HINTS TO MINERS.
The experience of sixteen months in the mines enables me to make a few
suggestions which may be of importance to those intending to become
miners.
And with regard to the preparations which should be made, a great error
has been committed by most California emigrants, in making too much
preparation. A change of substantial clothing, with several pairs of
well-made water-proof boots, form a good outfit in that line. It is
important, where so much work is to be done in the water, to wear
flannel, even in the summer. It is attended with great inconvenience and
much expense to transport a large chest or trunk from place to place. I
have known many, on arriving at San Francisco, who sell off, at a great
loss, the greatest part of all their stores, reducing them to one change
of clothing. There is great risk, also, of losing one’s effects by fire
or by water, or by the breaking up of the establishment in which they
are stored. The Amity and Enterprise Association, formed before we left
Philadelphia, can speak knowingly upon this subject. Each individual of
this association had an outfit which would have lasted three or four
years. In addition, they had company property, in provisions, tents,
mining utensils, &c., to a considerable amount. Most of this was sent
around the Horn by several shipments. The rest we took with us to
Tampico. When we reached this place, finding that the transportation
across Mexico would be about $50 a hundred, we packed most of our
individual property in a large box, and shipped it back to the States to
be forwarded to California. This is the last we ever saw of its
contents. Our provisions we sold at Tampico, which did not pay the
custom-house duties upon them. Of those which were sent around the Horn,
the provisions did not pay the freight and commissions on the sale; and
most of our clothing, &c., were stored in San Francisco, and burned in
the second great fire in that city. I do not know of a company which did
not meet with losses in proportion to the extent of their outfits. The
losses of those who crossed the plains in this respect were very great.
Large quantities of valuable mining implements, hundreds of hams, bags
of flour, and other provisions--even wagons, in large numbers--were left
upon the road. It is often the case that persons suffer very seriously
from their ignorance of the difficulties and expenses to which they will
be liable after reaching California. Many find themselves in San
Francisco with cramped means, and sometimes none at all, and with a long
and expensive journey to the mines before them, besides many necessary
articles which should be procured. Every miner should have $150 by him
on his arrival in the country. More would not be amiss.
I believe all who are at the mine would agree with me in recommending to
the new miner to leave all machinery behind him. If he takes any thing
in that line, let it be the best _mining pick_ and _spade_ he can find,
with a stout sheath-knife, and a horn for crevassing. The “cradle” is
found any where in the settlements or in the mines. If it is intended to
engage in the quartz-crushing operations, the most simple machinery is
the best. The very complicated and expensive machinery which has, in
several instances, been taken to the mines, has been useless. The least
breakage will delay the whole work for months, till it is replaced from
the States.
By all means avoid companies which are got up at home for mining.
Whatever facilities they offer; whatever array of influential names they
present; whatever they purpose or promise to accomplish--if they come to
you with a charter, or a ship, of which you are to share the
advantages--_avoid companies formed at home_! They work badly; they
cramp your energies; they entangle all your operations. In the mines, it
will always be necessary for you to associate yourself with one or two,
and sometimes with twenty, or even fifty mining companions. These
associations are formed and terminate with the necessity of the
occasion.
Much time is lost in the mines by those who are led, by exaggerated
stories of success, from a place where they are working with some
advantage, to seek a better location. Leave the work of prospecting,
principally, to the more experienced miners. There is an excitement
connected with the pursuit of gold which renders one restless and
uneasy--ever hoping to do something better. The very uncertainty of the
employment increases this tendency. A person may be making his quarter
ounce a day, and hears that a person a few miles from him is making an
ounce. He is accordingly dissatisfied, and removes to the new diggings,
there, probably, to be again disappointed. These exaggerated stories are
most generally got up by traders in the place, in order to bring
customers to their stores. I have noticed that those who remain most
constantly in one place are in the end most successful.
