=General Work for Spring Months.=—Study the
germination of seeds and the early stages of growth of
the new plants (Chap. I.); the structure and methods of
unfolding of buds (Chaps. IV. and VIII.); the movements
of young twining stems; “bleeding” of stems, and paths of
food-currents (Chap. V.); and examine and collect spring
flowers (Chaps. VI., VII., and VIII.).
=Plants usually in flower=—Shepherd’s purse, marsh marigold,
wild plum, daisy, dandelion, daffodil, snowdrop, hazel,
alder, willow, poplar, elm, and others.
=Horsetail.=—Fertile haulms (p. 195) appear.
=Corn.=—Barley and oat sowing continued.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=General Work for Spring Months.=—Study the
development of frogs and toads (Chap. XVIII.) and insects
(Chap. XIX.); the development and education of the chick
(Chap. XVI.); the nesting-habits of birds (Chap. XVII.); the
education and play of lambs and other young mammals (Chap.
XIV.); the habits of molluscs (Chap. XX.); and the work of
earthworms (Chap. XX.). Stock aquaria.
=Mammals.=—Lambs are born.
=Birds.=—Thrushes, blackbirds, skylarks, rooks, and other
birds lay eggs. Fieldfares and redwings begin to depart.
=Frogs and Toads= lay their eggs.
=Insects.=—_Dytiscus_ (p. 361) lays eggs. Pupae of
cabbage-white butterflies and other Lepidoptera may be
found.
APRIL.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants usually in flower.=—Wallflower,
shepherd’s purse, buttercup, anemone, marsh marigold,
common vetch, plum, pear, strawberry, primrose, cowslip,
daisy, dandelion, speedwell, red deadnettle, daffodil, wild
hyacinth, wild tulip, rushes, arum, annual meadow grass,
oak, birch, alder, willow, poplar, elm, ash, and others.
=Trees which unfold their leaf-buds.=—Larch, horse chestnut,
beech, elm, sycamore.
Elm =fruits= (p. 154) are abundant; study the method of
dispersal (p. 173).
=Corn.=—Barley and oat sowing continued.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Birds.=—Sand-martins, cuckoos, swallows,
house-martins, nightingales, swifts, and other birds arrive.
Kestrels and sparrow-hawks nest. Fieldfares and redwings
depart.
=Frogs and Toads.=—Tadpoles hatch.
=Insects.=—Cabbage-white butterflies (p. 362) and other
Lepidoptera emerge from pupae. Caterpillars are plentiful.
Moths may be taken on willow flowers at beginning of month.
Larvae of _Dytiscus_ (p. 361) and other aquatic insects may
be found in ponds.
=Molluscs.=—Garden snails (p. 379) reappear.
MAY.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants usually in flower.=—Wallflower,
shepherd’s purse, buttercup, anemone, marsh marigold,
laburnum, common vetch, red clover, white clover, broom,
cherry, apple, pear, strawberry, hawthorn, primrose,
cowslip, daisy, dandelion, speedwell, red deadnettle, white
deadnettle, lily of the valley, wild hyacinth, star of
Bethlehem, wild tulip, rushes, sedges, arum, sweet-scented
vernal grass, slender foxtail, meadow foxtail, annual meadow
grass, perennial rye grass, oak, beech, birch, willow, elm,
horse-chestnut, ash, sycamore, and others.
Most =forest trees= are now in leaf.
=Liverworts.=—Spore-cases of _Pellia_ (p. 200) open.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Birds.=—Swallows build nests. Most birds are
incubating eggs (Chap. XVI.).
=Frogs and Toads.=—Tadpoles may be found in ponds.
=Insects.=—Moths and butterflies are common. Cabbage-whites
lay eggs. Caterpillars of tiger-moth (p. 364) and other
Lepidoptera may be found. Aquatic insect-larvae in ponds.
JUNE.
PLANT LIFE.
=General Work for Summer Months.=—Study the
forms and duties of leaves (Chap. III.); and the thickening
of stems (Chap. V.). Examine, identify, and collect grasses
(Chap. VII.) and summer flowers (Chap. VI.), and make
observations upon cross-pollination of flowers by insects
(Chap. VI.). Study the development and structure of fruits
(Chap. IX.); and the life-history of ferns (Chap. X.).
Compare and contrast mushrooms and toadstools (Chap. XI.).
=Plants usually in flower.=—Wallflower, shepherd’s purse,
buttercup, anemone, meadow vetchling, common vetch, red
clover, white clover, broom, wild rose, hawthorn, poison
hemlock, cow parsnip, carrot, daisy, dandelion, speedwell,
mullein, snapdragon, thyme, sage, red deadnettle, white
deadnettle, lily of the valley, wild hyacinth, star of
Bethlehem, rushes, sedges, sweet-scented vernal grass,
slender foxtail, meadow foxtail, Timothy grass, Yorkshire
fog, wild oat, annual meadow grass, smooth-stalked meadow
grass, rough-stalked meadow grass, meadow fescue, sheep’s
fescue, perennial rye grass, couch grass, lime, sycamore,
and others.
Lime =leaves= unfold.
=Fruits= of strawberry, willow, and other plants are ripe.
Haymaking begins.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Mammals.=—Examine young wild rabbits (Chap. XII.).
=Birds.=—Most birds are hatching eggs. First brood of
swallows hatched at end of month. Drake’s plumage becomes
similar to duck’s (p. 329).
=Frogs and Toads.=—Tadpoles reach full size.
=Insects.=—All stages of Lepidoptera very abundant.
Caterpillars of tiger-moth (p. 364) pupate at end of month.
Vapourer caterpillars (p. 364) may be found at end of month.
