THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT
[1911]
From time to time it has been charged that "government by the people"
has become fiction in our country. Little had been done to remedy this
condition until the opening of the last decade. Trouble then came for
the supporters of the regular political order, manifesting itself in
conventions and legislatures. Laws abolishing nominations by the
convention method were passed in some States; and publicity of campaign
expenses was insisted upon in others. The movement was widespread and
arose from various causes, but generally tended toward a single end--a
government according to popular will. The Western States have been the
centre of the more radical movement.
The Senate has always been considered as the stronghold of the most
conservative element in our country and has often been accused of being
the stronghold of privilege. It is interesting to note the success of
the progressive or insurgent movement in this body.
[Illustration: Portrait.]
Copyright by Harris & Ewing,
Washington.
Robert M. La Follette.
The first progressive, Robert M. La Follette, of Wisconsin, appeared in
the United States Senate in 1905. He had done much, as governor, to gain
the confidence of the people of his own State, and he was sent to
Washington to carry his fight for reform into the national legislature.
Here his reception was not cordial. He was looked upon as a radical,
possibly a visionary reformer, but not exceedingly dangerous, for he was
alone. He stood alone until the election of 1908, when nine more
progressives took their seats; in 1910 the number jumped to sixteen.
Here a change came which probably caused the conservatives in the Senate
some worry. The tariff of 1909 had been passed by a Republican Congress.
The results of the elections of 1910 made it appear that the people were
not convinced that this act was an honest redemption of the Republican
campaign promises, for in the Senate which assembled in April, 1911,
there were twenty-nine thorough-going progressives and five other
members who were more progressive than conservative in their views. They
represented twenty-five States. Six of the thirty-four came from the
South; three came from the East, and the remaining twenty-five from the
West. Of the conservatives only eighteen came from the West.
The same changes may be found in the House of Representatives. These
changes are not so important as the change which must come in the
sentiment of the federal judiciary. From 1901 to 1909 the Executive was
in the control of the progressives and the President was able to get
some important laws passed by a reactionary Congress, but in some
instances the courts annulled these laws.
The appointment of justices of the district courts of the United States
is to a degree influenced by the senators in the district in which the
appointment is to be made. When these senators are conservative it is
natural that the candidates recommended by them should be conservative
and should entertain no legal theories interfering with the exalted
position of property rights. Should the various States be represented by
progressives, different recommendations will naturally follow and
probably an interpretation of the Constitution which will accord a new
standing to personal rights.
In the early part of 1911 the movement crystallized into a regular
political organization which called itself The National Progressive
Republican League, with the following platform:
(1) direct primaries; (2) popular election of delegates to the national
convention; (3) election of senators by direct vote of the people; (4)
initiative, referendum, and recall; (5) an effective corrupt practices
act.
These points were not new; most of them are incorporated into the body
of law of the State of Oregon. Most progressive Democrats as well as
Republicans seem willing to support these principles. In almost every
State the movement for the direct primaries has met studied opposition.
The "practical politician" or the professional politician seems to hate
to see the old convention system of nominations go. There are many who
object to the election of senators by direct vote, claiming that the
people are not capable of choosing wisely in such cases. The direct
election of delegates to the national conventions is no more than the
prerogative now exercised by the voter when he casts his vote for the
presidential electors. To his mind it means that he is voting for the
candidates themselves. In the vote for delegates to the conventions the
voter is accorded the right to express his preference for men to be
candidates. The corrupt practices plank deserves commendation. It cannot
be made too strong, for every attempt to do away with the irregular,
vicious methods used is a step toward good government.
The plank which arouses the greatest opposition is that which
incorporates the initiative, referendum, and recall. All three are
devices to make the machinery of popular government more directly
respondent to the popular will. The "initiative" is a process by which
laws are proposed on the petition of a certain specified number of
voters for action either by the legislature or by the direct vote of the
people through a referendum. The "referendum" allows a popular vote upon
acts passed by the legislature--that is, a bill passed by the
legislature may not become a law unless sanctioned by a popular vote, if
a vote is called for by a specified number of voters. The "recall" gives
the voters an opportunity to relieve a man of his office if by a regular
vote it is demonstrated that such an officer has not performed the
duties of his office to the satisfaction of his constituents. These
expedients are still in the experimental stage, and it is doubtful
whether they are so fraught with danger as their opponents seem to
believe or so efficacious as their adherents insist. Much of their
success depends upon the cases to which they are applied and upon the
popular interest displayed. The Oregon experiments apparently have been
very successful.
The question of the "recall" is a serious one. In some
municipalities--Los Angeles, for example--it has operated well. How it
will work in the national government, where it will affect the
judiciary, is a problem. The veto of the Statehood Bill (Arizona and New
Mexico) on account of the presence of the "recall" for judges in the
constitution of Arizona shows that President Taft is a stout opponent.
It seems well that any such step should be taken with extreme caution.
The progressive senators were active in their opposition to the
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill of 1909. For a period of twelve years there
had been no tariff legislation. The great industrial changes which went
on during that time made a revision of the Dingley Tariff imperative.
Although there has been a constant demand for revision, the tariff
played no part in the campaigns of 1900 and 1904. The demand has become
insistent, however, during recent years, and may be attributed in part
to the increased cost of living. This demand, made chiefly by the
wage-earners and salaried men, has been seconded from another quarter.
The attitude of foreign nations toward our goods has made it
increasingly difficult for American manufacturers to dispose of their
surplus. Wages have risen; the price of raw material is higher, and both
affect the manufacturer. Foreign nations have refused to accept our high
tariffs without retaliation, and this has made the manufacturer insist
that Congress revise the objectionable Dingley act.
The agitation took definite form during the session of 1907-8 when the
National Manufacturers' Association undertook to secure legislation
designed to create a tariff commission composed of experts whose
business it should be to ascertain the facts concerning the condition of
manufacturers and the necessity of a new tariff. Pursuant to this the
Beveridge Tariff Commission Bill was introduced into the Senate, but the
leaders of both houses--Cannon, Aldrich, Payne, and others--said bluntly
that it was bad politics to take the question up just before a
presidential campaign, and nothing was done. The demand grew more
insistent, and the wary leaders learned in time that it would be good
politics at least to declare for tariff revision, and this was done by
Chairman Payne of the Ways and Means committee of the House. Just when
the revision would come was not stated--some time after election,
provided the nation would return the Republicans to power.
[Illustration: Portrait.]
Copyright by Clinedinst. Washington.
Albert J. Beveridge. Senator from Indiana.
When the session closed Chairman Payne set on foot a series of
investigations ostensibly to gain information to be used in the coming
revision. It is possible that this was also an attempt to end the
criticism aimed at the leaders who had opposed the appointment of a
commission. Both the Democratic and Republican platforms of 1908
promised tariff revision, but of course in different ways. The
Republican leaders said the policy of the party would be to fix the
duties at a point which would not only offset the higher cost of
production in this country, but would also guarantee to the
manufacturers a fair profit. The election put the conservatives of the
Republican party in control of all branches of the government, and when
the principal committees of both houses of Congress fell under the
control of men fully committed to the dogma of protection, the chance
for a revision downward seemed slight. A special session was called soon
after President Taft's inauguration, and the Payne Bill, which it was
claimed aimed to decrease duties and increase the revenue, passed the
House by a vote of 217 to 161.
The Finance Committee of the Senate, to which the bill was referred when
it reached the Senate, instead of reporting it, reported a substitute
measure--the Aldrich Bill. This the House refused to accept and the
usual conference committee was organized, out of which committee came
the compromise Payne-Aldrich Bill, destined to become law through the
President's signature, August 5, 1909.
The debate in the Senate was a noteworthy one. The progressive senators
of the Middle West, led by Dolliver, of Iowa, and La Follette, of
Wisconsin, fought the measure sturdily, but with little success.
"Jokers" slipped in here and there, and more than one critic has charged
that the Senate was less solicitous for the rights of the consumers than
for the rights of the "interests."
Several schedules have come in for the most severe kind of criticism. In
the cotton schedule the increased rates laid upon certain classes of
cotton goods seem to have been imposed for the benefit of New England
manufacturers. These rates affect articles used by every person in the
United States. Most of these articles are manufactured from raw material
produced in America, and the cost of manufacturing the staple articles
is but slightly higher than in any of the important competing countries.
The average rate imposed by the Dingley Tariff, according to the Bureau
of Statistics, was 38 per cent on cotton cloth and similar rates on
other cotton goods. Since 1897 the "infant industries" have grown, and
some have in recent years declared dividends of 66 per cent per annum.