When you have marked off your claim upon a bar--a place which has been
proved--_dig down to the rock_! Many have been losers by relinquishing
their work before it is finished. The gold is generally scattered upon
the primitive rock. All the rich deposits are here. You may dig over the
quarter part of your claim and find little gold, while a parcel
containing pounds may lie concealed in the last corner. A friend from
Philadelphia, who marked off a claim at the Chinese diggings, dug it
partly out, came to water, which disheartened him, and gave it up. Three
miners went into it at once, and in a few hours had taken out $375. The
necessity of perseverance in such an employment must be apparent to all.
You can not hope to accomplish any thing without it. Your motto must be,
“_Hope on, hope ever!_” The treasure you seek may lie at the bottom of
your next claim--it may be beneath the next stone.
_Be careful of your health!_ This once gone, your hopes are at an end.
An unfortunate miner at the Marepoosa diggings, who had brought upon
himself an attack of scurvy by the neglect of his health, said to me,
during a visit made to him, “I would give all the gold of California, if
I had it, for the health I had two weeks ago!” Fortunately, the
supplies of provisions at the mines are better and more abundant than
they were; and there will be yet greater improvement in this respect.
Vegetables, of which we had none at first, are now regularly furnished.
The great care should be, to guard against the influence of working in
the water. To this you are necessarily exposed; and, from my observation
on this point, the danger arising from this exposure may, in general, be
safely met by the care the miner takes of himself in his hours of rest.
It is not his being wet during the time of labor which is most likely to
prove injurious, but his remaining so during the reaction which takes
place in the system at the close of labor. As you value your health,
then, do not enter upon your hour of rest at noon, and especially do not
leave work at night, without throwing aside your wet garments and
putting on dry ones. You will soon be aware of a great change which
takes place in the temperature of the air, among the mountains, during
every night of the year. You may lie down, wet and tired, at night, and
perhaps not need a blanket, while before morning you will feel the need
of two or three. It is not generally the most robust or vigorous who
best stand the labor, the privations, or the exposure they are sure to
meet. These seem the most liable to the many diseases of the country;
and perhaps it is for the very reason that, trusting to their strength
and vigor of constitution, they do not take the necessary care of their
health.
There are many other points to which I might profitably call your
attention, but respecting which experience will be your best teacher.
A few thoughts as to the various kinds of gold and gold-digging. (See
the Appendix.) The gold deposits are found in the quartz and slate
formations, in decomposed granite, in sand and gravel beds, and in clay.
The largest specimens are found between the layers of slate over which
the stream flows vertically. The rocks and soil are frequently volcanic,
like those of Pompeii. Lumps of gold are often found alone, and are no
indication of the existence of a rich deposit. But the scale and dust
gold is not found in this detached state; it exists generally in veins,
though sometimes much scattered through the soil by the action of the
water.
The river diggings are sometimes upon the bars over which the stream has
formerly run. These bars are covered with stones, which, with a portion
of the soil below, must be removed, to the distance of several feet.
When, by experiment, it is found to yield gold, the cradle is placed by
the river side, and the dirt is washed through it, while the gold
settles at the bottom of the machine. At the close of the work, this is
washed down in pans, and then is dried in the sun or by the fire, and is
still farther cleaned by blowing, by the magnet, or by quicksilver. The
river diggings found in the channels require much more labor in the
preparation, and must be worked by companies, sometimes of one hundred
persons. A canal and dam must be made, to turn the water from the
channel of the river. After that, the process is the same as the bar
working. These constitute, generally, the summer diggings, as the rivers
are low, and in a better state for being worked. The winter diggings
are found among the ravines and gulches, and upon the plains where the
streams have formerly run. These are dry in summer, and can only be
worked after the rainy season commences. But the Mexicans and Chilinos
have a method of “dry washing,” or winnowing the gold-dirt, much as
grains are winnowed, the dirt being blown away, and the gold falling
into the blanket or skin. The dry diggings are sometimes worked during
the dry season, and the dirt thrown up in heaps, to be washed out when
there is water. If worked in the rainy season, the water must be turned
by small dams and canals, leaving the channel and its banks dry. This
kind of labor is very difficult, but often pays well. The other kind of
dry digging is the most laborious of all. It is sometimes the case that
very rich deposits are found upon the small plains lying between the
mountains. The river which formerly ran here has been displaced by the
soil, which accumulates to a great depth. The soil must be removed,
sometimes to the depth of twenty, thirty, or even forty feet, before the
gold is found. When found, it sometimes proves very rich, but more
frequently very poor. I have seen a company of nine persons labor for
two weeks, keeping down the water with pumps, and, after all their toil,
not find a grain of gold to reward their efforts. It is truly one of the
most discouraging circumstances in a miner’s life, that, although he may
one day make his pounds, the next he may make little or nothing. It is
equally disheartening to him to be working all day for the merest
trifle, while by his side, and within a few feet of him, another is
taking out his pounds. But let him persevere, and success may be his
reward.
