INFORMATION FOR ENGLISH TRAVELLERS
The first information which the traveller seeks is, naturally, how to
get to Buenos Aires, and though such information is very accessible,
it seldom seems to come his way, for not uncommonly persons are found
who appear to have no idea that there is any route except that which
they hit on by chance, and if in the course of the journey any change
becomes necessary, they usually have considerable difficulty in
discovering the means of making the change. Of course any agent will
furnish a number of particulars, and any given line will give the
fullest information about itself. The ocean voyage is not made as
quickly as it might be, for the liners proceed first to Brazil and
call at one or two ports, and there are also several stops made in
Europe and the islands. The best thing to do is to take one of the
fine vessels of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company from Liverpool.
The boats call at La Pallice--La Rochelle, Corunna, Vigo, Leixoes
(Oporto), Lisbon, St. Vincent, Rio de Janeiro. The only drawback is
that the vessels do not go to Buenos Aires, but stop at Montevideo;
however, the passengers are speedily transhipped, and the whole voyage
lasts about twenty-four days. In comfort and safety the service
reaches the highest possible standards, and the traveller can, if he
wishes, continue his voyage southward and proceed up the Pacific Coast
as far as Panama; this is a charming trip, for the Pacific is usually
smooth, and some of the very best boats engage in the coasting
service. There are many other English lines--the Royal Mail Steam
Packet, Southampton to Buenos Aires, the Lamport and Holt from
Liverpool, the Harrison Line, Houlder Bros., the Houston Line, the
Allan, the Nelson, the David MacIver, all from Liverpool, the Prince
Line from London. The New Zealand Shipping Company's boats, on the
homeward voyage only, call at Montevideo.
[Illustration: PACKET STEAM NAVIGATION CO.'S _ORCOMA_.]
There are many foreign lines. France is represented by the famous
Messageries from Bordeaux, and also by the Soc. Genérale de Transports
from Genoa, Marseilles, and Barcelona, and the Chargeurs Réunis from
Havre. The Italian boats from Genoa and Barcelona are very numerous. A
Spanish line, the Cia Transatlantica de Barcelona, plies between the
latter port and Buenos Aires. Germany has the Hamburg-American, the
Norddeutscher Lloyd, and the Kosmos. There is also a Dutch line. The
Italian boats are large, well-fitted, and fast. If time were an
important object, probably the quickest way would be to take an
Italian boat to Barcelona, whence London is rapidly reached by rail,
but though there is a good accommodation, both British and foreign, it
is safe to say that the P.S.N. Co. will be found the most satisfactory.
The traveller ought to carry with him everything he needs, and his
needs should be few, because luggage is a great trouble. Unlike
some South American lines, the railway companies in Argentina are
responsible in that respect, but porters and others are exorbitant,
and a piece of luggage rapidly devours its own value in transport
charges. Exactly the same clothing should be taken as in England, and
ordinary riding kit should be added, also a soft hat, as affording a
better protection against the sun than a hard felt or cap. Revolvers
or other weapons are unnecessary; indeed nothing is required but what
is constantly used at home.
Banks are to be found everywhere, so there is no difficulty about
money. The Argentine dollar, which is in universal use, is worth about
1s. 9d.
The hotels at Buenos Aires, as has been said, are not remarkably good,
and they are certainly expensive. All are noisy, for the trams run
early and late, and a very high price has to be paid for good rooms.
But any one who is prepared to pay handsomely can make himself very
comfortable. As regards up-country hotels, it is not possible to give
a favourable account. At Rosario there are several good-sized houses
of entertainment, but they have no particular merit, except that they
are cheaper than in the capital. In this rapidly expanding city a very
large hotel is being built, which will certainly supply a long-felt
want, and doubtless it will be much superior to anything at present to
be found at Rosario. At Mendoza there is a large hotel of very
handsome appearance, but probably the best accommodation there is to
be afforded by a hotel kept by a genial old Frenchman, who has almost
abandoned the Parisian in favour of the tongue of Castile. The
courtyard, dotted with fruit-trees, and the low buildings with their
screened doors, are strongly reminiscent of an Indian up-country
hotel. Hotels in other provincial towns are by no means good. It is
from the cooking that the traveller will chiefly suffer, for there is
usually little to complain of on the score of cleanliness, and the
rooms are large, though bare. The Argentine has a good appetite, but
he appears to be content to satisfy it chiefly with meat, and this is
more often tough than not. The menu contains an imposing array of
dishes, which are served without stint, but they are almost all beef,
mutton, or veal in some form or other, and this diet, moderate in
quality and cooked without art, is extremely monotonous. The light
wines of the country are a valuable help in getting through these
indigestible meals, and the white wine is particularly good. The
peaches, grapes, and other fruits are of excellent quality, but they
are not always easy to obtain.
As regards travelling in Argentina, the traveller will find no
difficulty as long as he keeps to the railway lines, which give a
splendid service to almost every part of the country except Patagonia.
When the railway fails, he will of course have to make his own
arrangements for horses and mules and the like. An extremely useful
work is the fifth edition of the Mulhalls' "Handbook of the River
Plate." A new edition of this book is urgently needed,[158] for the
last appeared in 1885, and the extremely full statistical information
is quite out of date, and travelling in the country, which the
handbook well describes, is much easier than it was in those days. But
the writers draw up with great care a number of interesting routes,
and the traveller, using them as a foundation, can easily bring the
information up to date, and will find an interesting study in noting
the wonderful changes which have come over Argentina in exactly a
quarter of a century. In the bibliography an attempt has been made to
enumerate the important books on the whole subject, and that of
Captain Musters on Patagonia may be recommended. A great many
wanderers in the early part of the nineteenth century have left highly
interesting accounts of their adventurous travels. In those days
ferocious Indians, who massacred every small party of white men at
sight, revolutionary soldiers, and cruel bandits added greatly to the
dangers of such excursions, and a journey across the Pampas was looked
upon as almost equivalent to taking leave of the world. A young
gentleman in the first edition of his book remarks with gentle
melancholy that, being disappointed in his hopes of happiness by a
"beloved female," he had decided to travel in the Plate district. His
editorial friend appends a note that the gentleman had been last heard
of in a remote part of Chile many years ago, and was believed to have
perished. However, the traveller happily returned and published a
second edition or work in which he accounted for his long silence by a
series of hardships, among which a lengthy term of imprisonment was
only one item. Among these books that of Head is one of the most
entertaining, but Darwin's "Voyage of the _Beagle_," must be held to
be probably the best work ever published on Argentina, and he observed
the country at a most interesting period. Adventures would be hard to
find nowadays in the Pampas, but the greater part of Patagonia is as
wild and inaccessible as ever, and in many regions of the Gran Chaco
the explorer carries his life in his hands owing to the fierce
disposition of the Indians.
