[Illustration: THE WORLD ON MERCATOR’S PROJECTION.]
THE STORY
OF
THE PHILIPPINES
[Illustration:
VIEW FROM THE CITY WALL, MANILA.
]
THE STORY
OF
THE PHILIPPINES
FOR USE IN THE SCHOOLS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
BY
ADELINE KNAPP
Author of “How to Live,” etc.
WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS
[Illustration]
SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY
NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO
COPYRIGHT, 1902, BY
SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY
PREFATORY NOTE.
The history of the Philippine Islands is little known to its people
to-day, for the records are few and not easy of access. Just at the
present time this knowledge is especially necessary to the Filipino
people. A knowledge of the conditions of the past is of the greatest
importance to a people desirous of planning wisely and well for the
future.
“The Story of the Philippines” aims to teach Filipino young people the
salient facts regarding the past of their country, and, besides this, it
points out some of the things needful to the best growth and progress of
the islands. Certain chapters are devoted to matters pertaining to
geography, commerce, and government, directing attention to the main
physical features of the country and the possibilities of its successful
development, and touching upon lines of commercial and social
advancement which lie just ahead. The book shows that the Filipinos have
a past filled with the records of brave deeds and patient forbearance;
that they have a beautiful country, rich in natural resources; and that
the future development and prosperity of their islands depend largely
upon themselves.
The volume has been prepared in order to fill a definite educational
need in the schools of the Philippine Islands, and as the first secular
history of their land to be brought within reach of Filipino school
children it should be of real value. But it is not only to the teachers
and pupils in the schools that this book is useful; it should appeal to
all who live in the Philippine Islands and all others who are interested
in them.
The author has had access to the best historical material available in
the Philippines and in America. The book was written in the islands, and
as nearly as possible from the standpoint of the people. It is
impossible to name the many devoted friends of the islands—Filipinos and
Americans—who have helped to make this book possible. No mere words of
thanks can express the obligation of the author and publishers to them;
but their aid was given in a spirit of desire to help in the education
of Filipino young people. If the book does this, their reward will be
commensurate with the great service they have rendered.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER. PAGE.
I. THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS 13
II. EARLY SETTLEMENTS 27
III. THE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE 42
IV. EARLY TROUBLES 52
V. BEGINNINGS OF STRIFE 61
VI. COLONIAL WARS AND DIFFICULTIES 70
VII. THE SPANISH AND THE FILIPINOS 78
VIII. A NEW BEGINNING 88
IX. TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES 99
X. THE ISLANDS UNDER ARANDIA’S RULE 109
XI. BRITISH OCCUPATION 117
XII. TO THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 124
XIII. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1812 132
XIV. CHANGES IN THE ISLANDS 142
XV. EFFORTS TO KEEP PEACE 151
XVI. THE INSURRECTION AT CAVITE 162
XVII. THE UPRISING OF 1896 177
XVIII. THE END OF SPANISH RULE 191
XIX. THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN OCCUPATION 203
XX. CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES 212
XXI. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE ARCHIPELAGO 221
XXII. THE FUTURE 236
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE.