The actual time favorable for mining during the year is very limited,
the greater proportion of which is spent in preparations. Some of the
river companies spent five, and one six months’ time, in making their
canal, dam, and other preparations for two months’ mining, in September,
October, and November. Much time is lost during the excessive heat of
the dry and the storms of the rainy season, and more in the profitless,
but arduous labor of _prospecting_. Then much time must be spent in
removing, in purchasing provisions, in building houses, &c. If all the
days of actual _mining_ were set down, they would not, I think, amount
to more than seventeen weeks in the year.
Much was anticipated, at the commencement of the last rainy season, from
the use of the submarine armor in working the channels of the rivers.
Much money was expended, and much time lost in making experiments, but
to little advantage. In every instance where they were tried on the
Tuolumne, they were soon abandoned as useless. The experiments tried
near me were made by an old Georgia gold miner, and one who had been
accustomed to the use of the submarine suit, which he had worn in
recovering some treasures from a ship sunk in the Mississippi. But he
never accomplished any thing with it at the mines. In addition to the
cradle, which has been always in use in the mines, the North Carolina
rocker and the Long Tom are used to advantage upon the placers where the
gold is very fine. These are both, however, made on the same general
principle as the simple cradle. The principal difference is, that they
are larger and longer.
Before closing this chapter of miscellanies, I will endeavor to guard
you against some moral evils--or I might better name them _immoral
influences_--to which you will be exposed.
Why it is so, it is not my purpose now to inquire; but such is the fact,
that in California there are circumstances which render vice very
attractive and alluring, and which, unless resolutely resisted, draw the
mind to become familiar with it, and in the end to embrace it. The man
esteemed virtuous at home becomes profligate, the honest man dishonest,
and the clergyman sometimes a profane gambler; while, on the contrary,
the cases are not few of those who were idle or profligate at home, who
come here to be reformed. It can not be known what influence such trials
and temptations will exert upon the character till they are tried. If
they are resisted, the character is strengthened; if they are not
resisted, the propensity to vice is proportionally increased. But not
only does vice seem more alluring here--it comes, from the very
circumstances in which the miner is placed, to be a substitute for
common amusement. He has not the society of the home circle to cheer and
enliven him. Disheartened, often reduced to the depths of melancholy, he
has no longer the friends--the innocent recreations to which he has been
accustomed. On the Sabbath morning, no church is open for the sad and
dispirited wanderer, self-exiled from his father’s house! No mother, or
sisters, or beloved wife can cheer him by their conversation and
smiles. Is it to be wondered at, then, that in his gloom he listens to
the voice of the Syren, and turns away to seek those broken cisterns
which can hold no water? Do you not perceive that he is exposed to
peculiar and great danger? But recollect, if the danger is great, so
much greater is the virtue of overcoming it. If the trial is severe, so
much stronger the energy and resolution which is requisite to vanquish
it. And if the temptation is resisted, the moral principles are
strengthened just in proportion to the degree of temptation. The young
man who returns home from California untainted, and of whom it may be
said,
“Among the faithless, faithful he,”
may ever after be trusted. He has been tried as gold is tried, and the
trial has but served to exhibit the excellence of his character; and
well may his friends esteem and love him more, even if he returns to
them without an ounce of gold, than if he came home with his thousands
with a ruined character.
