THE END.
Gondomar had not been idle during Raleigh's absence, but so long as
Winwood was alive he had not been able to attack the absent Admiral with
much success. As soon as Bailey brought him the news of the supposed
attack on Lanzarote, he communicated with his Government, and urged that
an embargo should be laid on the goods of the English merchant colony at
Seville. This angry despatch, the result of a vain attempt to reach
James, is dated October 22; and on October 27 the sudden death of
Winwood removed Gondomar's principal obstacle to the ruin of Raleigh. At
first, however, Bailey's story received no credence, and if, as Howel
somewhat apocryphally relates, Gondomar had been forbidden to say two
words about Raleigh in the King's presence, and therefore entered with
uplifted hands shouting 'Pirates!' till James was weary, he did not seem
to gain much ground. Moreover, while Bailey's story was being discussed,
the little English merchant vessel which had been lying in Lanzarote
during Raleigh's visit returned to London, and gave evidence which
brought Bailey to gaol in the Gate House.
On January 11, 1618, before any news had been received from Guiana, a
large gathering was held in the Council Chamber at Westminster, to try
Bailey for false accusation. The Council contained many men favourable
to Raleigh, but the Spanish ambassador brought influence to bear on the
King; and late in February, Bailey was released with a reprimand,
although he had accused Raleigh not of piracy only, but of high treason.
The news of the ill-starred attack on San Thome reached Madrid on May 3,
and London on the 8th. This must have given exquisite pleasure to the
baffled Gondomar, and he lost no time in pressing James for revenge. He
gave the King the alternative of punishing Raleigh in England or sending
him as a prisoner to Spain. The King wavered for a month. Meanwhile
vessel after vessel brought more conclusive news of the piratical
expedition in which Keymis had failed, and Gondomar became daily more
importunate. It began to be thought that Raleigh had taken flight for
Paris.
At, last, on June 11, James I. issued a proclamation inviting all who
had a claim against Raleigh to present it to the Council. Lord
Nottingham at the same time outlawed the 'Destiny' in whatever English
port she might appear. It does not seem that the King was unduly hasty
in condemning Raleigh. He had given Spain every solemn pledge that
Raleigh should not injure Spain, and yet the Admiral's only act had been
to fall on an unsuspecting Spanish settlement; notwithstanding this,
James argued as long as he could that San Thome lay outside the
agreement. The arrival of the 'Destiny,' however, seems to have clinched
Gondomar's arguments. Three days after Raleigh arrived in Plymouth, the
King assured Spain that 'not all those who have given security for
Raleigh can save him from the gallows.' For the particulars of the
curious intrigues of these summer months the reader must be referred,
once more, to Mr. Gardiner's dispassionate pages.
On June 21, Raleigh moored the 'Destiny' in Plymouth harbour, and sent
her sails ashore. Lady Raleigh hastened down to meet him, and they
stayed in Plymouth a fortnight. His wife and he, with Samuel King, one
of his captains, then set out for London, but were met just outside
Ashburton by Sir Lewis Stukely, a cousin of Raleigh's, now Vice-Admiral
of Devonshire. This man announced that he had the King's orders to
arrest Sir Walter Raleigh; but these were only verbal orders, and he
took his prisoner back to Plymouth to await the Council warrant. Raleigh
was lodged for nine or ten days in the house of Sir Christopher Harris,
Stukely being mainly occupied in securing the 'Destiny' and her
contents. Raleigh pretended to be ill, or was really indisposed with
anxiety and weariness. While Stukely was thinking of other things,
Raleigh commissioned Captain King to hire a barque to slip over to La
Rochelle, and one night Raleigh and King made their escape towards this
vessel in a little boat. But Raleigh probably reflected that without
money or influence he would be no safer in France than in England, and
before the boat reached the vessel, he turned back and went home. He
ordered the barque to be in readiness the next night, but although no
one watched him, he made no second effort to escape.