VIEW FROM THE CITY WALL, MANILA _Frontispiece_
KING CHARLES I. 15
IN THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 19
MAP OF MAGELLAN’S ROUTE 20
THE LANDING OF MAGELLAN 22
THE TOMB OF MAGELLAN, ON THE ISLAND OF MACTAN 24
STATUE OF SEBASTIAN DEL CANO 29
ANCIENT FORT COMMANDING CEBU HARBOR 32
THE MONUMENT TO LEGASPI AT CEBU CITY 35
LEGASPI SAILING TO MANILA 38
ABORIGINES OF MINDANAO 44
A MORO OF JOLÓ, IN THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO 47
ANCIENT ALPHABETS 49
NEGRITOS IN A PRAHU 50
PLAZA DE GOITI, MANILA 55
CHINESE WAR JUNKS ATTACKING MANILA 57
KING PHILIP II. 63
THE CITY WALL AND MOAT, MANILA 66
A MEMBER OF THE GUIANGA TRIBE OF MINDANAO 72
WARRIORS OF MINDANAO 73
DUTCH SHIPS ATTACKING A CHINESE TRADING JUNK 75
FUERZA DEL PILAR, MINDANAO 81
ST. LAZARUS HOSPITAL, MANILA 83
A CHURCH AT MALATE 90
THE MANILA CATHEDRAL 93
AN OLD SPANISH FORT AT SIASSI 95
THE ARRIVAL OF A SPANISH GALLEON 101
THE SANTA LUCIA GATE, MANILA 104
TAAL VOLCANO 110
IGORROTES 113
A STREET IN JOLÓ 114
ROYAL GATE AND SALLY PORT IN THE CITY WALL, MANILA 119
THE BRITISH ASSAULT ON THE WALLS OF MANILA 121
MONUMENT TO SIMON DE ANDA ON THE MALACON, MANILA 127
A MODERN WAR SHIP 133
KING FERDINAND VII. 137
A STREET IN MANILA 139
THE MAGELLAN MONUMENT, MANILA 143
QUEEN CHRISTINA 146
MANILA BAY FROM THE CITY WALLS 148
PIRATE FLEET ATTACKING A COAST TOWN 153
THE PARIAN GATE 155
RUINS OF MANILA CATHEDRAL AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE 157
QUEEN ISABELLA II. AS A CHILD 158
THE GROUNDS OF THE CAVITE ARSENAL 165
PUMPING STATION, CARRIEDO WATERWORKS 167
THE BRIDGE OF SPAIN 171
FORT GENERAL WEYLER IN MINDANAO 178
THE BRIDGE OF SAN JUAN DEL MONTE 182
DUNGEON AT CAVITE 185
BIAC-NA-’BATO, WHERE THE TREATY WAS MADE 195
EMILIO AGUINALDO 199
ADMIRAL MONTOJO 204
GOVERNOR-GENERAL AUGUSTI 206
THE FIRST AMERICAN FLAG RAISED IN MANILA 209
GOVERNOR WILLIAM H. TAFT 215
GENERAL ADNA R. CHAFFEE 217
MAYON VOLCANO 225
WEAVING JUSI 227
THE FALLS OF BOTOCAN IN LUZON 230
A RIVER SCENE ON THE ISLAND OF LUZON 233
THE CAGAYAN DE ORO RIVER 238
MANILA SCHOOLBOYS 241
COLORED MAPS
THE WORLD _Inside Front Cover_
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS _Inside Back Cover_
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES.
a as in _fat_.
ā as in _fate_.
ä as in _father_.
ȧ as in _|ask_.
e as in _pen_.
ē as in _mete_.
ė as in _her_.
i as in _pin_.
ī as in _pine_.
o as in _not_.
oi as in _oil_, _boy_.
ou as in _pound_, _proud_.
ō as in _note_.
ö as in _move_.
u as in _tub_.
̤ū as in _mute_.
̇u as in _pull_.
A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that its
sound is almost that of the short _u_ in _but_, _tub_, etc.̤ū as ̤ä in
_America_, ̤e in _prudent_, ̤i in _charity_, ̤o in _actor_, ̤ē in _the
book_, ̤ū in _nature_.
[Illustration]
THE STORY OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Chapter I.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS.
When Christopher Columbus (kris´to fer kō-lum´bus) discovered America,
in the year 1492, he set all Europe talking about the unknown lands that
lay beyond seas.
At that time little was known of geography. Most people believed that
the world was flat, and that if a man were to reach the edge he could
jump off into space. Some people thought, too, that this great, flat
earth rested on the backs of four huge tortoises, and that the movements
of these creatures caused earthquakes.
Sailors believed that somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean Satan lived. When
a ship was wrecked they thought that Satan had reached out an awful hand
and dragged the ship down into the sea. Even learned captains believed
this, and declared that they had seen ships drawn under in this manner.
To them the great, dashing waves in a storm must have looked like huge
hands, and so they made this mistake.
The sea was full of terror to those sailors of long ago; yet they braved
it. They went forth in frail little ships, such as a modern sailor would
hardly risk a voyage in. Until a short time before Columbus’s day they
even had no compass, but were guided by the winds and the stars. They
made long voyages in their tiny ships, and little by little they began
to see that those who said that the world is round, and not flat, must
be right.
