THE FUTURE.
We have now learned something of the different islands of the Philippine
archipelago and of the possibilities that lie in them. Much has been
done in the past to make this country a source of income to the Spanish
crown; much, however, remains to be done, to make of the islands a
country whose prosperity shall help the people themselves.
The wealth of a country is not to be estimated by the amount of its
exports, or by the number of its great buildings, fine harbors, or
splendid cities. A nation may have all of these while the people
themselves are poor. The United States is a great and rich nation, not
because of the value of its national possessions, but because the great
mass of the people are fairly well off. There can be no real prosperity
in a country unless the people themselves share it; there can be no just
government if that government is considered as something apart from the
people. The people must have a part in it before it can be a good
government.
But before a people can take any real part in the government of a
civilized land, they must understand something of the principles on
which good government is based. They must know something of the world’s
history and of the government of other countries. They must have a
common language, and must be a united people, all ready to work for the
common good. That country can never prosper which is divided by a
feeling of race difference, or by jealousies that make hard feeling
among its people.
It is because the United States has learned these things by experience
that it has opened public schools in the Philippine Islands. It seeks to
have all the people learn English, because only by means of a common
language can the Americans and the Filipinos come to understand one
another; only by means of such a language can the different peoples
among the Philippines come into real harmony.
The time is coming, too, when English will be the language of the whole
commercial world. Already the people of other great countries know that
they must learn to speak it for business uses, and it is taught as a
matter of course in most of the schools of Europe.
[Illustration:
THE CAGAYAN DE ORO RIVER.
]
A people must have even more than a common language, common interests,
and modern education, to become a prosperous people. Not only must men
be wise enough to take part in their own government, but they must have
control of the trades and industries and commercial ventures of their
own land. So long as the commercial business of a country is almost
wholly carried on by foreigners, that country will never become rich. It
is not meant by this that foreigners should not be allowed to do
business in the country; that is an idea which belongs to dark ages of
the world’s history. But there should be no need for them in the
country. The people should have such patriotic pride in the welfare of
their own land as to conduct its business themselves.
Nevertheless, wherever there is a demand for anything in the commercial
world, there will surely, in time, be a supply. There must be merchants
in the Philippine Islands. There must be tradesmen, artisans, mechanics,
workers in wood, iron, and leather, and followers of the arts and crafts
known to civilization. If the Filipino people do not take up these lines
of work, and carry them out well and wisely, outsiders will come in and
monopolize them. They have already come to the archipelago. Moreover,
they will continue to come, from China and Japan, from India and Ceylon,
and from all the countries of Europe, if the people of the country do
not themselves learn to take their places. So long as the foreigners are
here, there will be nothing for the native people to do but to work as
laborers, or as clerks and servants.
The great resource of the Philippine Islands must always be agriculture.
When modern methods of farming are adopted here, and modern machinery
has taken the place of the wooden implements and the out-of-date tools
now in use; when we have large sugar mills and refineries in place of
the small and primitive ones now here, we shall see great progress made.
With peace in the country, and good government making every man secure
in his right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, farm work
will be very different here. Nearly the entire population of the
archipelago ought then to draw a good living from the land. When all the
good land is brought under cultivation, the crops raised in the islands
ought to increase tenfold over what are now grown.
Before much can be accomplished, however, a great deal of government
work must be carried out. This the Americans have in view; already some
millions of dollars have been set aside by the civil government to make
roads, harbors, and bridges, and for public works of many sorts in the
archipelago. A day of hope seems opening, not merely for the Americans
to whom the task has fallen of carrying on the work, but for the whole
Filipino people. They and the Americans must work together to bring the
promises of this day into full fruitage.
No word about the islands can be complete unless it touches upon the
wonderful beauty of this country. This is a great part of the good
inheritance of the people. It ought to quicken the pleasure and pride of
every Filipino in his beautiful land. Its lofty mountains, its lovely
plains and noble rivers, the rich verdure that clothes the country, all
go to make up beautiful pictures everywhere. There is much that can and
must be done to make the cities and towns more fit and beautiful places
for people to live in; but for the outside country nature has done great
things.