On July 23 the Privy Council ordered Stukely, 'all delays set apart,' to
bring the body of Sir Walter Raleigh speedily to London. Two days later,
Stukely and his prisoner started from Plymouth. A French quack, called
Mannourie, in whose chemical pretensions Raleigh had shown some
interest, was encouraged by Stukely to attend him, and to worm himself
into his confidence. As Walter and Elizabeth Raleigh passed the
beautiful Sherborne which had once been theirs, the former could not
refrain from saying, 'All this was mine, and it was taken from me
unjustly.' They travelled quickly, sleeping at Sherborne on the 26th,
and next night at Salisbury. Raleigh lost all confidence as he found
himself so hastily being taken up to London. As they went from Wilton
into Salisbury, Raleigh asked Mannourie to give him a vomit; 'by its
means I shall gain time to work my friends, and order my affairs;
perhaps even to pacify his Majesty. Otherwise, as soon as ever I come to
London, they will have me to the Tower, and cut off my head.'
That same evening, while being conducted to his rooms, Raleigh struck
his head against a post. It was supposed to show that he was dizzy; and
next morning he sent Lady Raleigh and her retinue on to London, saying
that he himself was not well enough to move. At the same time, King went
on to prepare a ship to be ready in the Thames in case of another
emergency. When they had started, Raleigh was discovered in his bedroom,
on all fours, in his shirt, gnawing the rushes on the floor. Stukely was
completely taken in; the French quack had given Raleigh, not an emetic
only, but some ointment which caused his skin to break out in dark
purple pustules. Stukely rushed off to the Bishop of Ely, who happened
to be in Salisbury, and acted on his advice to wait for Raleigh's
recovery. Unless Stukely also was mountebanking, the spy Mannourie for
the present kept Raleigh's counsel. Raleigh was treated as an invalid,
and during the four days' retirement contrived to write his _Apology for
the Voyage to Guiana_. On August 1, James I. and all his Court entered
Salisbury, and on the morning of the same day Stukely hurried his
prisoner away lest he should meet the King. Some pity, however, was
shown to Raleigh's supposed dying state, and permission was granted him
to go straight to his own London house. His hopes revived, and he very
rashly bribed both Mannourie and Stukely to let him escape. So confident
was he, that he refused the offers of a French envoy, who met him at
Brentford with proposals of a secret passage over to France, and a
welcome in Paris. He was broken altogether; he had no dignity, no
judgment left.
Raleigh arrived at his house in Broad Street on August 7. On the 9th the
French repeated their invitation. Again it was refused, for King had
seen Raleigh and had told him that a vessel was lying at Tilbury ready
to carry him over to France. Her captain, Hart, was an old boatswain of
King's; before Raleigh received the information, this man had already
reported the whole scheme to the Government. The poor adventurer was
surrounded by spies, from Stukely downwards, and the toils were
gathering round him on every side. On the evening of the same August 9,
Raleigh, accompanied by Captain King, Stukely, Hart, and a page,
embarked from the river-side in two wherries, and was rowed down towards
Tilbury. Raleigh presently noticed that a larger boat was following
them; at Greenwich, Stukely threw off the mask of friendship and
arrested King, who was thrown then and there into the Tower. What
became of Raleigh that night does not appear; he was put into the Tower
next day. When he was arrested his pockets were found full of jewels and
golden ornaments, the diamond ring Queen Elizabeth had given him, a
loadstone in a scarlet purse, an ounce of ambergriece, and fifty pounds
in gold; these fell into the hands of the traitor 'Sir Judas' Stukely.
Outside the Tower the process of Raleigh's legal condemnation now
pursued its course. A commission was appointed to consider the charges
brought against the prisoner, and evidence was collected on all sides.
Raleigh was obliged to sit with folded hands. He could only hope that
the eloquence and patriotism of his _Apology_ might possibly appeal to
the sympathy of James. As so often before, he merely showed that he was
ignorant of the King's character, for James read the _Apology_ without
any other feeling than one of triumph that it amounted to a confession
of guilt. The only friend that Raleigh could now appeal to was Anne of
Denmark, and to her he forwarded, about August 15, a long petition in
verse:
Cold walls, to you I speak, but you are senseless!
Celestial Powers, you hear, but have determined,
And shall determine, to my greatest happiness.
Then unto whom shall I unfold my wrong,
Cast down my tears, or hold up folded hands?--
To Her to whom remorse doth most belong;
To Her, who is the first, and may alone
Be justly called, the Empress of the Britons.
Who should have mercy if a Queen have none?