Larvae of aquatic insects in ponds; pupae of _Dytiscus_ (p.
361) in soil on banks.
JULY.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants in flower.=—Shepherd’s purse, candytuft,
buttercup, meadow vetchling, red clover, white clover,
wild rose, blackberry, poison hemlock, water hemlock,
cow parsnip, carrot, hedge parsley, fool’s parsley,
water dropwort, daisy, dandelion, thistle, foxglove,
speedwell, snapdragon, mullein, musk, mint, thyme, sage,
red deadnettle, white deadnettle, rushes, slender foxtail,
Timothy grass, Yorkshire fog, wild oat, annual meadow
grass, smooth-stalked meadow grass, rough-stalked meadow
grass, meadow fescue, sheep’s fescue, couch grass, Spanish
chestnut, lime, and others.
=Fruits= of gooseberry, cherry, raspberry, strawberry, and
other plants are ripe.
=Ferns.=—Spores of male-fern, bracken, and hart’s tongue are
ripe (Chap. X.).
=Fungi.=—Mushrooms (p. 203) and toadstools may be found.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Mammals.=—Lambs are weaned.
=Birds.=—Many birds are hatching second broods. Old cuckoos
begin to depart at end of month. Poultry moult. Young wild
ducks may be seen in water meadows.
=Frogs and Toads.=—Young animals leave ponds.
=Insects.=—Cabbage-white caterpillars pupate. Tiger moths
(p. 369) emerge from pupae at end of month. Caterpillars of
vapourer moth (p. 364) may be found.
AUGUST.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants in flower.=—Shepherd’s purse, candytuft,
buttercup, meadow vetchling, red clover, white clover, wild
rose, blackberry, water hemlock, cow parsnip, carrot, hedge
parsley, fool’s parsley, water dropwort, daisy, dandelion,
thistle, foxglove, speedwell, snapdragon, mullein, musk,
mint, thyme, sage, red deadnettle, white deadnettle, rushes,
slender foxtail, Timothy grass, Yorkshire fog, wild oat,
annual meadow grass, couch grass, and others.
=Leaves= of horse chestnut begin to fall.
=Fruits= of cherry, plum, raspberry, and other plants are ripe.
=Corn.=—Wheat, oats, and barley harvests begin.
=Ferns.=—Spores of male-fern, bracken, and hart’s tongue are ripe.
=Fungi.=—Mushrooms and toadstools may be found.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Birds.=—Swifts and old cuckoos depart. Many
rooks go into winter quarters. Nightingales begin to depart.
Sand-martins congregate. Song-birds are comparatively silent.
=Insects.=—All stages of vapourer moth may be found.
SEPTEMBER.
PLANT LIFE.
=General Work for Autumn Months.=—Study the
storage of food in twigs, underground stems, bulbs, etc.
(Chaps. IV. and V.); collect good specimens of leaves
showing autumn colours, observe the phenomena of leaf-fall
and the formation of vegetable mould, and notice the order
in which forest trees become leafless (Chaps. IV. and
VIII.). Study the development and structure of fruits,
and the methods of dispersal of seeds (Chap. IX.). Make
collections of dry fruits (Chap. IX.), and of the “seed” of
useful and injurious grasses (Chap. VII.).
=Plants usually in flower.=—Shepherd’s purse, buttercup,
meadow vetchling, red clover, white clover, blackberry,
hedge parsley, water dropwort, daisy, dandelion, thistle,
foxglove, speedwell, snapdragon, musk, mint, red deadnettle,
white deadnettle, slender foxtail, annual meadow grass, and
others.
Ash and horse chestnut =leaves= fall.
=Fruits= of apple, pear, plum, blackberry, and other plants
are ripe.
=Corn.=—Wheat-sowing begins.
=Fungi.=— Mushrooms and toadstools may be found.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=General Work for Autumn Months.=—Study the
various methods by which animals prepare for the winter:
_e.g._ migration of birds, hibernation of bats, frogs,
insects, etc.; change of colour or thickness of coat,
storage of food, etc.
=Birds.=—Swallows and house-martins congregate. Sand-martins
and nightingales depart. Rooks go into winter quarters.
Young song-birds may be heard learning to sing.
=Insects.=—Moths may be taken on ivy blossoms, etc. Eggs of
cabbage-white butterflies may be found. Caterpillars are
mostly full-fed and ready to pupate. Pupae of vapourer moth
may be found.
OCTOBER.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants usually in flower.=—Shepherd’s purse,
white clover, daisy, dandelion, snapdragon, red deadnettle,
white deadnettle, slender foxtail, and others.
Most =forest-trees= shed their leaves.
=Fruits= of apple, pear, plum, and other plants are ripe.
=Corn.=—Wheat-sowing continued.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Birds.=—Young song-birds may be heard learning
to sing. Fieldfares and redwings arrive. Swallows and
house-martins depart. Drakes reassume their distinctive
plumage.
=Frogs= hibernate (p. 334).
=Insects.=—October is the best month for pupa hunting.
NOVEMBER.
PLANT LIFE.
=Plants usually in flower.=—Shepherd’s purse,
daisy, white deadnettle, and others.
Most =forest-trees= are now leafless.
=Fruits= of hawthorn, rose, holly, mistletoe, etc., are ripe.
=Corn.=—Wheat-sowing continued.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=Mammals.=—Bats hibernate (p. 257).
=Birds.=—Larks patrol fields in flocks (p. 318).
=Insects.=—Pupae may be found.
DECEMBER.
PLANT LIFE.
=General Work for Winter Months.=—Arrange
collections of flowers, grasses, leaves, etc. Study the
methods of branching, and the bark, of trees, and make
drawings of typical examples (Chap. VIII.). Examine bulbs
and corms, (Chap. V.) and grow them in water-glasses.
