the ends of the branches at about the
same distance from the base of the panicle, forming a rounded or
flat-topped inflorescence --140.
133c. Heads more or less uniformly distributed along the length of the
branches, forming a cylindrical or pyramidal inflorescence, never
flat-topped --146.
134a. Stem and both sides of the leaves more or less pubescent or
rough (4-10 dm. high) --135.
134b. Stem and both sides of the leaves essentially smooth or with
very short hairs (3-10 dm. high) --136.
135a. Rays white =Goldenrod, Solidago bicolor.=
135b. Rays yellow =Goldenrod, Solidago hispida.=
136a. Basal leaves abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --137.
136b. Basal leaves not abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --138.
137a. Involucre 2-5 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago latifolia.=
137b. Involucre 8-12 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago macrophylla.=
138a. Lower leaves broadly oval, obtuse, thickish, crenate; achenes
glabrous =Goldenrod, Solidago erecta.=
138b. Lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thin, sharply serrate;
achenes hairy --139.
139a. Stem usually simple; heads few in very small clusters
=Goldenrod, Solidago caesia var. axillaris.=
139b. Stem usually diffusely branched; heads numerous
=Goldenrod, Solidago caesia.=
140a. Lower leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, pinnately veined (5-15
dm. high) --141.
140b. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate. 3-5-veined (3-12 dm. high)
--142.
141a. Stem and leaves rough-hairy =Goldenrod, Solidago rigida.=
141b. Stem and leaves smooth =Goldenrod, Solidago ohioensis.=
142a. Heads very few in a small cluster; leaves few and scattered
=Goldenrod, Solidago houghtonii.=
142b. Heads very many, in a large cluster; stem very leafy --143.
143a. Leaves hairy =Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii.=
143b. Leaves smooth --144.
144a. Leaves folded, 8-20 mm. wide
=Goldenrod, Solidago riddellii.=
144b. Leaves flat, 1-8 mm. wide --145.
145a. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, distinctly 3-5-ribbed
=Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia.=
145b. Leaves 1-4 mm. wide, usually with 1 mid-vein
=Goldenrod, Solidago tenuifolia.=
146a. Only 2-5 stem-leaves below the inflorescence (1-3 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago cutleri.=
146b. Stem-leaves numerous --147.
147a. Basal leaves much larger than the greatly reduced or bract-like
upper ones --148.
147b. Leaves essentially uniform in size from base to summit of stem
--157.
148a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged
along a more or less elongated central axis, or elongated and
ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow, more or less
elongated panicle --149.
148b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated,
spreading outwards, usually recurved, forming a widened
panicle --153.
149a. Leaves mostly entire, the upper ones with smaller leaves fascicled
in the axils (5-20 dm. high) =Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa.=
149b. Leaves mostly serrate, at least the basal ones --150.
150a. Heads on pedicels 5-15 mm. long; achenes pubescent; stems
usually clustered (1-5 dm. high, or prostrate) --151.
150b. Heads on pedicels not over 5 mm. long; achenes smooth or
nearly so; stems usually single (6-12 dm. high) --152.
151a. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa.=
151b. Basal leaves 15-30 cm. long
=Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa var. gillmani.=
152a. Leaves pinnately veined =Goldenrod, Solidago uliginosa.=
152b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed =Goldenrod, Solidago neglecta.=
153a. Both sides of the leaf pubescent or rough --154.
153b. Leaf not pubescent or rough on both sides --155.
154a. Stem closely pubescent (2-8 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago nemoralis.=
154b. Stem glabrous (5-12 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. scabrella.=
155a. Leaves rough above, smooth below (6-15 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago patula.=
155b. Leaves smooth on both sides (5-12 dm. high) --156.
156a. Branches of the panicle spreading or recurved
=Goldenrod, Solidago juncea.=
156b. Branches of the panicle upright
=Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. ramosa.=
157a. Stem more or less pubescent or hairy throughout (5-20 dm. high)
--158.
157b. Stem smooth, at least below the inflorescence --161.
158a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago canadensis.=
158b. Involucre 3-5 mm. long --159.
159a. Leaves pinnately veined, scabrous above
=Goldenrod, Solidago rugosa.=
159b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, pubescent but not scabrous above --160.
160a. Stem and lower side of leaves covered with short hairs;
common species =Goldenrod, Solidago altissima.=
160b. Stem and lower side of leaves with distinct, loose, soft
hairs (shore of Lake Superior)
=Goldenrod, Solidago altissima var. procera.=
161a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long (5-20 dm. high) --158a.