Queen Anne responded as she had always done to Raleigh's appeals. If his
life had lain in her hands, it would have been a long and a happy one.
She immediately wrote to Buckingham, knowing that his influence was far
greater than her own with the King, and her letter exists for the wonder
of posterity. She writes to her husband's favourite: 'My kind Dog,' for
so the poor lady stoops to address him, 'if I have any power or credit
with you, I pray you let me have a trial of it, at this time, in dealing
sincerely and earnestly with the King that Sir Walter Raleigh's life may
not be called in question.' Buckingham, however, was already pledged to
aid the Spanish alliance, and the Queen's letter was unavailing.
On August 17 and on two subsequent occasions Raleigh was examined before
the Commissioners, the charge being formally drawn up by Yelverton, the
Attorney-General. He was accused of having abused the King's confidence
by setting out to find gold in a mine which never existed, with
instituting a piratical attack on a peaceful Spanish settlement, with
attempting to capture the Mexican plate fleet, although he had been
specially warned that he would take his life in his hands if he
committed any one of these three faults. It is hard to understand how
Mr. Edwards persuaded himself to brand each of these charges as 'a
distinct falsehood.' The sympathy we must feel for Raleigh's
misfortunes, and the enthusiasm with which we read the _Apology_, should
not, surely, blind us to the fact that in neither of these three matters
was his action true or honest. We have no particular account of his
examinations, but it is almost certain that they wrung from him
admissions of a most damaging character. He had tried to make James a
catspaw in revenging himself on Spain, and he had to take the
consequences.
It was of great importance to the Government to understand why France
had meddled in the matter. The Council, therefore, summoned La Chesnee,
the envoy who had made propositions to Raleigh at Brentford and at Broad
Street; but he denied the whole story, and said he never suggested
flight to Raleigh. So little information had been gained by the middle
of September, that it was determined to employ a professional spy. The
person selected for this engaging office was Sir Thomas Wilson, one of
the band of English pensioners in the pay of Spain. The most favourable
thing that has ever been said of Stukely is that he was not quite such a
scoundrel as Wilson. On September 9 this person, who had known Raleigh
from Elizabeth's days, and was now Keeper of the State Papers, was
supplied with 'convenient lodging within or near unto the chambers of
Sir Walter Raleigh.' At the same time Sir Allen Apsley, the Lieutenant,
who had guarded the prisoner hitherto, was relieved.
Wilson's first act was not one of conciliation. He demanded that Raleigh
should be turned out of his comfortable quarters in the Wardrobe Tower
to make room for Wilson, who desired that the prisoner should have the
smaller rooms above. To this, and other demands, Apsley would not
accede. Wilson then began to do his best to insinuate himself into
Raleigh's confidence, and after about a fortnight seems to have
succeeded. We have a very full report of his conversations with Raleigh,
but they add little to our knowledge, even if Wilson's evidence could
be taken as gospel. Raleigh admitted La Chesnee's offer of a French
passage, and his own proposal to seize the Mexican fleet; but both these
points were already known to the Council.
Towards the end of September two events occurred which brought matters
more to a crisis. On the 24th Raleigh wrote a confession to the King, in
which he said that the French Government had given him a commission,
that La Chesnee had three times offered him escape, and that he himself
was in possession of important State secrets, of which he would make a
clean breast if the King would pardon him. This important document was
found at Simancas, and first published in 1868 by Mr. St. John. On the
same day Philip III. sent a despatch to James I. desiring him in
peremptory terms to save him the trouble of hanging Raleigh at Madrid by
executing him promptly in London. As soon as this ultimatum arrived,
James applied to the Commissioners to know how it would be best to deal
with the prisoner judicially. Several lawyers assured him that Raleigh
was under sentence of death, and that therefore no trial was necessary;
but James shrank from the scandal of apparent murder. The Commissioners
were so fully satisfied of Raleigh's guilt that they advised the King to
give him a public trial, under somewhat unusual forms. He was to be
tried before the Council and the judges, a few persons of rank being
admitted as spectators; the conduct of the trial to be the same as
though it were proceeding in Westminster Hall. On receipt of the
despatch from Madrid, that is to say on October 3, Lady Raleigh, whose
presence was no longer required, was released from the Tower.