The Payne-Aldrich Bill increased the average rate on cotton goods from
44.84 per cent in the Dingley Tariff to 50.62 per cent. The increases
are not so much on the high-priced goods as on the cheaper grades.
In the case of the wool schedule the object of criticism has been the
discrimination against the carded woollen industry, which produces the
poor man's cloth, in favor of the worsted industry. This is due to the
imposition of a uniform duty of eleven cents per pound on raw, unwashed
wool, by which the cheaper woollens are taxed as high as 500 per cent,
and frequently amounts to less than 25 per cent on the finer grades.
Based on this system of duties is a graded scale in which the rates rise
in an inverse ratio with the value of the goods. Some duties have been
lowered, but the change has been slight. The schedule remains nearly the
same, but the burden has been shifted.
[Illustration: Portrait.]
Photograph by Clinedinst, Washington.
Senator Nelson W. Aldrich.
There are reductions--more, numerically, than increases--but the
reductions are effectively modified by shifted classifications.
One thinker of note has termed the "maximum and minimum" clause as "the
highest practical joke of the whole bill." Little has been said of this
clause except in connection with the "minimum." It must be remembered
that there is also a "maximum," and it does not augur well for the
consumer. Suppose a foreign nation discriminates against our goods; we,
acting on the "maximum" theory, discriminate against theirs, and the
result is that the consumer pays the value of the article plus the
amount of the tariff of discrimination, since it has ever been true that
the limit in price is the top of the tariff wall.
A noteworthy feature of the bill is the provision for the formation of a
Tariff Board, composed of experts, who shall conduct investigations with
the view of evolving a scientific tariff. The board has little power
save that of advising the President in the application of the "maximum
and minimum" clause.
That the tariff has not been deemed an honest redemption of Republican
campaign pledges is shown by the recent elections. In the Sixty-first
Congress there were 219 Republicans in the House of Representatives and
172 Democrats; to the Sixty-second Congress there were returned 162
Republicans and 228 Democrats.
The Democrats at once began a revision of the tariff. Allied with the
progressives in the Senate, revisions of the wool and cotton schedules
were brought about. The Farmers' Free List Bill, which admitted free of
duty agricultural implements, sewing-machines, boots, shoes, fence wire,
and other things useful to farmers, was passed as an offset to the
Reciprocity Bill which was deemed by some to be disadvantageous to them.
The President vetoed all of these measures upon the ground that, since
the Tariff Board was to make its report within a very short time, it
would be wiser to defer action on the tariff until the report could be
used.
The Reciprocity Bill, which met the approval of the President, provided
that our markets should be free to Canada's leading agricultural
products, live-stock, fish, lumber, etc. Print paper and wood pulp were
also to be admitted as soon as the Canadian provincial governments
should withdraw the restrictions upon the exportation of these products.
The duties on some other products--iron ore, for example--were to be
reduced. Canada was asked to admit free our agricultural products,
live-stock, etc., and to reduce the duties on coal, agricultural
implements, and some other manufactured goods. The September elections
in Canada, however, showed that the reciprocity treaty was not
acceptable, for the Conservative party, which was strongly opposed to
the plan, gained a decisive victory. The act as passed by Congress still
remains law in the United States, and stands as a constant invitation to
our Canadian neighbors to join us in developing commercial relations on
the western continent.
What effect will this Progressive movement have upon party organization?
As matters stand at present there are in reality four parties within the
bonds of the two old parties--(1) the Conservative Republicans of the
East; (2) the Conservative Democrats of the South; (3) the Progressive
Republicans of the West; (4) the Progressive Democrats of the West. Out
of this tangle it appears that either a new party will be formed by the
combination of the Progressives of both old parties, or this Progressive
movement must gain control of one or the other of these parties. Should
the former happen, we may see the peculiar alliance of New England and
the South.
President Taft, it is maintained by many of his supporters, is himself a
Progressive, and they point to his attitude toward the great questions
of the hour. He urged, they say, reciprocity with Canada; called for
revision of the tariff in the light of facts and scientific tests;
proclaimed unlimited arbitration; advocated the conservation of our
natural resources, income taxation, extension of civil service reform,
employers' liability, and economy in the administration of governmental
affairs.
In answer it is asserted that President Taft declared the Payne-Aldrich
tariff law to be the best ever passed upon the subject, and that his
advisers and supporters in all of the congressional contests over vital
measures were the senators and representatives known as reactionaries or
standpatters.
[1912]
President Taft himself, a few months before the convening of the
Republican convention called to meet in Chicago, June 16, 1912, stated
his honesty of intention in the following words: "I am very grateful for
the honors the people have given me. I do not affect to deny the
satisfaction I should feel if, after casting up the totals pro and con
and striking a balance, they should decide that my first term had been
fruitful enough of good to warrant their enlisting me for another. Any
man would be proud of such a verdict. But I have not been willing, nor
shall I be, to purchase it at the sacrifice of my freedom to do my duty
as I see it. My happiness is not dependent on holding any office, and I
shall go back to private life with no heartburnings if the people,
after an unprejudiced review of my administration, conclude that some
one else can serve them to their greater advantage."
One thing is certain: the idea of government by the people has come into
our national politics to stay. It now controls one-third of the votes in
the Senate and has affected the laws of two-thirds of the States. The
end sought is good government responsible to popular rule. Through this
rule justice for all is sought; equality of opportunity in political and
industrial life; the safeguarding of the interests and well-being of
all; and through this rule an honest attempt is being made to establish
a government which will render the best service for the community,
guaranteeing to each individual all his rights, but no more than his
rights.
APPENDIX
I
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I
SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives.
SECT. II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
SECT. III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of
the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth
year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if
vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the
legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
shall be chosen.
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two
thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
judgment and punishment, according to law.
SECT. IV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for
Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
SECT. V. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house
may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds,
expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be
entered on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
SECT. VI. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out
of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except
treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and
in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
his continuance in office.
SECT. VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments
as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President
of the United States; if he approve he shall sign, it, but if not he
shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together
with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be
reconsidered, and, if approved by two thirds of that house, It shall
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
SECT. VIII. The Congress shall have power
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the
United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post offices and post roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas and offences against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State, in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dockyards, and other needful buildings;
--and
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
department or office thereof.
SECT. IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight;
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may
require it.
3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be
taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound
to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
SECT. X. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in
payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law
impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and
imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use
of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject
to the revision and control of the Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II
SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
term, be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the
same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and
have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person
have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house
shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the
President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the
electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or
more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot
the Vice-President.]
3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
States.
5. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.
6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of
them.
7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States,
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States."
SECT. II. 1. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states,
when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require
the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the
executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of
impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present
concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
and which be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the
appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which
shall expire at the end of their next session.
SECT. III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the
officers of the United States. \
SECT. IV. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
SECT. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States,
and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to
all cases of admiralty jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the
United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more
States;--between a State and citizens of another State;--between
citizens of different States;--between citizens of the same State
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.
SECT. III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And
the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
SECT. II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
SECT. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the
legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
any particular State.
SECT. IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case
shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
provided that no amendments which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI
I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same.
Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence of the United States of
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our
names.
[Signed by]
GO. WASHINGTON,
Presidt and Deputy from Virginia.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
CONNECTICUT.
Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman.
NEW YORK.
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JERSEY.
Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm: Paterson, Jona: Dayton.
PENNSYLVANIA.
B Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer,
Tho. Fitz Simons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris.
DELAWARE.
Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford, Jun, John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom.
MARYLAND.
James McHenry, Dan of St. Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll.
VIRGINIA.
John Blair, James Madison, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.
GEORGIA.
William Few, Abr Baldwin.
Attest:
William Jackson, Secretary.
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND
RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT
TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.--A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall
not be infringed.
ARTICLE III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a
manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI.--In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.--In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in
any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
ARTICLE VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the
people.
ARTICLE X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
States respectively, or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.--Section 1. The electors shall meet in their respective
States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted
for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate;--the President of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--the person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons
having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President,
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other
constitutional disability of the President.
Section 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible
to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.--Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.--Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States,
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such
disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims
shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate
legislation the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV.--Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
II
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
ARTICLE 1.--The style of this Confederacy shall be, "The United States
of America."
ART. II.--Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence,
and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress
assembled.
ART. III.--The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of
friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of
their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding
themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks
made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade, or any other pretense whatever.
