Ognon, 485
_Ognonet_ (syn. of Archiduc d'Été), 251
Ognonnet, 485
Oignon, 485
Oignonet de Provence, 485
Oken, 485
Oldfield, 485
Olivenbirne, 485
Oliver, G. W., orig. of Oliver Russet, 485
Oliver Russet, 485
Oliver, discov. of Président Drouard, 210
Olivier de Serres, 200;
parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331
_Omer-Pacha_ (syn. of Saint Menin), 537
One-third, 486
Oneida, 486
Onion, 486
Onondaga, 201
Ontario, 202
Orange, 486
Orange-Bergamot, 486
_Orange de Briel _(syn. of Brielsche Pomeranzenbirne), 319
Orange County Nurs. Co., introd. of Wilder Sugar, 580
Orange d'Hiver, 486
Orange Mandarine, 486
Orange Musquée, 487
Orange pear tree, old, 42
Orange Rouge, 487
Orange Tulipée, 487
Orange de Vienne, 487
Orchards, pear, care of, 97;
catch crops for, 102
Orchards of mixed varieties of pears, 100
Ordensbirne, 487
Orel 15, 487
Oriental pears, descriptions of species of, 74;
influence of, on American pear culture, 55
Orpheline Colmar, 488
_Orpheline d'Enghien_ (syn. of Beurré d'Arenberg), 129
Osband Summer, 488
Osborne, 488
Osborne, John, orig. of Osborne, 488
_Osimaya_ (syn. of Winter), 583
Oswego Beurré, 488
Oswego Incomparable, 488
Ott, 488
Ott, Samuel, orig. of Ott, 488
Owen, 488
Owen, John, orig. of Owen, 488
Owener Birne, 489
Oyster-shell scale on pear, 120
Ozark, 489
P. Barry, 203
Pacific states, introduction of pear-growing in, 53
Paddock, 489
Padres, early growers of pears, 54
Pailleau, 489
Pain-et-Vin, 489
Palmischbirne, 489
Papeleu, Adrien, orig. of Beurré Payen, 303;
Navez Peintre, 480
_Paquency_ (syn. of Payenche), 493
Paradiesbirne, 489
Pardee, 489
Pardee, S. D., orig. of Dickerman, 359;
Pardee, 489
Parfum d'Aout, 490
Parfum d'Hiver, 490
Parfum de Rose, 490
Parfumé, 490
Parfumée, 490
Parigot, orig. of Appoline, 250;
Beurré Bourbon, 288;
Comptesse de Chambord, 347;
Doyenné Fradin, 367;
Eugène des Nouhes, 379
Pariset, orig. of varieties, 239, 249, 279, 292, 307, 329, 344, 453,
471, 490, 536, 543, 544, 562
Parkinson, discussion of pears by, 32
Parkinson's pears known at present, 36
Parmentier, Andrew, introd. of Surpasse Virgalieu, 557;
orig. of Bergamotte de Stryker, 277
Parrot, 490
Parry, William, orig. of Cincincis Seedling, 338
Parsonage, 490
Passa-tutti, 490
Passans du Portugal, 491
Passe Colmar, 205;
parent of Alexandrine Mas, 241;
Félix Sahut, 381;
Wilmington, 582;
Zéphirin Grégoire, 587
Passe-Colmar des Belges, 491
Passe Colmar d'été, 491
_Passe Colmar François_ (syn. of Jean de Witte), 429
Passe Colmar Musqué, 491
Passe Crassane, 491;
parent of Prince Napoléon, 512
Passe-Goemans, 491
Passe Madeleine, 491
Passe-Tardive, 492
Pastor, 492
Pastorale, 492
_Pastorenbirne_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 227
Pater Noster, 492
Patemotte, Pierre, orig. of Pierre Patemotte, 499
Patten, Charles G., orig. of Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543
Paul Ambre, 492
Paul Bonamy, 492
Paul Coppieters, 492
Paul d'Hoop, 493
Paul Thielens, 493
Pauls Birne, 493
Payen, 493
Payenche, 493
Payne, James, discov. of Seneca, 544
Payton, 493
Payton, orig. of Payton, 493
Peach, 494
Pear, adaptability of the, to soils and locations, 92;
black mold of the, 117;
brown-blotch of the, 116;
codling moth on the, 118;
crown-gall on the, 116;
descriptive blank of the, opposite 68;
fertility of the, 99;
history of the, 1;
leaf-blight of the, 115;
leaf-spots of the, notes on, 115;
oyster-shell scale on the, 120;
pink-rot of the, 117;
San Jose scale on the, 117;
structural botany of the, 58
Pear-blight, control of, 113;
early occurrence of, in America, 51;
notes on, 111
-borers, 120
-breeding, Van Mons' theory of, 18
-characteristics of the, unchanged since time of Pliny, 9
-culture, climate adapted to, 85;
economic considerations important to, 94;
importance of stocks in, 94;
notes on, 83;
statistics of, 83
-diseases, 110
-districts in America, minor, 51
-growing, a comparison of English and American, 37
-insects, 117
-mites, 119
-orchards, care of, 97;
catch crops for, 102;
sod versus clean culture for, 102;
tillage of, 102
-psylla, 118
-scab, 114;
treatment of, 114
-slug, 119
-stocks, notes on, 95
-thrips, 121
-trees, characters of, 59;
description of leaf-buds and leaves of, 61;
description of trunk and branches of, 60;
flower-buds and flowers of, 62;
age of, 40;
setting of, notes on, 101
-varieties, adaptability of, for dwarfing, 95;
blight resistant, 112;
blooming season of, 88;
ripening season of, 88
Pears, canning of, 109;
cold storage of, 109;
commercial, leading varieties of, 84;
cost of growing, 110;
descriptions of species of, 69;
discussion of the setting of fruit of, 99;
fertilizers for, 98;
grading of, 108;
grafting of, 106;
hardy, notes on, 86;
harvesting and marketing of, 106;
home ripening of, 109;
local market for, 101;
methods of planting of, 99;
mixed varieties of, in orchards, 100;
occidental, description of species of, 69;
oriental, description of species of, 74;
pruning of, 103;
self-fertile varieties of, 100;
self-sterile varieties of, 100;
soils and locations for, 91;
wild, 1;
wild, species of, 2
_Pêche_ (syn. of Peach), 494
Peck, Thomas R., orig. of Royal, 532
Pei-li, 494
Pemberton, 494
Penderson, 494
Penderson, Samuel, orig. of Penderson, 494
Pendleton Early York, 494
Pengethley, 494
Penn, 494
Pennsylvania, 494
Pepin, 495
Perpetual, 495
Perrier, 495
Perry, William, introd. of Lincoln Coreless, 192
Pertusati, 495
Pests, damage to American pears by, 38
Petersbirne, 495
Petit-Blanquet, 495
Petit Catillac, 496
Petit-Chaumontel, 496
Petit-Hativeau, 496
Petit-Muscat, 496
Petit-Oin, 496
_Petite Bergamotte Jaune d'Été_ (syn. of Kleine gelbe
Sommermuskatellerbirne), 435
Petite Charlotte, 497
_Petite Comtesse Palatine_ (syn. of Kleine Pfalzgrafin), 436
Petite Fondante, 497
Petite Marguerite, 497
_Petite Muscat Long d'Été_ (syn. of Kleine Lange
Sommer-Muskatellerbirne), 436
_Petite Poire de Pierre_ (syn. of Petersbirne), 495
Petite Tournaisienne, 497
Petite Victorine, 497
Petre, 497;
first variety to originate in America, 51
Pfaffenbirne, 497
Pfingstbirne, 498
Philiberte, 498
_Philipp der Gute_ (syn. of Philippe-Le-Bon), 498
Philippe-Le-Bon, 498
Philippe Couvreur, 498
Philippe Goes, 498
Philippot, 498
Philippot, orig. of Philippot, 498
Philopena, 498
Picciola, 498
Pickering, or Warden pear tree, 44
_Pickering_ (syn. of Pound), 208
Pie IX, 498
_Pied-de-Vache_ (syn. of Kuhfuss), 439
Pierre Corneille, 499
Pierre Curie, 499
Pierre Macé, 499
Pierre Paternotte, 499
Pierre Pépin, 499
Pierre Tourasse, 499
Pimpe, 499
Pink-rot of pear, 117
Pinneo, 499
Pitmaston, 207
Pitmaston, William, orig. of Bergamot Seckel, 268
_Pitmaston Duchess_ (syn. of Pitmaston), 207
_Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angoulême_ (syn. of Pitmaston), 207
Piton, 500
Piton, discov. of Piton, 500
Pitson, 500
_Pius IX_ (syn. of Pie IX), 498
Pius X, 500
Plantagenet, 500
Planting methods for pears, 99
Plascart, 500
Platt, 500
Platte Honigbirne, 500
Pliny, medicinal qualities ascribed to pears by, 10;
