TALLEYRAND’S TREACHERY—THE CAMPAIGN OF 1809—WAGRAM
Two unscrupulous and crafty men, both of singular ability, caused the
interior trouble which called Napoleon from Spain. These men were
Talleyrand and Fouché. The latter we saw during the Consulate as
Minister of Police. Since, he had been once dismissed because of his
knavery, and restored, largely for the same quality. His cunning was too
valuable to dispense with. The former, Talleyrand, made Minister of
Foreign Affairs in 1799, had handled his negotiations with the
extraordinary skill for which he was famous, until, in 1807, Napoleon’s
mistrust of his duplicity, and Talleyrand’s own dislike for the details
of his position, led to the portfolio being taken from him, and he being
made Vice-Grand Elector. He evidently expected, in accepting this
change, to remain as influential as ever with Napoleon. The knowledge
that the emperor was dispensing with his services made him resentful,
and his devotion to the imperial cause fluctuated according to the
attention he received.
Now, Napoleon’s course in Spain had been undertaken at the advice of
Talleyrand, largely, and he had repeated constantly, in the early
negotiations, that France ought not to allow a Bourbon to remain
enthroned at her borders. Yet, as the affair went on, he began slyly to
talk against the enterprise. At Erfurt, where Napoleon had been
impolitic enough to take him, he initiated himself into Alexander’s good
graces, and prevented Napoleon’s policy towards Austria being carried
out. When Napoleon returned to Spain, Talleyrand and Fouché, who up to
this time had been enemies, became friendly, and even appeared in
public, arm in arm. If Talleyrand and Fouché had made up, said the
Parisians, there was mischief brewing.
Napoleon was not long in knowing of their reconciliation. He learned
more, that the two crafty plotters had written Murat that in the event
of “something happening,” that is, of Napoleon’s death or overthrow,
they should organize a movement to call him to the head of affairs;
that, accordingly, he must hold himself ready.
Napoleon returned to Paris immediately, removed Talleyrand from his
position at court, and, at a gathering of high officials, treated him to
one of those violent harangues with which he was accustomed to flay
those whom he would disgrace and dismiss.
“You are a thief, a coward, a man without honor; you do not believe
in God; you have all your life been a traitor to your duties; you
have deceived and betrayed everybody; nothing is sacred to you; you
would sell your own father. I have loaded you down with gifts, and
there is nothing you would not undertake against me. For the past
ten months you have been shameless enough, because you supposed,
rightly or wrongly, that my affairs in Spain were going astray, to
say to all who would listen to you that you always blamed my
undertakings there; whereas it was you yourself who first put it
into my head, and who persistently urged it. And that man, _that
unfortunate_ [he meant the Duc d’Enghien], by whom was I advised of
the place of his residence? Who drove me to deal cruelly with him?
What, then, are you aiming at? What do you wish for? What do you
hope? Do you dare to say? You deserve that I should smash you like a
wineglass. I can do it, but I despise you too much to take the
trouble.”
All of this was undoubtedly true, but, after having publicly said it,
there was but one safe course for Napoleon—to put Talleyrand where he
could no longer continue his plotting. He made the mistake, however, of
leaving him at large.
The disturbance of the Continental peace came from Austria. Encouraged
by Napoleon’s absence in Spain, and the withdrawal of troops from
Germany, and urged by England to attempt to again repair her losses,
Austria had hastily armed herself, hoping to be able to reach the Rhine
before Napoleon could collect his forces and meet her. At this moment
Napoleon could command about the same number of troops as the Austrians,
but they were scattered in all directions, while the enemy’s were
already consolidated. The question became, then, whether he could get
his troops together before the Austrians attacked. From every direction
he hurried them across France and Germany towards Ratisbonne. On the
12th of April he heard in Paris that the Austrians had crossed the Inn.
On the 17th the emperor was in his headquarters at Donauwörth, his army
well in hand. “Neither in ancient or modern times,” says Jomini, “will
one find anything which equals in celerity and admirable precision the
opening of this campaign.”
In the next ten days a series of combats broke the Austrian army, drove
the Archduke Charles, with his main force, north of the Danube, and
opened the road to Vienna to the French. On the 12th of May, one month
from the day he left Paris, Napoleon wrote from Schönbrunn, “We are
masters of Vienna.” The city had been evacuated.
Napoleon lay on the right bank of the Danube; the Austrian army under
the Archduke Charles was coming towards the city by the left bank; it
was to be a hand-to-hand struggle under the walls of Vienna. The emperor
was uncertain of the archduke’s plans, but he was determined that he
should not have a chance to reënforce his army. The battle must be
fought at once, and he prepared to go across the river to attack him.
The place of crossing he chose was south of Vienna, where the large
island Lobau divides the stream. Bridges had to be built for the
passage, and it was with the greatest difficulty that the work was
accomplished, for the river was high and the current swift, and anchors
and boats were scarce. Again and again the boats broke apart.
Nevertheless, about thirty thousand of the French got over, and took
possession of the villages of Aspern and Essling, where they were
attacked on May 21st by some eighty thousand Austrians.
[Illustration:
BATTLE OF WAGRAM.
This picture, by Horace Vernet, was first exhibited in the _Salon_ of
1836. It now hangs in the Hall of Battles at Versailles.]
The battle which followed lasted all day, and the French sustained
themselves heroically. That night reënforcements were gotten over, so
that the next day some fifty-five thousand men were on the French side.
