corolla of united petals, bearing the 2 or 4 (or rarely 5) stamens
attached; petals actually 5, but sometimes apparently only 2 or 4; a
sterile fifth stamen sometimes present; ovary superior, 2-celled.
1a. Anther-bearing stamens 5 (6-15 dm. high; flowers in summer)
(Mullein) --2.
1b. Anther-bearing stamens 4; a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be
present --3.
1c. Anther-bearing stamens 2 --37.
2a. Leaves densely white-woolly; flowers yellow, in dense spikes
=Mullein, Verbascum thapsus.=
2b. Leaves smooth or nearly so; flowers yellow or white, in loose
racemes =Moth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria.=
3a. Flowers (not the bracts) greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange --4.
3b. Flowers blue, purple, brown, red, pink, or white, never yellow --16.
4a. Flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes --5.
4b. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary --9.
5a. Corolla 7 mm. long or less, or none --6.
5b. Corolla 12 mm. long or more --7.
6a. Leaves alternate (3-6 dm. high; early summer)
=Synthyris, Synthyris bullii.=
6b. Leaves opposite (1-2 dm. high; summer)
=Eyebright, Euphrasia arctica.=
7a. Stem-leaves entire (2-6 dm. high; summer)
=Painted Cup, Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis.=
7b. Stem-leaves palmately lobed, bracteal leaves scarlet (3-6 dm. high;
early summer) =Painted Cup, Castilleja coccinea.=
7c. Stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised (Lousewort) --8.
8a. Flowers in spring (2-4 dm. high)
=Lousewort, Pedicularis canadensis.=
8b. Flowers in late summer (3-8 dm. high)
=Lousewort, Pedicularis lanceolata.=
9a. Upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the
lower lip --10.
9b. Upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape, and not
very different in size (5-12 dm. high; summer) (False Foxglove)
--13.
10a. Leaves alternate (2-5 dm. high; summer)
=Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris.=
10b. Leaves opposite --11.
11a. Stem erect; leaves narrowed at the base --30b.
11b. Stem creeping or spreading (summer) --12.
12a. Leaves pinnately veined, ovate
=Musk Flower, Mimulus moschatus.=
12b. Leaves palmately veined, circular or nearly so
=Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii.=
13a. Stem glabrous --14.
13b. Stem pubescent --15.
14a. Principal stem-leaves pinnatifid
=False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica.=
14b. Principal stem-leaves entire
=False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata.=
15a. Corolla hairy on the outside
=False Foxglove, Gerardia pedicularia.=
15b. Corolla smooth on the outside =False Foxglove, Gerardia flava.=
16a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks (1 dm. high or
less; flowers pink or white, summer)
=Mudwort, Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia.=
16b. Leaves opposite (those subtending the flowers may be
alternate) --20.
16c. Leaves alternate or irregularly scattered --17.
17a. Leaves entire --18.
17b. Leaves pinnately lobed or incised --8a.
17c. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; stem trailing (flowers blue,
summer) =Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria cymbalaria.=
18a. Corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long, spurred --19.
18b. Corolla more than 2 cm. long, not spurred (3-8 dm. high;
flowers red-purple, summer) =Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.=
19a. Stem and foliage pubescent (1-3 dm. high; flowers blue, summer)
=Small Snapdragon, Linaria minor.=
19b. Stem and foliage glabrous (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, summer)
=Toad-flax, Linaria canadensis.=
20a. Leaves with 1 or 2 lobes near the base (3-5 dm. high; flowers
purple, summer) =Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata.=
20b. Leaves linear (2-6 dm. high; flowers rose-purple, summer and
autumn) (Gerardia) --21.
20c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not lobed --26.
21a. Pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx, and
conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf --22.
21b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx, and generally equaling or
exceeding the subtending leaf --24.
22a. Plants of moist ground, bogs, and shores --23.