mention of pear varieties by, 8;
pear characteristics given by, 9
Plutarch, discussion of the pear in Greece by, 4
Pocahontas, 500
Pöckelbirne, 501
Poëte Béranger, 501
Poire d'Abbeville, 501
_Poire d'Amour d'Hiver_ (syn. of Winterliebesbirne), 584
Poire d'Ange de Meiningen, 501
_Poire d'Aunée d'Été_ (syn. of Sommeralantbirne), 548
Poire d'Avril, 501
_Poire Baronne Leroy_ (syn. of Baron Leroy), 259
_Poire du Breuil Père_ (syn. of Souvenir de du Breuil Père), 549
Poire Brune de Gasselin, 501
_Poire Canelle_ (syn. of Knoops Simmtbirne), 437
Poire de Casserole, 502
Poire des Chartriers, 502
Poire des Chasseurs, 502
_Poire de Chevalier de Buttner_ (syn. of Buttner Sachsische
Ritterbirne), 322
Poire de Coq, 502
_Poire Dingler_ (syn. of Lamy), 184
Poire de Graisse, 502
Poire de gros queue, 502
_Poire Henri_ (syn. of Henri Bivort), 414
Poire de Hert, 502
Poire de Houblon, 502
Poire de Klevenow, 503
_Poire de Lard Brune_ (syn. of Braunrote Speckbirne), 318
_Poire Livre Verte_ (syn. of Grüne Pfundbirne), 408
_Poire de Miel de Liegel_ (syn. of Liegel Honigbirne), 448
Poire Noire à Longue Queue, 503
_Poire des Nonnes_ (syn. of Beurré de Brigné), 288
_Poire de Paul_ (syn. of Pauls Birne), 493
Poire du Pauvre, 503
Poire des Peintres, 503
Poire de Pendant, 503
_Poire-Pomme_ (syn. of Apple Pear), 250
Poire de Preuilly, 503
Poire de Rateau, 503
Poire Rigoleau, 504
Poire du Roeulx, 504
_Poire de Saint Père_ (syn. of Saint Père), 538
_Poire Seutin_ (syn. of Seutin), 545
Poire Souvenir d'Hortolès Père, 504
Poire Thouin, 504
Poire de Torpes, 504
Poire des Trois Fréres, 504
Poire des Trois Jours, 504
_Poire Trompette_ (syn. of Trompetenbirne), 566
_Poire des Urbanistes_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224
_Poire de Vallée_ (syn. of Vallée Franche), 568
_Poire de Vitrier_, 504
Poire du Voyageur, 505
Poirer de Jardin, 505
_Poirier sauger_. (See _Pyrus nivalis_)
Poiteau, 505
Poiteau, orig. of Bergamotte Poiteau, 275
_Poiteau_ (_des Français_) (syn. of Bergamotte Poiteau), 275
Polish Lemon, 505
Polk, 505
Pollan, 505
Pollvaskaja, 505
Polnische grüne Krautbirne, 505
Polnische Seidenbirne, 505
Pome, definition of, 58;
fruit characters of, 63
Pomeranzenbirn von Zabergäu, 506
Pomme d'Été, 506
Pomological garden of Robert Manning, 53
Pomology, first American by Coxe, 52
Pope Quaker, 506
Pope Scarlet Major, 506
Portail, 506
Porter, 506
Portingall, 506
Posey, 506
Pound, 208
Pradel Bros., orig. of Rousselet de Pomponne, 529
Prager Schaferbirne, 506
Prairie du Pond, 506
_Präsident Drouard_ (syn. of Président Drouard), 210
Pratt, 507
Pratt Junior, 507
Pratt Seedling, 507
Precilly, 507
Précoce de Celles, 507
Précoce de Jodoigne, 507
Précoce de Tivoli, 507
Précoce de Trévoux, 507
Précoce Trottier, 507
_Précoce de Wharton_ (syn. of Wharton Early), 579
Premature, 508
Prémices d'Écully, 508
Prémices de Wagelwater, 508
Premier, 508
Premier Président Métivier, 508
_Present Royal of Naples_ (syn. of Beau Présent d'Artois), 261
Présent de Van Mons, 508
President, 508
Président Barabé, 508
Président de la Bastie, 509
Président Boncenne, 509
Président Campy, 509
President Clark, 509
Président Couprie, 509
Président Deboutteville, 509
President Dr. Ward, 509
Président Drouard, 210
Président d'Estaintot, 509
President Felton, 509
Président Fortier, 509
Président Héron, 510
Président Mas, 510
Président Muller, 510
Président Olivier, 510
Président d'Osmonville, 510
Président Parigot, 510
Président Payen, 510
President Pouyer-Quertier, 510
Président Royer, 510
Président le Sant, 511
Président Watier, 511
Présidente Senente, 511
_Preul's Colmar_ (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205
Prévost, 511
Pricke, 511
Primating, 511
Prince, William, introd. of Sha Lea, 545;
orig. of Prince Harvest, 511;
Saint-Germain, 512
Prince Albert, 511
Prince Harvest, 511
Prince Impérial, 511
Prince Impérial de France, 512
Prince de Joinville, 512
Prince Napoléon, 512
Prince d'Orange, 512
Prince de Printemps, 512
Prince Saint-Germain, 512
Prince Seed Virgalieu, 512
Princess, 512
Princess Maria, 513
Princesse Charlotte, 513
_Princesse de Lubeck_ (syn. of Lübecker Prinzessin Birne), 453
Princesse Marianne, 513
Princesse d'Orange, 513
_Princesse-Royale_ (syn. of Groom Prince Royal,) 403
Princière, 513
Pringalle, Célestin, orig, of Beurré Pringalle, 304
Priou, 513
Priou, discov. of Priou, 513
Professeur Barral, 514
Professeur Bazin, 514
Professeur Dubreuil, 514
Professeur Grosdemange, 514
Professeur Hennau, 514
Professeur Hortolès, 514
Professeur Opoix, 514
Professeur Willermoz, 514
Prud'homme, 515
Pruning pears, 103
Psylla, pear, 118
Pudsey, 515
Puebla, 515
Pulsifer, 515
Pulsifer, Dr. John, orig. of Pulsifer, 515
Pushkin, 515
Pyrolle, orig. of Jaminette, 427
Pyrus, characters of, 57
_Pyrus amygdaliformis_, note on, 73
_Pyrus auricularis_, habitat of, 73;
specific description of, 73
_Pyrus betulaefolia_, habitat of, 79;
specific description of, 79
_Pyrus calleryana_, habitat of, 80;
specific notes on, 80
_Pyrus communis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2;
habitat of, 70;
specific description of, 69
_Pyrus communis cordata_, specific notes on, 72
_Pyrus communis longipes_, specific notes on, 72
_Pyrus communis mariana_, specific notes on, 72
_Pyrus communis pyraster_, specific notes on, 71
_Pyrus communis sativa_, specific notes on, 72
_Pyrus elæagrifolia_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73
_Pyrus heterophylla_, note on, 73
_Pyrus kotschyana_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73
_Pyrus lindleyi_, relationship of, to _Pyrus serotina_, 75
_Pyrus nivalis_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2;
habitat of, 2, 72;
specific description of, 72
_Pyrus ovoidea_, blight resistance of, 81;
parent of Tolstoy, 564;
specific description of, 80
_Pyrus pashia_, distinction of, from _Pyrus variolosa_, 82
_Pyrus salicifolia_, note on, 74
_Pyrus salvifolia_, relationship of, to _Pyrus nivalis_, 73
_Pyrus serotina_, behavior of, as a wild pear, 2;
habitat of 3, 75;
specific description of, 74;
value of, as a pear stock, 96
_Pyrus serotina culta_, habitat of, 76;
specific description of, 75
_Pyrus serotina stapfiana_, note on, 75
_Pyrus serrulata_, habitat of, 78;
specific notes on, 78
_Pyrus sinensis_, relationship of, to _Pyrus serotina_, 74
_Pyrus syriaca_, note on, 74
_Pyrus ussuriensis_, blight resistance of, 78;
habitat of, 77;
specific description of, 77
_Pyrus variolosa_, notes on, 81
Queen Jargonelle, 515
Queen Victoria, 515
Quiletette, 515
Quince, 515
Quince, Japanese, relationship of, to the pear, 57
Quince stocks for pear, 96
Quinn, 515
Quintinye, La. (See La Quintinye)
Raabe, orig. of Honey Dew, 420
_Radis de Leipsick_ (syn. of Leipziger Rettigbirn), 444
Ragan, Reuben, discov. of Philopena, 498
Rahm, Rev. W. L., introd. into England of Vicar of Winkfield, 227
Rainbirne, 516
Rallay, 516
Rameau, 516
Ramilies, 516
Rankin, 516
Rankin, W. H., discov. of Rankin, 516
Rannaja, 516
Rapelje, 516