ART. IV.--The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and
intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the
free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and
fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of
each State shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other
State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce
subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the
inhabitants thereof respectively; provided that such restrictions shall
not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into
any State to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant;
provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be laid
by any State on the property of the United States or either of them. If
any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high
misdemeanor in any State shall flee from justice and be found in any of
the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive
power of the States from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to
the State having jurisdiction of his offense. Full faith and credit
shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and
judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.
ART. V.--For the more convenient management of the general interests of
the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner
as the Legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on
the first Monday in November in every year with a power reserved to each
State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the
year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more
than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate
for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any
person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the
United States for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any
salary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each State shall maintain its
own delegates in any meeting of the States and while they act as members
of the Committee of the States. In determining questions in the United
States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of
speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in
any court or place out of Congress; and the members of Congress shall be
protected in their persons from arrest and imprisonment during the time
of their going to and from, and attendance on, Congress, except for
treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
ART. VI.--No State, without the consent of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with
any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of
profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any
present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king,
prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States, in Congress
assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or
alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for
which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any
stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in Congress
assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties
already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except
such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States, in
Congress assembled, for the defense of such State or its trade, nor
shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace,
except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts
necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always
keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and
accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use in
public stores a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper
quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by
enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being
formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is
so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in
Congress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any State grant
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or
reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States,
in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and
the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under
such regulations as shall be established by the United States, in
Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which
case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so
long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall determine otherwise.
ART. VII.--When land forces are raised by any State for the common
defense, all officers of or under the rank of Colonel shall be appointed
by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall
be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all
vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the
appointment.
ART. VIII.--All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
incurred for the common defense, or general welfare, and allowed by the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common
treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to
the value of all land within each State, granted to, or surveyed for,
any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon
shall be estimated, according to such mode as the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The
taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the
authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States,
within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled.
ART. IX.--The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole
and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in
the cases mentioned in the sixth Article; of sending and receiving
ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no
treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the
respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and
duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or
commodities whatever; of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases,
what captures on land and water shall be legal, and in what manner
prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States
shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and
reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies
and felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for
receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures;
provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of
the said courts.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also be the last resort
on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that
hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary,
jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always
be exercised in the manner following: Whenever the legislative or
executive authority, or lawful agent of any State in controversy with
another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by
order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other
State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint,
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for
hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot
agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United
States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately
strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be
reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more
than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of
Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so
drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear
and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination; and if
either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without
showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present,
shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three
persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in
behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence
of the Court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be
final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit
to the authority of such Court, or to appear or defend their claim or
cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or
judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment
or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to
Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the
parties concerned; provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in
judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of
the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be
tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question,
according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope
of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory
for the benefit of the United States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions, as they may
respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are
adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time
claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of
jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of
the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same
manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
territorial jurisdiction between different States.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have the sole and
exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin
struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States;
fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United
States; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians,
not members of any of the States; provided that the legislative right of
any State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated;
establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another,
throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the
papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the
expenses of the said office; appointing all officers of the land forces
in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers;
appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all
officers whatever in the service of the United States; making rules for
the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and
directing their operations.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have authority to
appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated
"A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each
State, and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be
necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under
their direction; to appoint one of their number to preside; provided
that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than
one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of
money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to
appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to
borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States,
transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the
sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to
agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each
State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in
such State, which requisition shall be binding; and thereupon the
Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise
the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at
the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed,
armed, and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the
time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled; but if the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of
circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or
should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State
should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra
number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the
same manner as the quota of such State, unless the Legislature of such
State shall judge that such extra number can not be safely spared out of
the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and
equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared,
and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall march to
the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States,
in Congress assembled.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in a war,
nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense
and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor
borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or
the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander
in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor
shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to
day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United
States, in Congress assembled.
The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any
time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that
no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six
months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly,
except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military
operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays
of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the
journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a
State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with
a transcript of the said journal except such parts as are above
excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.
ART. X.--The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be
authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of
Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of
nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them
with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the
exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine
States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.
ART. XI.--Canada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the
measures of the United States shall be admitted into, and entitled to
all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted
into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.
ART. XII.--All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts
contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling
of the United States, in pursuance of the present Confederation, shall
be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public
faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
ART. XIII.--Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United
States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this
Confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this
Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union
shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be
made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress
of the United Stares, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of
every State.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline
the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to
approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said Articles of
Confederation and perpetual Union, know ye, that we, the undersigned
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that
purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our
respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and
every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all
and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further
solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents,
that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in
Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said Confederation are
submitted to them; and that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably
observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union
shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands
in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the
ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year
of the Independence of America.
III
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of
Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was
adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was
agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the
Journal for that day:
"Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the
Declaration; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and
Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a Declaration,
which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed
to as follows:"
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident--that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That,
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of
the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government,
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and,
accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it
is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
their former systems of government. The history of the present king of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over
these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary
for the public good.
2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should
be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
representation in the Legislature--a right inestimable to them, and
formidable to tyrants only.
4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of
invasions from without, and convulsions within.
7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising
the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure on
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.
11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our Legislatures.
12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior
to, the civil power.
13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent
to their acts of pretended legislation;
14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury;
19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.
21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.
22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against us.
24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
nation.
26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind--enemies in
war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other
acts and things which independent Stales may of right do. And for the
support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
signed by the following members:
JOHN HANCOCK.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
RHODE ISLAND.
Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.
CONNECTICUT.
Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott.
NEW YORK.
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.
NEW JERSEY.
Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George
Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross.
DELAWARE.
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean.
MARYLAND.
Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.
VIRGINIA.
George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch,
Jun., Arthur Middleton.
GEORGIA.
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.
IV-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
NAMES STATE PARTY YEARS VICE-PRES
1 George Washington Virginia All Parties 1789-1797 John Adams
2 John Adams Mass Federalist 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson
3 Thomas Jefferson Virginia Republican 1801-1809 Aaron Burr
George Clinton
4 James Madison Virginia Republican 1809-1817 George Clinton
Elbridge Gerry
5 James Monroe Virginia Republican 1817-1825 Daniel D. Tompkins
6 John Quincy Adams Mass Republican 1825-1829 John C. Calhoun
7 Andrew Jackson Tennessee Democratic 1829-1837 John C. Calhoun
Martin Van Buren
8 Martin Van Buren New York Democratic 1837-1841 Richard M. Johnson
9 William H. Harrison Ohio Whig 1841-1841 John Tyler
10 John Tyler Virginia (Whig) 1841-1845
11 James K. Polk Tennessee Democratic 1845-1849 George M. Dallas
12 Zachary Taylor Louisiana Whig 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore
13 Millard Fillmore New York Whig 1850-1853
14 Franklin Pierce New Hamp Democratic 1853-1857 William R. King
15 James Buchanan Penns Democratic 1857-1861 J. C. Breckenridge
16 Abraham Lincoln Illinois Republican 1861-1865 Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
17 Andrew Johnson Tennessee (Republican) 1865-1869
18 Ulysses S. Grant Illinois Republican 1869-1877 Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson
19 Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio Republican 1877-1881 William A. Wheeler
20 James A. Garfield Ohio Republican 1881-1881 Chester A. Arthur
21 Chester A. Arthur New York Republican 1881-1885
22 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1885-1889 Thomas A. Hendricks
23 Benjamin Harrison Indiana Republican 1889-1893 Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1893-1897 Adlai E. Stevenson
25 William McKinley Ohio Republican 1897-1901 Garret A. Hobart
Theodore Roosevelt
26 Theodore Roosevelt New York Republican 1901-1909 Charles W. Fairbanks
27 William H. Taft Ohio Republican 1909-1913 James S. Sherman
V--STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION
RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION
1. Delaware December 7, 1787
2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787
3. New Jersey December 18, 1787
4. Georgia January 2, 1788
5. Connecticut January 9, 1788
6. Massachusetts February 6, 1788
7. Maryland April 28, 1788
8. South Carolina May 23, 1788
9. New Hampshire June 21, 1788
10. Virginia June 25, 1788
11. New York July 26, 1788
12. North Carolina November 21, 1789
13. Rhode Island May 29, 1790
ADMITTED INTO THE UNION
14. Vermont March 4, 1791
15. Kentucky June 1, 1792
16. Tennessee June 1, 1796
17. Ohio November 29, 1802
18. Louisiana April 30, 1812
19. Indiana December 11, 1816
20. Mississippi December 10, 1817
21. Illinois December 3, 1818
22. Alabama December 14, 1819
23. Maine March 15, 1820
24. Missouri August 10, 1821
25. Arkansas June 15, 1836
26. Michigan January 26, 1837
27. Florida March 3, 1845
28. Texas December 29, 1845
29. Iowa December 28, 1846
30. Wisconsin May 29, 1848
31. California September 9, 1850
32. Minnesota May 11, 1858
33. Oregon February 14, 1859
34. Kansas January 29, 1861
35. West Virginia June 19, 1863
36. Nevada October 31, 1864
37. Nebraska March 1, 1867
38. Colorado August 1, 1876
39. North Dakota November 3, 1889
40. South Dakota November 3, 1889
41. Montana November 8, 1889
42. Washington November 11, 1889
43. Idaho July 3, 1890
44. Wyoming July 10, 1890
45. Utah January 4, 1896
46. Oklahoma 1908
47. New Mexico 1912
48. Arizona 1912
VI--AREA OF THE UNITED STATES
ACCESSION GROSS AREA
(SQUARE MILES)
Continental United States 3,026,789
Area, 1790 892,135
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 827,987
Florida Purchase, 1819 58,666
Treaty with Spain, 1819 13,435
Texas, 1845 389,166
Oregon, 1846 286,541
Mexican Cession, 1848 529,189
Gadsden Purchase, 1853 29,670
Outlying Possessions 716,517
Alaska, 1867 590,884
Hawaii, 1898 6,449
Philippine Islands, 1899 115,026
Porto Rico, 1899 3,435
Guam, 1899 210
Samoa, 1900 77
Panama Canal Zone, 1904 436
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED)
STATE RANK IN AREA
AREA (SQUARE MILES)
Texas 1 265,896
California 2 158,297
Montana 3 146,997
New Mexico 4 122,634
Arizona 5 113,956
Nevada 6 110,690
Colorado 7 103,948
Wyoming 8 97,914
Oregon 9 96,699
Utah 10 84,990
Minnesota 11 84,682
Idaho 12 83,888
Kansas 13 82,158
South Dakota 14 77,615
Nebraska 15 77,520
North Dakota 16 70,837
Oklahoma 17 70,057
Missouri 18 69,420
Washington 19 69,127
Georgia 20 59,265
Florida 21 58,666
Michigan 22 57,980
Illinois 23 56,665
Iowa 24 56,147
Wisconsin 25 56,066
Arkansas 26 53,335
North Carolina 27 52,426
Alabama 28 51,998
New York 29 49,204
Louisiana 30 48,506
Mississippi 31 46,865
Pennsylvania 32 45,126
Virginia 33 42,627
Tennessee 34 42,022
Ohio 35 41,040
Kentucky 36 40,598
Indiana 37 36,354
Maine 38 33,040
South Carolina 39 30,989
West Virginia 40 24,170
Maryland 41 12,327
Vermont 42 9,564
New Hampshire 43 9,341
Massachusetts 44 8,266
New Jersey 45 8,224
Connecticut 46 4,965
Delaware 47 2,370
Rhode Island 48 1,248
District of Columbia 49 70
VII--POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES BY DECADES, 1790-1910
INCREASE OVER
CENSUS POPULATION PRECEDING CENSUS PER CENT
YEAR
NUMBER
1910 91,972,266 15,977,691 21.0
1900 75,994,575 13,046,861 20.7
1890 62,947,714 12,791,931 25.5
1880 50,155,783 11,597,412 30.1
1870 38,558,371 7,115,050 22.6
1860 31,443,321 8,251,445 35.6
1850 23,191,876 6,122,423 35.9
1840 17,069,453 4,203,433 32.7
1830 12,866,020 3,227,567 33.5
1820 9,638,453 2,398,572 33.1
1810 7,239,881 1,931,398 36.4
1800 5,308,483 1,379,269 35.1
1790 3,929,214
VIII-APPROXIMATE POPULATION UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, 1910
United States, proper 91,972,266
Alaska 64,356
Hawaii 191,909
Porto Rico 1,118,012
Persons in military and naval service 55,608
Philippine Islands [1903] 7,635,426
Guam 9,000
Samoa 6,100
Panama Zone 50,000
Total population of the United States 101,102,677
IX--POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1910, 1900, AND 1890
From Bulletin of the Thirteenth Census, 1910.
POPULATION PER CENT
OF INCREASE
1910 1900 1890 1900 TO 1890 TO
19l0 1900
Alabama 2,138,093 1,828,697 1,513,401 16.9 20.8
Arizona 204,354 122,931 88,243 66.2 39.3
Arkansas 1,574,449 1,311,564 1,128,211 20.0 16.3
California 2,377,549 1,485,053 1,213,398 60.1 22.4
Colorado 799,024 539,700 413,249 48.0 30.6
Connecticut 1,114,756 908,420 746,258 22.7 21.7
Delaware 202,322 184,735 168,493 9.5 9.6
Dist. of Columbia 331,069 278,718 230,392 18.8 21.0
Florida 752,619 528,542 391,422 42.4 35.0
Georgia 2,609,121 2,216,331 1,837,353 17.7 20.6
Idaho 325,594 161,772 88,548 101.3 82.7
Illinois 5,638,591 4,821,550 3,826,352 16.9 26.0
Indiana 2,700,876 2,516.462 2,192,404 7.3 14.8
Iowa 2,224,771 2,231,853 1,912,297 -0.3 16.7
Kansas 1,690,949 1,470,495 1,428,108 15.0 3.0
Kentucky 2,289,905 2,147,174 1,858,635 6.6 15.5
Louisiana 1,656,388 1,381,625 1,118,588 19.9 23.5
Maine 742,371 694,466 661,086 6.9 5.0
Maryland 1,295,346 1,188,044 1,042,390 9.0 14.0
Massachusetts 3,366,416 2,805,346 2,238,947 20.0 25.3
Michigan 2,810,l73 2,420.982 2,093,890 16.1 15.6
Minnesota 2,075,708 1,751,394 1,310,283 18.5 33.7
Mississippi 1,797,114 1,551,270 1,289,600 15.8 20.3
Missouri 3,293,335 3,106,665 2,679,185 6.0 16.0
Montana 376,053 243,329 142,924 54.5 70.3
Nebraska 1,192,214 1,066,300 1,062,656 11.8 0.3
Nevada 81,875 42,335 47,355 93. -10.6
New Hampshire 430,572 411,588 376,530 4.6 9.3
New Jersey 2,537,167 1,883,669 1,444,933 34.7 30.4
New Mexico 327,301 195,310 160,282 67.6 21.9
New York 9,113,614 7,268,894 6,003,174 25.4 21.1
North Carolina 2,206,287 l,893,810 1,617,949 16.5 17.1
North Dakota 577,056 319,146 190,983 80.8 67.1
Ohio 4,767,121 4,157,545 3,672,329 14.7 13.2
Oklahoma 1,657,155 1,414,177 790,391 17.2 109.7
Oregon 672,765 413,536 317,704 62.7 30.2
Pennsylvania 7,665,111 6,302,115 5,258,113 21.6 19.9
Rhode Island 542,610 428,556 345,506 26.6 24.0
South Carolina 1,515,400 1,340,316 1,151,149 13.1 16.4
South Dakota 583,888 401,570 348,600 45.4 15.2
Tennessee 2,184,789 2,020,616 1,767,518 8.1 14.3
Texas 3,896,542 3,048,710 2,235,527 27.8 36.4
Utah 373,351 276,749 210,779 34.9 31.3
Vermont 355,956 343,641 332,422 3.6 3.4
Virginia 2,061,612 1,854,184 1,655,980 11.2 12.0
Washington 1,141,990 518,103 357,232 120.4 45.0
West Virginia 1,221,119 958,800 762,794 27.4 25.7
Wisconsin 2,333,860 2,069,042 1,693,330 12.8 22.2
Wyoming 145,965 92,531 62,555 57.7 47.9
X--NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AFTER EACH
APPORTIONMENT
YEAR 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 1890 1880
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ratio X 1000 212 194 174 152 131 127 93 70 47 40 35 33 33 30
Total under
apportionment 433 386 356 325 292 241 234 223 240 213 181 141 105 65
Assigned new
States 2 5 1 7 1 2 3 9 2 ... 5 1 1
Alabama 10 9 9 8 8 6 7 7 5 3
Arizona 1
Arkansas 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
California 11 8 7 6 4 3 2 2
Colorado 4 3 2 1 1
Connecticut 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 5
Delaware 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
Florida 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
Georgia 12 11 11 10 9 7 8 8 9 7 6 4 2 3
Idaho 2 1 1 1
Illinois 27 25 22 20 19 14 9 7 3 1 1
Indiana 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 7 3 1
Iowa 11 11 11 11 9 6 2 2
Kansas 8 8 8 7 3 1
Kentucky 11 11 11 11 10 9 10 10 13 12 10 6 2
Louisiana 8 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 1
Maine 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 7 7
Maryland 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 8 9 9 9 8 6
Massachusetts 16 14 13 12 11 10 11 10 12 13 13 17 14 8
Michigan 13 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 1
Minnesota 10 9 7 5 3 2 2
Mississippi 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 2 1 1
Missouri 16 16 15 14 13 9 7 5 2 1
Montana 2 1 1 1
Nebraska 6 6 6 3 1 1
Nevada 1 1 1 1 1 1
New Hampshire 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3
New Jersey 12 10 8 7 7 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4
New Mexico 1
New York 43 37 34 34 33 31 33 34 40 34 27 17 10 6
North Carolina 10 10 9 9 8 7 8 9 13 13 14 12 10 5
North Dakota 3 2 1 1
Ohio 22 21 21 21 20 19 21 21 19 14 6 1
Oklahoma 8 5
Oregon 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
Pennsylvania 36 32 30 28 27 24 25 24 28 26 23 18 13 8
Rhode Island 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
South Carolina 7 7 7 7 5 4 6 7 9 9 9 8 6 5
South Dakota 3 2 2 2
Tennessee 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 11 13 9 6 3 1
Texas 18 16 13 11 6 4 2 2
Utah 2 1 1
Vermont 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 4 2
Virginia 10 10 10 10 9 11 13 15 21 22 23 22 19
Washington 5 3 2 1
West Virginia 6 5 4 4 3
Wisconsin 11 11 10 9 8 6 3 2
Wyoming 1 1 1 1
XI--POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY 1890-1910.