In the year 1513, a little over twenty years after Columbus’s discovery,
a Spanish captain named Balboa (bäl bō´ä) reached Central America. With
his soldiers he crossed the Isthmus of Darien (dā rē ȧn´), and
discovered the great ocean which washes the western coast of America.
This ocean he named the “Southern Sea.”
Men were in those days slowly groping their way across seas to the new
lands. Of course, as soon as they knew of this ocean, they wanted to
find a way to sail into it from the Atlantic Ocean. They knew that if
they could do this they would have a shorter route from Europe to the
famed “spice islands” which were believed to be in the South Seas.
About this time there came to Spain a great soldier and sea-captain
named Ferdinand Magellan (fêrd´ī nänd m̤a jel´̤an). He was a Portuguese
noble, a clever man of much learning. While yet a very young man he
became an officer in the Portuguese navy, and fought for his king in
many far countries.
During a war which Portugal waged in Africa, Magellan was badly wounded
in one knee, so that he was ever after lame. On his return to Portugal
from Africa, other captains of the king became jealous of his fame and
tried to belittle all that he had done.
[Illustration:
KING CHARLES I.
]
They told the king untrue tales about him, and made the sovereign
believe evil against him. Among other things, they said that he was
pretending to suffer from a malady of which he had once been a victim,
but of which he was really cured. They said that he did this because he
did not wish to serve the king any longer. So they stirred up the king’s
mind against the brave captain, and Magellan was very badly treated. At
last, deeply hurt by the king’s unfairness, he left the country. He went
to Spain, and became a subject of King Charles I.
The king of Spain gave Magellan a warm welcome. He was glad to have him
at court, and listened eagerly to what Magellan had to say about certain
rich islands that lay in the Southern Sea. Many sailors from Spain and
from Portugal had heard of these islands, and when they returned from
their voyages to the Malay Peninsula in the East, they told how they had
seen, in Malacca harbor, dusky traders from that unknown land. None of
them knew, however, just where these islands lay.
At last King Charles I. made a compact with Magellan. He made the
captain a cavalier of Spain, and fitted out a fleet for him. Magellan
pledged himself to spend ten years trying to find the southern islands
for Spain, and the king gave to him and to his heirs the governorship of
all islands that he might discover and conquer.
It was on August 10, 1519, that Magellan’s fleet, flying the royal
standard of Spain, left San Lucar de Barrameda (sän lö´cär dā bär rä
mā´thä). There were five ships, _La Trinidad_ (lä trē´nē däth), _San
Antonio_ (sän än tō´nē ō), _Victoria_ (vik tō´rē ä), _Santiago_ (sän tē
ä´gō), and _Concepcion_ (kōn thep´thē ōn). They sailed southward, from
San Lucar de Barrameda toward the Canary Islands, and on the 13th of
December reached Rio de Janeiro (rē´ō dā zhä nā´rō).
From there they went along down the eastern coast of South America,
trying every opening which they thought might be a passage into the sea
they sought. They lost a good deal of time sailing up the Rio de la
Plata (rē´ō dā lä plä´tä), and at last had to come back to the Atlantic.
By this time it was late in winter, and the weather was very cold.
By now the officers and sailors on all save Magellan’s own ship had
become rebellious. They were sure that no passage could be found into
the Southern Sea, and they wanted to go back to Spain. This rebellion
grew until Magellan had to put it down by the use of force. He was able
to win over the sailors, but the officers still made trouble, and at
last their revolt was so serious that the fleet could not go on until
this matter was ended. One captain even made an attack on _La Trinidad_,
the ship which Magellan commanded. Not until one of the rebellious
captains, with a companion, was put ashore, another killed, and a third
executed for mutiny, was order restored so that the fleet could continue
the voyage.
But the way was long and trying. The sailors began to lose courage
again, and only the bravery and strong will of Magellan kept the fleet
together. One ship, the _Santiago_, was wrecked in a great gale, and
while off the coast of New Guinea (nö gin´nē) the crew and most of the
officers of the _San Antonio_ mutinied. They put their captain in irons
and sailed back to Spain.
There they lodged a complaint against their captain and against
Magellan. They accused the latter of great cruelty, and raised much ill
feeling against him. Magellan’s wife and family were put into prison,
and if the cavalier himself had been in Spain, it would have gone hard
with him.
