+----------------+-------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------------+---------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | Candle- | | Ratio of | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Power in | | Angular | | | Service | Height| | |
| Name. | Locality. | Character- |Period.|Duration| Standard | Focal | Breadth of | Illuminant. | Burner. | Candle- | above | Year | Remarks. |
| | | istic. | | of | Candles |Distance | Panel to | | | power | High | Estab- | |
| | | | |Flashes.| (Service |of Lens.|Whole Circle.| | |of Burner.| Water.| lished.* | |
| | | | | | Intensity).| | | | | | | | |
+----------------+-------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------------+---------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | Secs. | Secs. | | mm. | | | | | Feet. | | |
|Casquets | Channel Islands | 3 flash | 30 | 1.5 | 185,000 | 920 | 1 : 9 | Incandescent| "Matthews" 3-50 | 3300 | 120 | 1877 |Dioptric holophote, 126½° vertical angle; 3 sides of 3 |
| | | | | | | | | petroleum | mm. dia. mantles | | | | panels in each. |
| | | | | | | | | vapour | | | | | |
|Eddystone | South Devon | 2 flash | 30 | 1.5 | 292,000 | 920 | 1 : 12 | do. | do. | 3300 | 133 | 1882 |Biform apparatus, lens elements only, 92° vertical angle; |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 6 sides of 2 panels each. |
|Bishop Rock | Scilly Isles | 2 flash | 60 | 4.0 | 622,000 | 1330 | 1 : 10 | do. | do. | 3300 | 134 | 1886 |Biform apparatus, lens elements only, 80° vertical angle; |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5 sides of 2 panels each. |
|Spurn Point | Yorkshire | Single flash | 20 | 1.5 | 519,000 | 1330 | 1 : 6 | do. | do. | 3300 | 120 | 1895 |Lens elements only, 80° vertical angle. |
|Lundy Island | Bristol Channel | 2 flash | 20 | .33 | 374,000 | 920 | Nearly 1 : 4| do. | do. | 3300 | 165 | 1897 |Mercury rotation, 4-panel bivalve. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | [St. Mary's Isle, Northumberland (1898), is similar.] |
|Pendeen | Cornwall | 4 flash | 15 | .25 | 190,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | do. | do. | 3300 | 195 | 1900 |80° vertical angle lens, 2 sides of 4 panels each, mercury |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | rotation. |
|Roker Pier | Sunderland | Single flash | 5 | .10 | 175,000 | 500 | Nearly 1 : 2| do. | "Chance" 55 mm. | 1200 | 83 | 1903 |Mercury rotation; univalve 164° in azimuth, with 164° |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | dioptric mirror in rear. |
|Bell Rock | Near Firth of Tay | Red and white| 60 | .50 | 392,000 | 920 and | White about | do. | "Chance" 55 mm. | 1200 | 93 | 1902 |Combined hyper-radial and first-order light with back |
| | |flashes alter-| | | | 1330 | 1 : 9 | | dia. mantle | | | | prisms in white and mirrors in red. Revolves in 60 |
| | |nately every | | | | | red about | | | | | | secs. |
| | | 30 secs. | | | | | 1 : 2.2 | | | | | |[Holy Island, 1905 (Lamlash), similar, flash every 15 secs.] |
|Kinnaird's Head | Aberdeenshire | Single flash | 15 | .50 | 881,000 | 920 and | 1 : 2.2 | do. | do. | 2150 | 120 | 1903 |Composite apparatus; panels of 1330 mm. and 920 mm. |
| | | | | | | 1330 | | | | | | | focal distance; 2 faces. |
|Tarbet Ness | Dornoch Firth | 6 flash | 30 | .50 | 89,000 | 700 | 1 : 12 | do. | "Chance" 55 mm. | 1200 | 175 | 1892 |6 panels (lens) of 30° with 180° mirror. |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | [Douglas Head (Isle of Man) similar.] |
|Sule Skerry | West of Orkneys | 3 flash | 30 | 1.0 | 378,000 | 1330 | 1 : 9 | do. | "Chance" 85 mm. | 2150 | 113 | 1895 |Equiangular lenses. |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | |
|Pladda | South end of Arran| 3 flash | 30 | .50 | 597,000 | 1330 | 1 : 6 | do. | do. | 2150 | 130 | 1901 |3 equiangular lens panels with mirror in rear; side panels |
| | Island | | | | | | | | | | | | eccentric. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Hyskin Rocks (1904) similar.] |
|Tory Island | Co. Donegal | 3 flash | 60 | 3.0 | 17,000 to | 1330 | 1 : 6 | Coal Gas | Wigham, 108 jets | 2300 | 130 | 1887 |Triform apparatus, vertical angle of lenses 65°; 6 sides, |
| | | | | | 326,000 | | | | (maximum) | (max.) | | | one revolution in 6 minutes. The single flash from |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | lens is divided by eclipsing burner into 3 flashes. |
|Fastnet | Co. Cork | Single flash | 5 | .17 | 750,000 | 920 | 1 : 4 | Incandescent| Irish pattern | 1200 | 160 | 1904 |Biform apparatus; 4 panels of 90° vertical angle and 90° |
| | | | | | | | | petroleum | 50 mm. mantle | | | | in azimuth; mercury rotation. |
| | | | | | | | | vapour | | | | | |
|Kinsale | do. | 2 flash | 10 | .25 | 460,000 | 920 | 1 : 6 | do. | do. | 1200 | 236 | 1907 |Biform apparatus, 3 sides each of 2 panels; vertical |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | angle 96°; mercury rotation. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |[St. John's Point, Co. Down (1908) similar, period 7.5 secs.]|
|Howth Bailey | Dublin Bay | Single flash | 30 | 1.0 | 950,000 | 920 | 13 : 32 | do. |Irish pattern 3-50| 3300 | 134 | 1902 |Bivalve apparatus; panels of 147° in azimuth and 122° |
| | | | | | | | | | mm. dia. mantles | | | | vertical angle; mercury rotation. |
| | | | | / 1.0 | 70,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | Oil | 6 wick | 480 | 164 | 1891 |\ |
| | | | || .50 | 180,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | Incandescent| / 30 mm. dia. | 400 | 164 | 1895 | |The old first-order apparatus has been utilized in all |
|Chassiron | Bay of Biscay | Single flash | 10 || | | | | oil gas | | mantle | | | | | cases. |
| | | | || .70 | 360,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | Incandescent| | 55 mm. dia. | 1300 | 164 | 1902 | | |
| | | | | \ | | | | acetylene | \ mantle | | | |/ |
|Cap d'Antifer | English Channel | Single flash | 20 | 1.0 | 400,000 | 1330 | 1 : 6 | Incandescent| French pattern | 2150 | 394 | 1894 |Mercury rotation, hyper-radial apparatus with reflecting |
| | | | | | | | | petroleum | 85 mm. mantle | | | | prisms. This is the only apparatus of this focal |
| | | | | | | | | vapour | | | | | distance on the French coast. |
|Île de Batz | Finistère | 4 flash | 25 | .37 | 200,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | do. | do. | 2150 | 223 | 1900 |Group-flashing apparatus; 4 panels of 45°, with 180° |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | mirror in rear; mercury rotation. |
|Ar'men | do. | 3 flash | 20 | .38 | 200,000 | 700 | 1 : 5 | do. | do. | 2150 | 94 | 1897 |Mercury rotation; 3 panels, mirror in rear. |
|Villefranche | Mediterranean | Single flash | 5 | .38 | 250,000 | 700 | 1 : 4 | do. | do. | 2150 | 229 | 1902 |Mercury rotation. |
|Île Vierge | Finistère | Single flash | 5 | .38 | 500,000 | 700 | 1 : 4 | do. | do. | 2150 | 252 | 1902 |Twin optic; mercury rotation. |
|Kennery Island | Bombay | 2 flash | 10 | .25 | 250,000 | 920 | Nearly 1:4 | do. |70 mm. dia. mantle| 1400 | 153 | 1902 |Mercury rotation; bivalve apparatus; 2 double-flashing |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 170° panels. |
|Cape Race | Newfoundland | Single flash | 7.5 | .30 | 1,100,000 | 1330 | 1 : 4 | do. | "Chance" 85 mm. | 2150 | 165 | 1907 |4 panels, vertical angle 121½°; mercury rotation. |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | [Manora Point, Karachi, 1909, similar.] |