URBAN TERRITORY INCLUDES CITIES OF 2,500 OR OVER
1910 1900 1890 Per cent
of total
population
CLASSIFICATION # Population # Population # Population 1910 1900 1890
Total population 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 100.0 100.0 100.0
Urban territory 2,405 42,623,383 1,894 30,797,185 1,510 22,720,223 46.3 40.6 36.1
1,000,000 or more 3 8,501,174 3 6,429,474 3 3,662,115 9.2 8.5 5.8
500,000 to 1,000,000 5 3,010,667 3 1,645,087 1 806,343 3.3 2.2 1.3
250,000 to 500,000 11 3,949,839 9 2,861,296 7 2,447,608 4.3 3.8 3.9
100,000 to 250,000 31 4,840,458 23 3,272,490 17 2,781,894 5.3 4.3 4.4
50,000 to 100,000 59 4,178,915 41 2,760,477 30 2,027,569 4.5 3.6 3.2
25,000 to 50,000 120 4,062,763 82 2,785,667 67 2,298,765 4.4 3.7 3.7
10,000 to 25,000 374 5,609,208 286 4,409,900 232 3,487,139 6.1 5.8 5.5
5,000 to 10,000 629 4,364,703 477 3,278,518 361 2,495,594 4.7 4.3 4.0
2,500 to 5,000 1,173 4,105,656 970 3,354,276 792 2,713,196 4.5 4.4 4.3
Rural territory 49,348,883 45,197,390 40,227,491 53.7 59.5 63.9
Incorporated towns of
less than 2,500
inhabitants 11,784 8,119,528 8,892 6,247,645 6,466 4,719,835 8.8 8.2 7.5
Other rural territory 41,229,355 38,949,745 35,507,656 44.8 51.3 56.4
# - Number of places
XII--TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES FROM 1880 TO 1910.
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR RANK
1910 1900 1890 1880
City Population City Population City Population City Population
1 New York 4,766,883 New York 3,437,202 New York 1,515,301 New York 1,206,299
2 Chicago 2,185,283 Chicago 1,698,575 Chicago 1,099,850 Philadelphia 847,170
3 Philadelphia 1,549,008 Philadelphia 1,293,697 Philadelphia 1,046,964 Brooklyn 566,663
4 St. Louis 687,029 St. Louis 575,238 Brooklyn 806,343 Chicago 503,185
5 Boston 670,585 Boston 560,892 St. Louis 451,770 Boston 362,839
6 Cleveland 560,663 Baltimore 508,957 Boston 448,477 St. Louis 350,518
7 Baltimore 558,485 Cleveland 381,768 Baltimore 434,439 Baltimore 332,313
8 Pittsburgh 533,905 Buffalo 352,387 San Francisco 298,997 Cincinnati 255,139
9 Detroit 465,766 San Francisco 342,782 Cincinnati 296,908 San Francisco 233,959
10 Buffalo 423,715 Cincinnati 325,902 Cleveland 261,353 New Orleans 216,090
11 San Francisco 416,912 Pittsburgh 321,616 Buffalo 255,664 Washington 177,624
12 Milwaukee 373,857 New Orleans 287,104 New Orleans 242,039 Cleveland 160,146
13 Cincinnati 363,591 Detroit 285,704 Pittsburgh 238,617 Pittsburgh 156,389
14 Newark 347,469 Milwaukee 285,315 Washington 230,392 Buffalo 155,134
15 New Orleans 339,075 Washington 278,718 Detroit 205,876 Newark 136,508
16 Washington 331,069 Newark 246,070 Milwaukee 204,468 Louisville 123,758
17 Los Angeles 319,198 Jersey City 206,433 Newark 181,830 Jersey City 120,722
18 Minneapolis 301,408 Louisville 204,731 Minneapolis 164,738 Detroit 116,340
19 Jersey City. 267,779 Minneapolis 202,718 Jersey City 163,003 Milwaukee 115,587
20 Kansas City 248,381 Providence 175,597 Louisville 161,129 Providence 104,857
21 Seattle 237,194 Indianapolis 169,164 Omaha 140,452 Albany 90,758
22 Indianapolis 233,650 Kansas City 163,752 Rochester 133,896 Rochester 89,366
23 Providence 224,326 St. Paul 163,065 St. Paul 133,156 Allegheny 78,682
24 Louisville 223,928 Rochester 162,608 Kansas City 132,716 Indianapolis 75,056
25 Rochester 218,149 Denver 133,859 Providence 132,146 Richmond 63,600
[Transcriber's Note: The volume number is given for each index entry.
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INDEX
A
Abercrombie, General. I.
Abolition,
the first society formed, III.
sentiment growing, III.
lull in spirit of, III.
"immediate abolition," III.
cause of spread of feeling for, III.
revival of feeling, III.
Abolitionists,
methods of, III.
opposition to, in the South and North, III.
schism in the ranks of, III.
ignored the South's dilemma, III.
their opposition to Lincoln and Congress. IV.
Acadia,
named, I.
ceded to England, I.
expulsion of French from, I.
Adams, Charles Francis. III.
at the Geneva tribunal, IV.
Adams. John.
quoted. II.
cautioned not to utter the word "independence," II.
signs treaty between England and America, II.
a Federalist, II.
his overtures to France, II.
and the sedition law, II.
attended theatres, II.
assailed, II., III.
Adams, John Quincy. II.
a leading Whig, III.
his record, III.
defends Jackson. III.
and the Amistad case, III.
Jackson and, III.
as an abolitionist, III.
opposed to the gag policy, III.
Adams. Samuel. II.
Agriculture in the South, IV. VI.
Aguinaldo, Emilio. V.
and Admiral Dewey, V.
and insurgent forces at Manila, V.
president of republic, V.
capture, V.
Aix-la-Chapelle. I.
Alabama and secession, III.
suffrage, V.
Alabama claims, the, IV.
Alabama, the,
destructive career of, IV.
shattered by the Kearsarge, IV.
Alaska,
the fisheries question in, IV.
its purchase, IV.
its resources, IV.
constituted a civil and judicial district, V.
boundary question, V.
census, V.
products of, VI.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, VI.
population, 1910, VI.
Albany,
begun, I.
convention, I., II.
Albemarle, the iron-clad. IV.
Albuquerque, New Mexico, VI.