As I entered one of the magnificent gambling saloons of San Francisco,
and proceeded from one table to another, I saw, to my surprise, a young
man, who had come from one of the most religious families in his native
city, placing down his money upon the table. I stepped to his side. In a
moment the card was turned, and a small amount of silver was added to
that already in his hand. He looked anxiously at me, and said, “I would
not have my mother know what I am doing for all the money in this room.”
“Why then do it?” I asked; “have you thought to what the first step may
lead?” “But what can I do,” he said, earnestly; “I came not here to
gamble, but to find amusement; and can you tell me what other amusement
is within my reach?” I think that was the first, and am sure it was the
last time that my friend visited the saloons for the purpose of
gambling. But it affords an illustration of the subject--the danger, in
the absence of proper subjects of interest and amusement, of seeking
these in wrong and sinful ways. Many a person in California becomes a
professed gambler in consequence of taking the _first step_ from desire
of amusement. It can not be impressed upon your mind too deeply that the
gambling table is the place of the greatest danger. It is one of the
most ensnaring inventions of the great enemy of souls.
But how shall I speak of a kindred subject, so fraught with danger that
numbers of our most gifted citizens have yielded themselves to it. I
think _intemperance_ may be named as, next to gambling, the most
prevailing vice of California. They generally go hand in hand. In this
country, where the common restraints are removed which formerly imposed
a salutary check, this vice gains disgusting and dangerous prominence.
All that it is in its secluded orgies, all that it becomes in its
favorite haunts elsewhere, it is in California in open day. It blushes
not to show itself in its most fearful forms even in the public streets.
Many a poor miner, who becomes discouraged and sinks down into gloom,
flies to strong drink as he would to a friend from whom he expects to
receive relief. Occasionally, the Daguerreotype likenesses of dear
friends at home, or the sight of the neglected Bible--(for most miners
have both of these, almost their only treasures)--or the reception of a
letter, the miner’s only luxury, recalls him to his better self, puts
new hopes, new resolutions, and new life into him. But gradually he
yields the ground again; again he stands on slippery places, and soon he
staggers into his grave, for soon does vice of every kind perfect its
work here. _Licentiousness_, which is so destructive an evil in large
cities in Europe and America, is found also in California, and there
produces its bitter fruits. _Profanity_--a kind of its own; a bold,
independent, and startling profanity--is far too common in the mines, as
it is in the settlements. Several have told me that they have fallen
into this habit unconsciously, and, in some instances, have asked, as an
act of friendship, that I would aid them in correcting it. In one case,
a company of young men from New England mutually pledged themselves to
each other and to me to refrain from this habit. For the very reason
that it is so insinuating, and creeps so gradually upon one, should it
be more sedulously avoided. In my own case, I could perceive that the
constant listening to profane language produced a familiarity which
continually lessened the sense of repugnance it occasioned. This would
have been more and more the case, had I not adopted an expedient, which,
while it aimed at the good of others, had the effect to guard my own
mind against the moral contagion. The expedient which I adopted was
this: when I heard a profane oath, I accompanied it with a petition to
Heaven in behalf of him who had uttered it.
No man, young or old, should go to California unless he has firmness of
principle enough to resist, and forever hold at bay, all the vices of
the country, in whatever disguise they may present themselves, and in
however fascinating shapes they may appear.
If I were asked what was the state of religion in the mines, I could
only say, it is in _no state_. There are many men there who maintain
their integrity and their piety. If there is preaching, it is well and
respectfully attended. Many, perhaps most, occasionally read their
Bibles or tracts. There is a respect for religion, as there is a respect
for every thing which reminds one of home; but society must be in a very
different condition--it must be settled, and have some elements of
permanence--before a decidedly religious influence can be brought to
bear upon it. When I say that the sound of the pick, spade, and rocker
are seldom heard on the Sabbath--that the Bible is often and devoutly
read--that often, from beneath some cluster of trees, the cheering sound
of some hymn and the preacher’s voice are heard, it is as much as can be
said.