Trace the water-conducting strands in the flower-stalks of
snowdrop, narcissus, etc. (Chap. V.).
=Flowers= of daisy, white deadnettle, and a few others may
be found.
=Fruits= of mistletoe, holly, etc., are ripe.
ANIMAL LIFE.
=General Work for Winter Months.=—Prepare
skeletons, etc., and study the structure and manner of life
of rabbits, poultry, and pigeons (Chaps. XII., XIII., and
XV.). In snowy weather, examine and draw the footprints
of domestic and other animals (Chap. XIV.). Place grain,
crumbs, suet, and other food for birds, and identify those
which come to feed (Chap. XVII.).
=Birds.=—Missel-thrush sings. Sparrow-hawks may be seen near
farms.
=Insects.=—Pupae may be found.
FOOTNOTE:
[40] No attempt has been made to compile a complete calendar, the
events noticed being those only which are considered in this book.
TYPICAL EXAMINATION PAPERS.
The National Froebel Union.
ELEMENTARY CERTIFICATE. NATURE KNOWLEDGE.—
Paper I.
(_Questions 1 and 2 and_ ANY TWO _others to be answered._)
1. Describe the flower provided, and draw it in longitudinal
section. Explain how cross-pollination is ensured in this
flower; give drawings to illustrate.
2. Give and plan out the subject-matter for one or more
Lessons, to be given to children of seven or eight years of
age, on the Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds by Animals.
3. Describe the structure of an Acorn and of a Wheat grain,
and contrast these two seeds. Give enlarged drawings of each.
4. What is the work of the _root_ of a plant, and how is this
work carried out? What different forms of _roots_ are to be
found? Give examples and make a rough sketch of each.
5. Describe the _bud_ in winter, and its method of unfolding
in spring, of _any two_ of the following trees:—Oak, Beech,
Sycamore. Make sketches to illustrate.
6. Make as complete a list as you can of Flowering Plants
which grow in ponds; state how these plants have adapted
themselves to their habitat, and say at what time of the year
each of them flowers. What plants would you expect to find
growing round the margin of the pond?
Paper II.
(_Questions 1 and 2_ MUST _be answered, and_ ANY THREE _others._)
1. Draw up Notes of Lessons on _one_ of the following
subjects:—“A Mole,” “Domestic Fowls,” “A Cat.” State the age
of the children, and the method you would pursue.
2. What is a _ruminant_? Give as many groups of ruminating
animals as you can and the habits of _one_.
3. Give the life-history of _one_ of the following, with
illustrations:—a Bee, a Caddis-fly, a Spider, a Butterfly.
4. Give the life and habits of the Squirrel.
5. How does a Starling differ from other Birds?
6. Draw a common Snail and a Slug. Give a short account of
their life-histories.
7. Give instances of _protective colouring_ amongst (1)
Insects, (2) Birds, (3) Mammals, in this country.
Board of Education.
TEACHERS’ CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION.
GENERAL ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.
PART II.
11. Give an example in each case of a plant with—(_a_) Plumed
fruits or seeds. (_b_) Winged fruits or seeds. (_c_) Climbing
stem covered with hooks. (_d_) Flowers which come out before
the leaves. (_e_) Flowers in which the stamens are united to
form a tube.
12. Show in the case of any two British wild plants the
special means they possess for survival in the struggle for
existence.
13. Name five of the earliest flowering wild plants in your
neighbourhood, in the order in which they flower, and mention
the chief characteristics of the flower in each case.
14. Describe the life-history of a fern so far as it can be
observed by the naked eye and with the aid of a pocket lens.
15. Describe, with the help of drawings, the work of a bee
in its mode both of collecting pollen and honey and of
fertilising flowers.
16. Give a short account of the structure of a bird’s wing.
How are the wings made use of during flight?
17. Give an account of some simple experiments you would
employ to demonstrate the phenomena of respiration in animals
and plants.
Board of Education.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE.
PART II.
ELEMENTARY SCIENCE.—SYLLABUS NO. II.
(_You should answer_ SIX _questions._)
1. Describe with the aid of a drawing the various structures
seen by means of a pocket lens in a section across the middle
region of a grain of wheat.
2. How would you measure the rate of transpiration of water
from a small plant or a leafy stem?
3. How can it be shown that the root responds to external
influences of moisture, light and gravity?
4. Give a brief account of the function of the green leaf in
the nutrition of plants.
5. Compare by drawings the leaves of broad bean and garden
pea. Then discuss the means by which the two plants obtain
mechanical support.
6. When the bulb of a thermometer is placed in a jar of soaked
and germinating seeds, what temperature change is observed?
Explain the cause of this.
7. Describe experiments which show in what respects the air is
affected in composition by passing through the lungs.
8. Describe with the help of drawings the structure of the
flowers of the hazel or willow and show how they are adapted
for cross-pollination.
9. What is meant by root pressure, and how would you
demonstrate it? Illustrate your answer by drawings.
10. What are the conditions of the soil which make it a
suitable medium for healthy root-action and vigorous plant
growth? Conversely under what conditions of soil would the
plant fail to thrive or die?
Board of Education (South Kensington).
GENERAL BIOLOGY.
SECTION I. OF STAGE I.
(_You are permitted to answer only_ EIGHT _questions._)
1. Write what you can of the habits of the common House
Fly and of the common Clothes Moth; draw figures of their
appearance at different stages of the life-history.
2. Where and when do you find Frog’s eggs? Of what use is the
jelly with which they are surrounded?
3. How does the Tadpole swim, and how does the Frog swim? How
does the Frog jump, and how does it catch a fly?