Rastlerbirne, 516
Rateau Blanc, 516
Ravenswood, 517
_Ravu_ (syn. of Ravut), 517
Ravut, 517
Raymond, 517
Raymond de Montlaur, 517
Raymould, 517
Rayner, Mrs., orig. of Hacon Incomparable, 409
Re Umberto primo, 517
Read, Walter, orig. of Oswego Beurré, 488
Reading, 517
Recq de Pambroye, 517
_Red Doyenné_ (syn. of Doyenné Gris), 367
Red Garden, 518
_Red Muscadel_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178
_Red Orange_ (syn. of Orange Rouge), 487
Red Pear, 518
Redfield, 518
Reeder, 211
Reeder, Dr. Henry, orig. of Reeder, 211
_Reeder's Seedling_ (syn. of Reeder), 211
Refreshing, 518
_Regentin_ (syn. of Passe Colmar), 205
Regina Margherita, 518
Régine, 518
Regnier, 518
Regnier, Madame, orig. of Regnier, 518
Reichenäckerin, 518
Reine des Belges, 518
Reine d'Hiver, 519
Reine des Poires, 519
Reine des Précoces, 519
Reine des Tardives, 519
Reine Victoria, 519
Reliance, 519
Remy Chatenay, 519
René Dunan, 519
Rettigbirne, 519
Reuterbirne, 520
Rewell, 520
Rey, orig. of Léon Rey, 446
Reymenans, 520
Reynaert Beernaert, 520
Rheinische Birne, 520
Rheinische Herbstapothekerbirne, 520
Rheinische Paradiesbirne, 520
Rhenser Schmalzbirne, 520
Richards, 520
Richardson, 521
Riche Dépouille, 521
Ridelle, 521
Riehl, Edwin H., discov. of Riehl Best, 212
Riehl Best, 212
Riocreux, 521
Ripening of pears in the home, 109
Ripening season of pear varieties, 88
Ritson, 521
Ritson, Mrs. John, orig. of Ritson, 521
Ritter, 521
Ritter, Louis, discov. of Ritter, 521
Rival Dumont, 521
Rivers, 521
Rivers, Thomas, orig. of varieties, 308, 345, 347, 363, 381, 417, 460,
502, 512, 537, 538, 556
Robert, orig. of Belle du Figuier, 264;
Général Canrobert, 394
Robert & Moreau, orig. of Beurré Fidéline, 295;
Fondante de la Maitre-École, 384
Robert Hogg, 521
Robert Treel, 522
_Robertson_ (syn. of Washington), 575
Robin, orig. of Doyenné Robin, 369
Robine, 522
Robitaillié, orig. of Robitaillié père, 522
Robitaillié père, 522
Roby, H. R., introd. of Winter Seckel, 584;
orig. of Cooke, 348
Rockeneirbirne, 522
Roe, William, orig. of Roe Bergamot, 522
Roe Bergamot, 522
Rogers, 522
Roggenhoferbirne, 522
_Roi Charles de Wurtemberg_ (syn. of König Karl von Württemberg), 438
_Roi d'Été_ (syn. of Gros Rousselet), 404
Roi-Guillaume, 522
Roi de Rome, 523
Roitelet, 523
Rokeby, 523
Roland, orig. of Beurré Roland, 304
Rollet, orig. of Notaire Lepin, 483
Rolmaston Duchess, 523
Rome, ancient, pear in, 7
Ronde du Bosquet, 523
Rondelet, 523
Rongiéras, orig. of Beurré des Mouchouses, 302
Rooks, orig. of Ozark, 489
Roosevelt, 213
Ropes, 523
Ropes, orig. of Ropes, 523
Rorreger Mostbirne, 523
Rosabirne, 523
Rosalie Wolters, 524
Rosanne, 524
Rose Doyenné, 524
Rose Water, 524
Rosenhofbirne, 524
Rosenwasserbirne, 524
Rosinenbirne, 524
Roslyn, 524
Ross, 524
Ross, Charles, orig. of General Wauchope, 395
Ross, Gideon, orig. of Japan, 428
Rossney, 524
Rostiezer, 525
_Rote Bergamotte_ (syn. of Bergamotte d'Automne), 270
Rote Hanglbirne, 525
Rote Holzbirne, 525
Rote Kochbirne, 525
Rote Pilchelbirne, 525
Rote Scheibelbirne, 525
Rote Winawitz, 525
Rotfleischige Mostbirne, 525
Rothbackige Sommerzuckerbirne, 525
Rothe Confesselsbirne, 526
Rothe Jakobsbirne, 526
Rothe langstielige Honigbirne, 526
Rothe oder grosse Pfalzgrafinbirne, 526
Rothe Rettigbirne, 526
Rothe Winterkappesbirne, 526
Rothe Winterkochbirne, 526
Rothe Zucherlachsbirne, 526
_Rother Sommerdorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Été Rouge), 377
Rother Winterhasenkopf, 526
Rothgraue Kirchmessbirne, 527
Rougeaude, 527
Rouget, 527
Roulef, 527
Rouse Lench, 527
Rousselet Aelens, 527
Rousselet d'Anvers, 527
_Rousselet d'Aout_ (syn. of Gros Rousselet d'Aout), 405
Rousselet Baud, 527
Rousselet Bivort, 527
Rousselet Blanc, 528
Rousselet de la Cour, 528
Rousselet Decoster, 528
Rousselet Doré d'Hiver, 528
_Rousselet Enfant Prodigue_ (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377
_Rousselet d'été Brun Rouge_ (syn. of Braunrothe Sommerrusselet), 319
Rousselet Hâtif, 528
_Rousselet d'Hiver_ (syn. of Winter Rousselet), 584
Rousselet de Janvier, 528
Rousselet Jaune d'Été, 529
Rousselet de Jodoigne, 529
Rousselet de Jonghe, 529
Rousselet de Meestre, 529
Rousselet Panaché, 529
Rousselet de Pomponne, 529
Rousselet Précoce, 529
Rousselet de Reims, parent of Bon Chrétien Vermont, 315
Rousselet de Rheims, 530
Rousselet de Rheims Panaché, 530
Rousselet Royal, 530
Rousselet Saint Nicolas, 530
Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530
Rousselet Saint Vincent, 530
Rousselet de Stuttgardt, 531
Rousselet Thaon, 531
Rousselet Theuss, 531
Rousselet Vanderwecken, 531
Rousseline, 531
Rousselon, 531
Roux Carcas, 532
Rové, 532
Rowling, 532
Royal, 532
Royal d'Hiver, 532
Royale Vendée, 532
Ruhschiebler, 532
Rummelter Birne, 533
Runde gelbe Honigbirne, 533
Runde Sommerpomeranzenbirne, 533
_Rushmore_ (syn. of Harrison Large Fall), 412
Russbirne, 533
Russelet Petit, 533
Russet Bartlett, 533
Russet Catherine, 533
Russian pears, introduction into America, 56
Rutter, 214
Rutter, John, orig. of Rutter, 214
Rylsk, 533
S. T. Wright, 533
Sabine, 533
Sabine d'Été, 534
Sacandaga, 534
Sächsische Glockenbirne, 534
Sächsische Lange Grüne Winterbirne, 534
Safran, 534
Sage-leaved Pear. (See _Pyrus nivalis_)
Sageret, orig. of Angleterre Nain, 247;
Beauvalot, 262;
Bergamotte Sageret, 276;
Doyenné Rose, 369
Saint André, 534
Saint Andrew, 534
Saint Aubin sur Riga, 534
Saint-Augustin, 535
Saint Denis, 535
Saint Dorothée, 535
Saint François, 535
Saint Gallus Weinbirne, 535
Saint George, 535
Saint Germain, 535;
parent of Marie Guisse, 464;
Williams Double Bearing, 582
Saint Germain Gris, 536
Saint Germain Panaché, 536
Saint Germain de Pepins, 536
Saint Germain Puvis, 536
Saint Germain du Tilloy, 536
Saint Germain Van Mons, 536
_Saint-Germain Vauquelin_ (syn. of Vauquelin), 570
Saint Ghislain, 536
Saint Herblain d'Hiver, 537
_Saint-Laurent Jaune_ (syn. of Gelbe Laurentiusbirne), 393
Saint Lézin, 537
Saint Louis, 537
Saint Luc, 537
Saint Luke, 537
_St. Martial_ (syn. of Angélique de Bordeaux), 247
Saint Menin, 537
_Saint-Michael_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
St. Michel Archange, 538
_Saint-Nicolas_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Orléans), 156
Saint Patrick, 538
Saint Père, 538
St. Swithin, 538
Saint Vincent de Paul, 538
Sainte Anne, 538
_Sainte Germain d'Été_ (syn. of Summer Saint Germain), 556
_Sainte Madelaine_ (syn. of Madeleine), 195
Sainte Thérèse, 539
Salisbury, 539
Salviati, 539
Salzburger von Adlitz, 539
Sam Brown, 539
Samenlose, 539
San Jose scale on pear, 117
Sand Pear. (See _Pyrus serotina_)
Sand pear, Chinese, parent of Garber, 171;
Kieffer, 181;
Le Conte, 187
_Sanguine de France_ (syn. of Sanguinole), 539
Sanguine d'Italie, 539
Sanguinole, 539
Sanguinole de Belgique, 540
Sannier, Arséne, orig. of varieties, 241, 276, 283, 297, 315, 360, 361,
381, 429, 451, 452, 453, 455, 456, 499, 508, 509, 510, 511, 519,
543, 549, 550, 551, 572
Sans-Pareille du Nord, 540
Sans Peau, 540
Santa Anna, 540