Indeed, about Argentina as usually visited by Europeans everything is
so simple in the matter of getting there and travelling north, south,
or west, that there is very little to say, and no more special
information is required than in a journey to the United States. But
the pioneer still has ample scope in Argentina without crossing the
frontier. The impenetrable forests of the north have formed a rich
field of exploration for Mr. W. S. Barclay, of the Royal Geographical
Society, and there and in the neighbouring wilds of Paraguay the
primitive ravage still wanders. "In 1893," says Mr. Barclay,[159] "a
party of 700 native-born Australians took up land in the forests of
northern Paraguay. In these new surroundings they deteriorated to such
an extent that in 1905 the remnants of the original settlers, with
their few descendants, attracted the serious attention of the South
American Mission, whose ordinary field of work lies among the Indian
aborigines of the Chaco. In the tropic forest a man's moral and mental
horizon appears to shrink in direct proportion to the range of
his physical vision. No aborigines yet discovered, not even the
canoe-dwellers round Cape Horn or the black-fellows of Australia,
have sunk to the brutish degradation of the Bootcudo club Indians, who
smash their trails through the bamboo-smothered forests at the back of
Parana and Sao Paulo states." In fact, from Colombia to Entre Rios
there lies a tract which will hardly be fully explored, certainly not
settled, by the end of the century. Again there are vast fields in the
Andes and Patagonia of which many explorers have taken advantage, but
considering their importance, due to their being the actual territory
or borderland of two great and flourishing Republics, the mountains
and plains of the south may be considered to have been neglected.
In the matter of information for travellers to South America, mention
must be made of the South American edition of the _Times_, published
December 28, 1909. This colossal number of 56 pages contains an
invaluable store of accurate articles by the best authorities on South
America, and Argentina has its full share. It is characteristic of our
history in Argentina that this fine piece of work is due to private
enterprise.
To celebrate the Centenary of the Revolution of the 25th of May, 1810,
there will be held this year a group of exhibitions in Buenos Aires.
They will be as follows: The International Exhibition of Railways and
Land Transport; the International Exhibition of Agricultural and
Pastoral Products; the International Exhibition of Hygiene; the
National Exhibition of Industry; the International Exhibition of Art.
There will also be held the International Congress of America, and the
International Congress of South American Railways.
The Railway Exhibition will have its site in the city itself. English
exhibitors have applied for a far larger space than any of their foreign
rivals. The Agricultural Exhibition will be held in the suburb of
Palermo, and is sure to present splendid stock. Of cattle (excluding
dairy cattle) there will be the following classes--Shorthorns (Durhams),
Polled Durhams, Herefords, Polled Angus, Red Polled, Red Lincoln, Devon.
The classes of sheep will be--Merinos, Lincolns, Leicesters, Romney
Marsh, Southdowns, Shropshires, Oxford and Suffolk, Hampshires.
The increased number of English people visiting Buenos Aires this year
will add to the interest which the average newspaper reader takes in
this country. Our stake in the country is already so large that, well
known as Argentina now is compared to most parts of South America, it
is surprising that the country does not fill a larger space in the
public mind. The English railways are being fast extended by English
capital. English farmers and ranchers are busily at work, and English
blood is improving the breeds of sheep and cattle. It is certain,
therefore, that our relation with Argentina will become yearly closer
and still more mutually advantageous, and the more we learn about the
country the better. We have to depend almost entirely upon private
enterprise, for, as has been shown in an earlier part of this book,
our Government does little in the way of collecting information and
putting it in an accessible and attractive form. There are many ways
in which the Foreign Office could help traders and others without
extravagant expense or incurring the suspicion of grand-motherly
legislation. However, these defects are balanced by the splendid
enterprise and liberal attitude of private companies which have for
years been instructing our countrymen in South American affairs. The
railway offices, whether in London or Buenos Aires, are ever ready to
give facilities to those who wish to study the industries of Argentina
and the same is the case with other commercial organisations. The
building up and consolidating of our position in Argentina is one of
the proudest exploits of English industry.
Argentina is a nation of which the historical continuity was very
roughly broken, and within the last half-century she had to begin her
life over again with less help from the past than is afforded to most
peoples by tradition and historical associations. Kept in subjection
by the Spaniards as one of the less important corners of their
dominions, and regarded with a certain measure of indifference and
even suspicion as being a discordant factor in the Colonial system and
its great industry of exporting gold and silver, Argentina owed her
spiritual and intellectual progress chiefly to the Jesuits and her
material progress chiefly to benevolent Governors and spirited
Creoles. The first rude shock was the expulsion of the Jesuits, and
this was followed by a much ruder breach of historical continuity in
the Revolution. Misfortune and incompetence long paralysed her, and in
fifty years she lost most of what was good in the old system and
gained little good from the new. Then the revival came. It was a
revival in material prosperity, and also in courage and self-reliance,
strenuously fostered by one or two great men. She has prospered beyond
the utmost expectations of the world, but hitherto has experienced the
usual fate of new countries in failing to grow in wealth of ideas in
proportion to her increase in material riches.
One good legacy she had from old days--the Spanish love of liberty.
This became perverted as years of anarchy and tyranny ran their
demoralising course, and now it is somewhat overgrown by abuses which
have been described in the earlier chapters.