The trial before the Commissioners began on October 22. Mr. Gardiner has
printed in the _Camden Miscellany_ such notes of cross-examination as
were preserved by Sir Julius Caesar, but they are very slight. Raleigh
seems to have denied any intention to stir up war between England and
Spain, and declared that he had confidently believed in the existence of
the mine. But he made no attempt to deny that in case the mine failed he
had proposed the taking of the Mexican fleet. At the close of the
examination, Bacon,[13] in the name of the Commissioners, told Raleigh
that he was guilty of abusing the confidence of King James and of
injuring the subjects of Spain, and that he must prepare to die, being
'already civilly dead.' Raleigh was then taken back to the Tower, where
he was left in suspense for ten days. Meanwhile the Justices of the
King's Bench were desired to award execution upon the old Winchester
sentence of 1603. It is thought that James hoped to keep Raleigh from
appearing again in public, but the judges said that he must be brought
face to face with them. On October 28, therefore, Raleigh was roused
from his bed, where he was suffering from a severe attack of the ague,
and was brought out of the Tower, which he never entered again. He was
taken so hastily that he had no time for his toilet, and his barber
called out that his master had not combed his head. 'Let them kem that
are to have it,' was Raleigh's answer; and he continued, 'Dost thou
know, Peter, any plaister that will set a man's head on again, when it
is off?'
When he came before Yelverton, he attempted to argue that the Guiana
commission had wiped out all the past, including the sentence of 1603.
He began to discuss anew his late voyage; but the Chief Justice,
interrupting him, told him that he was to be executed for the old
treason, not for this new one. Raleigh then threw himself on the King's
mercy, being every way trapped and fettered; without referring to this
appeal, the Chief Justice proceeded to award execution. Raleigh was to
be beheaded early next morning in Old Palace Yard. He entreated for a
few days' respite, that he might finish some writings, but the King had
purposely left town that no petitions for delay might reach him. Bacon
produced the warrant, which he had drawn up, and which bore the King's
signature and the Great Seal.
Raleigh was taken from Westminster Hall to the Gate House. He was in
high spirits, and meeting his old friend Sir Hugh Beeston, he urged him
to secure a good place at the show next morning. He himself, he said,
was sure of one. He was so gay and chatty, that his cousin Francis
Thynne begged him to be more grave lest his enemies should report his
levity. Raleigh answered, 'It is my last mirth in this world; do not
grudge it to me.' Dr. Tounson, Dean of Westminster, to whom Raleigh was
a stranger, then attended him; and was somewhat scandalised at this flow
of mercurial spirits. 'When I began,' says the Dean, 'to encourage him
against the fear of death, he seemed to make so light of it that I
wondered at him. When I told him that the dear servants of God, in
better causes than his, had shrunk back and trembled a little, he denied
it not. But yet he gave God thanks that he had never feared death.' The
good Dean was puzzled; but his final reflection was all to Raleigh's
honour. After the execution he reported that 'he was the most fearless
of death that ever was known, and the most resolute and confident; yet
with reverence and conscience.'
It was late on Thursday evening, the 28th, that Lady Raleigh learned the
position of affairs. She had not dreamed that the case was so hopeless.
She hastened to the Gate House, and until midnight husband and wife were
closeted together in conversation, she being consoled and strengthened
by his calm. Her last word was that she had obtained permission to
dispose of his body. 'It is well, Bess,' he said, 'that thou mayst
dispose of that dead, which thou hadst not always the disposing of when
alive.' And so, with a smile, they parted. When his wife had left him,
Raleigh sat down to write his last verses:
Even such is time, that takes in trust
Our youth, our joys, our all we have,
And pays us but with earth and dust;
Who in the dark and silent grave,
When we have wandered all our ways,
Shuts up the story of our days;
But from this earth, this grave, this dust,
My God shall raise me up, I trust.
At the same hour Lady Raleigh was preparing for the horrors of the
morrow. She sent off this note to her brother, Sir Nicholas Carew:
I desire, good brother, that you will be pleased to let me bury
the worthy body of my noble husband, Sir Walter Raleigh, in your
church at Beddington, where I desire to be buried. The Lords
have given me his dead body, though they denied me his life.
This night he shall be brought you with two or three of my men.
Let me hear presently. God hold me in my wits.