|Pachena Point | British Columbia | 2 flash | 7.5 | .44 | 220,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | do. | do. | 2150 | .. | 1908 |Mercury rotation. 4 sides of 2 panels each. |
|Cape Hermes | Cape Colony | Single flash | 3 | .31 | 30,000 | 250 | 1 : 3 | do. | "Chance" 55 mm. | 1200 | 175 | 1904 |3 panels, vertical angle 150°; mercury rotation. |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | |
|Hood Point | do. | 4 flash | 40 | .58 | 200,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | do. | "Chance" 85 mm. | 2150 | 180 | 1895 |Mercury rotation; 4 panels of 45° in azimuth and 80° |
| | | | | | | | | | dia. mantle | | | | vertical angle, with catadioptric mirror in rear. |
|Cape Naturaliste| West Australia | 2 flash | 10 | .15 | 450,000 | 920 | About 1 : 3 | do. | do. | 2150 | 404 | 1904 |Mercury rotation; 2 lenses of 126½° in azimuth, with |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | mirror of 107°. |
|Point Cloates | do. | Single flash | 5 | .30 | 300,000 | 700 | 1 : 3 | do. | do. | 2150 | 190 | 1909 |Mercury rotation; 3 panels, each 120° in azimuth and |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 133½° vertical angle. |
|Pecks Ledge |Connecticut, U.S.A.| 2 flash | 30 | .50 | 10,000 | 250 | 1 : 4 | do. |34 mm. dia. mantle| 300 | 54 | 1906 |Rotated on ball bearings. 2 lenses of 90° each and |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | mirror. |
|Fire Island | New York, U.S.A. | Single flash | 60 | 4.0 | 250,000 | 920 | 1 : 8 | do. |55 mm. dia. mantle| 1000 | 167 | 1858 |Rotated on roller bearings. |
|Gray's Harbor |Washington, Pacific| Alternating | 5 | .20|White 10,000| 500 | .. | Oil | 3 wick | 160 | 122 | 1898 |Mercury rotation; one (red) lens of 170° in azimuth, re- |
| | Coast, U.S.A. | red and white| | | red 8,000 | | | | | | | | inforced by two 60° mirrors; one (white) lens of 60° in |
| | | flashes | | | | | | | | | | | azimuth. |
+----------------+-------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------------+---------+-------------+-------------+------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
* The dates given are of the establishment of the optical apparatus.
In many cases incandescent burners have been installed at later
dates.
_English Colonies._--In Canada the coast lighting is in the hands of
the minister of marine, and in most other colonies the public works
departments have control of lighthouse matters.
_Other Countries._--In Denmark, Austria, Holland, Russia, Sweden,
Norway and many other countries the minister of marine has charge of
the lighting and buoying of coasts; in Belgium the public works
department controls the service.
In the Trinity House Service at shore lighthouse stations there are
usually two keepers, at rock stations three or four, one being ashore
on leave. When there is a fog signal at a station there is usually an
additional keeper, and at electric light stations a mechanical
engineer is also employed as principal keeper. The crews of
light-vessels as a rule consist of 11 men, three of them and the
master or mate going on shore in rotation.
The average annual cost of maintenance of an English shore lighthouse,
with two keepers, is £275. For shore lighthouses with three keepers
and a siren fog signal the average cost is £444. The maintenance of a
rock lighthouse with four keepers and an explosive fog signal is about
£760, and an electric light station costs about £1100 annually to
maintain.
A light-vessel of the ordinary type in use in the United Kingdom
entails an annual expenditure on maintenance of approximately £1320,
excluding the cost of periodical overhaul.
AUTHORITIES.--Smeaton, _Eddystone Lighthouse_ (London, 1793); A.