But it is not extinct, and political theory is certainly better than
political practice, and the people themselves are keen and shrewd
critics of their system of government. As they gain more political
experience and better assimilate their immigrants, they will force
reform after reform upon the office-holders. In one respect they have
followed Spain too closely. Madrid usurped the rights of the local
governments in Spain, Buenos Aires has done the same. As far as
political power goes, the preponderance of the Argentine capital is
inevitable and probably beneficent, for the various Provinces are small,
weak, and thinly populated; they need a strong and intelligent head. But
it is unfortunate that the various provincial centres should be
neglected, and that Buenos Aires should be the Mecca of every Argentine.
The course of trade is tending somewhat towards decentralisation, and
Rosario and Bahia Blanca are growing perhaps as rapidly as Buenos Aires.
But it would be well if the many picturesque old Spanish towns in remote
districts became, instead of seats of somewhat unimportant governments,
real centres of light and leading. There is somewhat of a tendency to
regard them as mere places of business at which a man must work until he
has time or money to spend in the capital.
Another Spanish tradition which Argentina has received is that
of religion. This, it may be feared, has been dulled among the
intellectual classes, but the numerous, large, and well-kept churches,
well attended by reverent worshippers, show that the tradition is not
forgotten. In course of time, when the glamour of new wealth is less
powerful, the people of Argentina will turn in increasing numbers for
teaching from the few who are now keeping alive the intellectual and
spiritual life.
It is certain that Argentines are essentially teachable. They welcome
foreigners and travel to seats of civilisation to educate their
children and to learn new ideas. They are extremely sensitive to
foreign opinion, and newspapers constantly argue against this or that
course by urging that it would give other nations an unfavourable
impression of Argentina. In this they are aided by their Government.
It has been necessary to say some hard things about it, but this may
be said as a set-off--that the Government, on its bureaucratic side at
least, represents the considered intellect of the nation and is
intelligent and indefatigable in encouraging the best methods in
commerce and industry, in beautifying the cities and raising splendid
edifices to serve as homes for useful institutions. It has many
methods and many enterprises which England might imitate with
advantage. Working in a new country, while lacking in traditions to
guide it, the Government has, on the other hand, the less rubbish to
impede its progress and can make spacious plans.
England has had a long and close connection with Argentina, and each
is deeply interested in the other's prosperity. The country may become
as great a political force in the world as she is now an industrial,
and England, the peace-preserving nation, will then have a redoubled
interest, for Argentina has showed herself above all Latin-American
nations ever resolute to maintain peace and submit all reasonable
claims to arbitration, and while not abusing her superior strength,
she sets an example to other nations of firmness, dignity, and
good faith in foreign politics. Her increase, then, in power and
population, will be for the good of South America and for the good of
the world.
Although within the limits of a single volume it is impossible to make
an adequate presentation of a country so vast and varied as Argentina,
an attempt has been made to view this wonderful land and people as a
whole, and it is hoped that this sketch, though inadequate, may be
judged not untrustworthy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Much information is to be found in small publications too numerous to
be specified. Many are issued by the Oficina Meterologica Argentina at
Buenos Aires and by other Government Departments, and a large number
of pamphlets, newspapers, and periodicals, both current and extinct,
may be consulted with advantage. This list aims at giving a catalogue
of useful books dealing with the history of Argentina and the country
in general.
HISTORICAL.
Akers, C. E. A History of South America (1854-1904). London, 1904.
Angelis, Pedro de. Coleccion de Obras y Documentos. 3 vols. Buenos
Aires, 1900.
Anonymous--
An account of the Spanish Settlements in South America. London,
1904.
The Argentine Republic, by a Friend of Free Government. London,
1865.
An Authentic Narrative of the ... Expedition ... of ... Gen.
Craufurd. London, 1808.
Les Dissensions des Républiques de La Plata. Paris, 1865.
La Doctrina Drago. London, 1908.
Emancipation of South America. _Edinburgh Review_, January, 1809.
The History of Don Francisco Miranda's Attempt, &c. Boston, 1810.
The Missiones Award. Washington, 1895.
Report ... upon the Differences ... with regard to the Frontier
between the Argentine and Chilian Republics. 2 vols. London,
1900.
Arcos, S. La Plata. Étude Historique. Paris, 1865.
Blanchard and Ramsay. The Trial at Large of Lieut-Gen. Whitelocke.
London, 1808.
Blanco White, J. El Español. 8 vols. London, 1810-14.
Bonnycastle, R. H. Spanish America. London, 1818.
Brackenridge, H. M. Voyage to South America. 2 vols. Baltimore, 1819.
Brossard, Alfred de. Considérations sur les Républiques de la Plata.
Paris, 1850.
Calvo, C. Coleccion Completa de los Tratados de la América Latina. 16
vols. Paris, 1862-7.
Cole. J. W. Memoirs of British Generals. 2 vols. London, 1856.
Dawson, T. C. The South American Republics. 2 vols. London, 1893.
Deberle, Alfred. Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud. Paris, 1897.
Dominguez, Luis, L. Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1870.
Echeverria, Estevan. Insurreccion del Sud. Buenos Aires, 1854.
Estrado, J. M. La Politica Liberal bajo la Tirannia de Rosas. Buenos
Aires, 1873.
Funes, G. Ensayo de la Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos Aires, y
Tucuman. 3 vols. Buenos Aires, 1816-17.
Hernandez, José. El Gaucho Martin Fierro. Buenos Aires, 1874.
Herrera, Antonio de. History of America, Vol. VI. Translated by
Captain John Stevens. London, 1726.
Herrera, Antonio de. M. Purchas, His Pilgrimage by Samuel Purchas,
B.D., Vol. XIV. Glasgow, 1906.
Kennedy, C. The Drago Doctrine. _North American Review_, New York,
July 31, 1907.
King, Colonel J. A. Twenty-four Years in the Argentine Republic.
London, 1846.
Kirkpatrick, F. A. The Spanish Dominions in America. The Establishment
of Independence in Spanish America. The Cambridge Modern History, Vol.