22b. Plants of dry uplands =Gerardia, Gerardia aspera.=
23a. Corolla about 25 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia purpurea.=
23b. Corolla less than 20 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia paupercula.=
24a. Stem rough on the angles --25.
24b. Stem glabrous =Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia.=
25a. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide
=Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla.=
25b. Leaves thread-like, 1 mm. wide or less
=Gerardia, Gerardia skinneriana.=
26a. Corolla 16 mm. long, or shorter --27.
26b. Corolla 20 mm. long, or longer --32.
27a. Corolla dull-purple, brown, or greenish; one sterile stamen present
(1-2.5 m. high; flowers in summer) (Figwort) --28.
27b. Corolla blue or white (1-4 dm. high) --29.
28a. Sterile stamen purple =Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica.=
28b. Sterile stamen yellow =Figwort, Scrophularia leporella.=
29a. Flowers nearly or quite sessile (summer) --30.
29b. Flowers on pedicels 10 mm. long or more (spring) --31.
30a. Foliage-leaves prominently toothed --6b.
30b. Foliage-leaves entire, or with 1 or 2 small teeth at the base
=Cow Wheat, Melampyrum lineare.=
31a. Corolla more than 10 mm. long, blue and white
=Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna.=
31b. Corolla 5-8 mm. long, blue and white
=Collinsia, Collinsia parviflora.=
32a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves (4-8
dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Monkey Flower) --33.
32b. Flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes (3-9 dm. high;
summer) --34.
32c. Flowers in loose terminal panicles (flowers white or
pale-violet) (Beard-tongue) --35.
33a. Leaves clasping at the base =Monkey Flower, Mimulus ringens.=
33b. Leaves petioled, not clasping =Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus.=
34a. Stem and foliage glabrous (flowers white)
=Turtlehead, Chelone glabra.=
34b. Stem and foliage pubescent (flowers purple)
=Blue Hearts, Buchnera americana.=
35a. Stem finely pubescent (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale-violet, late
spring) =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon hirsutus.=
35b. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence (6-12 dm. high) --36.
36a. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip (flowers
pale-violet, in early summer)
=Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus.=
36b. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx (flowers
white, early summer)
=Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus var. digitalis.=
37a. Corolla distinctly irregular, 2-lipped (1-4 dm. high; flowers
yellowish or white, summer) --38.
37b. Corolla regular or nearly so and 2-lobed, or none --6a.
37c. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4-lobed --40.
38a. Leaves narrowed at the base, with mid-vein
=Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola virginiana.=
38b. Leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, with 3-5
principal veins (False Pimpernel) --39.
39a. Peduncles longer than the subtending leaves
=False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes anagallidea.=
39b. Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves
=False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes dubia.=
40a. Leaves whorled (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pale-blue, in
spikes, summer) =Culver's Root, Veronica virginica.=
40b. Leaves alternate or opposite (Speedwell) --41.
41a. Flowers in racemes, which arise from the axils of the opposite
leaves (flowers pale-blue to nearly white, late spring and summer)
--42.
41b. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or in terminal
bracted racemes (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) --46.
42a. Stem and foliage glabrous; swamp plants 2-7 dm. high --43.
42b. Stem and foliage pubescent; plants of dry ground, 1-3 dm. high
--45.
43a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate
=Marsh Speedwell, Veronica scutellata.=
43b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate --44.
44a. Stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping
=Water Speedwell, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.=
44b. Stem-leaves on short petioles
=Brooklime, Veronica americana.=
45a. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole
=Speedwell, Veronica officinalis.=
45b. Leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base
=Speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys.=
46a. Bracteal leaves entire; stem glabrous or minutely pubescent
--47.
46b. All leaves serrate; foliage pubescent (flowers blue) --48.