But Magellan was very far from Spain. With the three remaining ships he
was still sailing in search of a passage into the sea which Balboa had
discovered. On the 28th day of October, 1520, the fleet reached the
seaway now known as the Straits of Magellan, between Patagonia (pat ä
gō´nē ä) and Tierra del Fuego (tē er´rä del fwā´gō).
Hardly daring to hope that this was the passage they sought, they
entered it and sailed on. Nearly a month later, on November 26, 1520,
they passed out of the Straits and found themselves on the broad, blue
Southern Sea. This sea was so quiet, so fair and beautiful, that
Magellan at once named it the “Pacific,” or “peaceful,” Ocean.
The longed for seaway was discovered, and they were the first to sail
through it! We may be sure that the hearts of the little company were
glad. There was no more doubt; no more grumbling; no more rebellion
against their leader. They knew, at last, that he was a great captain,
and they followed him willingly across the unknown sea. They were now
full of hope for the success of their voyage. They were eager to reach
the rich spice islands which they were sure lay before them, and the
ships sailed bravely forward over the beautiful Pacific.
On March 16, 1521, they came to the Ladrone (lä drōne´) Islands. To
these Magellan gave the name Islas de las Velas (ēs läs dā läs vā´läs).
It was Miguel de Legaspi (mē gā´el dā lā gäth´pē) who, when he visited
them in 1564, called them the Ladrones. The expedition did not linger
here, however, but soon sailed away toward the southwest, where the
Spaniards hoped to find the spice islands which they sought.
They held steadily to their westward course, and in due time reached
Jomohol (hō mō hōl´), now called Malhon (mäl hōn´), in the Straits of
Suragao (sö rä gä´ō), between Samar (säm´är) and Dinegat (dē nā gät´).
Here they touched, but did not remain. They sailed on along the coast of
Mindanao (mēn dä nä´ō), instead, and early in Easter week came to the
mouth of the Butuan (bö tö än´) River.
They were nearly out of food and water by this time, so they landed to
see what supplies they could find. The chief of Butuan and his people
were at first frightened by the sight of these white strangers. The
Spaniards wore armor and carried firearms. They must have seemed strange
to those simple people, who had never before seen such men or such
weapons. The natives welcomed the strangers, and brought them fresh food
and water. They helped the Spaniards to load these on their ships, and
were in every way friendly.
[Illustration:
IN THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN.
]
Afterwards Magellan claimed the country for King Charles I. of Spain,
and raised the Spanish flag. The chief looked on during this act, and
consented to it; but it is not likely that he knew what Magellan was
doing. Then Magellan named the country the San Lazarus (sän lāth´är ůs)
Isles.
[Illustration:
MAGELLAN’S ROUTE.
The Map shows the World as known about 1500.
]
Magellan learned from the Butuan people that a rich and fertile island
called Cebu (sā´bö) lay to the north, and to this island he wished to
go. The chief of Butuan then offered to go with him and show him the
way; so, with the chief and some of his people, the fleet sailed to
Cebu. They reached harbor there April 7, 1521.
At first the Cebuans (sā´bö äns) were very unfriendly toward the
strangers, and, but for the chief of Butuan, would have driven them
away. He answered for the Spaniards, however. He told the king of Cebu
that they wished to be friends, and at last the Spaniards were allowed
to land.
Magellan must have had the good gift of making friends, for he soon won
over the king of Cebu just as he had won over the chief of Butuan. He
and the king swore friendship, and each drank blood drawn from the
breast of the other. This they did for a sign that thereafter they were
to be brothers. Magellan also made a treaty with the king in the name of
King Charles I. of Spain.
There were a number of Spanish friars with the fleet. These at once
began to teach the people, and before long the king was baptized as King
Charles I. of Cebu. Many of his people were baptized also. Magellan then
promised the Cebuans to help them in a war which they were having with
the people of Mactan (mäk´tän), an island near Cebu. To keep this
promise, Magellan crossed to Mactan with forty of his men in the evening
of April 25th. He would not let any of the Cebuans go with him, as he
wished to show them how quickly Spanish soldiers would defeat such a
foe.