X., Chaps. VIII. and IX.
Lopez, V. F. Manual de la Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1907.
Mitré, Bartolomé. Historia de Belgrano. 2 vols. Buenos Aires, 1859.
Mitré, Bartolomé. Historia de San Martin. 3 vols. Buenos Aires,
1887-8.
Moses, Benjamin. The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America. New
York, 1898.
Mulhall, M. G. The English in South America. Buenos Aires, 1878.
Parish, Sir Woodbine. Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de la
Plata. London, 1852.
Payne, E. J. History of the New World called America. Oxford, 1892-4.
Pradt, Archbishop M. de. The Colonies and the Present American
Revolution. Translated from the French. London, 1817.
Robertson, W. The History of South America. 4 vols. 12th ed. London,
1812.
Rodney and Graham. The Reports ... of South America. London, 1819.
Root, J. W. Spain and its Colonies. London, 1898.
Sarmiento, D. F. Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the
Tyrants. Translated from the Spanish by Mrs. Horace Mann. New York,
1868.
Sarmiento, D. F. Vida de Facundo Quiroga. Santiago, 1851.
Southey, Robert. History of Brazil. 3 vols. London, 1810-19.
Torrente, D. M. Historia de la Revolucion Hispano-Americana. 3 vols.
Madrid, 1829-30.
Watson, R. G. Spanish and Portuguese South America. 2 vols. London,
1884.
Wilcocke, S. H. History of the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. London,
1807.
Winsor, J. History of America. 8 vols. London, 1886-9.
Zinny, A. Biografia Historica. Buenos Aires. 1875.
Zinny, A. Historia de las Provincias Argentinas. 4 vols. Buenos Aires,
1879-82.
GENERAL.
Akers, C. E. Argentine, Patagonia, &c. London, 1893.
Akers, C. E. Article in _Enc. Brit._, Vol. XXV., 10th ed. London,
1902.
Alberdi, J. B. Confederacion Argentina. Valparaiso, 1854.
Alcock, F. Trade and Travel in South America. London, 1903.
Alsina, J. A. La Immigracion Europea en la Republica Argentina.
Buenos Aires, 1903.
Ameghino, Florentino. La Antiguëdad del Hombre en La Plata. 2
vols. Paris, 1880.
Andrews, Captain. A Journey from Buenos Ayres, &c. 2 vols. London,
1827.
Anonymous--
The River Plate as a Field for Immigration. London.
Azara, Felix de. Essais sur l'Histoire Naturelle. 2 vols. Paris,
1801.
Barclay, W. S. To the Falls of Iguazu. Buenos Aires, 1903.
Barclay, W. S. The Land of Magellanes. _Geog. Journ._, January,
1904.
Barclay, W. S. The River Parana. _Geog. Journ._, January, 1909.
Bernandez, M. The Argentine Estancia. Buenos Aires, 1903.
Bonelli, L. Hugh de. Travels in Bolivia, with a Tour across the
Pampas to Buenos Aires. London, 1854.
Bougainville, Louis de. Voyage autour du Monde. Paris, 1771.
Bresson, André. Sept Années dans l'Amérique Australe.
Burmeister, H. Description Physique de la République Argentine.
Paris, 1876-8.
Campbell, W. D. Through Patagonia. London, 1901.
Caldcleugh, Alexander. Travels in South America. 2 vols. London,
1825.
Carpenter, F. G. South America. New York, 1900.
Child, Theodore. The South American Republics. New York, 1892.
Church, Colonel G. E. South America: An Outline of its Physical
Geography. _Geog. Journ._, April, 1901.
Church, Colonel G. E. Argentine Geography and the Ancient Pampean
Sea. _Geog. Journ._, October, 1898.
Conway, Sir Martin. Aconcagua and Tierra del Fuego. London, 1902.
Cunninghame-Graham, R. B. A Vanished Arcadia. London, 1901.
Daireaux, Émile. La Vie et les Moeurs à la Plata. 2 vols. Paris,
1889.
Darwin, Charles. Journal of Researches during the Voyage of H.M.S.
_Beagle_. London, 1843.
Davie, J. C. Letters from Paraguay, &c. London, 1805.
Davie, J. C. Letters from Buenos Ayres and Chile. 2 vols. London,
1819.
Dixie, Lady Florence (Julius Beerbohm). Across Patagonia. London,
1880.
Dixie, Lady Florence (Julius Beerbohm). Wanderings in Patagonia.
London, 1879.
D'Orbigny, Alcide. L'Homme Américaine. Paris, 1839.
D'Orbigny, Alcide. Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale. 4 vols.
Paris, 1835-39.
D'Ursel, Charles. Sud Amérique. Paris, 1879.
Evans, Patrick F. From Peru to the Plate Overland. London, 1899.
Falkner, Thomas. A Description of Patagonia. Hereford, 1774.
Farrell, H. W. The Argentine Year Book. London, 1909.
Ford, I. N. Tropical America. London, 1893.
Fitzroy, Admiral R. The Surveying Voyages of H.M.'s ships
_Adventure_ and _Beagle_. London, 1839.
Gallois, Eugéne. En Amérique du Sud. Paris, 1906.
Gibson, Herbert. Sheep Breeding Industry in the Argentine
Republic. Buenos Aires, 1893.
Gonnard, René. L'Immigration Européenne au XIX^e Siécle. Paris,
1906.
Gonzalez, Meliton. El Gran Chaco Argentino. Buenos Aires, 1890.
Granillo, A. Tucuman. Buenos Aires, 1872.
Guilaine, Louis. La République Argentine. Paris, 1889.
Haigh, S. Sketches of Buenos Aires and Chile. London, 1829.
Harrisse, Henry. John Cabot. London, 1896.
Hawkesworth, John. An Account of the Voyages. 2 vols. Dublin,
1775.
Head, Captain F. B. Reports relating to the Failure of the Rio
Plata Mining Association. London, 1827.
Head, Captain F. B. Royal Notes taken during some Rapid Journeys
across the Pampas. London, 1826.
