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The Cambridge Handbooks of Liturgical Study
GENERAL EDITORS:
H. B. SWETE, D.D.
J. H. SRAWLEY, D.D.
CORONATION RITES
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET
[Illustration]
New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
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Tokyo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
_All rights reserved_
[Illustration: The Coronation of Henry I of England]
CORONATION RITES
BY
REGINALD MAXWELL WOOLLEY, B.D.
Rector and Vicar of Minting
Examining Chaplain to the Lord Bishop of Lincoln
Cambridge:
at the University Press
1915
Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NOTE BY THE EDITORS
The purpose of _The Cambridge Handbooks of Liturgical Study_ is to offer
to students who are entering upon the study of Liturgies such help as may
enable them to proceed with advantage to the use of the larger and more
technical works upon the subject which are already at their service.
The series will treat of the history and rationale of the several rites
and ceremonies which have found a place in Christian worship, with some
account of the ancient liturgical books in which they are contained.
Attention will also be called to the importance which liturgical forms
possess as expressions of Christian conceptions and beliefs.
Each volume will provide a list or lists of the books in which the study
of its subject may be pursued, and will contain a table of Contents and
an Index.
The editors do not hold themselves responsible for the opinions expressed
in the several volumes of the series. While offering suggestions on
points of detail, they have left each writer to treat his subject in his
own way, regard being had to the general plan and purpose of the series.
H. B. S.
J. H. S.
PREFACE
While it is hoped that this book may prove of service to those who wish
to study the history and structure of the Coronation Rite, it will be
evident that a subject so large can only be treated, in the space at my
disposal, in outline. Those who wish for more detailed information must
be referred to the texts themselves.
May I also here point out that since the Rite was probably never used
twice in identically the same form in any country, and since it was thus
in a continually fluid state, the ‘Recensions’ into which the rites of
the different countries are here and generally divided, are to a certain
extent arbitrary, and must be taken as marking periods at which the rites
reached certain stages of developement?
Both Dr Swete and Dr Srawley have by their criticisms added considerably
to the accuracy of the book. To Dr Srawley in particular I am much
indebted for his patience in the discussion of various doubtful points
that arose, and also for the trouble he has taken with the proof during
the passage of the book through the Press. I am indebted, too, to the
Rev. Chr. Schmidt for going over my translation of the Scandinavian
documents. I have to thank M. H. Omont for permission to reproduce the
miniature of Nicephorus Botoniates, and Mr H. Yates Thompson for like
permission in the case of the picture of St Louis. All the photographs,
except of this last named picture, were made by Mr Donald Macbeth. Lastly
I must express my sense of obligation to the readers and printers of the
University Press for the care with which they have printed the book.
R. M. W.
_August 23, 1915._
CONTENTS
PAGE
BIBLIOGRAPHY xi
CHAP.
I. Early conceptions of Kingship, and religious rites in
connection with a King’s accession 1
II. Ceremonies in connection with the Inauguration of a
Roman Emperor in pre-Christian times. The Origin of
the Christian Coronation Rite in the fifth century.
The Byzantine Rite of the tenth century and its
developements. The Coronation of a Russian Czar.
The Abyssinian Rite 7
III. The Origin of the Rite in the West. A twofold source.
The seventh-century Rite of the Consecration of a
King in Spain, and the Imperial Rite of the Holy
Roman Empire 32
IV. The Western Imperial Rite of the Coronation of an
Emperor at Rome. The accounts of the Coronation of
Charlemagne. The earliest forms and their later
developements 37
V. The Coronation of a King. The Anglo-Saxon Consecration.
The Rite of the so-called Pontifical of Egbert, and
the developement of the English Rite 56
VI. The French Rite and its developements. The Coronation
of Napoleon 91
VII. The Roman Rite of the Coronation of a King and its
developements 109
VIII. The Rite of Milan and its developements 114
IX. The German Rite 120
X. The Hungarian Rite 126
XI. The early accounts of the Rite of the Consecration of
a King in Visigothic Spain. The Rites of Aragon and
Navarre 128
XII. Other countries. Protestant Rites. Scotland. Bohemia.
The Prussian Rite of 1701. Denmark. Sweden. Norway 137
XIII. The Papal Coronation 159
XIV. The Inter-relation of the different Rites 165
XV. The Unction, the Vestments, and the Regalia 177
XVI. The Significance of the Rite 188
GENERAL INDEX 200
INDEX OF FORMS 203
PLATES
I. The Coronation of Henry I of England _Frontispiece_
(Reproduced from B.M. Royal MS. 15. E. iv.