47a. Flowers white, about 2 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica peregrina.=
47b. Flowers pale-blue with darker stripes, 3-4 mm. wide
=Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia.=
48a. Flowers nearly sessile, about 2 mm. wide
=Speedwell, Veronica arvensis.=
48b. Flowers on slender pedicels, 5-8 mm. wide
=Speedwell, Veronica tournefortii.=
LENTIBULARIACEAE, the Bladderwort Family
Small herbs, growing on rocks, in mud, or in water; calyx and corolla
both 2-lipped; stamens 2, attached to the corolla; ovary 1-celled.
1a. Corolla purple --2.
1b. Corolla yellow (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) --4.
2a. Leaves oval to elliptical, entire (about 1 dm. high, on rocks;
flowers in summer) =Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris.=
2b. Leaves dissected or none, submerged (flowers in summer)
(Bladderwort) --3.
3a. Flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle
=Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata.=
3b. Flower-stalk without bracts, except at the base of the pedicels
=Bladderwort, Utricularia purpurea.=
4a. Stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water
=Bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris var. americana.=
4b. Stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in
mud, while the flowers are borne on erect stalks, easily
detached from the delicate stems --5.
5a. Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, as long or nearly as long as the
lower lip; lower lip with a prominent raised palate --6.
5b. Upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip, or less --7.
6a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt
=Bladderwort, Utricularia gibba.=
6b. Spur of corolla very long and slender
=Bladderwort, Utricularia cornuta.=
7a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt, or almost none
=Bladderwort, Utricularia minor.=
7b. Spur of corolla long and slender
=Bladderwort, Utricularia intermedia.=
OROBANCHACEAE, the Broom-rape Family
Parasitic plants without green color and with scales in place of leaves;
corolla 2-lipped, of united petals; stamens 4, attached to the corolla.
1a. Flowers in a widely branching panicle, numerous; growing under beech
trees (1-5 dm. high; flowers white and purple, late summer)
=Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana.=
1b. Flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike (1-2 dm. high; flowers
pale-yellow, early summer) =Squaw-root, Conopholis americana.=
1c. Flowers 1-15, each on a long erect naked peduncle (1-2 dm. high;
flowers yellowish or pale-violet, spring and summer) (Cancer-root)
--2.
2a. Stem erect and scaly, 5-10 cm. high
=Cancer-root, Orobanche fasciculata.=
2b. Stem very short, almost below the surface of the ground, with
long erect peduncles =Cancer-root, Orobanche uniflora.=
ACANTHACEAE, the Acanthus Family
Herbs with opposite simple leaves; corolla of united petals, 2-lipped or
almost regular; stamens 2 or 4, attached to the corolla; ovary 2-celled.
1a. Corolla about 10 mm. long; flowers in dense heads (4-10 dm. high;
flowers blue or white, summer) =Water Willow, Dianthera americana.=
1b. Corolla about 30 mm. long; flowers axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers
blue, in summer) (Ruellia) --2.
2a. Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent
=Ruellia, Ruellia strepens.=
2b. Foliage densely hirsute =Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa.=
PHRYMACEAE, the Lopseed Family
Herb with opposite leaves and irregular flowers in long slender spikes;
petals united, corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, attached to the corolla;
ovary 1-celled.
One species only, 5-10 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer
=Lopseed, Phryma leptostachya.=
PLANTAGINACEAE, the Plantain Family
Herbs with basal leaves and small white flowers in spikes; sepals 4;
petals 4, united; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled.
1a. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; summer) --2.
1b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate (summer) --3.
2a. Spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers
=Buckhorn, Plantago aristata.=
2b. Bracts about as long as the flowers
=Plantain, Plantago purshii.=
3a. Leaves cordate, pinnately veined; plant of wet ground and marshes
(4-8 dm. tall) =Plantain, Plantago cordata.=
3b. Leaves with 3 to many longitudinal ribs or veins --4.
4a. Leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs --5.
4b. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent --6.
5a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago media.=
5b. Flower-stalks less than 3 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago virginica.=
6a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high; spikes not over 10 cm. long
=English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata.=
6b. Scapes 1-4 dm. high; spikes long and slender, usually equaling
or longer than the peduncle; dooryard plantains --7.