4. Contrast the characters of the mouth (including teeth if
present) in the Frog, Bird, Cat, Rabbit and Sheep.
5. Describe the characteristic modes of locomotion in the
Bird, Dog, Rabbit and Bat, and point out any peculiarities of
the skeleton which are related to these habits.
6. Describe the heart of the Sheep, and account so far as you
can for any differences you can point out between the various
chambers.
7. In what way are bees useful to flowers? Explain in any one
example you choose what happens when a bee visits the flower.
8. Describe the roots of a pea or bean. What importance do you
attach to the different parts you mention?
9. What is starch? How would you show whether or not it was
present in a leaf? What conditions are necessary in order that
the leaf may produce it?
10. Describe the fruit of _either_ the Sycamore _or_ the
Poppy, and explain the uses of the different parts in
dispersing the seed.
11. Describe how you would proceed in arranging an experiment
to enable you to study the germination of a seed. Give a brief
account of the process of germination of any seed you may
select.
12. Describe and sketch the specimen provided, and explain, as
far as you can, the use of the different parts.
INDEX.
Acorn, 141, 144, 146, 175, 177
Air, carbon dioxide in, 31, 33
Air-chamber of hen’s egg, 283, 285
Air sacs of birds, 279
Albumin, 285
Alder, 142, 149
Allantois, 289, 293
Alternation of generations, 189, 196
Amnion, 288, 290
Anemone, 97, 98
Animals and plants, resemblances and differences, 243
Annual, meadow grass, 135; rings, 73
Anterior, 217
Anther of stamen, 91
Aorta, 236, 238
Appendages of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375
Apple, 104, 106; fruit of, 176, 179
Apricot, 106
Aquarium, a simple, 340
Arachnids, 378
Arteries, 237, 238
Arteries, pulse in, 235, 239
Arthropods, 351
Arum, 122
Ash, 153, 156; fruit of, 171, 173; mountain, 157
Aspen, 152
Auricles of heart, 235, 237
Awn, 129, 130, 131
Axil of leaf, 45, 47
Backbone, of pigeon, 269;
of rabbit, 217, 222, 227
Bacteria, 209
Balancers of hen’s egg, 283, 285
Bark, 74
Bast, 71, 72
Bat, 255, 256
Bean seed, 1, 2, 5;
germination of, 9, 13;
starch in, 2
Beech, 142, 145, 147;
fruit of, 175, 178
Beetle, a water, 357
Beetles, 362
Berries, 175, 179
Biennials, 31, 96
Bile, 232, 234
Birch, 142, 147, 148
Birds, 269
Bird’s foot trefoil, 102
Black bent, 135
Blackberry, 103, 105;
fruit of, 175, 179;
leaves, 38, 41, 105
Blackbird, 302, 307
Bleeding of stems, 67, 70
Blood, 233, 235, 242;
circulation of, 235;
red corpuscles of, 237, 242
Blue mould, 207, 208
Bone, structure of a long, 223, 228
Bones, of birds, 269;
of pigeon, 274;
of rabbit, 222
Box leaves, 44, 45
Bracken fern, 184, 189
Bracts of anemone, 97, 99;
of daisy, 111;
of dandelion, 113;
of lime, 152, 154, 155, 174
Branches, position of, 45, 47
Breast bone, of pigeon, 269;
of rabbit, 217, 223, 227
Breathing, definition of, 242;
necessity for, 241;
of cockroach, 355;
of crustaceans, 376, 377;
of fresh-water mussel, 381;
of frog, 333, 337;
of mammals, 242, 243;
of snails, 382, 383;
of tadpole, 344
Breathing organ of chick-embryo, 289, 294
Broad bean seed, 1, 2, 5
Broccoli, 96
Broom, 101
Brussels sprouts, 96
Bud, a typical, 55, 58
Buds, 55, 69;
bursting of, 56, 61, 64;
of ash, 153, 156;
of horse chestnut, 57, 63;
of sycamore, 56, 60;
position of, 45, 50
Bulb, 81, 84
Burrows of earthworms, 384, 385
Buttercup, 96, 97;
family, 96, 97
Butterflies, cabbage-white, 362, 365
Calamites, 196
Calceolaria, 116
Calyx, 90
Cambium, 72
Candytuft, 94
Canine teeth, 246, 248, 255
Capillaries, 237, 240
Capsule, 168
Carbon, contained in plants, 31, 33;
contained in starch, 32
Carbon dioxide, formed by living body, 240, 241;
formed when flesh burns, 240, 241;
formed when wood burns, 31;
in air, 31, 33
Carnivores, 254
Carpel, 96, 98
Carrot, 96, 108
Castings of earthworms, 384, 386
Cat, 246, 250, 252, 254
Catkin, 146
Catkins, of alder, 142, 149;
of beech, 142, 148;
of birch, 142, 148;
of hazel, 142, 149;
of oak, 141, 144, 145;
of poplar, 151;
of willow, 150, 151
Caterpillar, of cabbage-white butterfly, 362, 365;
of tiger-moth, 364, 369;
of vapourer-moth, 364, 370
Cauliflower, 96