As to the operation of the laws at the mines, and their effects upon the
interests of the community, I can only give the facts in the case,
without discussing the subject. When we first reached the gold diggings,
life and property were comparatively secure. Without law, except the law
of honor; without restraint, except that imposed by the fear of summary
punishment, which was sure to follow the only crimes cognizable under
the new code--those of _stealing_ and of _murder_--we were comparatively
safe. If the “way of the transgressor was hard,” it was also speedily
terminated. It was the reign of the rifle and the halter. And yet this
was a people who had been accustomed to the laws of civilized countries,
and who yet loved order. The principles of a republican government were
only adapting themselves to a new and untried emergency. The crime was
committed, and proved in the presence of a competent and impartial jury,
who were also required to award the punishment. The sentence was
pronounced by the alcalde, a grave was dug, the sharp crack of the rifle
was heard, the body was buried, and every man proceeded silently to his
own work. I have never yet heard of the case in which the verdict given
under the first system was an unrighteous one, or the punishment
inflicted undeserved.
But a change came; civil laws were enacted in the mines; and what was
the result? Why, crimes of every kind were committed, and the very
officers of justice were met by the taunt, “Catch me, if you can!”
Seldom was the criminal caught; and when caught, more seldom was he
brought to punishment. And there is but one opinion among the miners,
that the system _without civil law, but with summary justice_, is, _in
the state of society which now exists_ in California, incomparably
better than the system _with such law, but without justice_.
Ere long, California will have a truly _golden age_, when _law and
justice, and every moral and Christian virtue_ shall prevail.
APPENDIX.
I give extracts from a letter which was written by Rev. Dr. Hitchcock,
president of Amherst College, as containing some valuable hints to the
miner. The reader will be struck by the accuracy of the opinions so
early expressed, and which correspond so exactly with the facts since
developed. It will be considered that Dr. Hitchcock could not then have
seen even the first official report from the Mint, as it was some time
after the receipt of his letter that the author had the pleasure of
hearing Dr. Patterson read that report in manuscript. The first deposit
of gold was made at the Mint December 8th, and the letter is dated
December 25th, 1848.
_To the Rev. Daniel B. Woods._
DEAR SIR,--I believe that in almost every case gold mines that are
worked occur in loose soil, sand and gravel, where the gold is in
grains, and has been washed out of the rocks. Such is the case in
the Uralian Mountains and Siberia, where I believe that not one
mine is worked in the solid rocks, although some veins are known. I
should not, therefore, search for veins in the mountains, but try
to find the best spots on the banks of rivers. Success must depend
much, indeed, upon chance, though practice doubtless would afford
some marks that would be of service. If you should find veins in
the rocks, I doubt whether they would be profitable to work. I have
a strong suspicion that gold will be found all along the western
part of our Continent; perhaps through the whole of California and
Oregon; for I suspect that this is the eastern side of a vast gold
deposit in Asia, reaching as far west as the Uralian Mountains. If
this opinion would increase the gold fever, I think you had better
not mention it. It may not prove true.
I hope you will improve your health, if not your fortunes, by this
voyage. Let your expectations of success in gold-digging be
moderate, and then I think the jaunt will do you good. That God’s
providence may be over you is the wish and prayer of
Yours respectfully and sincerely,
EDWARD HITCHCOCK.
_Amherst, December 25th, 1848._
P.S.--Magnetic iron sand is an almost invariable attendant of good
deposits of gold, and I should not be very sanguine of finding good
deposits when this is wanting.
_Letter from Geo. F. Dunning, Esq., Clerk in the Mint of the United
States._
MINT OF THE UNITED STATES, }
_Philadelphia, June 18, 1851_. }
DEAR SIR,--In compliance with your request, I proceed to give you
some information respecting the Mint establishment, and the terms
upon which it receives bullion for coinage. You are doubtless
correct in supposing that much misapprehension exists both as to
the character of the establishment and the routine of its business.
Within the limits of a letter, I can, of course, do little else
than notice briefly a few prominent subjects.