Helps, Sir Arthur. The Spanish Conquests in America. London, 1900.
Holdich, Sir T. H. The Countries of the King's Award. London,
1904.
Holdich, Sir T. H. The Patagonian Andes. _Geog. Journ._, February,
1904.
Hudson, W. H. The Naturalist in La Plata. London, 1903.
Jordan, W. Leighton. Article in _Enc. Brit._, Vol. II., 9th ed.
London, 1875.
Keane, A. H., and Markham, C. R. Central and South America.
London, 2nd ed., 1909.
Keltie, J. Scott. The Statesman's Year Book. London, 1909.
Killik, S. H. M. Manual of Argentine Railways. London, 1910.
Koebel, W. H. Modern Argentina. London, 1907.
Latzina, F. L'Agriculture et L'Élevage dans la République
Argentine. Buenos Aires, 1891.
Latzina, F. Diccionario Geografico Argentino. Buenos Aires, 1890.
Latzina, F. Géographie de la République Argentine. Paris, 1889.
Leach, Walter. Exploration of the Bermejo River. _Geog. Journ._,
June, 1890.
Le Bon, Gustave. Les Lois Psychologiques de l'Évolutions des
Peuples. Paris, 1894.
MacCann, William. Two Thousand Miles' Ride through the Argentine
Provinces. London, 1853.
Mangel du Mesnil, E. Notoriedades del Plata. Buenos Aires, 1862.
Mansfield, C. B. Paraguay, Brazil, and the Plate. Cambridge, 1856.
Markwich, W. F., and Smith, W. A. The South American Republics.
New York, 1901.
Martin, Percy F. Through Five Republics. London, 1905.
Martinez, A. B., and Lewandowski, M. L'Argentine au XX^e Siécle.
3rd. ed. Paris, 1909.
Moncousin, M. P. Notes sur les Tehuelches. Paris, 1900.
Moreno, F. P. Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, y Santa Cruz. La Plata,
1897.
Moreno, F. P. Explorations in Patagonia. _Geog. Journ._, September
and October, 1899.
Moreno, F. P. Patagonia. Article in _Enc. Brit._, 10th ed. London,
1902.
Mulhall, M. G. and E. T. Handbook of the River Plate. Buenos
Aires, 1885.
Mulhall, Mrs. M. G. Between the Amazon and Andes. London, 1881.
Musters, G. C. At Home with the Patagonians. London, 1873.
Napp, Richard. The Argentine Republic. Buenos Aires, 1876.
Nordenskjöld, Otto. A Journey in South Western Patagonia. _Geog.
Journ._, October, 1897.
O'Driscoll, Florence. A Journey to the North of the Argentine
Republic. _Geog. Journ._, October, 1904.
Pearce-Edgcumbe, Sir E. R. Zephyrus. London, 1887.
Pelleschi, Juan. Los Indios Matacos. Buenos Aires, 1897.
Pillado, Ricardo. Politica Comercial Argentina. Buenos Aires,
1906.
Prichard, H. H. Through the Heart of Patagonia. London, 1902.
Quesada, Ernesto. La Iglesia Católica y la Cuestion Social. Buenos
Aires, 1895.
Rumbold, Sir H. The Great Silver River. London, 1888.
Scarlett, Hon. P. Campbell. South America and the Pacific. 2 vols.
London, 1838.
Sclater, P. L., and Hudson, W. H. Argentine Ornithology. 2 vols.
London, 1888-9.
Seeber, Francisco. Great Argentina, &c. Buenos Aires, 1903.
Turner, T. A. Argentina and the Argentines. London, 1892.
Ulloa, Antonio de and G. Juan. A Voyage to South America,
translated by John Adams. 2 vols. London, 1807.
Vaulx, M. Henry de. A Travers la Patagonia. Paris, 1898.
Wallace, Professor Robert. Argentine Shows and Live Stock.
Edinburgh, 1904.
Walter, Richard. A Voyage round the World. Dublin, 1748.
Webster, H. A. Patagonia. Article in _Enc. Brit._ London, 1885.
Wiener, Charles. La République Argentine. Paris, 1899.
Zeballos, E. S. Descripcion Amena de la Républica Argentina. 3
vols. Buenos Aires, 1881-8.
FOOTNOTES:
[158] The _Argentine Year Book_ supplies useful up-to-date information
in small compass.
[159] The _Geographical Journal_, January, 1909.
INDEX
[For plants and animals, _see_ Flora and Fauna; and for names of firms
and railways, _see_ English Engineers, and Railways.]