The banana plants and the nipa and cocoanut palms are beautiful as well
as useful. So are the great mango trees and the fields of growing rice.
In all nature there is nothing more graceful than the giant bamboos that
grow by every stream. Their beauty is of a very perfect sort. This plant
does more than delight the eye; of all tropical growths it is the most
useful to man. In a little composition which was written by a Chinese
schoolboy in his own country, a fine account is given of the many uses
to which the bamboo can be put. He says:
[Illustration:
MANILA SCHOOLBOYS.
]
“We have a bamboo hedge in our grounds, and nothing could be better. I
am writing with a bamboo-handled pencil; I have seen bamboo masts on
vessels. On the whole, the bamboo is one of the most precious
possessions of China. Its tapering stalks supply joists for houses, ribs
for sails, shafts for spars, tubes and buckets for water, fishing-rods,
and the handles and ribs of our fans. The great bamboo, split, makes an
excellent roof. Rafts are made of the bamboo; baskets are woven of it.
The Chinaman sits in a bamboo chair at a bamboo table; and he may rest
himself, in the heat of the day, beneath the bamboo tree, with a bamboo
hat upon his head. When I have been all about the edges of the world,
and have seen all kinds of strange people, I ask nothing better than to
come back home and sit under the shade of a bamboo veranda, and when my
life is finished, to go to heaven from a bamboo bed.”
To how many other uses than even these do the Filipino people put
bamboo! They make the sails of ships from it; they build bridges of it;
boats, rafts, water-pipes, scaffolds for building houses, and all kinds
of baskets and furniture. Indeed this plant, with the India rubber plant
and the bijuca, would enable almost any Filipino to build and furnish a
house that would answer all the needs of the climate.
* * * * *
We have now studied the main facts in the history of these islands. The
Story of the Philippines has many sad chapters, but there need be no
more such. The Filipino people have been patient under trial. They have
been forbearing through much injustice and misrule. They have been brave
and patriotic always. Now we may hope that a new day has dawned upon the
land. What this day will bring forth depends, to a great extent, upon
the Filipino boys and girls who are now growing up. They must learn to
be good citizens. They must be able, when they are men and women, to
take a wise part in governing the country.
The night before José Rizal was shot, he said to a friend: “What is
death to me? I have sown; others are left to reap.”
Rizal would have been glad to see this new day. He would have been glad
to see schoolhouses opening everywhere in the country, for he knew that
knowledge is power. The seeds which he helped to sow are those of
liberty, justice, and peace. The Filipino people must be wise enough to
cherish these seeds into strong, healthy growth. If they do this the
country will surely reap the harvest which he foresaw, of peaceful days,
full of hope and happiness.
INDEX.
Acuña, Bravo de, 71.
Aetas, 44.
Agriculture, 239.
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 184, 194, 196, 207.
Albay Province, 224.
Alexander VI., Pope, 33.
Alfonso XII. of Spain, 167.
Alum, 224.
American, fleet, 204;
occupation, 203;
Revolution, 135;
teachers, 214, 215.
Anda, Simon de, 120–122, 126.
Apo, Mount, 231.
Arandia, Pedro de, 103, 105, 109, 112, 113.
Arayat, Mount, 223.
Archbishopric of Manila created, 65.
Arsenal, Cavite, 165, 205, 206.
Artillery regiment, Spanish, 164.
Assembly, Filipino, recommended, 218, 219.
Augusti, Governor-General, 201, 206.
Augustines, 30, 64, 125.
Azaldegin, General Lopez, 85, 86.
Balabac, 234.
Balanguengui Islands, 152.
Balboa, 14, 17.
Bamboo, 232, 241, 242.
Bandits, 157, 158.
Barbosa, Captain Duarte, 23.
Barcelona, 173.
Bautista, Fray Pedro, 67.
Biac-na-’bato, 195;
treaty of, 196, 200.
Birds’ nests, edible, 234.
Bishop of Manila, 63–65.