Napoleon fought with the greatest obstinacy, hoping that another
division would soon succeed in getting over, and would enable him to
overcome the superior numbers of the Austrians. Already the battle was
becoming a hand-to-hand fight, when the terrible news came that the
bridge over the Danube had gone down. The Austrians had sent floating
down the swollen river great mills, fire-boats, and masses of timber
fastened together in such a way as to become battering-rams of frightful
power when carried by the rapid stream. All hope of aid was gone, and,
as the news spread, the army resigned itself to perish sword in hand.
The carnage which followed was horrible. Towards evening one of the
bravest of the French marshals, Lannes, was fatally wounded. It seemed
as if fortune had determined on the loss of the French, and Napoleon
decided to retreat to the island of Lobau, where he felt sure that he
could maintain his position, and secure supplies from the army on the
right bank, until he had time to build bridges and unite his forces.
Communications were soon established with the right bank, but the isle
of Lobau was not deserted; it was used, in fact, as a camp for the next
few weeks, while Napoleon was sending to Italy, to France, and to
Germany, for new troops. A heavy reënforcement came to him from Italy
with news which did much to encourage him. When the war began, an
Austrian army had invaded Italy, and at first had success in its
engagements against the French under the Viceroy of Italy, Eugène de
Beauharnais. The news of the ill-luck of the Austrians at home, and of
the march on Vienna, had discouraged the leader, Archduke John, brother
of Archduke Charles, and he had retreated, Eugène following. Such were
the successes of the French on this retreat, that the Austrians finally
retired out of their way, leaving them a free route to Vienna, and
Eugène soon united his army to that of the emperor.
With the greatest rapidity the French now secured and strengthened their
communications with Italy and with France, and gathered troops about
Vienna. The whole month of June was passed in this way, hostile Europe
repeating the while that Napoleon was shut in by the Austrians and could
not move, and that he was idling his time in luxury at the castle of
Schönbrunn, where he had established his headquarters. But this month of
apparent inactivity was only a feint. By the 1st of July the French Army
had reached one hundred and fifty thousand men. They were in admirable
condition, well drilled, fresh, and confident. Their communications were
strong, their camps good, and they were eager for battle.
The Austrians were encamped at Wagram, to the north of the Danube. They
had fortified the banks opposite the island of Lobau in a manner which
they believed would prevent the French from attempting a passage; but in
arranging their fortification they had completely neglected a certain
portion of the bank on which Napoleon seemed to have no designs. But
this was the point, naturally, which Napoleon chose for his passage, and
on the night of July 4th he effected it. On the morning of the 5th his
whole army of one hundred and fifty thousand men, with four hundred
batteries, was on the left bank. In the midst of a terrible storm this
great mass of men, with all its equipments, had crossed the main Danube,
several islands and channels, had built six bridges, and by daybreak had
arranged itself in order. It was an unheard-of feat.
Pushing his corps forward, and easily sweeping out of his way the
advance posts, Napoleon soon had his line facing that of the Austrians,
which stretched from near the Danube to a point east of Wagram. At seven
o’clock on the evening of July 5th the French attacked the left and
centre of the enemy, but without driving them from their position. The
next morning it was the Archduke Charles who took the offensive, making
a movement which changed the whole battle. He attacked the French left,
which was nearest the river, with fifty thousand men, intending to get
on their line of communication and destroy the bridges across the
Danube. The troops on the French centre were obliged to hurry off to
prevent this, and the army was weakened for a moment, but not long.
Napoleon determined to make the Archduke Charles, who in person
commanded this attack on the French left, return, not by following him,
but by breaking his centre; and he turned his heavy batteries against
this portion of the army, and followed them by a cavalry attack, which
routed the enemy. At the same time their left was broken, and the troops
which had been engaging it were free to hurry off against the Austrian
right, which was trying to reach the bridges, and which were being held
in check with difficulty at Essling. As soon as the archduke saw what
had happened to his left and centre he retired, preferring to preserve
as much as possible of his army in good order. The French did not
pursue. The battle had cost them too heavily. But if the Austrians
escaped from Wagram with their army, and if their opponents gained
little more than the name of a victory, they were too discouraged to
continue the war, and the emperor sued for peace.
[Illustration:
THE LITTLE CORPORAL.
This statue of Napoleon in the costume of the _Petit Caporal_, from
the chisel of Seurre, was placed on the column of the Place Vendome,
on July 28, 1835. It succeeded on the pedestal the white flag of the
Bourbons, which in its turn had replaced the original statue of
“Napoléon en César Romain,” by Chaudet. An interesting detail,
unknown to most Parisians, is that the equestrian statue of Henri
IV. on the Pont Neuf was cast with the bronze of Chaudet’s Napoleon.
When Napoleon III. ascended the throne, he replaced the “Petit
Caporal” of Seurre (whose decorative appearance he did not consider
“_assez dynastique_”) by a copy of Chaudet’s “César,” made by the
sculptor Drumont. That figure still crowns the summit of the column,
which was re-erected after the desecration by the Commune.—A. D.]
This peace was concluded in October. Austria was forced to give up
Trieste and all her Adriatic possessions, to cede territory to Bavaria
and to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and to give her consent to the
continental system.
[Illustration:
MARIE LOUISE IN ROYAL ROBES. 1810.
“Marie Louise, Archduchess d’Autriche, Impératrice, Reine, et
Régente.” Engraved by Mecou, after Isabey.]