Santa Claus, 540
Santa Rosa, 541
Sapieganka, 541
Sarah, 541
Sarrasin, 541
Sary-Birne, 541
Säuerliche Margarethenbirne, 541
Scab, pear, 114;
treatment of, 114
Scale insects on pear, 120
_Scented_ (syn. of Duchovaya), 573
Schellesbirne, 541
Schenk, John, orig. of Hosenschenk, 421
Schmalblättrige Schneebirne, 542
Schmotzbirne, 542
Schnackenburger Winterbirne, 542
Schöberlbirne, 542
_Schöne Angevine_ (syn. of Pound), 208
Schöne Müllerin, 542
_Schöne Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Belle Sucrée), 266
Schönebeck Tafelbirne, 542
Schönerts Omsewitzer Schmalzbirne, 542
Schönlin Stuttgarter späte Winterbutterbirne, 542
_Schönste Sommerbirne_ (syn. of Jargonelle (French)), 178
Schuman, 542
Schwarze Birne, 542
Schweizer Wasserbirne, 543
Sdegnata, 543
Seal, 543
Sébastien, 543
Sebastopol, 543
Secher, orig. of Duchesse de Bordeaux, 371
Seckel, 215;
parent of Adams, 237;
Barseck, 260;
Eureka, 379;
Feast, 381;
Gansel Seckel, 170;
Luola, 454;
President Clark, 509;
Worden Seckel, 234;
Youngken Winter Seckel, 586;
place of, in commercial pear culture, 84
Seckel Seedling No. 1, 543
_Seckle_ (syn. of Seckel), 215
Secrétaire Maréschal, 543
Secrétaire Rodin, 543
_Seigneur_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126
Seigneur Daras, 544
_Seigneur d'Espéren_ (syn. of Belle Lucrative), 126
Seigneur d'Été, 544
Self-fertile and self-sterile pears, 100
Selleck, 544
Semis d'Echasserie, 544
Semis Léon Leclerc, 544
_Semis de White_ (syn. of White Seedling), 579
Sénateur Préfet, 544
Sénateur Vaisse, 544
Seneca, 545
Senfbirne, 545
Seringe, 545
Serrurier, 545
Seutin, 545
Sha Lea, 545
Shawmut, 545
Sheldon, 217;
place of, in commercial pear culture, 84
Sheldon, Major, owner of original tree of Sheldon, 217
Shenandoah, 545
Sheppard, 546
Sheppard, James, orig. of Sheppard, 546
Sheridan, 546
Shindel, 546
Shobden Court, 546
Shroeder, R., introd. of Winter, 583
Shurtleff, 546
Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., orig. of varieties, 238, 242, 258, 319, 320, 328,
335, 336, 338, 360, 387, 388, 395, 399, 400, 401, 411, 425, 430, 445, 450,
461, 468, 476, 482, 486, 494, 506, 508, 515, 538, 545, 546, 552, 570, 583
Sieboldii, 546
Sieulle, Jean, orig. of Doyenné Sieulle, 369
Sievenicher Mostbirne, 546
_Silberästige Gewürzbirne_ (syn. of Rameau), 516
_Silvange_ (syn. of Bergamotte Silvange), 276
Sikaya, 546
Simon Bouvier, 546;
parent of Rousselet Bivort, 527
Sinai'sche Buschelbirne, 547
Sinclair, 547
Sirningers Mostbirne, 547
Six, orig. of Beurré Six, 306
Size and habit of pear-trees, 59
_Skinless_ (syn. of Sans Peau), 540
Slavonische Wasserbirne, 547
Slug on pear, 19
Slutsk, 547
_Small Blanquet_ (syn. of Petit-Blanquet), 495
Smet Fils Unique, 547
Smith, 547
Smith, J. B., orig. of Haddington, 409;
Moyamensing, 475;
Pennsylvania, 494
Smith, S. F., orig. of seedling pears, 338
Smith, W. & T., orig. of Ontario, 202
Smith Beauty, 547
Smith Duchess, 547
Snow, 547
Snow Pear. (See _Pyrus nivalis)_
Society Van Mons, distrib. of varieties, 264, 320, 500;
orig. of varieties, 259, 316, 479, 527
Sod versus clean culture for pear orchards, 102
Soeur Grégoire, 547
Soils and locations for pears, 91
Soldat Bouvier, 548
Soldat Laboureur, 548;
parent of Président d'Estaintot, 509
_Solitaire_ (syn. of Mansuette), 461
Sommeralantbirne, 548
_Sommerdechantsbirne_(syn. of Summer Doyenné), 221
Sommerkönigin, 548
Sommer-Russelet, 548
Sommerwachsbirne, 548
Sommer-Zuckerbirne, 548
Sophie de l'Ukraine, 548
Sotschnaja, 549
Soueraigne, 549
Soutmann, 549
_Souvenir_ (syn. of Souvenir du Congrès), 218
Souvenir de l'Abbé Lefebvre, 549
Souvenir de du Breuil Père, 549
Souvenir du Congrès, 218
Souvenir Deschamps, 549
Souvenir Désiré Gilain, 549
Souvenir d'Espéren, 219
_Souvenir d'Espéren_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 165
Souvenir d'Espéren de Berckmans, 549
Souvenir Favre, 550
Souvenir de Gaëte, 550
Souvenir de Julia, 550
_Souvenir de Leopold I^{er}_ (syn. of Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire
de Léopold I^{er}), 573
Souvenir de Leroux-Durand, 550
Souvenir de Lydie, 550
Souvenir de Madame Charles, 550
_Souvenir de Madame Treyve_ (syn. of Madame Treyve), 459
Souvenir de la Reine des Belges, 550
Souvenir de Renault Père, 551
Souvenir de Sannier père, 551
Souvenir de Simon Bouvier, 551
_Souvenir de Simon Bouvier_ (syn. of Simon Bouvier), 546
Souvenir du Vénérable de la Salle, 551
Souveraine de Printemps, 551
Spae, 551
Spae, orig. of Spae, 551
_Spanish Warden_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Espagne), 313
_Sparbirne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177
Späte Rotbirne, 551
Späte Sommerbirne ohne Schale, 551
Späte Todemannsbirne, 552
Späte Wasserbirne, 552
Spätes Graumänchen, 552
Species of oriental pears, descriptions of, 74
Species of pears, 57;
characters of, 57;
descriptions of, 69
Speckbirne, 552
Speedwell, 552
Spillingsbirne, 552
Spindelförmige Honigbirne, 552
Spindelförmige Rehbirne, 552
Spinka, 552
Spreeuw, 553
_Squash_ (syn. of Taynton Squash), 560
Stair, discoverer of Bartlett, 125
Star of Bethlehem, 553
Stark, W. P., introd. of Victor, 572
Stark Bros., introd. of Florida Bartlett, 383
Statistics of pear culture, 83
Steinbirne, 553
Steinmitz Catharine, 553
Stephens, Prof., discov. of Rapelje, 516
Sterckmans, orig. of Beurré Sterckmans, 307
Sterility of pear, 99
Sterling, 553
Sterling, orig. of Sterling, 553
Stevens, M. F., orig. of Stevens Genesee, 553
Stevens Genesee, 553
Stocks for pears, importance of, 94;
notes on, 95
Stoff, orig. of Madame Stoff, 459
Stoffels, orig. of Sabine d'Été, 534
Stone, 553
Stone, orig. of Stone, 553
Stone & Wellington, orig. of Pitson, 500
Stout, 553
Strassburger Sommerbergamotte, 553
Stribling, 554
Stribling, J. C., introd. of Stribling, 554
_Striped Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Bon-Chrétien d'Hiver Panaché), 314
Structural botany of pear, 58
Stümplerbirne, 554
Sturges, 554
Sturges, Mrs, Mary S., orig. of Sturges, 554
_Stuttgarter Geisshirtel_ (syn. of Rousselet de Stuttgardt), 531
Stuyvesant, pear tree in garden of, 49
Styer, 554
Styer, Charles, orig. of Styer, 554
Styrian, 554
_Sucré de Tertolen_ (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne), 569
Sucré-Vert, 554
_Sucré-Vert d'Hoyerswerda_ (syn. of Sucrée de Hoyerswerda), 555
Sucrée Blanche, 555
Sucrée du Comice, 555
_Sucrée d'Heyer_ (syn. of Heyer Zuckerbirne), 418
Sucrée de Hoyerswerda, 555
Sucrée de Montluçon, 555
Sucrée Van Mons, 555
Sucrée de Zurich, 555
Sudduth, 220
Sudduth, Titus, dissem. of Sudduth, 220
Suet Lea, 556
Suffolk Thorn, 556
Sugar Top, 556
Sülibirne, 556
Sullivan, 556
_Summer Bell_ (syn. of Windsor), 583
Summer Beurré d'Arenberg, 556
_Summer Franc Réal_ (syn. of Bergamotte d'Été), 271
Summer Hasting, 556
Summer Popperin, 556
Summer Portugal, 556
Summer Saint Germain, 556
Summer Virgalieu, 557
Summer, Col. William, introd. of Upper Crust, 567;
orig. of Hebe, 413
_Superfin_ (syn. of Beurré Superfin), 137
Superfondanta, 557
Superstitions based on pears, 10