There was probably some difficulty in the way, for Raleigh's body was
not brought that night to Beddington.
In the morning the Dean of Westminster entered the Gate House again.
Raleigh, who had perhaps not gone to bed all night, had just finished a
testamentary paper of defence. Dr. Tounson found him still very cheerful
and merry, and administered the Communion to him. After the Eucharist,
Raleigh talked very freely to the Dean, defending himself, and going
back in his reminiscences to the reign of Elizabeth. He declared that
the world would yet be persuaded of his innocence, and he once more
scandalised the Dean by his truculent cheerfulness. He ate a hearty
breakfast, and smoked a pipe of tobacco. It was now time to leave the
Gate House; but before he did so, a cup of sack was brought to him. The
servant asked if the wine was to his liking, and Raleigh replied, 'I
will answer you as did the fellow who drank of St. Giles' bowl as he
went to Tyburn, "It is good drink, if a man might stay by it."'
This excitement lasted without reaction until he reached the scaffold,
whither he was led by the sheriffs, still attended by Dr. Tounson. As
they passed through the vast throng of persons who had come to see the
spectacle, Raleigh observed a very old man bareheaded in the crowd, and
snatching off the rich night-cap of cut lace which he himself was
wearing, he threw it to him, saying, 'Friend, you need this more than I
do.' Raleigh was dressed in a black embroidered velvet night-gown over a
hare-coloured satin doublet and a black embroidered waistcoat. He wore
a ruff-band, a pair of black cut taffetas breeches, and ash-coloured
silk stockings, thus combining his taste for magnificence with a decent
regard for the occasion. The multitude so pressed upon him, and he had
walked with such an animated step, that when he ascended the scaffold,
erect and smiling, he was observed to be quite out of breath.
There are many contemporary reports of Sir Walter Raleigh's deportment
at this final moment of his life. In the place of these hackneyed
narratives, we may perhaps quote the less-known words of another
bystander, the republican Sir John Elyot, who was at that time a young
man of twenty-eight. In his _Monarchy of Man_, which remained in
manuscript until 1879, Elyot says:
Take an example in that else unmatched fortitude of our Raleigh,
the magnanimity of his sufferings, that large chronicle of
fortitude. All the preparations that are terrible presented to
his eye, guards and officers about him, fetters and chains upon
him, the scaffold and executioner before him, and then the axe,
and more cruel expectation of his enemies, and what did all that
work on the resolution of that worthy? Made it an impression of
weak fear, or a distraction of his reason? Nothing so little did
that great soul suffer, but gathered more strength and advantage
upon either. His mind became the clearer, as if already it had
been freed from the cloud and oppression of the body, and that
trial gave an illustration to his courage, so that it changed
the affection of his enemies, and turned their joy into sorrow,
and all men else it filled with admiration, leaving no doubt but
this, whether death was more acceptable to him, or he more
welcome unto death.
At the windows of Sir Randolph Carew, which were opposite to the
scaffold, Raleigh observed a cluster of gentlemen and noblemen, and in
particular several of those who had been adventurers with him for the
mine on the Orinoco. He perceived, amongst others, the Earls of Arundel,
Oxford, and Northampton. That these old friends should hear distinctly
what he had to say was his main object, and he therefore addressed them
with an apology for the weakness of his voice, and asked them to come
down to him. Arundel at once assented, and all the company at Carew's
left the balcony, and came on to the scaffold, where those who had been
intimate with Raleigh solemnly embraced him. He then began his
celebrated speech, of which he had left a brief draft signed in the Gate
House. There are extant several versions of this address, besides the
one he signed. In the excitement of the scene, he seems to have said
more, and to have put it more ingeniously, than in the solitude of the
previous night. His old love of publicity, of the open air, appeared in
the first sentence:
I thank God that He has sent me to die in the light, and not in
darkness. I likewise thank God that He has suffered me to die
before such an assembly of honourable witnesses, and not
obscurely in the Tower, where for the space of thirteen years
together I have been oppressed with many miseries. And I return
Him thanks, that my fever [the ague] hath not taken me at this
time, as I prayed to Him that it might not, that I might clear
myself of such accusations unjustly laid to my charge, and leave
behind me the testimony of a true heart both to my king and
country.