Celery, 108
Centipedes, 378
Cephalothorax of crab, 373, 376;
of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375
Cherry, 103, 105, 106;
fruit of, 175, 179
Chestnut, horse, 38, 42, 47, 57, 63, 65, 157, 159;
Spanish or sweet, 148
Chick, development of, 286, 289;
education of, 295, 296;
embryo of, 287, 289;
hatching of, 294, 295
Chitin, 251
Chrysalis, 366
Claws of cat, 247, 251
Cleavers, 175, 177
Climbing stems, 75
Clitellum of earthworm, 383, 386
“Clock” of dandelion, 112, 171, 172
Clover, 101, 102
Cockroach, 349, 351;
habits of, 356;
life-history of, 356;
position of in insect class, 357;
structure of, 355
Cocoon of earthworm, 386;
of tiger-moth, 364, 369
Coleoptera, 362
Collar of mushroom, 203, 205;
of garden snail, 379
Collecting, 389, 390
Colour, of flowers, 93;
of fruits, 182
Compositae, 114
Cone-bearing trees, 160, 161
Cones of alder, 149;
of horsetail, 191, 192, 194, 195;
of larch, 161, 163;
of Scotch pine, 160, 162, 171, 174;
of spruce fir, 163, 171, 174
Convolvulus, 76, 78, 79
Cork, 75
Corm, 81, 85
Corolla, 91
Corona, 120, 122
Cotyledons, 13, 16, 22, 23;
of bean, 2, 6
Cowslip, 109, 110
Crayfish, 372, 374
Creeping stems, 80, 82
Cress, 94, 96
Crocus corm, 81, 85
Crop of pigeon, 271
Cross fertilisation, 92, 102, 110, 118, 122, 151
Crow, 312, 318, 320;
family, 312, 320
Crucifers, 95
Crustaceans, 372, 377
Cuckoo, 322, 324;
cuckoo-pint, 122
Currants, 176, 179
Cushion-feet of caterpillar, 365
Daffodil, 84, 85, 120, 122
Daisy, 111, 112
Dandelion, 112, 113;
fruit of, 171, 172
Deadnettle, 117
Deer, 261
Dentine, 219
Development of chick, 286, 289;
of frog, 340
Diaphragm, 218
Diastase, 234
Dicotyledons, 23, 40, 72
Digestion, 231, 233;
definition of, 233
Digestive canal of frog, 231;
of rabbit, 232
Diptera, 370
Dispersal of insects, 370;
of seeds, 165
Dissection, 214
Dog, 248, 251, 252, 254
Donkey, 261
Dorsal, 217
Down feathers, 273, 277
Dropwort, water, 108
Duck, 326, 327
Dytiscus, habits and structure of, 357, 358;
life-history of, 361
Ear, of grass, 130
Ears, of rabbit, 218
Earthworms, 383, 384
Education of young animals, 248, 249, 262
Eggs, of cabbage-white butterfly, 362;
of cockroach, 357;
of Dytiscus, 361;
of earthworm, 386;
of frog, 339, 340, 341;
of hen, 282, 284;
of Limnaea, 380
Elm, 152, 153;
fruit of, 171, 173
Embryo, 12;
of chick, 287, 289;
of fern, 188, 191;
of horsetail, 195
Enamel, 219
Endosperm, 22
Evolution, a case of, 338
Extinct horsetails, 196
Eyes, of butterfly, 363, 367, 368;
of cat, 246, 250;
of cockroach, 348, 352;
of crab, 373;
of crayfish and lobster, 372;
of dog, 248, 251;
of pigeon, 271;
of rabbit, 218;
of snail, 379, 382
Falcon, 272, 330
Fantail pigeon, 280
Feathers of pigeon, 265, 266, 267, 270, 275, 276
Feelers, of butterfly, 363, 367;
of cockroach, 349, 352;
of crayfish and lobster, 372, 373, 374, 375;
of Dytiscus, 358, 359;
of moth, 364, 368, 369
Fehling’s solution, 230
Ferns, 183;
bracken, 184, 189;
hart’s tongue, 185, 190, 191;
male fern, 183, 185
Fertilisation, 92;
of ferns, 188;
of forest trees, 146;
of foxglove, 116;
of grasses, 131;
of horsetail, 195;
of moss, 202;
of oak, 145;
of primrose, 109;
of red clover, 101;
of Scotch pine, 162
Fescues, 132, 134
Fieldfare, 303, 309
Field work, 388
Filament of stamen, 91
Fir, spruce, 161, 163
Flight of bird, 278
Flower, of a grass, 128, 129;
of wallflower, 88, 89
Flowerless plants, 197
Flowers, work of, 89
Food, carbonaceous, of plants, 34, 35;
mineral, of plants, 29;
necessity of, 230;
obtained from air, 31, 34;
obtained from soil, 26, 29;
of mushroom, 204, 206;
of young seedling, 28
Fool’s parsley, 108
Fowls, 296, 299
Foxglove, 114, 115;
family, 114, 115
Foxtails, 132, 134, 135
Frog, development of, 340;
digestive canal of, 231;
life of, 332, 334
Fronds of ferns, 65, 183, 184, 186, 189
Fruit, 166
of apple, 176, 179;
of ash, 171, 173;
of beech, 175, 178;
of blackberry, 175, 179;
of buttercup, 98;
of cherry, 175, 179;
of dandelion, 171, 172;
of elm, 171, 173;
of field geranium, 165, 168;
of gooseberry, 175, 179;
of hazel, 175, 177;
of herb bennet, 174, 177;
of lime, 174;
of oak, 175, 177;
of pansy, 166, 169;
of pea, 7, 165, 168;
of pear, 176, 180;
of penny-cress, 165, 168;
of plum, 175, 179;