Suprême Coloma, 557
Surpasse Crassane, 557
Surpasse Meuris, 557
Surpasse St, Germain, 557
Surpasse Virgalieu, 557
Surprise, 558
Süsse Margarethenbirne, 558
Süsse Sommerlahnbirne, 558
Suwanee, 558
Suzanne, 558
Suzette de Bavay, 558
Swain, James R., orig. of Bronx, 320
Swan Egg, 558
_Swan's Orange_ (syn. of Onondaga), 201
Sweater, 558
Sylvie de Malzine, 559
Taglioretti, 559
Takasaki, 559
Talmadge, 559
Talmadge, Levi, orig. of Talmadge, 559
Tardive d'Ellezelles, 559
Tardive Garin, 559
Tardive de Mons, 559
Tardive de Montauban, 559
Tardive de Solesne, 559
_Tardive de Toulouse_ (syn. of Duchesse d'Hiver), 372
Tatnall Harvest, 559
Tavernier de Boulogne, 559
Taylor, 560
Taynton Squash, 560
Tea, 560
Templiers, 560
Tepka, 560
_Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Van Tertolen Herbst
Zuckerbirne), 569
Test, 560
Tettenhall, 560
Teutsche Augustbirne, 561
Texas, 561
Thacher, Anthony, pear tree, 43
The Dean, 561
Theilersbirne, 561
Theodor Körner, 561
Theodore, 561
Theodore Van Mons, 561
Theodore Williams, 561
Théophile Lacroix, 561
Theophrastus, mention of pear by, 5
Thérèse, 562
Thérèse Appert, 562
Theveriner Butterbirne, 562
Thibaut Butterbirne, 562
Thick Stalked Pear, 562
Thiérard, Jules, orig. of Lydie Thiérard, 454
Thimothée, 562
_Thintwig_ (syn. of Tonkovietka), 564
Thirriot, orig. of Fondante Thirriot, 386
Thirriot Bros., orig. of Eugène Thirriot, 379
Thompson, Judge, orig. of Thompson, 562
Thompson (Eng.), 562
Thompson (N. H.), 562
Thooris, 562
_Thorp_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
_Thouin_ (syn. of Winter Nelis), 232
Thrips on pear, 121
Throop, Calvin, orig. of Calvin, 326
Thuerlinckx, 563
Thurston Red, 563
_Thury Schmalzbirne_ (syn. of Héricart de Thury), 417
Tiffin, 563
Tigrée de Janvier, 563
Tillage of pear orchards, 102
Tillington, 563
Timpling, 563
Tindall, George & William, orig. of Tindall Swan Egg, 563
Tindall Swan Egg, 563
Tollbirne, 564
Tolstoy, 564
Tom Strange, 564
Tonkovietka, 564
Tonneau, 564
Toronto Belle, 564
Totten, Col., orig. of Totten Seedling, 564
Totten Seedling, 564
_Tougard_ (syn. of Calebasse Tougard), 326
Tourasse, orig, of Comte de Lambertye, 346;
Directeur Hardy, 360;
La Béarnaise, 440;
Pierre Tourasse, 499;
Professeur Bazin, 514
Tournay d'hiver, 565
Tout-il-faut, 565
Träublesbirne, 565
Tredwell, Thomas, orig. of Platt, 500
Trees, pear, characters of, 59
_Trescott_ (syn. of Westcott), 578
_Trésor_ (syn. of Amour), 245
Tressorier Lesacher, 565
Treyve, orig. of Madame Treyve, 459;
Précoce de Trévoux, 507
Trinkebirne, 565
Triomphe de Jodoigne, 565
Triomphe de Louvain, 565
Triomphe de Touraine, 565
Triomphe de Tournai, 565
Triomphe de Vienne, 566
_Triumph_ (syn. of Triomphe de Vienne), 566
_Trockener Martin_ (syn. of Martin-Sec), 466
Trompetenbirne, 566
Troppauer Goldgelbe Sommermuskatellerbirne, 566
_Troppauer Muskateller_ (syn. of Troppauer Goldgelbe
Sommermuskatellerbirne), 566
Trottier, orig. of Doyenné de Montjean, 368
_Trois Jours_ (syn. of Poire des Trois Jours), 504
_Trout Pear_ (syn. of Forelle), 167
Truchsess, 566
Truckhill Bergamot, 566
Tsar, 566
Tudor, 567
Turban, 567
Türkische müskirte Sommerbirne, 567
Turnep, 567
Turner, mention of pears by, 32
Tusser, mention of pears by, 32
Tussock moth caterpillars on pear, 120
_Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I_ (syn. of Vingt-cinquième
Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}), 573
Twice flowering Pear-tree, 567
Tyler, 567
Tyson, 222;
value of, for local market in New York, 101
Tyson, Jonathan, owner of original tree of Tyson, 223
Ulatis, 567
_Unbekannte Von Mons_ (syn. of L'Inconnue Van Mons), 439
_Union_ (syn. of Pound), 208
Unterlaibacher Mostbirne, 567
_Unvergleichliche_ (syn. of Sans-Pareille du Nord), 540
Upper Crust, 567
Urbaniste, 224; parent of Harris, 412;
Poire du Pauvre, 503
_Urbanister Sämling_ (syn. of Urbaniste), 224
Ursula, 567
Uvedale, Dr., orig. of Pound, 209
_Uvedale's St. Germain_ (syn. of Pound), 208
Uwchlan, 568
Valentine, 568
Vallée Franche, 568
Valley, 568
Van Assche, 568
_Van Assene_ (syn. of Van Assche), 568
Van Buren, 568
Van Deventer, 568
Van Dooren, orig. of Rousselet Saint-Quentin, 530
Van Geert, Jean, orig. of Beurré Jean van Geert 298;
Beurré Van Geert, 295
Van Lindley, J., introd. of Alice Payne, 242
Van Marum, 569
Van Mons, Dr., discov. of var., 533;
orig. of varieties, 131, 152, 161, 221, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 246,
251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 265, 269, 272, 273, 278, 279, 282,
284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 293, 297, 298, 299, 305, 307, 308,
312, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331,
333, 334, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351,
353, 354, 355, 356, 358, 361, 362, 365, 368, 369, 370, 372, 373,
377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 385, 386, 387, 390, 392, 394, 405, 409,
413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 433, 434, 441, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448,
452, 457, 462, 463, 464, 467, 470, 472, 474, 476, 483, 485, 487,
488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 498, 502, 505, 508, 511, 512, 513, 515,
516, 518, 519, 520, 522, 527, 528, 531, 536, 545, 547, 553, 555,
556, 557, 558, 561, 562, 565, 569, 570, 578;
prop. of var., 160;
theory of, in pear breeding, 18;
work of, in pear breeding, 17
_Van Mons Butterbirne_ (syn. of Léon Leclerc (Van Mons)), 189
Van Mons frühe Pomeranzenbirne, 569
_Van Mons Hermannsbirne_ (syn. of Saint Germain Van Mons), 536
Van Mons Sommer Schmalzbirne, 569
Van Mons späte Wirthschaftbirne, 569
Van Mons süsse Haushaltsbirne, 569
Van Tertolen Herbst Zuckerbirne, 569
Van Vranken, William, discov. of Sacandaga, 534
Van de Weyer Bates, 569
Vancouver, mention of fruits in California by, 54
Vanderveer, 570
Vanderveer, Dr. Adrian, orig. of Vanderveer, 570
Varet, A., orig. of Beurré Vauban, 307
Varro, fifty monographs of husbandry by Greeks named by, 7;
forerunner of modern pear management, 7
Varuna, 570
Vauquelin, 570
Vauquelin, orig. of Vauquelin, 570
Veitch, Messrs., orig. of S. T. Wright, 533
_Venturia pyrina_, cause of pear scab, 114
Venusbrust, 570
_Vereins Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Doyenné du Comice), 153
Vergoldete oder wahre graue Dechantsbirne, 570
Verguldete Herbstbergamotte, 570
_Verlain_ (syn. of Verlaine d'Été), 570
Verlaine d'Été, 570
Vermillion d'en Haut, 570
Vermont, 571
Vermont Beauty, 225;
place of, in New York pear culture, 85;
possibility of, being identical with Forelle, 167
Vernusson, 571
_Verschwenderin_ (syn. of Enfant Prodigue), 377
_Verte-Longue d'Automne_ (syn. of Long Green of Autumn), 449
Verte-longue panachée, 571
Verte-Longue de la Sarthe, 571
Verulam, 571
_Veterans_ (syn. of Besi des Vétérans), 282
Vezouzière, 571
_Vicar_ (syn. of Vicar of Winkfield), 226
Vicar Junior, 571
Vicar of Winkfield, 226
Vice-Président Coppiers, 572
Vice-Président Decaye, 572