Aldrich, Senator Nelson W., VI.
Aldrich-Payne Bill. VI.
Aldrich-Vreeland Act, the, VI.
Alexander, chief of the Pokanokets. I.
Alger, R. A., Secretary of War, and army equipment, V.
Algiers, the Dey of, II.
Allefonsce. Jean, I.
Allen, Ethan, at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. II.
Ambrister, III.
Amelia Island seized, III.
Amendment. See Fourteenth Amendment.
America before Columbus,
Introduction, I.
age and origin of man in, 21;
brute inhabitants of, 30;
plants, fruits, and trees in, 31;
alleged discoveries of, before Columbus, 37;
Basques, Bretons, and Normans in, 37;
discovered by Columbus, 55;
illusions of Columbus concerning. 57;
origin of name, 58, 61.
America,
Spain gets most of, I.
confusion of ideas concerning, I.
earliest legislative body in, I.
the first Swedish colony in, I.
origin of political institutions in. I.
the French in, I.
the English in, I.
treaty of France with, II.
receives help from France, II.
peace negotiations and treaty between England and, II.
See United States.
American Civic Association, VI.
American Protective Association, V.
Rail way Union strike, V.
Americanism, III.
Americans, primordial,
unlike Asiatics, I.
differences between their branches, I.
varieties of, I.
Amerigo Vespucci, his voyages and discoveries, I.
Ames, Fisher,
his words on Washington. II.
urges ratification of Jay's treaty, II.
Ames, Oakes, and the Credit Mobilier, IV.
Amherst. General. I.
Amistad case, the, III.
Anarchists, V.
Anderson, Major Robert,
at Fort Moultrie and Fort Sumter, III.
in charge of Department of the Cumberland, III.
Andre, Major, II.
Andros, Sir Edmund, governor, I.
leaves New England, I;
in New York, I.
Anglo-American Arbitration Treaty, V.
Annapolis convention, the, II.
Annapolis founded, I.
Anne, Queen, War of, I.
Antietam, battle of, IV.
Appomattox, Lee's surrender at, IV.
Arbitration, International Court of,
organized 1901, VI.
chief features of, VI.
advantages of, VI.
convened for first time, VI.
Pious Fund case, VI.
Venezuela case, VI.
permanent headquarters of, VI.
Arbuthnot, III.
Arctic exploration, VI.
Argall, Captain, the voyages of, I.
Argentina, S. A., progress of, VI.
Atlantic fleet at, VI.
Arizona, VI.
constitution of, VI.
population and products of, VI.
Arkansas and secession, III.
Arlington, Lord, I.
Armed neutrality, the, II.
Army, the,
discontent in, at close of the Revolution, II.
in war with Spain, V. II.
in Philippines, II.
reorganization and reform in, VI.
in China, VI.
Arnold, Benedict,
attacks Quebec, II.
the hero of the battle of Bemis Heights, II.
turns traitor, II.
Art in United States, IV.
Arthur, Chester A., IV.
Ashburton, Lord, III.
Asser, M., VI.
Assistance, writs of, II.
"Associated Youths," the, II.
Atlanta Exposition, V.
Atlanta, taking of the city of, IV.
Atlanta, the iron-clad, IV.
Atlantic fleet, cruise of, VI.
Atwood, H. K., VI.
Auckland, Atlantic fleet at, VI.
Australian ballot, V., VI.
Automobiles, VI.
Ayllon, Vasquez de, cruise of, I.
B
Bacon's Rebellion, I.
Bailey, The Alonzo, case, VI.
Bainbridge, Captain, II.
Baker, Colonel, killed, III.
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, discovers the Pacific, I.
Ball's Bluff, fight at, III.
Ballinger, Richard A., Secretary of the Interior, VI.
Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert, Sir George.
Baltimore, Md.,
population of, in 1800, II.
streets lighted with gas, III.
savings banks in, III.
riot at opening of Civil War, III.
General Butler subdues, III.
strike at, IV.
fire of 1904, VI.
Bank, United States, II.
death of the old, birth of the new, III.
Andrew Jackson and the, III.
Banking, VI.
laws regulating, VI.
Banks, General, IV.
Baptists,
favored by Charles II., I.
warring with Quakers, I;
spread of, II.
on war of, II;
in the fourth decade, III.
Barbary powers, troubles with the, II.
Barclay, Commodore, at battle of Lake Erie, II.
"Barnburners," III.
Barrill, Edward M., VI.
Barron, Commodore, II.
attacked at Chesapeake Bay, II.
Barton, Clara, and the Red Cross Society aid Cuban reconcentrados, V.
Bartram, the Quaker botanist, I.
"Battle above the Clouds," the, IV.
Baume, General II.
Beachey, Lincoln, VI.
Beauregard, General,
before Sumter, III.
at Manassas and Bull Run, II.
at battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, IV.
Beck, Assistant Attorney-General, quoted on trusts, VI.
Bell, Alexander G., and the telephone, IV.
Bell and Everett, III.
Belmont, August, VI.
Bemis Heights, battles of, II.
Bennington, defence of, II.
Benton, III.
Bentonville, battle of, IV.
Berkeley, Sir William,
governor of Virginia, I.
New Jersey made over to, I.
and Bacon's rebellion, I.
proprietary of Carolina, I.
Berlin decree, the, II.
Bessemer steel, III.
in the South, IV.
Beveridge, Albert J., VI.
Beveridge-Parsons Bill, VI.
Tariff Commission Bill, VI.
Bicycle, V., VI.
Big Bethel, fight at, III.
Billeting Act, the, II.
Bi-metalism, international, envoys to the powers, V.
Birney, James G.,
his office sacked, III.
and the Liberty Party, III.
"Blackbeard," I.
"Black Friday," IV.
Blaine, James G., IV.
his campaign for the presidency, IV., V.
proposed congress of American nations, VI.
Blair, F. P., IV.
Blair, Rev. Dr., I.
Bleriot, French aviator, VI.
Blockade of the southern ports, IV.
running, IV.
expeditions to aid, IV.
Bloody Brook, I.
Bobadilla supersedes Columbus, I.
Boer war issue in campaign of 1900, V.
Booth, John Wilkes,
assassinates Lincoln, IV.
captured and killed, IV.
Boston, I.
feeling in, toward bishops, I.
streets lighted, I.
the massacre at, II.
tea party, II.
General Gage in, II.
population of, in, II.
in panic of 1837. III.
savings banks in, III.
its clearing-house, III.
international peace conference at, VI.
topics discussed at Peace conference at, VI.
foreigners in, VI.
Bowdoin, Governor, II.
Boxer Rebellion, the, VI.
Braddock, Sir Edward, in French and Indian War, I.
Bradford, Governor, I.
his reply to the Dutch, I.
Bragg, General,
invades Kentucky, IV. 47;
at Stone River, 48, 49, 50;
at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, 50-60;
his army broken up, 61.
Brandywine, battle of, II.
Brant, Joseph, II.
Breckenridge, his nomination, III.
Breed's Hill, II.
Brooklyn Bridge, the, IV.
Brooks, James, and the Credit Mobilier, IV.
Brooks, Preston S.,
his attack on Sumner, III.
challenges Wilson and Burlingame, III.
Brougham, Lord, his words on Washington, II.
Brown, General, I.
Brown, John, his raid, III.
Brush, Charles G., and electric lighting. IV.
Bryan, William J.,
free silver speech, Democratic convention, 1896, V.
nominated for President, 1896, V.
nominated for President, 1900, V., VI.
nominated for President, 1908, VI.
characteristics of, VI.
Buchanan, III.
his vacillation, III.
Buckner, General Simon B., IV., V.
Buell, General,
at battle of Pittsburg Landing, IV.
Louisville, IV.
Buffalo, Pan-American Exposition, V.
Bull Run, battle of, III.
General Sherman's words concerning, III.
effect of, III.
loss at, III.
second battle of, IV.
Bunau-Varilla, M., Panama diplomatic agent at Washington, VI.
Bunker Hill, battle of. II.
Burgoyne, General,
his advance on upper New York, II.
takes Ticonderoga, II.
his advance on Fort Edward, II.
his situation critical, II.
retreats to Saratoga, II.
his defeat and surrender, II.
Burlingame, Anson, challenged by Brooks, III.
Burns, Anthony, rendition of, III.
Burnside, General,
at Knoxville. IV.
in command of Army of Potomac, IV.
at Fredericksburg, IV.
resigns, IV.
at Petersburg, IV.