of poppy 166, 168;
of raspberry, 175, 179;
of rose, 176, 180;
of shepherd’s purse, 165;
of strawberry, 176, 180, 181;
of sycamore, 3, 171, 173;
of vegetable marrow, 176, 179;
of violet, 166, 169;
of wallflower, 165, 167;
of willow, 171, 173;
of wood avens, 174, 177
Fruits, colour of, 182; hooked, 174, 177
Funaria, 199, 202
Fungi, 206, 244
Fur,
of bat, 256;
of cat, 246, 250;
of rabbit, 212, 216
Galls, 141, 146
Gastric juice, 232, 233
Geranium, fruit of, 165, 168
Germinal disc, 285, 287, 289
Germination, 12, 21
Gills,
of crab, 374;
of crayfish and lobster, 373, 376;
of fresh-water mussel, 379, 381;
of mushroom, 203, 205;
of tadpole, 341, 344, 346
Gizzard of pigeon, 271
Gloxinia, 116
Glumes, 129, 130
Goats, 261
Gooseberry, 175, 179
Goose grass, 175, 177
Gorse, 101
Grapes, 176, 179
Grasses, 125
Grass,
flowers of, 128, 129;
reproduction of, 128
Grass stems, 72, 75
Grinding teeth of rabbit, 219
Gullet, 231, 232
Gymnosperms, 72, 163
Hair,
of cat, 246, 250;
of dog, 248, 251;
of sheep, 258
Hart’s tongue fern, 185, 190, 191
Hatching,
of chick, 294, 295;
of tadpole, 340, 344
Haulms,
of grasses, 125, 127;
of horsetail, 191, 192, 193, 194
Hawks, 329
Hawthorn, 106
Hazel, 142, 149; fruit of, 175, 177
Head,
of clover, 101, 102;
of daisy, 113;
of dandelion, 113
Heart,
beats of, 235, 239;
of chick-embryo, 288, 291;
of cockroach, 350, 355, 356;
sheep’s, structure of, 235, 237;
valves of, 236, 238, 239
Hemiptera, 370
Hemlock, poison, 106, 107; water, 108
Hen, eggs of, 282, 284
Herb-bennet, fruit of, 174, 177
Heredity, 217, 339
Hip bones of rabbit, 223, 228
Hip of rose, 176, 180
Honey-dew, 158
Honeysuckle, 78
Hoofed mammals, 257
Hoofs, 258, 259, 261
Hooked fruits, 174, 177
Hooking stems, 75
Horns, 257, 259
Horse, limbs of, 261
Horse chestnut, 157, 159;
buds of, 57, 63;
leaves of, 38, 42, 47, 64
Horsetail, 191
House-martin, 311, 315
House-sparrows, 315, 320
Hovering, 279, 331
Hyacinth, 84, 119, 120
Hymenoptera, 370
Hypha of mushroom, 205
Hyphae of moulds, 208, 209
Imago, 363
Incisor teeth of rabbit, 213, 219
Incubator, a simple, 286
Insect, definition of, 351
Insects, 349
Instinct, 252, 296
Internodes, 45
Intestines, 231, 232
Iodine solution, 2
Irritability, 116
Ivy, leaves, 38, 43; stem, 75, 77, 78
Jacobin pigeon, 280
Jaws,
of cockroach, 349, 352, 354;
of crayfish, 375;
of rabbit, 222, 226;
of sheep, 257, 259
Keel,
of bird’s breast-bone, 274;
of pea flower, 100, 102
Kestrel, 329, 330
Keys,
of ash, 153, 156;
of sycamore, 159
Kittens, 248
Labial palps,
of cockroach, 353;
of Lepidoptera, 367
Labiates, 117
Labium,
of caterpillar, 363, 365;
of cockroach, 349, 353
Labrum of cockroach, 349, 352
Laburnum, 101, 102
Lambs, 258, 262
Lark, 311, 316
Larva,
of cabbage-white butterfly, 362, 365;
of Dytiscus, 361;
of tiger-moth, 364, 369;
of vapourer-moth, 364, 370
Leaf fall, 55, 59
Leaf of a grass, 127
Leaves, arrangement of, 44;
of blackberry, 38, 41, 105;
of box, 44, 45;
of ferns, 65, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 191;
of horse chestnut, 38, 42, 47, 64;
of ivy, 38, 43;
of rose, 38, 42;
of sweet pea, 39, 43;
of sycamore, 38, 42, 58, 157, 158;
shapes of, 37, 40;
simple and compound, 41;
skeleton, 37, 39;
veins of, 37, 39;
work of, 48
Legume, 165, 168
Ligule, 125, 127
Lily family, 119, 120
Limbs, movement of, 225;
of cat, 246;
of chick-embryo, 288, 292;
of dog, 248;
of pigeon, 266, 270;
of rabbit, 216, 223, 228;
of sheep, 259, 261
Lime, 152, 154, 155; fruit of, 174
Limnaea, 379, 382
Liver, 232, 233
Liverwort, 199, 200
Lobster, 372, 374
Locomotion,
of cat, 247, 251;
of crab, 377;
of dog, 249, 251;
of earthworm, 383, 385;
of fresh-water mussel, 380;
of garden snail, 379, 382;
of insects, 353, 360, 368;
of rabbit, 216
Lombardy poplar, 150, 152
“Lords and Ladies,” 122
Lupine seed, 3, 7, 11, 14
Maize seed, 18, 19; germination of, 21
Male fern, 183, 185
Mammals, 220
Mandibles,
of caterpillar, 365;
of cockroach, 349, 352;
of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375
Mantle of fresh-water mussel, 378, 381;
of garden snail, 379, 381
Maps, use of, in Nature-study, 389
Marjoram, 118
Marsh marigold, 97, 98
Martin,
house, 311, 315;
sand, 311, 315
Mast of beech, 142
Mastication, 219