Vice-Président Delbée, 572
Vice-Président Delehoye, 572
Vice-Président Delbée, parent of Cavelier de la Salle, 331
Victor, 572
_Victoria_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423
_Victoria d'Huyse_ (syn. of Huyshe Victoria), 423
Victoria de Williams, 572
Victorina, 572
Vigne, 572
Villain XIV, 572
Villéne de Saint-Florent, 573
Vin de Anglais, 573
_Vine Pear_ (syn. of Vigne), 572
Vineuse, 573
_Vineuse Esperen_ (syn. of Vineuse), 573
Vingt-cinquième Anniversaire de Léopold I^{er}, 573
_Virgalieu_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
_Virgalieu d'été_ (syn. of Summer Virgalieu), 557
Virginale du Mecklembourg, 573
Virginie Baltet, 573
Virgouleuse, 573
Vital, 574
Vital, discov. of Vital, 574
Vitrier, 574
_Volkmarsen_ (syn. of Volkmarserbirne), 574
Volkmarserbirne, 574
Von Muckenheim, orig. of Argusbirne, 252
Von Zugler, 574
Voscovoya, 574
Vosschanka, 575
_Wachsbirne_ (syn. of Cire), 338
Wade, 575
Wade, I. C., orig. of Wade, 575
Wadleigh, 575
Wahre Canning, 575
Wahre Faustbirne, 575
Wahre Schneebirne, 575
Walker, Samuel, owner of original tree of Mount Vernon, 199
_Walker_ (syn. of Amande Double), 243
Wallis, Henry, orig. of Wallis Kieffer, 575
Wallis Kieffer, 575
_Walnut_ (syn. of Echasserie), 374
_Wälsche Birne_ (syn. of Jargonelle), 177
Warden pear tree, 44
Warner, 575
_Warwicke_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
Washington, 575
Waterloo, 576
Watson, 576
Watson, William, orig. of Watson, 576
_Waxy_ (syn. of Voscovoya), 574
Weber, orig. of Duchesse d'Angoulême Bronzée, 371
Webster, 576
Weeping Willow, 576
Weidenbirne, 576
Weidenblättrige Herbstbirne, 576
Weihmier Sugar, 576
_Weihnachtsbirne_ (syn. of Fondante de Noël), 164
Weiler'sche Mostbirn, 576
_Weingifterin_ (syn. of Schweizer Wasserbirne), 543
Weisse Fuchsbirne, 576
Weisse Hangelbirne, 577
_Weisse Herbst Butterbirne_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
Weisse Kochbirne, 577
Weisse Pelzbirne, 577
_Weisse Pfalzgrafenbirne_ (syn. of Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne), 587
Welbeck Bergamot, 577
Wellington, 577
Wellington, A., introd. of Wellington, 577
Welsche Bratbirne, 577
Weltz, 578
Weltz, Leo, introd. of Weltz, 578
Wendell, 578
Wesner, 578
Westcott, 578
Westphälische Melonenbirne, 578
Westrumb, 578
Wetmore, 578
Wetmore, E. B., orig. of Wetmore, 578
Wharton Early, 579
Wheeler, 579
Wheeler, Dr., discov. of Wheeler, 579
Whieldon, 579
Whieldon, Wm. W., orig. of Whieldon, 579
_White Beurré_ (syn. of White Doyenné), 228
White Doyenné, 228;
parent of Beurré Antoine, 284;
Christmas Beurré, 337;
Collins, 341;
Hewes, 418;
Homestead, 420;
Vanderveer, 570
White Genneting, 579
White Longland, 579
White Seedling, 579
White Squash, 580
White Star, 580
Whitfield, 580
Wiegel, Christopher, orig. of Margaret, 197
_Wiener Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange de Vienne), 487
Wiest, 580
Wight, Joseph, orig. of Raymond, 517
Wilbur, 580
Wilbur, Jr., D., orig. of Wilbur, 580
Wilcomb and King, introd. of Lawrence, 185
Wild Pears. (See Pears, Wild)
Wilde Filzbirne, 580
Wilde Herrnbirne, 580
Wilde Holzbirne, 580
Wilder, Col. Marshall P., biography of, 128;
introd. into America of varieties, 127, 472, 571
_Wilder_ (syn. of Wilder Early), 230
Wilder Early, 230
Wilder Sugar, 580
Wilding von Einsiedel, 581
Wilding von Gronau, 581
_Wilding aus Suffolk_ (syn. of Suffolk Thorn), 556
Wilford, 581
Wilkinson, 581
Wilkinson, A., orig. of Wilkinson Winter, 581
Wilkinson, Jeremiah, orig. of Wilkinson, 581
Wilkinson Winter, 581
Willamette Valley, introduction of pear culture in, 54
Willermoz, 581
William, 581
_William Edwards_ (syn. of William), 581
William Prince, 582
Williams, orig. of Gansel Late Bergamot, 391;
Gansel Seckel, 170;
prop. of Bartlett, 125
Williams, Aaron Davis, orig. of Williams Early, 582
Williams, John, orig. of Chaumontel Swan Egg, 336;
Pitmaston, 207
Williams, Mrs., orig. of Williams Double Bearing, 582
Williams, Theodore, orig. of Theodore Williams, 561
_Williams_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124
_Williams' Apothekerbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124
_Williams' Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124
_Williams Christbirne_ (syn. of Bartlett), 124
Williams Double Bearing, 582
Williams Early, 582
Williams d'hiver, 582
Williams panachée, 582
_Williams Winter_ (syn. of Williams d'hiver), 582
Williamson, 582
Williamson, Nicholas, orig. of Williamson, 582
Willison, W., orig. of Queen Victoria, 515
Wilmington, 582
Windsor, 583
Winship, 583
Winship, Messrs., orig. of Winship, 583
Winslow, 583
Winter, 583
Winter Bartlett, 231
_Winter Bell_ (syn. of Pound), 208
_Winter Bon Chrétien_ (syn. of Angoisse), 248
_Winter Dechantsbirne_ (syn. of Easter Beurré), 159
Winter Doyenné, parent of Doyenné à Cinq Pans, 366
_Winter Eisbirne_ (syn. of Glace d'hiver), 397
Winter Jonah, 583
_Winter Meuris_ (syn. of Beurré d'Anjou), 127
Winter Nelis, 232;
parent of Colmar Sirand, 344;
Comptesse de Chambord, 347;
Lycurgus, 454;
Michaelmas Nelis, 471;
Reeder, 211;
place of, in commercial pear culture, 84
_Winter Oken_ (syn. of Oken), 485
_Winter Orange_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486
Winter Pear, 583
_Winter Pomeranzenbirne_ (syn. of Orange d'Hiver), 486
Winter Popperin, 584
Winter Rousselet, 584
Winter Seckel, 584
Winter Sweet Sugar, 584
_Winter Thorn_ (syn. of Épine d'Hiver), 377
Winter Williams, 584
Winterbirne, 584
Winterliebesbirne, 584
Winterrobine, 584
_Winterwunder_ (syn. of Petit-Oin), 496
Witte Princesse, 585
Witzthumb, orig. of Jean de Witte, 429
Wolfsbirne, 585
Woodberry, William, orig. of Rossney, 524
Woodbridge, orig. of Woodbridge Seckel, 585
Woodbridge Seckel, 585
Woodstock, 585
Worden, Schuyler, orig. of Worden Meadow, 585
Worden, Sylvester, orig. of Worden Seckel, 234
_Worden_ (syn. of Worden Seckel), 234
Worden Meadow, 585
Worden Seckel, 234
Wörlesbirne, 585
Wormsley Grange, 585
Wormy pear, cause of, 118
_Worster_ (syn. of Black Worcester), 310
_Wredow_ (syn. of Délices de Charles), 355
Wright, Zaccheus, orig. of Chelmsford, 336
Wurzer, 586
_Wurzer d'Automne_ (syn. of Wurzer), 586
Yat, 586
Yellow Huff-cap, 586
York, Mrs. Jeremiah, orig. of Pendleton Early York, 494
_York-précoce de Pendleton_ (syn. of Pendleton Early York), 494
Youngken, David, orig. of Youngken Winter Seckel, 586
Youngken, Josiah, orig. of Red Garden, 518
Youngken Winter Seckel, 586
Zache, 586
Zapfenbirn, 586
Zarskaja, 587
Zénon, 587
Zéphirin Grégoire, 587
Zéphirin Louis, 587
Zieregger Mostbirne, 587
Zimmtfarbige Schmalzbirne, 587
Zink Pfalzgrafenbirne, 587
Zoar Beauty, 588
Zoé, 588
_Züricher Zuckerbirne_ (syn. of Sucrée de Zurich), 555
_Zwibotzenbirne_ (syn. of Deux Têtes), 359
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _The Odyssey_, Book VII. Translated by S. H. Butcher and A. Lang.
[2] Pliny _Nat. Hist._ =XV=: 15. From a translation made for the writer
by Professor H. H. Yeames; Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y.