He was justly elated. He knew that his resources were exhausted, his
energies abated, and that pardon would now merely mean a relegation to
oblivion. He took his public execution with delight, as if it were a
martyrdom, and had the greatness of soul to perceive that nothing could
possibly commend his career and character to posterity so much as to
leave this mortal stage with a telling soliloquy. His powers were drawn
together to their height; his intellect, which had lately seemed to be
growing dim, had never flashed more brilliantly, and the biographer can
recall but one occasion in Raleigh's life, and that the morning of St.
Barnaby at Cadiz, when his bearing was of quite so gallant a
magnificence. As he stood on the scaffold in the cold morning air, he
foiled James and Philip at one thrust, and conquered the esteem of all
posterity. It is only now, after two centuries and a half, that history
is beginning to hint that there was not a little special pleading and
some excusable equivocation in this great apology which rang through
monarchical England like the blast of a clarion, and which echoed in
secret places till the oppressed rose up and claimed their liberty.
He spoke for about five-and-twenty minutes. His speech was excessively
ingenious, as well as eloquent, and directed to move the sympathy of his
hearers as much as possible, without any deviation from literal truth.
He said that it was true that he had tried to escape to France, but that
his motive was not treasonable; he knew the King to be justly incensed,
and thought that from La Rochelle he might negotiate his pardon. What he
said about the commission from France is so ingeniously worded, as to
leave us absolutely without evidence from this quarter. After speaking
about La Chesnee's visits, he proceeded to denounce the base Mannourie
and his miserable master Sir Lewis Stukely, yet without a word of
unseemly invective. He then defended his actions in the Guiana voyage,
and turning brusquely to the Earl of Arundel, appealed to him for
evidence that the last words spoken between them as the 'Destiny' left
the Thames were of Raleigh's return to England. This was to rebut the
accusation that Raleigh had been overpowered by his mutinous crew, and
brought to Kinsale against his will. Arundel answered, 'And so you did!'
The Sheriff presently showing some impatience, Raleigh asked pardon, and
begged to say but a few words more. He had been vexed to find that the
Dean of Westminster believed a story which was in general circulation to
the effect that Raleigh behaved insolently at the execution of Essex,
'puffing out tobacco in disdain of him;' this he solemnly denied. He
then closed as follows:
And now I entreat that you will all join me in prayer to the
Great God of Heaven, whom I have grievously offended, being a
man full of all vanity, who has lived a sinful life in such
callings as have been most inducing to it; for I have been a
soldier, a sailor, and a courtier, which are courses of
wickedness and vice; that His almighty goodness will forgive me;
that He will cast away my sins from me; and that He will receive
me into everlasting life.--So I take my leave of you all, making
my peace with God.
Proclamation was then made that all visitors should quit the scaffold.
In parting with his friends, Raleigh besought them, and Arundel in
particular, to beg the King to guard his memory against scurrilous
pamphleteers. The noblemen lingered so long, that it was Raleigh himself
who gently dismissed them. 'I have a long journey to go,' he said, and
smiled, 'therefore I must take my leave of you.' When the friends had
retired he addressed himself to prayer, having first announced that he
died in the faith of the Church of England. When his prayer was done, he
took off his night-gown and doublet, and called to the headsman to show
him the axe. The man hesitated, and Raleigh cried, 'I prithee, let me
see it. Dost thou think that I am afraid of it?' Having passed his
finger along the edge, he gave it back, and turning to the Sheriff,
smiled, and said, ''Tis a sharp medicine, but one that will cure me of
all my diseases.' The executioner, overcome with emotion, kneeled before
him for pardon. Raleigh put his two hands upon his shoulders, and said
he forgave him with all his heart. He added, 'When I stretch forth my
hands, despatch me.' He then rose erect, and bowed ceremoniously to the
spectators to the right and then to the left, and said aloud, 'Give me
heartily your prayers.' The Sheriff then asked him which way he would
lay himself on the block. Raleigh answered, 'So the heart be right, it
matters not which way the head lies,' but he chose to lie facing the
east. The headsman hastened to place his own cloak beneath him, so
displaying the axe. Raleigh then lay down, and the company was hushed
while he remained awhile in silent prayer. He was then seen to stretch
out his hands, but the headsman was absolutely unnerved and could not
stir. Raleigh repeated the action, but again without result. The rich
Devonshire voice was then heard again, and for the last time. 'What dost
thou fear? Strike, man, strike!' His body neither twitched nor trembled;
only his lips were seen still moving in prayer. At last the headsman
summoned his resolution, and though he struck twice, the first blow was
fatal.