[Illustration:
_From a Painting in the Municipal School, Manila._
THE LANDING OF MAGELLAN.
]
The Spanish landed at night, and as soon as it was light the people of
Mactan came down to the beach in great numbers. A fierce battle was
fought, in which the Europeans, being greatly outnumbered, were
defeated. One old Spanish account says that the Spanish soldiers sprang
into the water and swam to the ships, leaving their leader on shore.
Magellan was a skillful swordsman, and killed many of the enemy. At
last, however, a savage, who fought with a huge club, struck him a blow
that crushed both his helmet and his skull. He died, there by the sea,
on the island of Mactan, and a monument to his memory now stands on the
spot where it is supposed that he fell.
On the right bank of the River Pasig (pä´sig), in Manila, near the
bridge of Spain, is another monument in honor of this brave nobleman and
soldier. Ferdinand Magellan ranks with the great sailors of the world.
Not even Columbus was wiser or more skillful than he. The discovery of
the passage between the two great oceans, and the long, dangerous
journey across seas to these islands, are feats that make him worthy of
a high and honorable place in the world’s history.
After the death of Magellan, Captain Duarte Barbosa (dö är´tā bär
bo´thä) took command of the fleet. The king of Cebu had not sworn
friendship with him, however, and the chief of Butuan had gone back to
his home, so the Spanish had no strong friend in the island. The king
invited Barbosa and his men to a feast on the island, and at this feast
the captain and twenty-six of his men were killed. The Cebuans offered
to give up a Spanish sailor named Juan Serrano (hō än´ sā rä´nō) for two
cannons from one of the ships, but the Spanish would not come inshore to
bring the cannons and take their shipmate on board. They sailed away and
left him to his fate.
[Illustration:
THE TOMB OF MAGELLAN, ON THE ISLAND OF MACTAN.
]
In all, thirty-two Spaniards were killed at Cebu. This left them so
short of men that they could not get the three ships away. So, as the
_Concepcion_ was the poorest of the three, they sunk her in Cebu harbor.
After doing this they made haste to get away from the scene of their ill
fortune. Captain Juan Caraballo (kär ä bäl´yō) was now made commander of
the expedition, and with less than a hundred men all told, the two ships
went on to Borneo.
_Summary._—Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese noble, leaving his own
country because of ill treatment, became a subject of Spain. King
Charles I. fitted out a fleet for him, and Magellan agreed to spend
ten years seeking for islands in the Southern Sea, to conquer for
Spain. On August 10, 1519, the fleet sailed from San Lucar de
Barrameda, southward. Magellan sailed down the eastern coast of South
America, seeking a passage into the ocean which Balboa had discovered
and named the Southern Sea. They had many hardships. One ship was
wrecked and one deserted; but on October 28, 1520, they reached the
passage now known as the Straits of Magellan. This passage is between
Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. They sailed through the Straits, and
on November 26, 1520, entered the Southern Sea. Magellan named this
sea the Pacific Ocean. On March 16, 1521, the fleet reached the
Ladrone Islands. They did not remain long, but sailed toward the
southwest. They touched at Malhon, and went on along the coast of
Mindanao. They landed at the mouth of the Butuan River, and were well
received by the chief and his people. Magellan claimed the country for
Spain. The chief of Butuan went with the Spanish to Cebu. Magellan
swore friendship with the king of Cebu, and the latter was baptized.
Magellan, with forty Spaniards, offered to fight the people of Mactan,
who were at war with the Cebuans. Magellan was killed, however, and
the Spaniards were driven back. The new Spanish leader was killed,
with twenty-six of his men, at a feast given by the king of Cebu on
shore. The Spanish sunk one of their ships; and the other two, with
all the Spaniards left, sailed for Borneo.
_Questions._—What did people believe in the time of Columbus about the
shape of the earth? What did they think about the sea? What European
first saw the Pacific Ocean? How did he reach it? Who was Magellan?
How did he come to take service with the king of Spain? When did
Magellan’s fleet leave Spain? What course did it take? Tell when he
discovered the Straits. Where did Magellan go after entering the
Pacific? Give an account of his landing at Butuan. Where did he go
next? How did he die? What then became of the fleet?
[Illustration]