Blanco, Governor-General, 173, 181, 183, 184, 186.
Bohol, 229.
Bombon, Lake, 111, 223.
_Boston_, U. S. cruiser, 205.
Bridge of Spain, 23, 164, 171.
British in Manila, 117–122.
Burgos, Dr. José, 163, 164, 180.
Butuan, chief of, 19, 21, 23.
Cabeza de barangay, 62.
Cable cut, 206.
Calle de Camba, massacre of, 199.
Canary Islands, 16.
Cañcao, 205.
Caraballo, Juan, 25.
Carabaos, 192, 234.
Castillo, Captain Gregorio, 91.
Cathedral, Manila, 67, 93, 156, 157, 159.
Cavite Arsenal, 165, 205, 206.
Cavite, insurrection of, 162, 182.
Cebu, 228;
King Charles I. of, 21;
King Tupas of, 32, 37;
raid on, 200;
women of, 153.
“Cedula personal,” 168, 193.
Censorship of native books, 151.
Chaffee, Major-General, 217.
Charles I., King, 15, 16, 19, 21.
China, emperor of, 71.
Chinese in Manila, 56–59, 72, 105, 106, 155.
Cholera in Manila, 138, 168.
Christina, Queen, 146.
Church and State, relations between, 62–65, 89.
Civil government, American, 217;
Spanish, 156.
Claveria, Governor-General, 152.
Coffee, 224, 225.
Columbus, 13, 14.
Commission, Schurman, 214, 215;
Taft, 216, 217.
Commissioners, Filipino, 218.
Comparvano, Spanish Minister, 147.
_Concepcion_, the, 16, 25.
Congress, 217, 218.
Constitution of 1812, 136, 138, 180.
Corregidor Island, 206, 226.
Cortes, de Cadiz, 135, 180;
Spanish, 135, 136.
Cotton, 144.
Cuba ceded to United States, 209.
Cuesta, Filipino leader, 154.
Dattos, 48.
Davao Gulf, 231.
Del Cano, Juan Sebastian, 27, 29.
Delegates to Congress, Filipino, 219.
Desmarinas, Gomez Perez, 64, 65, 67;
Luis Perez, 68, 73.
Dewey, Admiral George, 204–207.
Draper, British general, 117, 119, 121.
Dutch, the, 74, 75, 76, 229.
Earthquakes, 84, 156, 167.
Education, 138, 214, 237.
“El Filibustero,” 172.
English language, 237.
Executive, 216;
Council, 218.
Fajardo, Governor-General, 84, 85.
Ferdinand VII., 136.
Fernate, king of, 67.
Filipino, Assembly, 159;
clergy, 162;
commissioners, 218;
people, 44, 45, 48, 214.
Folgueras, Governor-General, 140.
Foreigners in trade, 103, 137, 145, 239.
Forests, 232, 233.
Forman, John, historian, 187.
Freemasons, 164.
Friars, 64, 82, 125, 147, 162, 169, 171, 177, 187.
Galleons, 75, 76, 99–103, 135.
Gil, Padre Mariano, 183.
Goiti, Martin de, 36, 39, 54, 57, 70.
Gold, 224, 231.
Gomez, Dr. Mariano, 164.
Government, central, 216;
civil, 156, 217;
form of, recommended, 218.
Guam, 209.
Guardia Civil, 157, 182, 184, 199.
Guzman, Don Francisco Tello de, 68.
Head of a hundred, 48, 62.
Hemp, 225, 228, 229, 231, 232.
History of Philippines, 210, 221.
Holland, peace with, 77.
Hot Springs, 226.
Ide, Hon. Henry C., 218.
Igorrote-Chinese, 59.
Igorrotes, 45, 112, 113, 168.
Iloilo, 227.
Insurrection of Cavite, 162, 182.
_See_ Revolts.
Iron, 224.
Isabella II., 158, 159.
_Isla de Cuba_, 205.
_Isla de Panay_, 173.
Islas Filipinas, named, 28.
Jaena, Graciano Lopez, 169, 170.
Japan, emperor of, 65, 82, 181.