Sir Walter Raleigh was probably well advanced in his sixty-seventh year,
but grief and travel had made him look much older. He was still
vigorous, however, and the effusion from his body was so extraordinary,
that many of the spectators shared the wonder of Lady Macbeth, that the
old man had so much blood in him. The head was shown to the spectators,
on both sides of the scaffold, and was then dropped into a red bag. The
body was wrapt in the velvet night-gown, and both were carried to Lady
Raleigh. By this time, perhaps, she had heard from her brother that he
could not receive the body at Beddington, for she presently had it
interred in the chancel of St. Margaret's, Westminster. The head she
caused to be embalmed, and kept it with her all her life, permitting
favoured friends, like Bishop Goodman, to see and even to kiss it. After
her death, Carew Raleigh preserved it with a like piety. It is supposed
now to rest in West Horsley church in Surrey. Lady Raleigh lived on
until 1647, thus witnessing the ruin of the dynasty which had destroyed
her own happiness.
No success befell the wretches who had enriched themselves by Raleigh's
ruin. Sir Judas Stukely, for so he was now commonly styled, was shunned
by all classes of society. It was discovered very soon after the
execution, that Stukely had for years past been a clipper of coin of the
realm. He did not get his blood-money until Christmas 1618, and in
January 1619 he was caught with his guilty fingers at work on some of
the very gold pieces for which he had sold his master. The meaner
rascal, Mannourie, fell with him. The populace clamoured for Stukely's
death on the gallows, but the King allowed him to escape. Wherever he
met human beings, however, they taunted him with the memory of Sir
Walter Raleigh, and at last he fled to the desolate island of Lundy,
where his brain gave way under the weight of remorse and solitude. He
died there, a maniac, in 1620. Another of Raleigh's enemies, though a
less malignant one, scarcely survived him. Lord Cobham, who had been
released from the Tower while Raleigh was in the Canaries, died of
lingering paralysis on January 24, 1619. Of other persons who were
closely associated with Raleigh, Queen Anne died in the same year, 1619;
Camden in 1623; James I. in 1625; Nottingham, at the age of eighty-nine,
in 1624; Bacon in 1629; Ben Jonson in 1637; while the Earl of Arundel
lived on until 1646.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Mr. Edwards corrects the date to 1580 N.S., but this is manifestly
wrong; on the 7th of February 1580 N.S. Raleigh was on the Atlantic
making for Cork Harbour.
[2] Dr. Brushfield has found no mention of the elder Walter Raleigh
later than April 11, 1578. As he was born in 1497, he must then have
been over eighty years of age.
[3] Mr. J. Cordy Jeaffreson has communicated to me the following
interesting discovery, which he has made in examining the Assembly Books
of the borough of King's Lynn, in Norfolk. It appears that the Mayor was
paid ten pounds 'in respecte he did in the yere of his maioraltie
[between Michaelmas 1587 and Michaelmas 1588] entertayn Sir Walter
Rawlye knight and his companye in resortinge hether about the Queanes
affayrs;' the occasion being, it would seem, the furnishing and setting
forth of a ship of war and a pinnace as the contingent from Lynn towards
defence against the Armada. This is an important fact, for it is the
only definite record that has hitherto reached us of Raleigh's activity
in guarding the coast against invasion.
[4] In the first two numbers of the _Athenaeum_ for 1886, I gave in full
detail the facts and arguments which are here given in summary.
[5] Raleigh says that he appointed this man, 'taking him out of prison,
because he had all the ancient records of Sherborne, his father having
been the Bishop's officer.'--_De la Warr MSS._
[6] Mr. Edwards has evidently dated this important letter a year too
late (vol. ii. 397-8).
[7] In a letter Raleigh goes still further, and says that he found
Meeres, 'coming suddenly upon him, counterfeiting my hand above a
hundred times upon an oiled paper.'