Mavis, 301, 303
Maxillae,
of cockroach, 350, 353;
of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375;
of Lepidoptera, 367
Maxillary palps of cockroach, 353
Maxillipedes of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375
Meadow,
catstail, 132, 136;
fescue, 132, 134;
flower of, 131;
foxtail, 132, 134, 135;
grasses, 132, 135;
vetchling, 101
Medullary rays, 74
Metamorphosis of frog, 346
Mineral matter in plants, 26, 28, 29
Mint, 118
Missel-thrush, 302, 306
Molluscs, 378
Monkshood, 99
Monocotyledons, 23, 40
Mosses, 199, 201
Moth, 368;
tiger-moth, 364, 369;
vapourer-moth, 364, 369
Moulds, 207, 208
Moulting of birds, 277, 327, 329
Mountain ash, 157
Mucor, 207, 208
Mullein, 116
Muscles, action of, 224, 225
Mushroom, 203
Musk, 115, 116
Mussel, fresh-water, 378, 380
Mustard, 94, 96; seed, 3, 7, 11
Mycelium,
of moulds, 208, 209;
of mushroom, 203, 205
Myriapods, 378
Narcissus, 120
Natural selection, 217, 338
Nectary, 90
Neuroptera, 370
Nodes, 45
Nuts, 175, 177
Oak, 140, 142;
family, 140;
fruit of, 175, 177
Oat, 133, 136
Oranges, 176, 179
Orthoptera, 357
Ovary, 92
Ovule, 92
Oxen, 261
Oxygen, liberated by leaves, 48, 51
Pales, 129, 130
Pancreas, 232, 233
Pancreatic juice, 232, 234
Panicle, 130
Pansy, fruit of, 166, 169
Parsley, 108;
family, 106, 107;
fool’s, 108;
hedge, 107
Parsnip, 108
Passerine order of birds, 320
Pea, 99;
family, 99, 101;
fruit of, 7, 165, 168;
leaves of, 39, 43;
seed, 2, 7;
seed, germination of, 9, 13
Pear, 104, 106; fruit of, 176, 180
Pellia, 199, 200
Penicillium, 207, 208
Perching of pigeon, 271
Perennial rye grass, 133, 137
Perianth, 119, 121
Pericarp, 167
Petal, 91
Pets, 214
Pigeon, 265, 270
Pigeons, different breeds of, 279
Pine cones, 160, 162, 171, 174
Pine, Scotch, 160, 161
Pistil, 91
Plane, 157, 159
Plants and animals, resemblances and differences, 243
Plants, respiration of, 243
Play of young animals, 248, 249, 258, 262
Plough-share bone of pigeon, 269
Plum, 106; fruit of, 175, 179
Plumule of bean, 2, 6
Pod, 103
Poison hemlock, 106, 107, 108
Pollen, 91
Pond-life, 340, 357, 378, 379, 390
Pond-snails, 379, 382
Pouter pigeon, 280
Poplar, 150, 151
Poppy, fruit of, 166, 168
Posterior, 217
Potato, 81, 84
Poultry, 296, 299
Precocious birds, 296, 329
Prickles, 75, 77
Primrose, 108, 109; fertilisation of, 109
Proboscis of butterfly, 367
Pro-legs of caterpillar, 365
Protective colouration,
of frog, 332;
of rabbit, 217
Prothallus,
of ferns, 184, 185, 188, 191;
of horsetail, 192, 195
Pupa,
of cabbage-white butterfly, 363, 366;
of Dytiscus, 361;
of tiger-moth, 364, 369
Rabbit, 211; digestion in, 233
Radicle,
of bean, 2, 6;
of lupine, 7;
of pea, 2, 7;
of sycamore, 4
Radish, 94, 95
Raspberry, 105, 175, 179
Receptacle, 90
Red, clover, 101;
fertilisation of, 101;
corpuscles of blood, 237, 242
Reproduction,
of a grass, 128;
of a moss, 201;
of ferns, 187, 188;
of flowering plants, 89;
of horsetail, 195;
of liverwort, 201;
of moulds, 208, 209;
of mushroom, 205
Respiration, 240;
definition of, 242;
of chick-embryo, 294;
of cockroach, 355;
of crustaceans, 376, 377;
of fresh-water mussel, 381;
of frog, 337;
of mammals, 242, 243;
of pigeon, 279;
of snail, 379, 382, 383;
of tadpole, 344
Resting stage,
of butterfly, 363, 366;
of Dytiscus, 361
Ribs of rabbit, 217, 223, 227
Rock pigeon, 280
Rodents, 220
Rook, 312, 318
Root cap, 17
Root, hairs, 17, 28, 30; lengthening of, 16
Rootlets, 17
Roots, 17, 21, 28;
as storehouses of food, 28, 30;
climbing, 75, 78;
work of, 28, 30
Rose, 103, 104;
family, 103;
fruit of, 176, 180;
leaves of, 38, 42
Rowan tree, 157
Ruminants, 261
Runner, 80, 82
Rushes, 133, 138
Rye grass, 133, 137
Saliva, 233, 234
Sallow willow, 150
Sand-martin, 311, 315
Saugh tree, 150
Scales of Lepidoptera, 364, 367
Scotch pine, 160, 161
Secondary thickening, 73
Sedges, 133, 138
Seeds,
germination of, 9, 12;
of broad bean, 1, 5, 9, 13;
of maize, 18, 19;
of mustard, 3, 7, 11;
of pea, 2, 7;
of sycamore, 3, 8, 11, 13;
of vegetable marrow, 3, 7, 11;
of wheat, 18, 19;
of yellow lupine, 3, 7, 11
Sepal, 90
Sheep, 257, 258
Sheep’s,
fescue, 132, 133, 134;
heart, structure of, 235, 237
Shell of hen’s egg, 282, 284
Shell,
of fresh-water mussel, 378, 381;
of garden snail, 379, 382;