7a. Leaves green at the base =Plantain, Plantago major.=
7b. Leaves reddish at the base =Plantain, Plantago rugelii.=
RUBIACEAE, the Madder family
Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or whorled leaves and regular flowers;
sepals 4, or minute or almost wanting; petals 4, united; stamens 4;
ovary inferior.
1a. Shrub (1-3 m. tall; flowers white, in spherical heads, summer)
=Button Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis.=
1b. Herbaceous --2.
2a. Leaves opposite --3.
2b. Leaves whorled; flowers white, green, or purple (Bedstraw) --6.
2c. Leaves whorled; flowers yellow =Bedstraw, Galium verum.=
3a. Leaves about as long as wide (trailing; flowers paired, white, in
spring) =Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens.=
3b. Leaves at least twice as long as wide --4.
4a. Corolla salver-form, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles 1-flowered
(about 1 dm. high; flowers blue or white, in spring)
=Bluets, Houstonia coerulea.=
4b. Corolla funnel-form, about 5 mm. wide; flowers in clusters (1-2
dm. high; flowers white or pale-purple, summer) (Houstonia) --5.
5a. Basal leaves strongly ciliate =Houstonia, Houstonia ciliolata.=
5b. Basal leaves smooth =Houstonia, Houstonia longifolia.=
6a. Leaves in whorls of 4-7.
6b. Leaves in whorls of 6-8 --16.
7a. Ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles (3-7 dm. high; summer)
--8.
7b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (early summer) --11.
8a. Leaves with 1 principal vein (flowers dull purple)
=Bedstraw, Galium pilosum.=
8b. Leaves with 3 principal veins --9.
9a. Flowers bright-white =Bedstraw, Galium boreale.=
9b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or purplish --10.
10a. Leaves acuminate =Bedstraw, Galium lanceolatum.=
10b. Leaves acute or obtuse =Bedstraw, Galium circaezans.=
11a. Corolla-lobes 3 (2-6 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) --12.
11b. Corolla-lobes 4 --13.
12a. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 =Bedstraw, Galium claytoni.=
12b. Flowers solitary in the axils, on long hair-like pedicels
=Bedstraw, Galium trifidum.=
13a. Corolla brownish or purple (3-6 dm. high)
=Bedstraw, Galium latifolium.=
13b. Corolla white (1-4 dm. high) --14.
14a. Flowers rather numerous in small cymes
=Bedstraw, Galium palustre.=
14b. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary --15.
15a. Principal leaves spreading or ascending
=Bedstraw, Galium tinctorium.=
15b. Principal leaves recurved or reflexed
=Bedstraw, Galium labradoricum.=
16a. Ovary and fruit bristly or hispid --17.
16b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (summer) --18.
17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, mostly 6-8 in a whorl (stem
5-15 dm. long; flowers white; spring and summer)
=Bedstraw, Galium aparine.=
17b. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical, mostly in whorls of 6; flowers
in clusters of 3 (1-5 dm. high; flowers greenish, summer)
=Bedstraw, Galium triflorum.=
18a. Leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex (flowers white)
--19.
18b. Leaves obtuse at the apex (flowers white or greenish; 2-6 dm.
high) --20.
19a. Flowers very numerous in terminal panicles (stem 3-8 dm. long)
=Bedstraw, Galium mollugo.=
19b. Flowers in axillary clusters (1-3 dm. high)
=Bedstraw, Galium tricorne.=
19c. Flowers few, in small loose terminal cymes --20.
20a. Stem smooth or nearly so (2-4 dm. high)
=Bedstraw, Galium concinnum.=
20b. Stem hispid with reflexed bristles (5-15 dm. long)
=Bedstraw, Galium asprellum.=
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, the Honeysuckle Family
Shrubs or herbs, with opposite leaves; corolla regular or irregular,
petals 4 or 5, united; stamens 4 or 5; ovary inferior, 1-5-celled.