Fresnel, _Mémoire sur un nouveau system d'éclairage des phares_
(Paris, 1822); R. Stevenson, _Bell Rock Lighthouse_ (Edinburgh, 1824);
Alan Stevenson, _Skerryvore Lighthouse_ (1847); Renaud, _Mémoire sur
l'éclairage et le balisage des côtes de France_ (Paris, 1864); Allard,
_Mémoire sur l'intensité et la portée des phares_ (Paris, 1876); T.
Stevenson, _Lighthouse Construction and Illumination_ (London, 1881);
Allard, _Mémoire sur les phares électriques_ (Paris, 1881); Renaud,
_Les Phares_ (Paris, 1881); Edwards, _Our Sea Marks_ (London, 1884);
D. P. Heap, _Ancient and Modern Lighthouses_ (Boston, 1889); Allard,
_Les Phares_ (Paris, 1889); Rey, _Les Progrès d'éclairage des côtes_
(Paris, 1898); Williams, _Life of Sir J. N. Douglass_ (London, 1900);
J. F. Chance, _The Lighthouse Work of Sir Jas. Chance_ (London, 1902);
de Rochemont and Deprez, _Cours des travaux maritimes_, vol. ii.
(Paris, 1902); Ribière, _Phares et Signaux maritimes_ (Paris, 1908);
Stevenson, "Isle of May Lighthouse," _Proc. Inst. Mech. Engineers_
(1887); J. N. Douglass, "Beacon Lights and Fog Signals," _Proc. Roy.
Inst._ (1889); Ribière, "Propriétés optiques des appareils des
phares," _Annales des ponts et chaussées_ (1894); Preller, "Coast
Lighthouse Illumination in France," _Engineering_ (1896); "Lighthouse
Engineering at the Paris Exhibition," Engineer (1901-1902); N. G.
Gedye, "Coast Fog Signals," _Engineer_ (1902); _Trans. Int. Nav.
Congress_ (Paris, 1900, Milan, 1905); _Proc. Int. Eng. Congress_
(Glasgow, 1901, St Louis, 1904); _Proc. Int. Maritime Congress_
(London, 1893); J. T. Chance, "On Optical Apparatus used in
Lighthouses," _Proc. Inst. C.E._ vol. xxvi.; J. N. Douglass, "The Wolf
Rock Lighthouse," ibid. vol. xxx.; W. Douglass, "Great Basses
Lighthouse," ibid. vol. xxxviii.; J. T. Chance, "Dioptric Apparatus in
Lighthouses," ibid. vol. lii.; J. N. Douglass, "Electric Light applied
to Lighthouse Illumination," ibid. vol. lvii.; W. T. Douglass, "The
New Eddystone Lighthouse," ibid. vol. lxxv.; Hopkinson, "Electric
Lighthouses at Macquarie and Tino," ibid. vol. lxxxvii.; Stevenson,
"Ailsa Craig Lighthouse and Fog Signals," ibid. vol. lxxxix.; W. T.
Douglass, "The Bishop Rock Lighthouses," ibid. vol. cviii.; Brebner,
"Lighthouse Lenses," ibid. vol. cxi.; Stevenson, "Lighthouse
Refractors," ibid. vol. cxvii.; Case, "Beachy Head Lighthouse," ibid.
vol. clix.; _Notice sur les appareils d'éclairage_ (French Lighthouse
Service exhibits at Chicago and Paris) (Paris, 1893 and 1900); _Report
on U.S. Lighthouse Board Exhibit at Chicago_ (Washington, 1894);
_Reports of the Lighthouse Board of the United States_ (Washington,
1852, et seq.); British parliamentary reports, _Lighthouse
Illuminants_ (1883, et seq.), _Light Dues_ (1896), _Trinity House Fog
Signal Committee_ (1901), _Royal Commission on Lighthouse
Administration_ (1908); _Mémoires de la Société des Ingénieurs Civils
de France_, _Annales des ponts et chaussées_ (Paris); _Proc. Inst. C.
E._; _The Engineer_; _Engineering_ (_passim_). (W. T. D.; N. G. G.)