161b. Involucre 3-6 mm. long --162.
162a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged
along a more or less elongated axis, or elongated and
ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow more or less
elongated panicle (5-10 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa var. angustata.=
162b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated,
spreading outward, usually recurved, forming a widened
panicle; leaves distinctly serrate --163.
163a. Leaves pinnately veined (5-12 dm. high)
=Goldenrod, Solidago ulmifolia.=
163b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed (5-20 dm. high) --164.
164a. Leaves glabrous on both sides
=Goldenrod, Solidago serotina.=
164b. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath
=Goldenrod, Solidago serotina var. gigantea.=
165a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their
base) --166.
165b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --174.
166a. Principal leaves more than 2 dm. long (1-3 m. high; summer)
--167.
166b. Principal leaves less than 1.5 dm. long --168.
167a. Leaves deeply lobed =Compass Plant, Silphium laciniatum.=
167b. Leaves toothed or serrate =Elecampane, Inula helenium.=
168a. Leaves narrowly linear (3-6 dm. high; late summer)
=Sneezeweed, Helenium tenuifolium.=
168b. Leaves of a broader shape --169.
169a. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; flowers in spring and early summer (2-8 dm.
high) (Ragwort) --170.
169b. Heads 2-5 cm. wide; flowers in late summer and autumn --173.
170a. Basal leaves cordate at base =Ragwort, Senecio aureus.=
170b. Basal leaves narrowed to the base --171.
171a. Basal leaves obovate =Ragwort, Senecio obovatus.=
171b. Basal leaves oblong =Ragwort, Senecio balsamitae.=
172a. Introduced annual in waste places (1-4 dm. high; spring and
summer) =Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris.=
172b. Native biennial in moist ground (3-8 dm. high; summer)
=Squaw Weed, Senecio discoideus.=
173a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, sharply spinulose-serrate; involucre viscid
(3-6 dm. high; summer) =Gum Plant, Grindelia squarrosa.=
173b. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, merely serrate; involucre gray-pubescent
(5-15 dm. high; late summer) =Sneeze Weed, Helenium autumnale.=
174a. Disk hemispherical or oblong-cylindrical (Summer) --175.
174b. Disk flat or somewhat convex (Sunflower) (summer and autumn)
--179.
175a. Disk yellow or greenish-yellow (1-3 dm. high) --176.
175b. Disk gray-brown or purple (5-15 dm. high) --177.
176a. Principal stem-leaves pinnately divided
=Golden Glow, Rudbeckia laciniata.=
176b. Principal stem-leaves merely serrate
=Yellow Ironweed, Actinomeris alternifolia.=
177a. Rays drooping; leaves pinnately divided
=Gray-headed Coneflower, Lepachys pinnata.=
177b. Rays spreading when in bloom --178.
178a. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed
=Coneflower, Rudbeckia triloba.=
178b. Stem-leaves sharply serrate
=Coneflower, Rudbeckia speciosa var. sullivantii.=
178c. Stem-leaves entire or sparingly serrate
=Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta.=
179a. Disk-flowers brown or purple --180.
179b. Disk-flowers yellow --182.
180a. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles prominent,
not winged --181.
180b. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base
into a winged petiole (6-15 dm. high)
=Sunflower, Helianthus atrorubens.=
180c. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, very thick and rigid,
gradually narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base
(5-20 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus scaberrimus.=
181a. Disk less than 2 cm. wide (3-10 dm. high)
=Sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris.=
181b. Disk more than 2.5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high)
=Sunflower, Helianthus annuus.=
182a. Leaves all or chiefly at the base (5-10 dm. high)
=Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis.=
182b. Leaves chiefly scattered on the stem --183.
183a. Leaves mainly or all alternate, and not definitely
3-ribbed (1-4 m. high) --184.
183b. Leaves mainly or all opposite, lanceolate to ovate, and 3-ribbed
--186.
184a. Stem glabrous =Sunflower, Helianthus grosse-serratus.=
184b. Stem hairy or rough --185.
185a. Leaves hairy beneath, rough above, lanceolate
=Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus.=
185b. Leaves rough on both sides, elongated
=Sunflower, Helianthus maximiliani.=
186a. Leaves sessile (5-15 dm. high) --187.
186b. Leaves petioled, or narrowed at the base into a petiole (5-30
dm. high) --189.
187a. Leaves wedge-shape at the base
=Sunflower, Helianthus doronicoides.=
187b. Leaves rounded at the base --188.