1a. Leaves compound (shrubs 1-4 m. high; flowers white, in large
clusters in early summer) (Elder) --2.
1b. Leaves simple --3.
2a. Pith of the twigs white; inflorescence flattened or convex
=Elder, Sambucus canadensis.=
2b. Pith of the twigs brown; inflorescence pyramidal
=Elder, Sambucus racemosa.=
3a. Plant trailing; flowers nodding, in pairs (1 dm. high; flowers pink,
summer) =Twin Flower, Linnaea borealis var. americana.=
3b. Erect herbs (6-12 dm. high; flowers dull-red, axillary, early
summer) (Feverwort) --4.
3c. Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines --5.
4a. Leaf-bases broadly connate and 2-5 cm. wide
=Feverwort, Triosteum perfoliatum.=
4b. Leaf-bases narrowly connate, not over 1 cm. wide
=Feverwort, Triosteum aurantiacum.=
5a. Climbing vines (spring and early summer) (Honeysuckle) --6.
5b. Erect or spreading shrubs or small trees --11.
6a. Flowers in 2-flowered axillary clusters (flowers white or pink)
=Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica.=
6b. Flowers in terminal clusters --7.
7a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath (flowers yellow) --8.
7b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or very minutely puberulent --9.
8a. Leaves pubescent above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta.=
8b. Leaves glabrous above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera glaucescens.=
9a. Corolla purple on the outside, glabrous within
=Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium.=
9b. Corolla yellow on the outside (or slightly tinged with purple),
pubescent within --10.
10a. Corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long =Honeysuckle, Lonicera dioica.=
10b. Corolla-tube 11-14 mm. long
=Honeysuckle, Lonicera sullivantii.=
11a. Corolla tubular at base; style long and slender --12.
11b. Corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape, style very short (flowers
white, late spring or early summer) --22.
12a. Flowers yellow or yellowish (spring and early summer) --13.
12b. Flowers white, pink, or red --18.
13a. Leaves serrate (5-10 dm. tall)
=Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla lonicera.=
13b. Leaves entire; flowers in pairs (Honeysuckle) --14.
14a. Each pair of flowers subtended by 2 broad leaf-like bracts
(1-3 m. high) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera involucrata.=
14b. Bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly
lanceolate --15.
15a. Native species of woods and bogs --16.
15b. Introduced species, growing mostly near dwellings; leaves very
pubescent beneath =Honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum.=
16a. Peduncles 15 mm. long or more (1-4 m. high) --17.
16b. Peduncles about 5 mm. long (1 m. high, or less)
=Honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea var. villosa.=
17a. Leaves ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis.=
17b. Leaves not ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia.=
18a. Corolla irregular, over 1 cm. long (1-4 m. high; spring)
=Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica.=
18b. Corolla regular, less than 1 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers
white or pink, in axillary clusters, early summer) --19.
19a. Flowers in axillary spikes
=Wolfberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis.=
19b. Flowers almost sessile in the axils --20.
20a. Flowers numerous in each axil
=Indian Currant, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.=
20b. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil (Snowberry) --21.
21a. Leaves green beneath =Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus.=
21b. Leaves whitened beneath
=Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus.=
22a. Leaves palmately lobed --23.
22b. Leaves not lobed --25.
23a. Outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-4 m.
high) =Cranberry Tree, Viburnum opulus var. americanum.=
23b. All flowers of the cluster alike --24.
24a. Flower-clusters 4-10 cm. broad (1-2 m. high)
=Arrow Wood, Viburnum acerifolium.=
24b. Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad
=Squashberry, Viburnum pauciflorum.=
25a. Outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-3 m. high)
=Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium.=
25b. All flowers of the cluster alike --26.
26a. Leaves finely serrate; the veins not prominent --27.
26b. Leaves coarsely serrate, all or most of the teeth terminating
in a prominent vein --29.