A uniform and reliable currency being a national benefit, our
government regards the support of the Mint establishment as
properly a national expense. Any person may bring his bullion to
the Mint, and have it converted into coin without charge. Many
well-informed persons suppose that all the coinage of the Mint is
for government account. On the contrary, the bullion is all
deposited by individuals, and is coined for them. Government simply
receives the bullion, ascertains its value, converts it all to a
uniform standard, shapes it into coins, and puts a stamp upon it
that shall give assurance of its value. From the coins thus made,
each depositor is paid the exact value of his bullion.
The term _bullion_, as used at the Mint, includes all gold and
silver, whether in the shape of bars, lumps, grains, plate, or
foreign coins. All these varieties of bullion are received at the
Mint for coinage, but no deposit is received of less value than one
hundred dollars.
The _weights_ used at the Mint are Troy weights, and they are
always expressed in ounces and decimals of an ounce. Thus, 18 oz.
15 dwt. is written 18·15 oz.
The _fineness_ of bullion is expressed in thousandths. The standard
of our coins, as fixed by law, is 900 thousandths; that is, in 1000
ounces of coin, 900 ounces must be pure metal, and 100 alloy. The
fineness of deposits is similarly expressed. Thus, 860 thousandths
fine signifies that of a given weight (of gold, for instance) 860
thousandth parts are pure gold, and the remainder (140 thousandths)
some other metal.
When bullion is left at the Mint for coinage, a receipt is given to
the depositor, bearing the date and number of the deposit as
entered in the weigh-book, and made payable to him or his order.
In this receipt, of course, only the weight of the bullion before
melting can be stated; its value depends upon its weight after
melting, and its fineness, which is to be subsequently determined
by assay.
Each deposit is separately assayed and reported upon by the
assayer. Its value is then calculated, and a detailed memorandum
prepared, exhibiting the number, date, depositor’s name, kind of
bullion, weights before and after melting, fineness, silver parted
(if the deposit is gold), value of the gold, value of silver
parted, deductions, and net value payable to the depositor. This
memorandum is given to the depositor with his coin. Deposits are
assayed, calculated, and ready for payment generally within a week
after they are made; and they are paid on the surrender of the
original Mint receipt.
I have said that the Mint makes no charge for converting bullion
into coin. This is strictly true; but, inasmuch as depositors will
frequently find by their “memorandums” that certain deductions have
been made by the Mint from the proceeds of their bullion, some
farther explanations are required. A miller who should grind wheat
and corn without taking _toll_, would be correctly said to grind
without charge. And if a farmer should carry his wheat in the
sheaf, or his corn in the ear, or corn and wheat mixed together in
the same bag, he would hardly object to pay the miller for
thrashing, shelling, or separating. If a depositor brings to the
Mint bullion “fit for coinage,” that is, of standard fineness and
properly alloyed, he will receive in return an equal weight of
coins, without charge or deduction of any kind. If, however, his
bullion requires _refining_, _alloying_, _toughening_, or
_separating_, to make it “fit for coinage,” this preliminary
expense, carefully determined by experience, is deducted from the
proceeds of the deposit.
The discovery of the California mines has suddenly increased the
deposits at the Mint from five or six millions of dollars annually
to thirty or forty millions. The whole amount received at the Mint
and branches, from December, 1848, to this date, is about sixty-six
millions of dollars. Of this, about twenty-four millions belong to
the present year.
The fineness of California gold ranges from about 825 to 950
thousandths. The bulk of them, however, are between 870 and 900,
the average being about 884. At this fineness, if entirely free
from dirt, an ounce of gold, with the silver contained (deducting
Mint charges), is $18 34. There is usually present in California
gold a portion of dirt, averaging five or six per cent. of the
weight. Five per cent. of dirt would reduce the average value given
above to $17 42.
The gold of California contains usually about eleven per cent. of
silver. This silver is separated for the benefit of the depositor,
when the amount contained in the deposit is sufficiently large to
pay the expense of separating, and yield a surplus of at least five
dollars. If the surplus is less than this, the depositor receives
no benefit from it, the law requiring that it shall accrue to the
Mint, and be used for paying ordinary expenses. It is therefore for
the interest of depositors to make their deposits sufficiently
large to secure the silver contained. At the average fineness of
884, this would require from 75 to 80 ounces.