Aconcagua, 260
Adams, 77
Aguirre, 94
Akers, 109
Albarracin, 256
Alberoni, 39
Alcorta, 109, 110, 113
Alem, 103
Alfafa, _see_ Lucerne
Alfaro, 55
Almargo, 28
Alvear, 81
Alzaga, 88
Amusements, 183, 184
Anchorena, 90
Andes, 3, 4, 28, 106-108, 258, 260-264
Andrewes, Capt., 160, 278, 280
Anson, 43, 242
Apipe, 265
Apostoles, 266
Arbitration, 109, 110, 121, 122
Arcos, 78
Army, 116-119
_Asiento de Negros_, 38, 39, 40
Asuncion, 26, 27, 28, 97, 188
Atahualpa, 159
Auchmuty, 69-71
Avellanada, 100
Azara, 276
Azolas, 26
Bahia Blanca, 1, 9, 13, 121, 151, 216, 238-240, 292
Baird, 66, 74
Balcarce, 90
Banks, 180, 286
Barclay, 266, 268, 270, 288
Battle of Acari, 28
Angostura, 97
Campo Grande, 97
Casseros, 92
Chacabuco, 82
Curupaiti, 97
India Muerta, 92
Ituzaingo, 88
Maipu, 82
Riachuelo, 96
Tucuman, 80
Belgium, 181, 212
Belgrano (port), 121, 239
(soldier), 79-81, 83
(suburb), 147, 149, 150
Bell, 164
Beresford, 66-68
Bernandez, 202
Bohorquez, 34, 35
Bolivar, 84
Bolivia, 2, 10, 90, 121, 163, 269, 277, 279, 282
Bonelli, 281
Bovril, 204, 205
Bradford, 201
Bravard, 8, 256
Brazil, 10, 37, 48, 87, 95-98, 105, 116, 163, 187, 269, 274
Brewing, 194
Brossard, 90, 93
Brown, 83
Buchanan, 109
Budget, 104
Buenos Aires, 139-151, and _passim_
Burke, 40
Byron, 242, 247
Cabot, 24, 25
Calchaquies, 34, 35
Calvo, 168, 169
Camerones Bay, 251
Campbell, 3, 248
Canning, 85
Capital, British, 180
Carlyle, 40, 53, 125
Carmen, 244, 249
Casas, La, 159
Catamarca, 15, 33, 113, 146, 257
Cathedral, 67, 146, 257, 259
Cattle, 140, 156, 196-209
Cavendish, 241
Caxias, 97
_Cédulas_, 60
Celman, 101, 105, 129, 142, 215
Cerrito, 276
Chaco, El, 114, 138, 187
Charles III., 61
Charles IV., 76
Charles V., 25
Chatham, Lord, 53
Child, 132
Children, Argentine, 153
Chile, 2, 63, 68, 82, 106, 107-110, 116, 118, 163, 165, 230, 246,
255, 263, 264
Chinipies, 276
Chubut, 114, 136, 161, 204, 249
Church, _see_ Religion
Church, Col., 240
Cigars, 148, 222
Cisneros, 77-79
Clarke, 248
Clapham, Prof., 200
Clement XIV., 47
Cleveland, 105
Climate, 13-15
Clubs, 146, 149, 208, 258, 269
Coal, 214, 237
Cole, 69
Colombia, 174
Colonial System, Spanish, 49-64
Commerce, 210-214, and _passim_
Conchas, 81
Concordia, 274
Congress, 108, 112, 123, 146
Consuls, 179, 268
Cordillera, 6, 7, 12, 106, 107
Cordoba, 4, 13, 14, 28, 33, 66, 79, 89, 103, 161, 185, 230, 232,
259, 277-280, 283
Corrientes, 10, 11, 29, 30, 95, 96, 113, 207, 265
Costa, 103, 104
Cotton, 281
Cotton-spinning, 195
Crawford, 68, 70-72
Credit, 101
Crossbreeds, 201
Cunningham, 247, 248
Currency, 196
Cuzo, 265
Daireaux, 163, 171
Darwin, 5-9, 12, 13, 15, 19, 89, 141, 156, 235, 241, 245, 246,
247, 250, 252, 262
Davis, 241
Dawson, 99
Deputies, House of, 112, 113
Desire, Port, 241
Diamond Jubilee, 150
Distilleries, 194
D'Orbigny, 8, 9, 12, 20-22, 247
Dorrego, 87-89
Drago, 169, 170
Drake, 38, 241, 247
Duff, 72
Durhams, 205, 208, 290
Durqui, 94
Education, 161-163
Edward VII., 110, 150, 208, 264
Ehrenberg, 5
Elio, 80
England, 65-75, and _passim_
English Engineers, 270, 271
Trade, 211, 212, and _passim_
Ensenado, 70
Entre Rios, 11, 30, 47, 92, 99, 113, 187, 215, 230
Estancias, 196-209, and _passim_
Ethnology, 20-23
Exports, 213, 214
Falkner, 243, 244, 247
Falkland Islands, 202
Famatina, 234, 235
Famine, Port, 241
Fauna, 251-253, 276
Federalists, 87, 93, 100
Ferdinand, 50, 76, 79
Finns, 266
Flora, 276
Flores, 95
Flotsam, 150
Flour, 195
Formosa, 95, 114, 194
France, 63, 78, 212, and _passim_
Francia, 92
Free Trade, 218, 219, 224
French Railways, 191
Funes, 34, 167, 278
Gallegos, Port, 241, 243
Gamboa, 241
Garay, 28-31, 272
Gardiner, 252
Gaucho, 117, 155-157, 198
Germany, 179, 180, 211, 212
Giants, 243
Giebert, 206
Goats, 197
_Gobernaciones_, 113, 114
Godoy, 267
Gold, 56, 289
Gonnard, 131, 135
Gonzalez, 277
Gran Chaco, 2, 4, 11, 195, 270, 275-277
Gregory XV., 279
Guaranies, 20, 21, 28
Guarpes, 258
Guatemala, 174
Guilaine, 132
Hague Congress, 169, 170
Hawkesworth, 243
Hay, 169
Head, 141, 235, 236, 256, 272, 288
Herefords, 207, 208, 290
Hernan Darias, 31
Hernandez, José, 157
Hides, 46, 56, 206
Hogs, 197
Holditch, Sir T., 109, 110, 117, 118
Holland, Lord, 69
Horn, Cape, 2, 38, 252
Horses, 117, 150, 197, 249
Hotels, 144, 286
Howorth, Sir H. H., 8, 19
Hudson, 249
Humaita, 96, 97
Ibicuy, 187
Iguazu Falls, 273, 274
Immigration, 131-138, 266
Imports, 211, 212
Incas, 22, 60
Industries, 178, and _passim_
Indians, 2, 100, 159, 253, 275
Irala, 28
Italy, 133-135
Jenkins' Ear, War of, 40-44
Jesuits, 22, 29, 33, 35, 44-47, 61, 91, 160, 266, 279, 289
Jordan, 99
Journalism, 163-166
Jubileo, 207
Justice, 105, 114
Jujuy, 114, 163, 279
Kirkpatrick, 62
La Luis, 207
La Madrid, 189
La Plata, 143, 162
La Quevas, 185
La Rioja, 14, 113
La Sabana, 227
Lakes, 251, 252
Larreta, 173, 174
Lavalle, 88, 89
Laughton, 41
Lebon, 132
Lemco, 205
Lerma, 281
Leveson-Gower, 71
Lewandowski, 198
Lewis, 69
Licences, 130
Liebig, 206