Photograph by Donald Macbeth.)
II. The Emperor Nicephorus Botoniates in his imperial
robes _to face_ p. 25
(MS. Coislin 79 fol. 2, bibl. nationale Paris.
Reproduced from Omont, H., _Fac-similés des
miniatures des plus anciens MSS grecs de la
bibliothèque nationale_. Photograph by Donald
Macbeth.)
III. The Emperor Charles V in his Coronation robes _to face_ p. 55
(Reproduced from F. Bock, _Kleinodien des heiligen
römischen Reiches deutscher Nation_. Photograph
by Donald Macbeth.)
IV. The Anointing of St Louis of France _to face_ p. 99
(Reproduced from H. Yates Thompson, _Book of Hours
of Joan II, Queen of Navarre_.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. DOCUMENTS
I. EASTERN RITES.
1. Constantinople.
CODINUS CUROPALATES. _De officiis Constantinopolitanis._ (Bonn, 1839.)
CONSTANTINUS PORPHYROGENITUS. _De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae._ (Bonn,
1829.)
GOAR, J. _Euchologion._ (Paris, 1647.)
THEOPHANES. _Chronographia._ (Bonn, 1839.)
2. Russia.
MALTZEW, A. _Die heilige Krönung._ In _Bitt-Dank- und Weihe-Gottesdienste
der orthodox-katholischen Kirche des Morgenlandes_. (Berlin, 1897.)
METALLINOS, E. _Imperial and Royal Coronation._ (London, 1902.)
3. Abyssinia.
LOBO, JERONYMO. _Voyage Historique d’Abissinie, Traduite du Portugais,
continuée et augmentée de plusieurs Dissertations, Lettres, et Mémoires.
Par M. Le Grand, Prieur de Neuville-les-Dames et de Prevessin._ (Paris,
MDCCXXVIII.)
TELLEZ, BALTHASAR. _The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia translated
into English._ (London, 1710.)
II. WESTERN RITES.
1. THE IMPERIAL RITE.
DUCHESNE, L. _Liber Pontificalis._ 2 vols. (Paris, 1886-92.)
HITTORP, MELCHIOR. _De divinis Catholicae Ecclesiae officiis._ Paris,
1610.
MABILLON, J. _Museum Italicum_, 2 vols. (Paris, 1687-9.) For _Ordines
Romani_, see also Migne, _P.L._ LXXVIII.
MARTÈNE, E. _De antiquis ecclesiae ritibus._ (Antwerp, 1763.)
(The first edition of this work published in 1702 does not contain all
the documents which are found in the editions of 1736 onwards.)
PANVINIUS and BEUTHER. _Inauguratio, Coronatio, Electioque aliquot
Imperatorum_, etc. (Hanover, 1612.)
PERTZ, G. H. _Monumenta Germaniae Historica._ (Hanover, 1826.)
_Pontificale Romanum._ (Venice, 1520.)
_Pontificale Romanum Clementis VIII et Urbani PP. VIII auctoritate
recognitum._ (Louvain, n.d. Other edd., Paris, 1664, Rome, 1738-40.)
WAITZ, G. _Die Formeln der deutschen Königs- und der römischen
Kaiser-Krönung._ (Göttingen, 1872.)
2. THE CORONATION OF A KING.
(_a_) England.
GREENWELL, W. _The Pontifical of Egbert Archbishop of York._ (Surtees
Soc., vol. XXVII. 1853.)
WICKHAM LEGG, J. _Missale ad usum Ecclesiae Westmonasteriensis_, vols.
II. and III. (H.B.S., 1893-6.)
WICKHAM LEGG, J. _Three Coronation Orders._ (H.B.S., 1900.)