of slug, 382
Shepherd’s purse, 93, 95; fruit of, 165
Shoot, 69
Shoulder blade of rabbit, 223, 228
Silicula, 165, 168
Siliqua, 165, 168
Skeleton,
leaves, 37, 39;
of arthropods, 351;
of pigeon, 268;
of rabbit, 217, 222, 226;
uses of, 224
Skin of frog, 334, 338
Skull,
of pigeon, 268;
of rabbit, 217, 222, 226
Skylark, 311, 316
Slender foxtail, 134, 135
Smell-sense of moths, 369; of rabbit, 218
Snapdragon, 116
Snowdrop, 120, 122
Soaring, 278
Song-thrush, 301, 303
Sounds of heart, 238
Spanish chestnut, 148
Sparrow, 315, 320
Sparrow hawk, 329, 330
Spawn,
of frog, 339, 340, 341;
of Limnaea, 380
Speedwell, 115, 116
Spiders, 378
Spikelet, 128, 130
Spinneret of caterpillar, 363, 365
Spiracles,
of cabbage-white caterpillar, 363, 365;
of cockroach, 350, 355
Spores,
of ferns, 184, 185, 187, 190, 191;
of horsetail, 195;
of liverwort, 199, 201;
of moss, 200, 202;
of Mucor, 207, 208;
of mushroom, 203, 205;
of Penicillium, 207, 209
Spruce fir, 161, 163; cones, 171, 174
Squirrels, 178, 220
Stamen, 91
Standard, 100, 102
Starch, 229;
action of saliva on, 230, 234;
formation of, in leaves, 32, 34;
in cotyledons, 2, 6;
in leaves, 48, 50;
in twigs, 56;
test for, 2, 32
Stem, lengthening of, 16
Stems,
bleeding of, 67, 70;
climbing, 75;
creeping, 80, 82;
duties of, 68;
food channels in, 67, 68, 69, 71;
hooking, 75;
of grasses, 72, 75;
of ivy, 75, 77, 78;
strengthening of, 71, 72, 75;
thickening of, 72;
twining, 76, 79;
underground, 80, 83
Sternum,
of pigeon, 269;
of rabbit, 217, 223, 227
Stigma, 91
Stipules, 39, 43
Stock, 94
Stolon, 81, 83, 125, 126
Stomach, 231, 232; of ruminant, 260
Stomata, 53
Stone fruits, 175, 179
Storm-cock, 302, 307
Strawberry, 105; fruit of, 176, 180, 181
Style of flower, 91
Sugar, 230
Sugar, formation of,
in germinating pea, 33;
in grasses, 126
Swallow, 310, 313; family, 310, 312
Sweet chestnut, 148
Sweet-scented vernal grass, 133, 137
Swift, 321, 322
Swimmerets of crayfish and lobster, 373, 375
Sycamore, 157, 158;
buds of, 56, 60;
fruit of, 3, 8, 171, 173;
leaves of, 38, 42, 58, 157, 158;
seeds of, 3, 8, 11, 13
Tadpoles, 341, 344
Tail,
of rabbit, 215;
of tadpole, 346, 347
Teeth, of cat, 246, 255;
of dog, 248, 255;
of frog, 333, 336;
of rabbit, 219;
of sheep, 257, 259
Tendrils, 43, 76, 79
Tentacles of snail, 379, 382
Thistle, 112, 114
Thorax,
of cockroach, 350, 353;
of rabbit, 218
Thorns, 75, 78
Throstle, 301, 303
Thrush, 301, 303;
family, 301, 303;
missel, 302, 306
Thyme, 118
Tiger-moth, 364, 369
Timothy grass, 132, 135, 136
Toadstools, 204, 206
Tongue,
of cat, 246, 252;
of frog, 333, 336
Tuber, 81, 84, 191, 194
Tumbler pigeon, 279
Turnip, 94, 95
Twining stems, 76, 79, 80
Valves,
of heart, 236, 238, 239;
of veins, 235, 239
Vapourer-moth, 364, 369
Vegetable marrow,
seed of, 3, 7, 11, 14;
fruit of, 176, 179
Vegetable mould, formation of, by earthworms, 384, 386
Veins,
of leaves, 37, 39;
valves of, 235, 239
Ventral, 217
Ventricles of heart, 235, 237
Vertebrae,
of pigeon, 269;
of rabbit, 223, 227
Vertebral column, 217, 222, 227
Vertebrates, 220, 355
Vetch, 100
Violet, fruit of, 166, 169
Wallflower, 88, 89;
family, 93, 94;
fruit of, 165, 167
Warren of rabbit, 211, 214
Water,
amount of, in plants, 26;
culture, 27;
dropwort, 108;
hemlock, 108
Wheat seed, 18, 19; germination of, 21
Whiskers,
of bat, 256;
of cat, 246, 250;
of rabbit, 217
White,
mould, 207, 208;
of egg, 283, 285
Wild oat, 133, 136
Willow, 150; fruit of, 171, 173
Windhover, 329, 331
Wind-sown seed, 172
Wing-covers,
of cockroach, 350, 354;
of beetles, 358, 359, 362
Winged seeds, 174
Wings,
of bat, 257;
of cockroach, 350, 353;
of pea flower, 100, 102;
of pigeon, 266, 270, 273
Wood 70, 71, 72;
avens, fruit of, 174, 177;
louse, 377
Wool, 257, 258
“Woolly bear,” 364, 369
Worm castings, 384, 386
Worms, 383
Yellowoat Grass, 137
Yolk of hen’s egg, 283, 285
Yorkshire fog, 125, 132, 136
GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.
A HEALTH READER
BY
C. E. SHELLY, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P.
CONSULTING MEDICAL OFFICER, HAILEYBURY COLLEGE
AND
E. STENHOUSE, B.Sc.
ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, LONDON
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