Burr, Aaron,
Vice-President, II.
his rise, II.
kills Hamilton, II.
his treason, II.
his arrest, II.
Burroughs, George, condemned for witchcraft, I.
Butler, General B. F.,
at Baltimore, III.
at Fortress Monroe, III.
at New Orleans, IV.
"bottled up" at Bermuda Hundred, IV.
C
Cable, the Atlantic, III.
submarine, from United States to Europe, IV.
new, to England, IV.
Cabot, John, discoveries of, I.
Cabot, Sebastian, I.
Caldwell, Rev. James, II.
Calhoun, John C., II.
his election as Vice-President, III.
wishes Jackson censured, III.
his record and ability, III.
his views on the tariff, III.
advocates annexation of Texas, III.
his theory of popular sovereignty, III.
and the Creole case, III.
California,
exploration and seizure, III.
increase in population, III.
gold in, III.
early law in government, III.
applies for statehood, III.
a state, III., IV.
Calvert, Sir George, Lord Baltimore,
plants colony at Newfoundland, I.
sails for Virginia, I.
Maryland is granted to, I.
his death, I.
settles Maryland, I.
and Clayborne, I.
wise and conciliatory, I.
compared with Roger Williams, I.
his character. I.
defied, I.
sustained by Cromwell, I.
Calvert, Philip, made governor of Maryland, I.
Cambalu, I.
Camden, battle of, II,
Canada,
triple movement of, I.
the cession of, II.
hostility for, II.
the advance on, in war of 1812, II.
and the fisheries question, IV.
emigration to, VI. IV.
reciprocity with, IV.
Canals in United States, III., VI.
Cannon, Joseph G., VI.
Cape Ann settlement, I.
Carleton, Sir Guy, II.
Carnegie, Andrew,
and the steel trade, VI.
donation of, for palace of peace, VI.
on conservation of minerals, VI.
notable gifts of, VI.
Carnegie Institution, VI.
Carolina,
its constitution, I.
conflict of parties in, I.
population of, in 1700 and later, I.
the clergy in, I.
See North Carolina and South Carolina.
Carolina Fort, I.
Carroll, George W., Prohibitionist candidate, VI.
Carteret, Sir George, I.
Cartier, voyages and explorations, I.
Carver, Governor, I.
Casco, treaty of, I.
Castlereagh, Lord. II.
Catherine of Russia, organizing the Armed Neutrality, II.
Catholics,
in Maryland, I.
in United States, IV.
Cavendish, Lord, urges return of troops, II.
Cavendish, Thomas, sails around the world, I.
Census,
twelfth, V.
thirteenth, VI.
permanent bureau established, VI.
Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876, IV.
Cervera, Admiral, V.
Chaffee, General Adna R., military governor Philippines, V.
Chambersburg burned, IV.
Champlain, Lake, explored, I.
Champlain, Sieur de,
founds Quebec, I.
his western trials, I.
Chantilly, battle of, IV.
Chapin, Eugene W., Prohibition candidate, VI.
Charitable institutions in United States, III,
Charles I.,
indifference of, to Virginia colony, I.
grants charter to Massachusetts Bay Company, I.
Charles II.
and Massachusetts colony, I.
his views of political rights of Massachusetts colony, I.
favors Baptists and Quakers, I.
his vengeance delayed, I.
and Connecticut, I.
and Rhode Island, I.
and Virginia, 277. I.
words on Berkeley, I.
Charles V. of Spain, I.
Charleston,
defence of harbor, II.
besieged, II.
population of, in 1800, II.
taken by Sherman, IV.
Dupont's attack on, IV.
Charlestown settled, I.
Charter Oak, the, I.
Chase, Secretary, IV.
Chattanooga,
movements around, IV.
lumber trade and tannery of, IV.
Cherokees, the, II., VI.
Cherry Valley, massacre at, III.
Chesapeake affair, the, II.
Chicago,
first appearance of the word, I.
in 1830, III.
progress of, III.
become a great money lender to the West, IV.
fire, IV.
Columbian Exposition, V.
drainage canal, VI.
foreigners in, VI.
Chickamauga,
battle of, IV.
the "Rock of," IV.
Chickasaws, the, II., VI.
Child-labor in United States, VI.
Chile,
the Itata incident, V.
Atlantic fleet at, VI.
China,
friendly relations between the United States and, VI.
trade with, VI.
"open door" policy in, VI.
Boxer Rebellion in, VI.
neutrality of, VI.
Russia's influence in, VI.
Atlantic fleet in, VI.
Chinese labor in the United States, IV., V., VI.
students in the United States, VI.
Exclusion Act, VI.
Chloroform first used, III.
Choctaws, the, II., VI.
Christmas not observed in New England, II.
Church, Captain, in King Philip's war, I.
Cincinnati laid out, II.
City Government, commission plan of, VI.
Civil Service, Andrew Jackson and the, III.
Civil service reform, IV.
Cleveland and, IV., V.
McKinley and, V.
Roosevelt and, VI.
Taft and, VI.
Civil war, the,
causes of, III.
an irrepressible conflict, III.
opening of, at Sumter, III.
begun, III.
the three lines of campaign, IV.
plan of campaign of 1864-65, IV.
Virginia campaigns of 1862-63. IV.
close of, at Appomattox, IV.
military service in, and number of killed and wounded, IV.
naval operations of, IV.
expenses of, IV.
measures to payoff debt of, IV.
Clark, John, of Newport, I.
Clay, Henry, II., III.
the most interesting figure of the Whig Party, III.
his record, III.
his power as an orator, III.
his duel with Randolph, III.
his wit, III.
a pleader for the Missouri Compromise, III.
forces the bank question forward, III.
opposes annexation of Texas, III.
his omnibus bill, III.
and the Creole case, III.
Clayborne, and Lord Baltimore, I.
his insurrection, I.
Clergy, the, in the colonies, I.
Cleveland, Grover,
elected President, IV.
and the civil service, IV.
on the tariff, IV., V.
campaign and election, 1892, V.
second administration, V.
Venezuela message, V.
riot proclamation, V.
and Cuba, V., VI.
Clinton, General, II.
sends out plundering parties, II.
at Charleston, II.
his severity, II.
returns to New York, II.
deceived by Washington, II.
Coal, anthracite,
discovered, II.
waste of, VI.
conservation of, VI.
in South, VI.
Coinage, Andrew Jackson and, II., Ill., IV., V.
Cold Harbor, the fight at, IV.
Colfax, Schuyler. IV.
Coligny, Admiral, I.
Colleges,
founded in America, in colonial times, I.
social differences in, I.
commencements, II.
Colonies,
the governmental institutions in, I.
the relation of, to England, I.
classification of, I.
constitutional and governmental changes in the, I.
rights claimed by, I.
attitude of, toward taxation, I., II.
population of, at different dates, I.
intellectual ability in, I.
English Church in the, I.
the clergy in the, I.
opposition to episcopacy in, I.
colleges and schools in, I.
newspapers in, I., II.
libraries in, I.
postal service in, I., II.
learned professions in, I.
epidemics in, I.
scholars and artists in, I.
travelling in, I., II.
manufactures and commerce in, I.
houses in, I.
food and clothing in, I.
social differences in, I.
redemptioners in, I.
penal legislation in, I.
French and Indian war a military training for, II.
union of, II.
George III. and, II.
England ignorant of, II.
effect of the Stamp Act on, II.
desire for independence in, II.
effect of Declaration of Independence on, II.
Colonization Society, American, III.
Colorado,
made a State, IV.
mineral discoveries in, IV.
Columbian Exposition, the World's Fair, V.
Columbus, Christopher,
influence of reading of travels on, I.
his birth, early life, and marriage, I.
his studies, I.
his theory of reaching Asia by sailing west, I.
his appeals for aid, I.
lays his project before Ferdinand and Isabella, I.
his contract with Isabella, I.
sails from Palos, I.
his voyage, I.
discovers America, I.
later voyages and discoveries, I.
superseded by Bobadilla, I.
his illusions concerning America, I.
his death, I.
Comer, Rev. John, I.
Commerce and Labor,
Department of, created, VI.
attitude of, toward Chinese immigration, VI.
Commerce Commission, Interstate, VI.
Commission of 1664, I.
Concord,
fight at, II.
Emerson's lines on, II.
Cone, Dr. Spencer H., III.
Confederacy,
its government organized, III.
its constitution, III.
its prospects, III.
collapse of, IV.
naval operations of the, IV.
England sides with, IV.