[3] Goderonne: From godron, a sculptural ornament having the shape of
an elongated egg.
[4] Cordus, Valerius _Hist. Pl._ =3=:176-182. 1561.
The writer is indebted to Professor H. H. Yeames, Hobart College,
Geneva, N. Y., for the translation of this chapter from the original
text.
[5] _A Hist. of Gard. in Eng._ 35-37. 1910.
[6] _Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections_ 1st Ser. =1=:118.
[7] _Mass. Records_ =1=:24.
[8] _Mass. Hist. Collections_ 3d Ser. =23=:337.
[9] _Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc._ p. 16. 1829-1878.
[10] _Report of Me. Pom. Soc._ =7=:1873.
[11] Prince, William _Cat._ 1771.
[12] For a brief account of the life and work of John Bartram, see _The
Grapes of New York_, page 97.
[13] For an account of the life and work of Coxe, see _The Peaches of
New York_, page 254.
[14] For an account of the life and work of Budd, see _The Plums of New
York_, page 145.
[15] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci_. =50=:228. 1915.
[16] Wilson, E. H. _Jour. Inter. Gar. Club 598._ 1918.
[17] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ 11:29. 1920.
[18] Rehder, Alfred _Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci._ =50=:237. 1915.
[19] Reimer, F. C. _Bull. Com. Hort. Calif._ =5=:167-172. 1916.
[20] Galloway, B. T. _Jour. Her._ =11=:32. 1920.
[21] Reimer, F. C. _Reprint from 1916 annual report of Pacific Coast
Association of Nurserymen_, 7. 1916.
[22] Some very good preliminary work on harvesting and storing pears
has been done by the Oregon Experiment Station, and is reported in
Bulletin 154, June, 1918, from that Station.
[23] For costs and profits in growing apples see Bulletin 376, New York
Agricultural Experiment Station.
[24] Hesler and Whetzel. _Manual of Fruit Diseases_ 330-331. 1917.
[25] Marshall P. Wilder contributed to all fields of American
horticulture as an ardent amateur grower and as a most generous patron.
But it was as a pomologist and especially as a grower of grapes
and pears that he established a permanent place for himself in the
horticulture of the country. He was born in New Hampshire in 1798 and
died in Boston in 1886, having lived in Dorchester, a suburb of Boston,
for upwards of a half century. By vocation a merchant, he was a captain
of industry in his day, yet most of his life, especially after the
prime had been passed, was devoted to the avocation of horticulture. He
was one of the founders of the American Pomological Society and had the
great honor of being its president, excepting a single two-year term,
from the first meeting in 1850 until his death. During the last years
of his presidency, Wilder actively engaged in the reform of pomological
nomenclature which the Society was then carrying on. He was an active
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for fifty-six years
and its president from 1841 to 1848. He was also one of the founders
of the Massachusetts Board of Agriculture, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Society, of the United States Agricultural Society, and
was a trustee of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Besides
membership and activity in these agricultural organizations, he served
as colonel and commander in a military company and as president of
the New England Historic and Genealogical Society from 1868 until his
death. Wilder was a zealous collector and introducer of flowers. He
specialized in camellias, azaleas, orchids, and roses. A rose bearing
his name is still a garden favorite. Many floral novelties of his
day owe their origin or introduction to Marshall P. Wilder. He was
ever enthusiastic over American grapes and tested all of the many new
varieties introduced about the middle of the last century. But the pear
was even more to his fancy than the grape, and he endeavored to grow
every native variety of any promise whatsoever. All told, he tested
over 1200 varieties, and in 1873 exhibited more than 400 varieties.
He originated several new pears and to him is due the honor of having
introduced the Beurre d'Anjou in 1844. At his death he left the
American Pomological Society $1000 for Wilder medals for new fruits and
$4000 for general purposes. To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
he left $1000 to encourage the introduction of new American pears and
grapes. Among many distinguished American pomologists who sought to
improve the pear, Marshall P. Wilder deserves most of any recognition
for his services and a place is therefore accorded him for his likeness
in the frontispiece of _The Pears of New York_ and the book is thereby
dedicated to him.
[26] The name is spelled by many writers Beurré d'Aremberg.
[27] General Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn, who followed the
vocation of a soldier, statesman, and author, chose as his avocation
horticulture and in several of its fields became eminent. A native of
New England (1783-1851), son of General Henry Dearborn of Revolutionary
fame, he was early educated to the profession of law and pursued
that vocation until the war with Great Britain in 1812. Services in
this war brought him the rank and title of general. After the war he
served as Collector of the Port of Boston, in Congress, and as Mayor
of Roxbury, Massachusetts, which office he held at the time of his
death. But it is as a patron, friend, and lover of horticulture that
the life and work of General Dearborn interest pomologists. He was one
of the charter members in the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and
a prime mover in its organization. He was elected its first president
March 17, 1829. In the history of the Society published in 1880, of
all the famous members of this truly remarkable organization, General
Dearborn's portrait was chosen for the frontispiece. He was early
interested in experimental gardens and rural cemeteries. The plans for
experimental gardens advocated by him were never fully carried out,
but no doubt his enthusiasm for such gardens, with his own garden as a
model, did much to stimulate the planting in America in the early half
of the nineteenth century of the many famous gardens which adorned and
enriched every center of culture along the Atlantic seaboard. He helped
to establish the Mount Auburn and Forest Hills cemeteries, famous
among Boston cemeteries, and the first of rural cemeteries in this
country. His life-long devotion to rural art as exemplified in gardens
and cemeteries knew no bounds. On these subjects and on pomology he
contributed many articles to the agricultural and horticultural papers
of his time. Few men, it can be said, could better concentrate their
thoughts and feelings on paper than he seems to have done. Besides the
many papers from his own pen he published several translated treatises
from the French, chief of which was a monograph on the Camellia in 1838
and another on _Morus multicaulis_ in 1830, the "Mulberry Craze" being
in full swing at this time. General Dearborn was an ardent pear-grower
and helped to test the hundreds of seedlings then being brought from
Belgium and France and grew as well considerable numbers from his own
seed-beds. Of all his seedlings, however, only Dearborn survives.
[28] The fame of Robert Manning as an accurate and discriminating
American pomologist will long endure. Few Americans, one conceives, as
his life is reviewed, have rendered greater service in any field of
the nation's agriculture. The quantity of his work was not remarkably
large, but the quality was superfine. Systematic pomology in particular
owes him much for his painstaking descriptions of fruits, and his
corrections in nomenclature. Born in Salem, Mass., July 18, 1784, he
made the town of his birth famous as a pomological center in America,
where, at the time of his death, October 10, 1842, his garden probably
contained a larger collection of fruits than had ever before been
brought together in America. Manning began collecting fruits in 1823
when he established his "Pomological Garden" at Salem for the purpose
of introducing and testing new varieties of fruits. He attempted to
bring together all of the varieties of fruits that would thrive in
eastern Massachusetts, and when his garden was fullest had about 2000
fruits, of which 1000 kinds were pears, to which fruit he gave most
attention. He had many English, French, and Belgian correspondents from
whom he received the most notable fruits grown in their countries.
He is said to have had a most remarkable memory and could carry in
mind the names, tree-habits, and qualities of any fruit he had ever
seen and could identify it at sight. In whatever group of pomologists
he chanced to be, his identifications and decisions on nomenclature
were accepted as correct. Small wonder, therefore, that the _Book
of Fruits_, published by Manning in 1838, at once took the place of
authority for descriptions of tree-fruits and for such small-fruits,
trees, and shrubs as the author described. It was the first, and is
almost the only, American pomology in which the descriptions were all
made with fruit in hand. The author intended this book to be the first
of a series, but the books to follow never appeared. He was one of
the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Pear-growers
are indebted to Manning for the work he did in testing the seedlings
sent out by Van Mons, the famous Belgian breeder, most of whose pears
came to American orchards through the agency of the Salem Pomological
Garden. He also received and introduced valuable pears from the London
Horticultural Society. His achievements mark Manning among the most
notable American pomologists, of whom no other labored as devotedly for
the attainment of better pears.
[29] Bernard S. Fox was a pioneer nurseryman and fruit-grower in
California who gave much time to improving the pear through seedlings.
During his stay of thirty years in the state of his adoption he was
noted for his energy and enterprise in every industry that had to
do with fruit-growing. Fox was an Irishman who came to America in
1848 and began work in the garden and nurseries of Hovey and Company
of Boston. A few years later he emigrated with the gold-seekers to
California where, shortly, he settled at San Jose as a nurseryman and
fruit-grower. Eventually he became possessed of a considerable amount
of land the increasing value of which made him a very wealthy man, and
he took pleasure in being a patron of horticulture as well as a worker
in its several fields. Early in his career at San Jose his interest
was aroused in the production of new pears from seed. He was a most
conscientious selecter and only the best survived in his orchards. He
was at all times extremely anxious not to cumber the list of pears with
worthless varieties. Out of a great number of seedlings, only three
finally received his approval, P. Barry, Fox, and Colonel Wilder. All
have high places in the pear lists of California and the United States,
and do honor to an enthusiastic and painstaking breeder of pears. For
many years before his death in July, 1880, he was the Vice President
of the American Pomological Society for California. Bernard S. Fox
was one of the first fruit-growers to bring fame to California, and
Californians are justly proud of him.