27a. Peduncle of the flower-cluster, below its branches, at least 2 cm.
long (1-3 m. high) =Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides.=
27b. Peduncle of the cluster 1 cm. long, or even shorter (3-8 m. high)
--28.
28a. Leaves distinctly acuminate =Sheep-berry, Viburnum lentago.=
28b. Leaves obtuse or barely acute
=Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium.=
29a. Leaves densely pubescent beneath (6-15 dm. high)
=Arrow-wood, Viburnum pubescens.=
29b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the
veins (1-4 m. high) =Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum.=
VALERIANACEAE, the Valerian Family
Herbs with opposite leaves and small nearly or quite regular flowers;
petals 5, united; stamens 3; sepals minute or wanting; ovary inferior.
1a. Stem-leaves pinnately cleft (3-10 dm. high; flowers white or
pinkish, summer) --2.
1b. Stem-leaves entire or dentate (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, summer)
(Corn Salad) --3.
2a. Leaf-segments parallel-veined Valerian, Valeriana edulis.
2b. Leaf-segments net-veined
=Swamp Valerian, Valeriana uliginosa.=
3a. Upper stem-leaves entire
=Corn Salad, Valerianella chenopodifolia.=
3b. Upper stem-leaves dentate =Corn Salad, Valerianella radiata.=
DIPSACACEAE, the Teasel Family
Herbs with opposite leaves, and small pale blue flowers aggregated in
dense heads; calyx minute; petals 4, united; stamens 4, attached to the
corolla; ovary inferior.
One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with prickly leaves and stem,
blooming in summer =Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris.=
CUCURBITACEAE, the Gourd Family
Herbs, climbing by tendrils, with alternate palmately lobed leaves and
imperfect flowers; staminate flowers in showy clusters, with 5-6 petals
and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers small.
1a. Leaves 5-angled or shallowy 5-lobed (flowers white, summer)
=Bur Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus.=
1b. Leaves 5-lobed to about the middle (commonly cultivated and
frequently wild; flowers white, summer)
=Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis lobata.=
CAMPANULACEAE, the Bellflower Family
Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; sepals 5; petals 5,
united; stamens 5, attached at the very base of the corolla; ovary
inferior.
1a. Stem-leaves circular or nearly so, cordate-clasping at base (2-6 dm.
high; flowers blue, axillary, in summer)
=Venus' Looking-Glass, Specularia perfoliata.=
1b. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so, not over 1 cm. wide (summer) --2.
1c. Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or more (flowers blue,
in a terminal spike or raceme, summer) (Bellflower) --4.
2a. Stem and leaves glabrous (or rarely pubescent) (1-6 dm. high;
flowers blue) =Harebell, Campanula rotundifolia.=
2b. Stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles (marsh plants,
with weak slender stems 3-10 dm. long; flowers white or
pale-blue) (Marsh Bellflower) --3.
3a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula aparinoides.=
3b. Corolla 10-12 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula uliginosa.=
4a. Corolla rotate; flowers in spikes (6-15 dm. high)
=Bellflower, Campanula americana.=
4b. Corolla bell-shape; flowers in one-sided racemes (4-10 dm.
high) =Bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides.=
LOBELIACEAE, the Lobelia Family
Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; flowers irregular;
petals 5, united; corolla split down the upper side; stamens 5, united
by their anthers into a ring or tube surrounding the style; ovary
2-celled, inferior. Flowers in summer and autumn.
1a. Leaves all basal, tubular; flowers on leafless stalks (aquatic, 1-4
dm. high; flowers blue) =Water Lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna.=
1b. Leaves normal, on the stem --2.
2a. Flowers more than 2 cm. long (5-10 dm. high) --3.
2b. Flowers about 1 cm. long, or shorter (flowers light blue) --4.
3a. Flowers scarlet =Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis.=
3b. Flowers blue =Great Lobelia, Lobelia siphilitica.=
4a. Flowers in loose racemes, pedicelled --5.