Lincolns, 201
Liniers, 67, 72, 73, 79
Linseed, 228
Literature, 166-177
Locusts, 288
Londonderry, Lord, 82
Lopez, 88, 90, 91, 95-98
Dr., 104
Los Andes, 114
Lozano, 223, 274, 280
Lucerne, 228, 229
Luiggi, 239
Luscan, 259
Lumley, 70
Lynch, 97
MacCann, 215
Macovies, 276
Magellan, 26, 37, 106, 107
Explorer, 241
Mahon, 70
Maize, 214, 227, 228
Mammoth, 19
Mansfield, 141
Marmol, 172, 175
Martinez, 198
Manufacturers, 53
Marriage, 153
Matacos, 276
Maza, 91
Meat, 204-207
Mendoza, 4, 13, 15, 129, 130, 154, 161, 254-261
Mercado, 34
Mérou, M. G., 170, 171, 176, 219
Miranda, 77
Misiones, 14, 67, 96, 105, 114, 194
Mitre, A, 176
General, 94, 95, 97, 103, 167
Moore, 38
Moreno, 79
Mules, 197
Mulhalls, The, 164, 198, 256, 287
Munroe Doctrine, 83, 169
Musters, 247
Mutton, 201
"Nacion, La," and other journals, _see_ Journalism
Napp, 201
Navy, 119-121
Nequen, 114
Nordenskjöld, 249, 251
Nova Colonia, 37, 38, 44, 67
Oats, 229
Ocantos, 172
Officers, Army, 117
Pacific Steam Navigation Company, 143, 284, 285
Palermo, 142, 147, 149
Pampa, 114
Pampas, 2, 4, 5, 11, 15, 90, 155, 199, 204, 205, 275
Pampean mud, 7-9
Sea, 240
Paper, 195
Paraguay, 10, 28, 31, 38, 45, 80, 92, 94-98, 139, 140, 161, 163, 187
River, _see_ Rivers
Parana, river, _see_ Rivers
town, 162
Parish, 39, 83
Patagonia, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 31, 107, 108, 136, 199, 240,
242, 244-253
Patagonians, size of, 2, 3, 100, 247, 248
Paulistas, 21, 35, 36, 61
Pavon, 94
Payaguas, 276
Payne, 18
Paz, General, 89, 90
José C., 164
Pellegrini, 101, 105, 133
Peña, 103, 104
Peribebuy, 97
Peru, 31, 38, 43, 63, 119, 140, 163, 174, 200, 255, 275, 278
Petroleum, 236, 237
Pettenkofer, 206
Philip II., 143
Pigafetta, 247
Pillado, 220, 223
Pitt, 77
Poles, 266
Politics, 122-124
Polled Angus, 205, 290
Polo, 149
Pombal, 44
Popham, 66, 68, 74
Population, 99, 113, 114
Port Madryn, 250
Port St. Julian, 5, 6
Ports and Docks, 180, 183, 216, 239
Porteños, 94, 100, 101, 103
Portuguese, 18, 61
Posadas, 81, 187, 266, 274
President, 112
Vice, 113
Provinces, 113, 114
Puente del Inca, 261-263
Puirredon, 67, 81, 82
Puna de Atacama, 108, 109
Punta Arenas, 249
Purchas, 25
Quesada, Ernesto, 166, 167, 171, 280
V. G., 166
Quilmes, 66
Quiroga, 88-91
Racing, 149, 150
Rafaela, 189
Railways, 178-194
Rain, 5, 14
Rams, 201
Religion, 158-161
_Reseñas y Criticas_, and other works, _see_ Literature
Resistencia, 277
Rio Negro, _see_ Rivers
_Gobernacion_, 114, 249, 250
Rivadavia, 82, 88, 90, 110
Rivers, Chico, 12
Chubut, 3, 12
Colorado, 2, 4, 6, 11
Coyly, 3
Desaguerdo, 259
Deseado, 243, 251
Gallegos, 3, 12, 251
Ivahi, 265
Iguazu, 265
Limaz, 12
Mendoza, 11
Nequen, 12
Negro, 4, 9, 90, 100, 244, 249, 250
Paraguay, 25, 28, 29
Parana, 10, 12, 28, 45, 93, 96, 143, 184, 265-272
Paranahybo, 265
Paranapanema, 265
Pardo, 265
Pepiri, 105
Pilcomayo, 11
Salado, 11, 265
San Antonio, 105
Santa Cruz, 3, 6, 12, 244, 252
Saranai, 11
Sauces, 244
Tiete, 245
Tunuyan, 259
Uruguay, _passim_
Vermejo, 11
Robles, 96
Roca, 100-103, 105, 110, 112, 250
Rojas, 188, 189
Romney Marsh, 201
Rondeau, 82
Rosario, 10, 13, 94, 103, 129, 130, 151, 185, 190, 238, 290
Rosas, 89-93, 100, 112, 122, 132, 142, 175, 255, 279, 281
Rum, 194
Russia, 200, 216, 266
Saavedra, 79, 80
Salta, 14, 91, 114, 189, 232, 277, 281, 282
San Javier, 205
Juan, 13, 14, 113, 185, 230, 255
Luis, 13, 114, 235
Martin, 81, 82, 83, 118
Rafael, 135, 185, 260
Santa Cruz, 114, 204, 249, 251, 252
Elena, 205
Fé 13, 80, 92, 103, 113, 162, 189, 230, 268, 272
Santiago del Ertero, 114, 163, 277
Schouten, 38
Seeber, 117
Seeley, 52
Senate, 112
Seneca, 17
Sheep, 196-209
Shoes, 195
Smith, Adam, 54, 56
Smollett, 43
Solis, de, 34
South American Missionary Society, 250
Southey, 29, 36
Spain, _passim_
Stallions, 150, 199
_Statesmen's Yearbook_, 211, 217
Steamship Lines, 284, 285
Sterling, 65
Stuart, 83
Sugar, 4, 194, 223, 229
Tallow, 205
Tanning, 195
Tariff, 218-224
Tehuelches, 244, 247
Thucydides, 23
Tierra del Fuego, 106, 114, 202
Timber, 214, 231-233
Tobas, 276
Tobacco, 56, 229
Tosca, 7
Tramways, 180, 188
Tucuman, 1, 11, 14, 31, 35, 38, 55, 80, 83, 90, 91, 189, 194, 195,
200, 223, 232
United States, 109, 110, 116, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219
Universities, 33, 162, 279, 280
Urquiza, 91, 92-94, 95, 96
Uruguay, 36, 37, 47, 81, 84, 88, 94, 95, 142, 187, 199, 206
river, _see_ Rivers
Ushwiya, 13
Vaca, Cabeza de, 27
Valparaiso, 185, 254
Valverde, 159
Van Noort, 247
Venezuela, 169
Vernon, 42
Viamont, 89
Viedmas, 244, 245, 247, 249
Vilelas, 276
Villa Corta, 38
Mercedes, 196
Villaruel, 280
Wages, 126-129
Waleffe, 174
Wallis, 247
Walpole, 40
Wentworth, 42
Wheat, 225-227, and _passim_
Whitelocke, 68, 70
Whittingham, 73
Windham, 83
Windsor, 159
Wine, 56
Witchcraft, 248, 249
Women, Argentine, 132, 153, 259
Wool, 214
_Yerba Maté_, 233, 234
Zarate, 188, 200
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON.
THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES
EDITED BY MARTIN HUME, M.A.
THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES
_Demy 8vo, cloth._
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9. LATIN AMERICA: Its Rise and Progress. By
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10. COLOMBIA. By PHANOR JAMES EDER, A.B.,
LL.B. With 2 Maps and 40 Illustrations. (2nd Impression.)
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* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes
A page of advertisements for other books in the series has been moved
from the beginning to the end of the book. Illustration captions have
been moved next to the text which they illustrate, and so may not match
the order in the List of Illustrations. A duplicate heading "ARGENTINA"
on the half title page has been removed.
Superscript is represented by a carat symbol (^) preceding the
superscripted characters.
The following were not clearly printed, and have been corrected by
reference to a 1910 printing:
p. 96 "Ertigarribia"
p. 96 "Lopez"
p. 97 "war. The allied"; "and Brazilian"; "beyond Curupaiti."
p. 123 note "Siècle"
p. 269 "the workshop"
p. 292 "received is that"
p. 303 "Curupaiti, 97"
The following were inconsistently hyphenated, capitalised or spelled:
cheekbones and cheek-bones
seafaring and sea-faring
snowdrifts and snow-drifts
Viceroyalty and Vice-royalty
yerba maté and Yerba Maté
gaucho and Gaucho
Cordoba and Cordova
alfalfa and alfafa
Mitré and Mitre
Asunçion and Asuncion
Paraná and Parana
Républica and Republica
São Paulo and Sao Paulo
Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected as
follows:
p. XX "smalls barks" changed to "small barks"
p. 19 quotation mark added (sepulchre for these extinct animals.")
p. 57 full stop added (long period of disorder and bloodshed.)
p. 63 "hidalguiá" changed to "hidalguía"
p. 64 it changed to its (was successful as far as its)
p. 69 hyphen added (Leveson-Gower was in favour)
p. 78 "favourable" changed to "unfavourable"
p. 78 "influenc ewas" changed to "influence was"
p. 78 (note) quotation mark added (Peru or Spain")
p. 78 (note) quotation mark changed to comma (Arcos, "La Plata)
p. 91 "prescription" changed to "proscription"
p. 108 (note) "_I.e,_" changed to "_I.e._,"
p. 123 "megolomania" changed to "megalomania"
p. 132 quotation mark removed (M. Gustave Le Bon,[2])
p. 133 (note) quotation mark added (au XX^{e} Siècle,")
p. 137 "heathly" changed to "healthy"
p. 143 "Montevides" changed to "Montevideo"
p. 173 "Isles of March" changed to "Ides of March"
p. 182 (note) full stops added (Argentine Great Western.; Blanca and
North-Western.)
p. 193 (note) "Emile" changed to "Émile"
Illustration after p. 196 "SANTIA" changed to "SANTA"
p. 207 "north of Argentina" changed to "north of Buenos Aires"
p. 209 quotation mark added ("One way a band)
p. 212 "sent to Argentine" changed to "sent to Argentina"
p. 216 "Steamship" changed to "Steamships"
p. 247 (note) full stop added (six feet by a few inches.)
p. 249 opening bracket added ((Hudson, "Idle Days)
Illustration after p. 250 full stop added (six feet by a few inches.)
p. 256 "If" changed to "It" (It seemed an interminable)
p. 272 Quotation mark added (and its longitude 47°.")
p. 277 (note) "El Gran Chaco Argentins" changed to "El Gran Chaco
Argentino"
p. 282 "1852" changed to "1582"
p. 289 "Panana" changed to "Parana" (Parana and Sao Paulo states.")
p. 296 "Considerations" changed to "Considérations"
p. 298 full stop changed to comma (2 vols. Paris, 1880.)
p. 299 "El Gran Chaco, Argentine." changed to "El Gran Chaco Argentino."
p. 301 full stop changed to comma (Matacos. Buenos Aires, 1897.)
p. 301 full stop added to text (Heart of Patagonia. London, 1902.)
p. 304 comma added to text after 34 (Calchaquies, 34, 35)
p. 304 "Cedulas" changed to "Cédulas"
p. 304 comma added to text after 208 (Clubs, 146, 149, 208, 258, 269)
p. 304 comma added to text after 150 (Edward VII., 110, 150, 208, 264)
p. 305 "Hernandez, Jose" changed to "Hernandez, José"
p. 306 "Merou, M. G.," changed to "Mérou, M. G.,"
p. 307 "Pena" changed to "Peña"
A possible spelling error on p. 156 ("carne cum cuero") has been left
unchanged.