WICKHAM LEGG, J. _The Order of the Coronation of King James I._ (Russell
Press, London, 1902.)
WICKHAM LEGG, L. G. _English Coronation Records._ (Westminster, 1901.)
WORDSWORTH, CHR. _The Manner of the Coronation of King Charles I of
England._ (H.B.S., 1892.)
_The Form and Order of the Service that is to be performed and of the
Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Their Majesties
King Edward VII and Queen Alexander in the Abbey Church of S. Peter,
Westminster, on Thursday, the 26th day of June, 1902._ (Cambridge, 1902.)
_The Form and Order of the Service that is to be performed and of
the Ceremonies that are to be observed in the Coronation of Their
Majesties King George V and Queen Mary in the Abbey Church of S. Peter,
Westminster, on Thursday, the 22nd day of June, 1911._ (Oxford, 1911.)
(_b_) France.
MÉNARD, H. _D. Gregorii Papae I. Liber Sacramentorum._ Paris, 1642.
(Reprinted in Migne, _P.L._ LXXVIII.)
DEWICK, E. S. _The Coronation Book of Charles V of France._ (H.B.S.,
1899.)
_Francorum Regum Capitularia_, in Migne, _P.L._ CXXXVIII.
GODEFROY, T. _Le Cérémonial François._ (Paris, MDCXLIX.)
MARTÈNE, _op. cit._
MASSON, F. _Le sacre et le couronnement de Napoléon._ (Paris, 1908.)
_Procès-Verbal de la Cérémonie du Sacre et du Couronnement de LL. MM.
L’Empereur Napoléon et L’Impératrice Joséphine._ (Paris, An XIII. = 1805.)
(_c_) Rome.
HITTORP, _op. cit._
MARTÈNE, _op. cit._
MABILLON, _op. cit._
_Pontificale Romanum._
(_d_) Milan.
MAGISTRETTI, M. _Pontificale in usum eccles. Mediolanensis necnon Ordines
Ambrosiani._ (Milan, 1897.)
PERTZ, _op. cit._
(_e_) Germany.
PERTZ, _op. cit._
MARTÈNE, _op. cit._
(_f_) Hungary.
MARTÈNE, _op. cit._
PANVINIUS and BEUTHER, _op. cit._
(_g_) Spain.
DE BLANCAS, J. _Coronaçiones._ (Çaragoça, 1641.)
ÇURITA, GERONYMO. _Los cinco libros primeros de la segunda parte de los
anales de la corona de Aragon._ (Çaragoça, MDCX.)
FÉROTIN, M. _Liber ordinum._ (Paris, 1904.)
YANGUAS Y MIRANDA, J. M. _Cronica de los Reyes de Navarra._ (Pamplona,
1843.)
(_h_) Papal.
LECTOR, LUCIUS. _Le Conclave._ (Paris, 1894.)
LECTOR, LUCIUS. _L’Élection papale._ (Paris, 1896.)
MABILLON, _op. cit._
GRISSELL, H. DE LA G. _Sede vacante._ (Oxford, 1903.)
_Sacrarum caerimoniarum sive rituum ecclesiasticorum S. Rom. Ecclesiae
Libri tres._ (Venetiis, MDLXXXII.)
(_i_) Other Countries.
_Acta Bohemica._ ([Prague], 1620.)
_Actus Coronationis seren. Dn. Frederici Com. Pal. Rheni ... et Dom.
Elisabethae ... in Regem et Reginam Bohemiae._ (Prague, 1619.)
_Allernaadigst approberet Ceremoniel ved Deres’ Majestæter Kong Christian
den Ottendes og Dronning Caroline Amalias forestaaende, höie Kronings-og
Salvings-Act paa Frederiksborg Slot, Sondagen den 28ᵈᵉ Juni, 1840. Hendes
Majestæt Dronninges allerhöieste Födselsdag._ A. Seidelin. (Kjöbenhavn,
1840.)
BUTE, JOHN MARQUESS OF. _Scottish Coronations._ (Alex. Gardner, 1902.)