188a. Stem glabrous or nearly so
=Sunflower, Helianthus divaricatus.=
188b. Stem densely and softly hirsute
=Sunflower, Helianthus mollis.=
189a. Stems rough, pubescent, or hispid --190.
189b. Stems glabrous or nearly so --193.
190a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, more than 5 times as long as wide
=Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus var. subtuberosus.=
190b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, not more than 4 times as long as
wide --191.
191a. Leaves rounded at base, above the petiole
=Sunflower, Helianthus hirsutus.=
191b. Leaves narrowed to the base --192.
192a. Bracts of the involucre spreading
=Jerusalem Artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus.=
192b. Bracts all appressed =Sunflower, Helianthus laetiflorus.=
193a. Heads 3 cm. wide or less, including the rays
=Sunflower, Helianthus microcephalus.=
193b. Heads 4 cm. wide or more, including the rays --194.
194a. Leaves narrowed at the base into a winged petiole --195.
194b. Petiole slender, not winged
=Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus.=
195a. Leaves green on both sides; bracts longer than the disk
=Sunflower, Helianthus tracheliifolius.=
195b. Leaves paler below than above; bracts not longer than the disk
--196.
196a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath
=Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus.=
196b. Leaves conspicuously downy beneath
=Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus var. mollis.=
197a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on scaly stalks (2-8 dm. high;
flowers whitish, in spring) =Coltsfoot, Petasites palmata.=
197b. Stem-leaves present, opposite --198.
197c. Stem-leaves present, alternate --200.
198a. Leaves ovate, dentate, 2-6 cm. long (2-8 dm. high; summer)
(Galinsoga) --199.
198b. Leaves lobed, 10-25 cm. long --113b.
199a. Pubescence sparse, appressed =Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora.=
199b. Pubescence abundant, spreading
=Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida.=
200a. Leaves dissected or deeply lobed or pinnatifid; pappus never
capillary; rays white to pink (3-10 dm. high; summer and
autumn) --201.
200b. Leaves entire or serrate --206.
201a. Heads 4-8 mm. wide (Yarrow) --202.
201b. Heads 12-50 mm. wide --203.
202a. Flower-clusters flat-topped =Yarrow, Achillea millefolium.=
202b. Flower-clusters very convex =Yarrow, Achillea lanulosa.=
203a. Principal leaves pinnatifid --213a.
203b. Principal leaves 1-3 times pinnately parted or dissected --204.
204a. Leaf-segments very narrowly linear; leaves 2-3-pinnate --205.
204b. Leaf-segments linear or lanceolate; heads 2.5-5 cm. wide
=Camomile, Anthemis arvensis.=
204c. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-oblong; heads 1-2 cm. wide
=Feverfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium.=
205a. Foliage strongly scented =Dog Fennel, Anthemis cotula.=
205b. Foliage not ill-scented =Wild Camomile, Matricaria inodora.=
206a. Heads 3-6 mm. broad, including the rays (summer and autumn)
--207.
206b. Heads 7 mm. broad or larger, including the rays --209.
207a. Rays purple (1-4 dm. high) =Horse Weed, Erigeron divaricatus.=
207b. Rays white --208.
208a. Leaves obovate to oblong (3-10 dm. high) --135a.
208b. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-25 dm. high)
=Horse Weed, Erigeron canadensis.=
209a. Pappus none, or minute and not of hairs (summer and autumn) --210.
209b. Pappus of hairs --214.
210a. Disk-flowers purple or brown (4-12 dm. high; rays pink)
(Purple Coneflower) --211.
210b. Disk-flowers yellow or nearly white --212.
211a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, most of them serrate
=Purple Coneflower, Brauneria purpurea.=
211b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base, entire
=Purple Coneflower, Brauneria pallida.=
212a. Rays broadly obovate; heads 1-2 cm. wide (3-6 dm. high)
=Sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica.=
212b. Rays oblong or narrowly elliptical --213.
213a. Leaves serrate (3-10 dm. high)
=Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum.=
213b. Leaves entire (8-25 dm. high) =Boltonia, Boltonia asteroides.=
214a. Involucral bracts all the same length or nearly so and
narrow, or with a few short outer ones; plants blooming in
spring and summer, or a few plants persisting in bloom until
autumn (Fleabane) --215.
214b. Involucral bracts unequal, the outer successively shorter (or
rarely nearly equal), loosely or closely overlapping; plants
3-15 dm. high, blooming in late summer and autumn (Aster)
--221.