[30] Peter Kieffer, a nurseryman of good reputation in his state,
deserves pomological honors because of his keenness of vision in
selecting for distribution the pear which bears his name. Few men would
have recognized merit in the seedling from which the Kieffer pear
came. Peter Kieffer was born in Alsace in 1812, whence he emigrated to
America in 1834. In Europe he had worked for twelve years in the garden
of the King of France and upon his arrival in America sought employment
as a gardener which he found on the estate of James Gowen at Mt. Airy,
near Philadelphia. In 1853 he started a small nursery at Roxborough,
a short distance from Philadelphia. Much of his stock was imported
from Europe, most of which came from Van Houtte, the famous Belgian
nurseryman. From Van Houtte, Kieffer obtained seeds of the Chinese
Sand pear from which came the Kieffer pear as described in the history
of the variety. As a token of his faith in his new variety, Kieffer
planted an orchard of this pear, some of the trees of which still
live and bear. Peter Kieffer died in 1890, having made an important
contribution to horticulture even though the variety sent out by him is
far from perfect and has been much over-praised and over-planted.
[31] Patrick Barry, one of the founders of the firm of Ellwanger and
Barry, whose Mount Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, were long of
national and international reputation, was born in Belfast, Ireland,
in 1816 and died in Rochester, N. Y., in 1890. Besides contributing
to the fame of the nursery company he helped to found, Barry was for
many years one of the leading pomological editors and authors of the
country. New York, especially western New York, is greatly indebted
to George Ellwanger and Patrick Barry for the horticultural services
of their firm. It is not an exaggeration to say that they introduced
fruit-growing in western New York, a region now famous for its fruits.
So, also, the parks and home grounds of the many beautiful cities,
towns, and villages in western New York are adorned and enriched by
ornamental trees, shrubs and vines from the nurseries of Ellwanger and
Barry. Patrick Barry came to America in 1836 and with George Ellwanger
founded the Mount Hope Nurseries in 1840. Here for a half century he
devoted himself to the introduction and distribution of fruit and
out-of-door ornamental plants. In the early life of the nursery company
many importations were made from Europe and at a time when there were
no railroads, telegraph wires, nor ocean steamboats. It was during this
early period that the Mount Hope Nurseries began the importation of
pears and soon built up one of the largest collections in the country
and one which was maintained long after the famous collections farther
east had disappeared. At one time or another over 1000 varieties of
pears were tested on the grounds of this nursery. For a half century,
fruit-growers have studied with pleasure and profit the exhibits of
pears made by Ellwanger and Barry at the State and National exhibitions
of note. From 1844 to 1852, Patrick Barry edited _The Genesee Farmer_,
one of the best agricultural papers of its day and succeeded A. J.
Downing in the editorship of _The Horticulturist_ which he brought to
Rochester in 1855 where it was published until 1887. Barry's _Treatise
on the Fruit-Garden_ appeared in 1851 and at once became one of the
most popular books on pomology. In 1872 the "Treatise" was rewritten
and published as _Barry's Fruit Garden_. Another notable work of which
he was author was _The Catalogue of Fruits of the American Pomological
Society_ which was compiled by him. Patrick Barry was one of the
founders of the Western New York Horticultural Society, for many years
the leading horticultural organization of the continent, and of which
he was president for more than thirty years. Patrick Barry ranks with
Coxe, Kenrick, the Downings, Warder, Eliot, and Thomas as a great
leader in pomology of the time in which he lived.
William Crawford Barry, son of Patrick Barry of the preceding sketch,
was born in Rochester, New York, in 1847. As a boy he attended
parochial schools at Rochester and at Seton Hall, South Orange, New
Jersey. As a young man he studied in Berlin, Heidelberg, and the
University of Louvain in Belgium. Upon returning to America he took
a position in a seed house in New York that he might have practical
knowledge of the seed business to bring to the firm of Ellwanger
and Barry of which he was soon to become a member. After serving an
apprenticeship in the seed business he returned to Rochester to enter
the firm which his father and George Ellwanger had founded. From the
time of entrance in this company he took a prominent part in its
affairs, and for many years before his death, December 12, 1916, he was
president of the corporation. Of his horticultural activities, he may
be said to have been an organizer and promotor--one of the captains in
the industry. For twenty-six years he was president of the Western New
York Horticultural Society, having succeeded his father to this office.
He was the first president of the American Rose Society, and in 1882
was president of the Eastern Nurserymen's Association. For three years
he was president of the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station. He helped to establish and took a leader's part
in developing the parks of Rochester which have made that city famous
among lovers of landscapes. Highland Park was almost a creation of the
firm of Ellwanger and Barry. In 1888 the firm gave the city twenty
acres of land adjoining the Highland reservoir as the first step in
establishing a park system for Rochester. Mr. Barry was chairman of the
committee of the park board having in charge Highland Park from the
creation of the board until the year before his death when it passed
out of existence. Besides these horticultural activities, Mr. Barry
was either president or an officer in six banks and trust companies in
Rochester. His was a commanding figure in the horticulture of New York.
No one attending the meetings of the Western New York Horticultural
Society during the twenty-six years he was president can forget Mr.
Barry. His knowledge in every division of horticulture, his devotion
to grape and pear culture, his genial manner and pleasant greeting
to all members, and his force and tact as a presiding officer fitted
him so preëminently well for the place that he was unopposed for the
presidency during twenty-six terms following the death of his father
and until his death.
George Ellwanger, one of the founders and thereafter until his death
one of the partners in the Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, New
York, was born in Germany in 1816 and died in Rochester, New York,
in 1906. He came to the United States in 1835, having been educated
as a horticulturist in Stuttgart, although possibly the training he
received throughout his youth from his father, a grower of grapes and
fruits, taught him most, for Ellwanger often said that it was from
his father that he acquired his love of horticulture and was by him
persuaded to devote his life to the vocation of nurseryman. Ellwanger
settled in Rochester in 1839, and the next year joined with Patrick
Barry in forming the nursery and seed firm of Ellwanger and Barry,
calling their place of business "Mount Hope Nurseries." Ellwanger was
one of the founders of the American Pomological Society, and of the
Western New York Horticultural Society and throughout his life took an
active interest in both organizations. Mr. Ellwanger had large business
interests in Rochester and western New York and helped most materially
to develop the city and the country about. His chief contributions to
horticulture were made through the Mount Hope Nurseries, the influence
of which is briefly set forth in the sketch of the life of Patrick
Barry.
[32] Henry Waggoman Edwards, at one time Governor of Connecticut,
was a pioneer American pear breeder credited with making the first
systematic attempt to grow new pears in this country. He was a grandson
of the eminent theologian, Jonathan Edwards, was born at New Haven,
Conn., in 1779, graduated at Princeton College in 1797, studied law
at the Litchfield School and almost immediately entered into public
life shortly to become prominent and famous in state and nation. He
served Connecticut with honors as its Governor, and in the nation he
distinguished himself as Representative in the House from Connecticut,
Speaker of the House and as Senator. But it is as a pomologist that his
career is of concern to the reader. Always interested in pomology, and
no doubt especially interested in pears through the spectacular work
of Van Mons, he planted pear seeds in the fall of 1817 with the aim of
obtaining new and superior varieties of this fruit. Great success did
not attend his attempts at pear breeding, but Governor Edwards made a
start in work which Manning, Wilder and a score of others were to carry
forward with more striking results. Out of many seedlings, at least
five were named and were grown for a longer or shorter time by the
pear-growers of a century ago. These are Elizabeth, Calhoun, Dallas,
Henrietta and Citron, all described among the minor varieties of this
text. While hardly to be considered among the foremost pomologists of
the country, Governor Edwards is in the front rank of the lesser men
whose combined work has done so much to give weight and impulse to
American pomology.
Transcriber's Notes:
Words surrounded by _ are italicized.
Words surrounded by = are bold.
In this e-text, [vC] represents a capital letter C with a diacritical
mark caron (v-shaped symbol) above it.
Illustrations were relocated to correspond to their references in the
text.
Obvious printer errors corrected and inconsistent spellings have been
kept, including inconsistent use of hyphen (e.g. "after-flavor" and
"after flavor"), accents (e.g. "Müskirte" and "Muskirte"),
capitalisation (e.g. "Nec plus Meuris" and "Nec Plus Meuris"), and
proper names (e.g. "Luxemburg" and "Luxembourg").
Index entries that do not match their referenced text corrected (except
where the text is an obvious printer error) and if necessary moved to
the correct position according to alphabetical order, e.g. "Langstielege
Zuckerbirne" corrected to be "Langstielige Zuckerbirne". Index entries
that refer to non-existent text have been deleted.
Page 247, word "it" removed from sentence "...though it it seems...."
Page 284, word "it" removed from sentence "...where it it is...."