Napoleon III. aids, IV.
finances of, IV.
Confederation, the Articles of, II.
bound the States together, II.
faults of, II.
advantages of, II.
propositions to reform the, II.
no fundamental law, II.
Congregationalists nearly all Federalists, II.
Congress,
the first Continental, II.
petition by, sent to England, II.
adjourns to Baltimore, II.
gives thanks for close of Revolutionary war, II.
the Revolutionary, II.
its powers, II.
personnel of, II.
thoroughness of first constitutional, II.
censures Andrew Jackson, III.
an extra session of, in panic of 1837, III.
treatment of anti-slavery petitions by, III.
inaction of, toward the South, III.
and President Johnson, IV.
takes measures to protect the negroes, IV.
resolution declaring Cuba free, V.
extra session, tariff, V.
national defence fund voted, V.
on occupancy of Cuba, V.
government of Cuba, V.
on Philippines, V.
Filipinos, V.
congressional apportionment, V.
San Francisco relief fund voted, VI.
increase of members of House of Representatives, VI.
Progressives in, VI.
Congress, the, burned, IV.
Connecticut,
settlement of, I.
population of towns of, in 1643. I.
and Charles II., I.
liberal charter of, I.
prosperity of, I.
its boundary disputes, I.
in fear of Dutch attacks, I.
and Andros, I.
valley of, invaded during King Philip's war, I.
population of, in 1754, I.
ratifies the Constitution, II.
corporation laws, III.
Conservation of nation's resources,
White House conference on, VI.
first national commission created, 134;
North American Conservation Congress, 135.
Constitution, the,
James Madison the father of, II.
rise of the new, II.
completion and ratification of, II.
signed, II.
launching the, II.
benefits from, II.
popularity of, II.
Federalists and anti-Federalists on interpretation of, II.
XIIth amendment to, II.
broad construction of, III.
ambiguity of, on slavery, III.
precludes possibility of secession, III.
Constitutional Union party, III.
Constructionists, close and liberal, II.
Continental Congress. See Congress.
Contraband of war, IV.
Contract debts between nations, resolution concerning, VI.
Contrecoeur at Great Meadows, I.
Cook, Dr. Frederick A., Arctic expedition of, VI.
Cooper, Peter, III.
and the Greenback Party, IV.
Copley, Sir Lionel, governor of Maryland, I.
Copperheads denounce the war as cruel and needless, IV.
Copyright, international, V.
Corinth, battle of, IV,
Corliss engine, the, IV.
Cornell, Ezra, and telegraphy, III.
Cornwallis, General,
follows Washington across New Jersey, II.
at the battle of Camden, II.
his triumphal march north, II.
at Guilford Court-House, II.
retreats to Virginia, II.
at Yorktown, II.
his surrender, II.
Corporation laws in the fourth decade, III.
Corregan, Charles E., Socialist Labor Party candidate, VI.
Correo, I.
Cortelyou, George B.,
Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor, VI.
manager Republican campaign 1904, VI.
brings to New York city aid from U. S. Treasury surplus, VI.
Cortez, Hernando, conquers Mexico, I.
Costume in United States in the fourth decade, III.
Cotton,
tariff on, III., VI.
slavery and, III.
crops after the war, IV.
production of, in the South, VI.
Coxey, industrial army, V.
Crandall, Miss Prudence, her school destroyed, III.
Credit Mobilier, the, IV.
Creeks, the, II.
Andrew Jackson conquers, II., VI.
Creole case, the, III.
Crittenden, III.
his compromise, III.
Crompton's mule-jenny, II.
Cromwell requires submission of colony, I.
Crown Point taken, II.
Cuba,
efforts of Lopez to conquer, III.
United States and, III., V.
and Spain, V.
U. S. endeavors to purchase, V.
Santiago campaign, V.
U. S. Congress on, V.
U. S. military government, V.
sanitary and educational reform, V.
census, V.
constitutional convention, V.
republic, V., VI.
government organized, VI.
attitude of the United States toward, VI.
United States reciprocity with, VI.
Culpeper, Lord, I.
Cumberland, the army of, IV.
Cumberland, the, sunk by the Merrimac, IV.
Curtis, G. W., IV.
Curtiss, Glenn R., VI.
Cushing, Caleb, IV.
Cushing, Lieutenant, blows up the Albemarle, IV.
Czolgosz, Leon, Assassinates President McKinley, V.
D
Dale, Commodore, expedition of, II.
Dale, governor of Virginia, I.
Dam, the Roosevelt, VI.
the Shoshone, VI.
Danbury Hatters case, the, VI.
Dare, the name of the first child of English parents born in America, I.
Dartmouth College, decision of the United States Supreme Court, III.
Davies, Rev. Samuel, his words concerning Washington, I.
Davis, Henry G., nominated for Vice-president, VI.
Davis, Jefferson,
in Mexican war III.
chosen President of the Confederacy, III.
his career and powers, III.
sends cannon to St. Louis boxed up, III.
and his government leave Richmond, IV.
his capture, IV.
excluded from Mexican war pension, V.
Debs, Eugene V., Social Democratic Party candidate, VI.
Debt, the Federal,
at close of the Revolution, II.
the foreign debt, II.
domestic debt, II.
state debt, II.
scheme for payment, II.
reduction of national, IV.
Decatur, II.
Declaration of Independence, II.
mooted, II.
drafted, passed, and signed, II.
the language and spirit of, II.
its effect, II.
"Declaratory Act," the, II.
De Kalb, General, II.
the hero of Camden, II.
Delaware, Lord, governor of Virginia, I.
his mild sway, I.
Delaware,
settlement begun, I.
intimately related to Pennsylvania, I.
its legislature, I.
population in 1700 and later, I.
ratifies the Constitution, II.
and secession, III.
De Lesseps, Ferdinand, VI.
De Lome, Dupuy, V.
Democratic Party,
the origin of, II.
enters a long lease of power, II.
its policy, II.
and the tariff, III.
in 1840, III.
favored annexation of Texas, III.
and Whigism, III.
revolt from, at the North, III.
disagreements in, III.
wished to compromise with the South, III.
opposition of, to the administration on slavery question, IV.
views of, on effect of secession, IV.
recovery of power by, IV.
tariff policy of, IV., V.
convention 1896, V.
defeat, V.
in campaign 1900, V.
defeat, V.
convention of, 1904, VI.
convention of 1908, VI.
platform of, 256, VI.
Demont, Adjutant, treason of, II.
Deneen, Governor Charles S., VI.
Depew, Chauncey M., quoted, VI. 25.
Des Moines, Iowa, adopts commission plan of government, VI.
Dewey, Commodore George,
in Manila Bay, V.
Schley court of inquiry, V.
and Aguinaldo, V.
Dickinson, Jacob M., Secretary of War, VI.
Dickinson, John, of Pennsylvania, II.
Dighton Rock, the writing on. I.
Dingley, Nelson, chairman, V.
Dingley Tariff Bill, V. 204; VI.
"Dollar of the Fathers," the, IV.
Dolliver, Senator, of Iowa, VI.
Donelson, Fort, capture of. IV.
Douglas, Judge,
and the Missouri compromise, III.
his "squatter sovereignty," III.
his theory, III.
how far he was right, III.
his nomination, III.
his voice for war, III.
Drake, Sir Francis,
sails around world, I.
takes Virginia settlers back to England, I.
Du Lhut, explorations of, I.
Dupont, Flag-Officer, IV.
tries to seize Charleston, IV.
Duquesne, Fort, I.
Durand, E. Dana, VI.
Dustin, Hannah, I.
Dutch,
the honesty of, I.
their relations with the Plymouth colonists, I.
conquest of, by the English, I.
persistence of influence and traits of, I.
war of, with Indians, I.
treaty of, with Indians, I.
Connecticut in fear of, I.
conquest of, by the English in New Netherland, I.
Dutch West India Company, the, I., III.
Dwight, Timothy,
his sermon to Gates's soldiers, II.
quoted, II.
E
Eagan, Commissary-General, and Army equipment, V.
Early, General,
his advance against Washington, IV.
burns Chambersburg, IV.
defeated at Opequon Creek, IV.
completely routed, IV.
Eaton, Major, and his wife, III.
Edison, Thomas A., and electric lighting, IV., V.
Education, General, Board, VI.
Educational Institutions, VI.
Edwards, Jonathan, I.
Electoral Commission of 1877, the, IV.
Electoral Count Act, the, IV.
Electric lighting, IV.
Electricity, V.
new uses of, VI.