Jesuits, 126, 159, 177.
Joló, 114, 153, 232;
a Moro of, 47.
Jomohol, 18.
Jusi weaving, 227.
Katipunan, 180, 181, 183.
Kieman, Farranda, 65, 66.
King of the Tagals, the, 148, 149.
King’s Regiment, the, 105, 137, 140, 166.
Koxinga, 92–94.
Lachambre, General, 187.
Lacondola, 37–39.
Ladrone Islands, 18, 209.
Ladrones, bands of, 198.
Laguna de Bay, 224.
Lara, Governor-General, 88, 90.
_La Trinidad_, 16, 17.
Lavazares, Governor-General, 52, 57.
Laws, object of, 212.
Legardo, Sr. Benito, 218.
Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de, 18, 28–40, 52.
Legaspi, port of, 164.
Legislative bodies, 217.
Leyte, port of, 164, 229.
Liberal Party, 135, 170.
Li-ma-hong, 54, 56–59.
Lingayen, bay of, 222.
Llaneras, General, 191.
Louis Philippe, 146, 147.
Luneta, the, 30, 184.
Luzon, 34, 37, 136, 222.
MacArthur, Major-General, 217.
Machinery, improved, 228.
Mactan, island of, 21.
Magellan, Ferdinand, 14–24, 229;
Straits of, 17, 19.
_Maine_, the, 204.
Malhon, 18.
Malong’s revolt, 91.
Mandarins in Manila, 71.
Mango trees, 240.
Manila, 137, 145, 207, 208;
archbishopric of, 65;
cathedral, 67, 93, 156, 157, 159.
Manila Bay, 207, 222, 226;
battle of, 205.
Marauit campaign, 180.
Martinez, Governor-General, 140, 142.
Masbate, 226.
Matanda, Rajah, 37.
Maynila, 34, 38.
Mayon volcano, 168, 225.
McKinley, President, 210.
Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 207.
Mexico, 79, 128, 137;
High Court of, 52.
Military government, 213.
Mindanao, 18, 70, 229–232.
Mindoro, 226.
Monet, General, 192.
Montjierat, fortress of, 174.
Montojo, Admiral, 204, 205.
Morga, Governor-General, 70.
Morgado, Capt. Alonzo, 142.
Moriones, Governor-General, 164, 166.
Moro pirates, 71, 94, 138, 142, 152.
Moros, 46, 47, 70, 180.
Moses, Hon. Bernard, 218.
Municipal school, 159.
Native clergy, 147, 162, 177, 192.
Navidad, 28, 30.
Negritos, 44, 50.
Negros, 152, 228.
“Nolle me Tangere,” 172.
Normal school, 159.
Norzagaray, Governor-General, 154.
Novales, Captain, 140.
Nuevo Segovia, Bishop of, 113.
Nuñez, General, 192.
Order of Safety, the, 152.
Outlaws, 155.
Palaúan, 234.
Pampangans, revolt of, 91.
Parado, General Gonzales, 181.
Parian, the, 156;
gate, 155, 156.
Paris, peace of, 121.
Paterno, Sr. Pedro A., 194–196.
Peace, Commission, 208;
of Paris, 121;
treaty of, 208–210.
Pearl fisheries, 234.
Philip II., King, 28, 29, 30, 63, 68.
Philip III., King, 68.
Piña cloth, 227.
Pirates, Chinese, 54–59; _see_ Moro.
Polavieja, Governor-General, 174, 187, 191.
Pope Alexander VI., 33.
Porto Rico, 203, 209.
President of U. S., 204, 209, 214, 216, 218.
Prisoners released by U. S., 213.
Problete, Archbishop, 89, 96.
Protocol of peace, 208.
Punta, 205.
Raon, Governor-General, 126.
“Real Situado,” 103.
Recoletos, 177.
Reformers in Spain, 145.
Report of Schurman Commission, 215.
Representative government, 219.
Revolts—
Sumoroy’s, 85, 86.
Malong’s, 91.
Silan’s, 124.
Luzon, 136.