COOPER, J. _Four Scottish Coronations._ (Aberdeen, 1902.)
_Ceremoniel ved deres Majestæter Kong Haakon den Syvende’s og Dronning
Maud’s Kroning i Trondhjem’s Domkirke Aar 1906._ Steen’ske Bogtrykkeri,
Kr. A., 1906.
_Kurtze Beschreibung wie Ihr. Königl. Majest. zu Schweden Karolus XI: zu
Upsahl ist gekrönet worden. Aus dem Schwedischen verdeutschet._ (1676.)
_Ordning vid Deras Majestäter Konung Carl den Femtondes och Drottning
Wilhelmina Frederika Alexandra Anna Lovisas Kröning och Konungens
Hyllning vid Riksdagen i Stockholm._ 1860.
WICKHAM LEGG, J. _An Account of the Anointing of the First King of
Prussia in 1701_, in _Arch. Journ._ LVI. pp. 123 ff. 1899.
B. SPECIAL TREATISES
I. THE VESTMENTS.
BOCK, F. _Die Kleinodien des heil. römischen Reiches deutscher Nation._
(Leipzig, 1864.)
BRIGHTMAN, F. E. _The Coronation Vestments._ In _The Pilot_, vol. VI. pp.
136, 137.
WICKHAM LEGG, L. G., _op. cit._
II. VARIOUS.
BOUQUET, M. _Recueil des historiens des Gaules._ (Paris, 1738.)
BRIGHTMAN, F. E. _Byzantine Imperial Coronations._ In _Journal of
Theological Studies_, II. 369 f. (Cited as _J. Th. St._)
DESDEVISES DU DEZERT, G. _Don Carlos d’Aragon._ (Paris, 1889.)
DIEMAND, A. _Das Ceremoniell der Kaiserkrönungen von Otto I bis Friedrich
II._ (München, 1894.)
HEYLIN, P. _Cyprianus Anglicus._ (London, MDCLXVIII.)
LECLERCQ, H. _Dictionnaire d’archéologie et de liturgie chrétienne._
(Paris. In progress.) Cited as _DACL_, ‘Charlemagne.’
LIEBERMANN, F. _Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen._ (Halle, 1903.)
PRYNNE. _Canterburie’s Doome._ (London, 1646.)
WILSON, H. A. _The English Coronation Orders. J. Th. St._ II. 481 ff.
CHAPTER I
EARLY CONCEPTIONS OF KINGSHIP AND RELIGIOUS RITES IN CONNECTION WITH
A KING’S ACCESSION
Kingship is one of the most ancient institutions of civilisation. At
the very dawn of history the king is not only already existent, but is
regarded with a reverential awe that shews that the institution must have
had its beginnings in very remote times. His functions are twofold, civil
and religious; not only is he set apart from those over whom he rules,
but by virtue of his other function, that of mediator between God and his
people, we find him invested as it were with a halo of quasi-divinity.
And so in early times we find the king possessing certain priestly
prerogatives. Pharaoh was not an ordinary man but the son of Horus, and
almost as one of the Gods. The kings of the Semites were priest-kings.
In Homer the king is Θεῖος[1], he is set upon his throne by Zeus, he is
invested with the divine sceptre as in the case of Agamemnon[2] and
stands in a very special relation to the Deity. In ancient Rome it was
the same; and when in Rome and Athens kingship was abolished, still it
was necessary to have an ἄρχων βασιλεύς or a Rex Sacrorum to perform the
special priestly functions hitherto belonging to the king.
In view then of the sacred character of the king it is only natural to
expect to find some religious ceremonial accompanying his accession
to his office, and although in the West there is little or no direct
evidence of this, in the East there is found in very early times a solemn
religious ceremony consecrating the king to his office.
The first actual reference to the consecration of a king occurs in the
Tel-el-Amarna correspondence. In one of the letters Ramman-Nirari a
Syrian king writing to Pharaoh speaks of the consecration of his father
and grandfather, and that by unction with oil[3].