For more complete information on this subject, your readers may be
referred to a small work entitled “New Varieties of Coins and
Bullion, &c., by J. R. Eckfeldt and W. E. Du Bois, Assayers of the
Mint. 1850,” and to a pamphlet entitled “Guide to the Value of
California Gold, by Geo. W. Edelman, U. S. Mint, 1850.”
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
GEO. F. DUNNING.
Rev. Daniel B. Woods, Philadelphia.
P.S.--The following rules for making calculations of weight and
value may not be unacceptable to the readers of your book.
1. _To convert Pounds Avoirdupois to Ounces Troy._--From the
avoirdupois weight, expressed in pounds and decimals of a pound,
subtract one eighth. Divide the sum thus obtained by ·06, and the
quotient will be the Troy weight in ounces and decimals.
2. _To convert Ounces Troy to Pounds Avoirdupois._--Multiply the
Troy weight in ounces and decimals by ·06. To this product add its
seventh, and you have the avoirdupois weight in pounds and
decimals.
3. _To find the Standard Weight of Gold or Silver, the gross weight
and fineness being given._--Multiply the gross weight, in Troy
ounces and decimals, by the fineness in thousandths, and divide the
sum by 900. The quotient will be the standard weight in ounces and
decimals.
4. _To find the Value of Gold and Silver._--GOLD. Multiply the
standard weight, in Troy ounces and decimals, by 800, and divide
the product by 43. The quotient is the value in dollars and cents.
SILVER. To the standard weight, in Troy ounces and decimals, add
its one eleventh part, and eight tenths of one eleventh. The sum
will be the value in dollars and cents.
5. _To convert the fineness expressed in Carats into
Thousandths._--Multiply the carats by 41⅔. The product is the
equivalent fineness in thousandths.
Since the completion of my work, I have received from Col. J. J. Abert,
of Washington, the Report of P. T. Tyson, Esq., presented to the Senate
of the United States by the Secretary of War.
Although it is too late to avail myself of the valuable information
contained in this report from one who has made a thorough and scientific
reconnoissance of the mineral and vegetable wealth, the climate and
agriculture of California, I am induced to present a few extracts, which
refer more immediately to the mines. It was a source of much
gratification to find the views and statements I have given so fully
corroborated by this report.
It will be noticed that the averages of the daily profits of the miners
arrived at by Mr. Tyson, as the result of careful observation, differs
but a trifle from the averages given in this volume. In his article upon
the gold regions, he writes:
“Although a large amount of gold has been collected in California within
the past eighteen or twenty months” (he writes at the close of 1849),
“yet, considering the number of persons engaged in digging for it, the
average amount to each is far less than is generally supposed. This
conclusion is forced upon the mind irresistibly, when the results of the
actual experience of a large number of the operators are taken into
consideration.
“The newspapers frequently relate instances of the return of individuals
with considerable sums of gold. Many of these are much overrated, and
the far greater number obtained it by other means than digging with
their own hands--one portion by honest trading; but much of the
hard-earned treasure in the hands of returned individuals has been borne
off in triumph, and brought home as the spoils of the conqueror, in
contests where honor belongs to neither winner nor loser.
“Representations from and about California are to be received with many
grains of allowance. The preternatural excitement which has been
produced by divers causes, in some cases to promote individual benefit,
has really impaired to a large extent the faculty of seeing things as
they would otherwise have been viewed. And there is yet no prospect of
an end to this state of things, because, as soon as the public mind
begins to recover from the effects of previous causes of undue
excitement, additional ones are presented in the shape of most
exaggerated accounts of golden discoveries. Whether the public good will
be promoted by this state of things may well be doubted. A reference to
_some_ of these causes it is proper to give.