215a. Rays short and inconspicuous, barely longer than the pappus (1-5
dm. high; summer) =Fleabane, Erigeron acris var. asteroides.=
215b. Rays conspicuous, spreading, 3 mm. long or more --216.
216a. Rare plants of the Northern Peninsula, with entire leaves and
stems 1-5 dm. high, from a thick woody root (flowers white or
purple, summer) --217.
216b. Common species, with erect stems from fibrous roots; leaves
toothed (except in one species) --218.
217a. Heads 3-5 cm. wide; rays about 100
=Fleabane, Erigeron glabellus.=
217b. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; rays 20-30
=Fleabane, Erigeron hyssopifolius.=
218a. Stem unbranched, except for the peduncles; leaves chiefly
basal; heads 1-9 (2-5 dm. high; flowers pale-purple, spring)
=Fleabane, Erigeron pulchellus.=
218b. Stem branched; principal leaves on the stem; heads usually
numerous (3-12 dm. high; spring and summer) --219.
219a. Stem-leaves linear, entire =Fleabane, Erigeron ramosus.=
219b. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the principal ones toothed --220.
220a. Rays 100 or more, light-purple or pink
=Fleabane, Erigeron philadelphicus.=
220b. Rays much fewer, white =Fleabane, Erigeron annuus.=
221a. Basal leaves petioled and heart-shape at the base --222.
221b. Basal leaves not petioled; stem-leaves with heart-shape clasping
bases --231.
221c. Basal and stem-leaves sessile or petioled, but never heart-shape
or clasping --240.
222a. Rays white or violet --223.
222b. Rays blue --225.
223a. Plant glandular, especially on the pedicels and branches of the
inflorescence =Aster, Aster macrophyllus.=
223b. Plant not glandular --224.
224a. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster schreberi.=
224b. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster divaricatus.=
225a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by a cordate base
=Aster, Aster undulatus.=
225b. Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping --226.
226a. Leaves entire --227.
226b. Leaves serrate --228.
227a. Leaves glabrous above =Aster, Aster shortii.=
227b. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster azureus.=
228a. Involucre 4-6 mm. long --229.
228b. Involucre 6-10 mm. long --230.
229a. Leaves rough; petioles mostly winged =Aster, Aster lowrieanus.=
229b. Leaves smooth; petioles slender, not winged
=Aster, Aster cordifolius.=
230a. Heads few, seldom more than 10, in a loose spreading cluster
=Aster, Aster lindleyanus.=
230b. Heads numerous, in a rather elongate crowded cluster
=Aster, Aster sagittifolius.=
231a. Stem hirsute or rough-pubescent --232.
231b. Stem smooth, or essentially so --236.
232a. Leaves conspicuously serrate =Aster, Aster puniceus.=
232b. Leaves entire or nearly so --233.
233a. Leaves narrowed toward the base and barely clasping, linear or
oblong-linear --234.
233b. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, with a broad conspicuously
clasping base --235.
234a. Involucre pubescent but not glandular
=Aster, Aster amethystinus.=
234b. Involucre glandular =Aster, Aster oblongifolius.=
235a. Involucre very glandular and viscid; rays very numerous,
violet-purple; leaves lanceolate =Aster, Aster novae-angliae.=
235b. Involucre slightly glandular or not at all; rays 20-30, generally
blue-purple; leaves ovate-oblong =Aster, Aster patens.=
236a. Leaves of a linear type --237.
236b. Leaves broader than linear, at least 1 cm. wide --238.
237a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length --253a.
237b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --256a.
238a. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster laevis.=
238b. Leaves rough above --239.
239a. Leaves contracted below the middle and then abruptly dilated to
the clasping base =Aster, Aster prenanthoides.=
239b. Leaves gradually narrowed toward the base
=Aster, Aster puniceus.=
240a. Rays conspicuous --241.
240b. Rays minute or wanting =Aster, Aster angustus.=
241a. Stems and leaves gray with a silky pubescence
=Aster, Aster sericeus.=
241b. Stem and leaves green, not silky --242.
242a. Bracts glandular-viscid; rays violet
=Aster, Aster oblongifolius.=
242b. Bracts bristly-ciliate --243.
242c. Bracts smooth or pubescent, not glandular or bristly-ciliate
--244.
243a. Leaves crowded, rigid; rays white =Aster, Aster multiflorus.=
243b. Leaves not crowded and rigid; rays blue --234a.
244a. Bracts narrowed at the tip into thickened firm green
awl-shape points --245.
244b. Bracts acute or obtuse at the flattened tip --247.