Novales’, 140.
Bohol, 145.
Tayabas, 148.
Tagal regiment, 148.
Cuesta’s, 154.
Cavite, 162.
Zamboanga, 164.
Seventy-fourth Regiment, 198.
Reyes, Ventura de Los, 136.
Ricafort, Governor-General, 144, 145.
Riccio, friar-mandarin, 92–94.
Rio de Janeiro, 16.
Rivera, Governor-General, 168, 189, 191, 194, 197, 201.
Rizal, Dr. José, 170–175, 243;
his widow, 174.
Roderigues, Estevan, 70.
Rojo, Archbishop, 117, 120, 122.
Royal dues, 106.
St. Lazarus Hospital, 83.
Salazar, Archbishop, 65.
Salazar, Simon de Anda y, 117, 120–122, 126.
Salcedo, Governor-General, 96.
Salcedo, Juan, 34–37, 51, 53, 54, 58, 59, 61.
_San Antonio_, 16, 17.
San Bernardino Strait, 229.
Sanchez, Alonzo, 63.
Sangley, 205.
San Fausto Chapel, 40.
San José College, 126.
San Juan del Monte, 182, 183.
San Lazarus Islands, 19.
San Lucar Barrameda, 16, 27.
_Santiago_, 16, 17.
Santo Tomos, 125.
Schools in the Philippines, 138, 213, 214, 237.
Schurman, Hon. Jacob, 215;
Commission, 214.
Secret societies, 164, 179.
Self-government, 159, 213, 214.
Sepoy troops, 118, 120.
Serrano, Juan, 23.
Seventy-fourth Regiment, revolt of the, 198.
Silan, revolt of, 124, 125.
Silang, battle of, 174.
Sioco, Japanese pirate, 57.
Soldiers as teachers, 214.
Soler, Governor-General, 168.
Soliman, chief of Maynila, 36, 38, 39.
South Pacific squadron, 204.
Spanish-Americans, 144.
Spanish Cortes, 135, 136.
Spanish, fleet, 205;
friars, 162, 169, 171, 177, 187;
troops, 186, 188.
Steam gunboats, 152.
Steel plows, 228.
Strait, of Balabac, 234;
of San Bernardino, 229.
Students, Filipino, 154, 169, 241.
Study of English, 237.
Sual, 196.
Suez canal, 164.
Sultan of Sulu, 113, 115.
Sulu archipelago, 232.
Sumoroy’s revolt, 85, 86.
Supreme Court, 61, 62, 68, 119, 120.
Suragao, 18;
district, 232.
Taal, town of, destroyed, 111;
volcano, 109, 223.
Tacloban, 164, 229.
Tagals, 48;
king of the, 148, 149.
Taufer, Miss Josephine, 174.
Tavera, Dr. Pardo de, 218.
_Te Deum_ sung in Manila, 196.
Tibi, 226.
Tobacco, inspectors, 130;
land, 222, 228;
monopoly, 129, 130, 134, 155, 167.
Torre, Governor-General, 158.
Torre’s guard, 158.
Trade, 99–107;
control of, 135;
restrictions on, 74, 100, 101.
Treaty of Paris, 121;
of Peace, 208;
of Trent, 162.
Trent, treaty of, 162.
_Trinidad, La_, 16.
_Trinidad_, galleon captured by British, 118.
Typhoons, 231.
United States, 203–210, 212, 214, 216, 236.
_Uranus_, island steamer, 197.
Urbiztondo, Governor-General, 153.
Urdaneta, Padre Andres de, 30, 33, 42.
Valenzuela, Sancho, 183.
Vargas, Don José, Basco y, 128, 130.
Venenchillo, Fray Francisco, 111.
Vicos, 125.
_Victoria_, 16, 17.
Vigan, 222, 224.
Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de, 28.
Visayans, 48.
Visayas, the, 226.
War, declaration of, 203.
Worcester, Hon. Dean, 218.
Wright, Hon. Luke E., 218.
Zamboanga, 231.
Zamora, Dr. Jacinto, 164.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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