“It is the interest of the numerous traders within the gold region to
collect around them as many diggers as possible, and each is very
naturally induced to regard favorably the diggings of his own vicinity,
and takes means to spread accounts of its richness. Wonderful stories
are circulated, in some instances, to increase the population at a
particular spot; and when the diggers flock to it, they often find it no
better than the one they left, and sometimes less productive. A very
large proportion of those persons we saw in the gold region were _in
transitu_; and, upon inquiry, we learned from them usually that the
place they had left was unproductive, and they were bound for another
which they had _heard_ was producing very largely; and on the same day,
perhaps, would be seen other parties _prospecting_, as they term it, or
looking for better diggings than the poor ones they had left, and in
many cases just from the reported _good diggings_ the first party were
going to. At some of these places you would hear of some one being very
fortunate, and that they averaged per day a half ounce, one, two, or
three ounces; but, like the tariff for postage, they never appear to get
1½, 2½, 3½, and so on. These accounts from particular spots sometimes
find their way into California papers, and from them are copied and
spread far and wide at home. Notwithstanding all this waste of time, and
that nine out of ten who left their homes under erroneous expectations
in reference to the facility with which the gold could be had, have been
cruelly disappointed, yet the extent and number of the ravines
containing gold is such that the _large number_ of diggers have, in the
aggregate, produced a considerable amount of this metal.
“It is impossible to ascertain the amount of labor there has been
required, or, in other words, the average number who have worked at the
diggings, and the number of days’ work of each. * * If we suppose only
ten thousand to have worked steadily during three hundred days out of
about six hundred since the digging began, and suppose each to have
gained an average amount of $3 per day, the aggregate would amount to
$9,000,000, being very much more than the whole amount exported in
_every way_ from California up to the first December last, to all
countries, Oregon inclusive. As the cost of living fully equals $3 per
day, it would appear that gold-digging is not as good as laboring at
home, where the laborer can save something. * *
“Many of our citizens hastened to California during the past year in
consequence of the numerous exaggerated, one-sided stories which were
circulated in reference to the facility with which gold could be
gathered. They had been told of various individuals who had collected
large sums; a _few_ had done so; but the experience of the _many_, who
did not pay expenses by gold-digging alone, from the nature of the case,
is far less likely to be known.
“As with _lotteries_, the _few_ who draw large prizes become subjects of
conversation; but nothing is heard of the _many_ who draw blanks, or
prizes too small to pay the cost of the tickets. * * *
“Divesting the newspaper accounts from California of certain expressions
bordering rather too much upon the hyperbolic order, they amount to the
fact that the outcrops of certain veins”--of gold-bearing quartz--“have
been removed. Such expressions might have materially increased _the
fever_ but for the frequency of similar causes, which at length but
slightly affect the body politic, because, like the body corporate in
certain cases, it is becoming _acclimated_. Some of the expressions
alluded to, and copied from California papers into our own, about
‘_gold-bearing quartz said to be found in inexhaustible masses or
quarries through the whole mountainous region which forms the western
slope of the Sierra Nevada_,’ and ‘_these quartz mountain quarries_, and
divers others, are indicative of a state of aurimania. Accounts are also
given of the yield of gold said to be averages of these great _gold_
‘_quarries_.’ That the specimens from which the gold was extracted
contained the stated proportions is most likely, but that is a very
different affair from the _average_ rate of productions of a vein.”
THE END.
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FOOTNOTES:
[A] We were induced to come to this place by the accounts we received
of the success of two brothers--Jordan--who, in a few weeks, made $3000
here, and are now on their way home.
[B] The following anecdote will illustrate this sentiment. A foreigner
of considerable wealth hastened with the crowd to California. After
spending a few days in San Francisco, he left for home, without making
an investment of his money. He remarked, in a letter to a friend, “As
soon as you reach San Francisco you will think every one is crazy; and
without great caution, you will be crazy yourself.”
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
the year 1848, Mr. Suter employed=> the year 1848, Mr. Suter employed
{pg 17}
at whcih they gazed=> at which they gazed {pg 17}
during the rainy reason=> during the rainy season {pg 50}
anxiety and disappoinment=> anxiety and disappointment {pg 71}
those rich deposites=> those rich deposits {pg 77}
BULES OF AN ENCAMPMENT=> RULES OF AN ENCAMPMENT {pg 123}
Do you nct perceive=> Do you not perceive {pg 188}