245a. Involucre 4-5 mm. long --246.
245b. Involucre 7-8 mm. high =Aster, Aster polyphyllus.=
246a. Stem smooth =Aster, Aster ericoides.=
246b. Stem hairy; leaves linear
=Aster, Aster ericoides var. villosus.=
246c. Stem densely white-woolly
=Aster, Aster ericoides var. platyphyllus.=
247a. Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long --248.
247b. Leaves larger, at least the principal ones --249.
248a. Stems in clusters; leaves rigid, linear, with 1 vein; flowers
blue =Aster, Aster linariifolius.=
248b. Stem solitary; leaves not rigid; flowers rose-pink
=Aster, Aster nemoralis.=
249a. Heads solitary at the end of minutely leafy branchlets; leaves
linear =Aster, Aster dumosus.=
249b. Heads in flat-topped clusters; leaves lanceolate or broader --250.
249c. Heads in more or less one-sided racemes --251.
249d. Heads in panicles or irregular clusters --253.
250a. Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate =Aster, Aster ptarmicoides.=
250b. Leaves not rigid, lanceolate =Aster, Aster umbellatus.=
251a. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate --252.
251b. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, only the larger ones
with a few teeth near the middle =Aster, Aster vimineus.=
252a. Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent
=Aster, Aster lateriflorus.=
252b. Stem woolly with long hairs
=Aster, Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis.=
253a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length
=Aster, Aster longifolius.=
253b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --254.
254a. Heads 10-15 mm. wide, including the rays
=Aster, Aster tradescanti.=
254b. Heads 15-25 mm. wide, including the rays --255.
255a. Bracts with conspicuous dilated or subrhombic tips
=Aster, Aster salicifolius.=
255b. Bracts without conspicuous green tips --256.
256a. Rays purple or rose; bog plant with linear leaves
=Aster, Aster junceus.=
256b. Rays white, or slightly tinged with blue; leaves oblong to
narrowly lanceolate =Aster, Aster paniculatus.=
GLOSSARY
=Achene.= A small, dry, hard, seed-like fruit containing a single seed.
=Acuminate.= Taper-pointed.
=Acute.= Ending with an acute angle.
=Alternate.= Located singly on the stem, with other leaves above or below.
=Annual.= Living but a single season.
=Anther.= The (usually) enlarged end of a stamen, bearing the pollen.
=Ascending.= Rising or curving obliquely upward.
=Auricle.= An ear-shape appendage at the base of a leaf or other organ.
=Auricled, auriculate.= Furnished with auricles.
=Awl-shape.= Tapering to a slender stiff point.
=Awn.= An awl-shape or bristle-shape appendage.
=Axil.= The point on a stem just above the base of a leaf or branch.
=Axillary.= Arising from or produced in the axil.
=Basal.= Arising from or produced at the base.
=Beak.= Ending in a prominent slender point.
=Bract.= A small leaf near the base of a flower or flower-stalk, or in a
flower-cluster.
=Bracteal.= An adjective derived from bract.
=Bipinnate.= A leaf with a pinnately branched axis, bearing leaflets on
the sides of the branches.
=Calyx.= The outer portion of the flower, usually green in color. In
some plants it is colored to resemble (or replace) the corolla,
and in others may be minute or wanting.
=Capitate.= Shaped like a head; or arranged in a dense compact cluster.
=Capsule.= A dry fruit with usually several seeds, opening at maturity.
=Catkin.= A cylindrical or ovoid cluster of inconspicuous flowers, for
example, the "pussy willow."
=Cells of ovary.= The cavity or cavities within an ovary, in which the
seeds are produced.
=Ciliate.= Provided with hairs at the margin.
=Clasping.= With the base of a leaf or other organ wholly or partly
surrounding the stem.
=Cleft.= Deeply divided toward the base or the mid-rib.
=Closed sheath.= A leaf-sheath in which the margins are united to form a
tube.
=Composite.= A flower-cluster containing several or many small flowers,
closely crowded together and provided with calyx-like bracts, so that
the whole cluster resembles a single flower.
=Compound.= Composed of 2 or more similar parts united, as a compound
ovary.
=Compound leaf.= A leaf with two or more separate leaflets on a single
petiole.
=Connate.= Grown together.
=Cordate.= Heart-shape. A whole leaf-blade may be cordate, or the term may
be applied to the base of a leaf only.
=Cordate-sagittate.= Intermediate in shape between cordate and sagittate.
=Corm.= An enlarged stem-base, of solid structure and usually underground.