In the Old Testament there are a number of instances of the consecration
of a king by anointing with oil, a rite parallel to the consecration of
a priest or prophet. In the parable of the trees of Lebanon in the Book
of Judges (ix. 15), the consecration of a king by anointing with oil
is regarded as the general and accepted custom. Accordingly we read (1
Sam. ix-xi) of the first Israelitish king Saul being solemnly anointed
by the prophet Samuel on his election as king. In the account of the
inauguration of Saul, if we may use the term, three distinct features are
noticeable—
(1) He is anointed with oil, and so is endowed with special gifts, for
the Spirit of the Lord comes upon him.
(2) There is a ‘Recognition’ or acceptance of him as king by the people.
(3) King and people make a joint covenant with God.
David was anointed at first privately by Samuel, and by this unction
he was endowed with the Spirit of the Lord ‘from that day forward’ (1
Sam. xvi. 13). But he was twice again anointed as king publicly, and in
each case in connection with his recognition by the people, on the first
occasion when he was made king by the men of Judah (2 Sam. ii. 4), and on
the second when he was made king over all Israel (2 Sam. v. 3). Moreover
on the second occasion we read of a covenant being made—‘King David made
a league with them in Hebron before the Lord: and they anointed David
king over Israel.’ In the case of Solomon (1 Kings i. 38-40), we are
given more information as to the ceremonial used. Solomon riding on the
royal mule goes in procession to Gihon; he is anointed from a horn of
oil out of the tabernacle by Zadok the high-priest; trumpets are blown
and the people acclaim him with the cry ‘God save King Solomon.’ He is
brought and enthroned on David’s throne.
In Israel and Syria we find kings consecrated in like manner by unction.
Thus we read of Elijah being charged to anoint Hazael to be king over
Syria and Jehu king over Israel (1 Kings xix. 15, 16). The somewhat
informal manner in which Jehu was anointed by a son of the prophets (2
Kings ix. 1 ff.) may have been due to the special circumstances of the
case, or it is possible that there was a more gradual development of the
ceremonial in Israel than in orthodox Judah.
The fullest account given in the Old Testament of a coronation is that of
Jehoiada (2 Kings xi. 12 ff.). Here is the first actual mention of the
crowning, and there are a number of separate ceremonial acts.
(1) The crown is set on the king’s head by the high-priest.
(2) The king is given the ‘testimony,’ for which we should probably read
the regal ‘bracelets[4].’
(3) He is made king and anointed.
(4) He is acclaimed by the people, ‘God save the King.’
(5) A covenant is made not only between the Lord and the king and the
people, but also between the king and the people.
Here then we have investiture with crown and perhaps with other regal
ornaments. A recognition is probably implied in the expression ‘they made
him king.’ He is anointed and acclaimed. The covenant made between king
and people is, to use a later phraseology, the coronation oath. It was
his refusal to make a satisfactory covenant with his people that was the
occasion of trouble between Rehoboam and Israel.
At a much later period Isaiah refers to Cyrus as ‘the Lord’s anointed.’
The prophet’s language may be merely metaphorical, but on the other
hand may imply that the anointing of a king at his accession was a rite
common to the whole East. In later times there was a ceremonial crowning
of a Persian king, as we happen to know from Agathias’ story of unusual
circumstances attendant upon the coronation of Sapor[5].
Reference has been made above to certain regal ornaments mentioned in the
accounts of the coronations of various Jewish kings. The crown and regal
bracelets are mentioned among Saul’s kingly ornaments (2 Sam. i. 10). To
these may perhaps be added the shield (2 Sam. i. 21), and the spear (1
Sam. xviii. 10, xxvi. 7, 22)[6].
Ezekiel (xxi. 26) mentions the crown and diadem in connection with
Zedekiah as the special insignia of the king. There is also special
reference made to royal robes distinctive of kingly rank (1 Kings xxii.
10, 30), but there is no evidence as to the nature of these robes.
If the book of Esther can be relied on, there was a definite royal
apparel used by the Persian kings as well as a ‘crown royal’ (Esth.
vi. 8); and a ‘crown royal’ is also mentioned in connection with the
queen, in the case of both Vashti and Esther (i. 11, ii. 17). There can
be little doubt that crown and royal vesture reach back to remotest
antiquity.