[8] Among Sir A. Malet's MSS., for instance, we find Raleigh spoken of,
so early as April 1600, as 'the hellish Atheist and Traitor,' and we
look in vain for the cause of such violence.
[9] This date, till lately uncertain, is proved from the journal of
Cecil's secretary.
[10] This was really the first edition of the _Remains_, although that
title does not appear until the third edition of 1657.
[11] More exactly, a house at the corner of Wykford Lane, with a small
estate at the back of it, an appendage to Lady Raleigh's brother's seat
at Beddington.
[12] I gather this date, hitherto entirety unknown, from the fact that
in the recently published _Lismore Papers_ Sir Richard Boyle notes on
May 27 that he receives letters from Raleigh announcing his arrival at
Kinsale.
[13] Among the Bute MSS. is a letter from Raleigh to Bacon beseeching
him 'to spend some few words to the putting of false fame to flight;'
but Bacon's enmity was unalterable.
INDEX.
NOTE.--_Read Raleigh for R._
Adricomius, 179
Albert, Aremberg, the Envoy of Archduke, 136
Alencon's contrast to R. at Court, 18;
pageant at Antwerp for, 18
Algarve, Bishop of, library captured by Essex and nucleus of Bodleian, 101
Algerine corsairs, 193;
sack Lanzarote, 194
Allen, Sir Francis, 42
America, its debt, to Sir H. Gilbert, 25;
Gilbert's last expedition to, 27;
R. renews Gilbert's charter, 28;
R.'s costly expeditions to, 29, 37
Amidas, a captain in R.'s American fleet, 28;
discovers Virginia, 29
Amurath, King of Turbay, 185
Anderson, one of R.'s Winchester judges, 146
'Angel Gabriel,' capture of ship, 40
_Annales_ by Camden, 3
Anne of Denmark. _See_ Queen
Annesley, R. takes up his command, 19
Antonio of Portugal, 41
_Apology for the Voyage to Guiana_ by R., 193, 208-10
_Apothegms_, Bacon's, 113
Apsley, Sir Allen, Lieutenant of Tower, 211;
relieved of R.'s custody, 211
Aremberg, Count, plotter in Durham House, 134;
ambassador of Archduke Albert, 136;
relations with Cobham, 137, 155;
communications with R., 148;
James accepts his protestations, 155
'Ark Raleigh' fitted for Gilbert's expedition by R., 27;
purchased by Elizabeth, 54
'Ark Royal,' Lord Howard's ship, 93
Armada, account of, 37-39;
Lynn contributes to resistance of, 38;
R.'s advice for boarding ships, 39;
R. and Drake receive prisoners from, 39
Armadillo in Guiana, 74, 80
Artson, R. captures sack from one, 41
Arundel, Earl of, Keymis writes to, 201;
at R.'s execution as a friend 218;
R. appeals to him in justification, 220;
death of, 223
Ashley, Mrs. Catherine, R.'s aunt, 19
Ashley, Sir Anthony, notifies Cadiz victory, 100
Assapana Islands, 80
_Astrophel_, Elegy by R. in, 34
d'Aubigne, _Histoire Universelle_ by, 177
Aubrey at Oxford with R., 3
Awbeg, river in Munster, sung by Spenser, 44
Azores, piratical expedition to, 33;
Peter Strozzi lost at, 39;
R.'s _Report of the Fight in the_, _ib._;
'Revenge' and Armada fight off, 51;
'Madre de Dios' captured off, 60;
second plate-ship expedition off, 107;
capture of its towns arranged, _ib._;
R. takes Fayal, 108;
Essex attacks San Miguel, 109
Bacon, Anthony, 42, 56
Bacon, Lord Francis, with R. at Oxford, 3;
praise of Grenville's fight, 51;
issues his _Essays_, 85;
his _Apothegms_, 113;
his cousins the Cookes, 90;
asked if R.'s Guiana commission is equivalent to pardon, 191;
if R. fails in Guiana asks what is his alternative? _ib._;
R. reveals his desire for Mexican plate fleet to, _ib._;
tells R. he must prepare to die, 213;
asked by R. to protect his fame, 213;
death of, 223
Bailey, John, commands 'Husband' in Guiana fleet, 194;
prevented from seizing French ship, 195;
deserts R.'s expedition, 196;
returns and charges R. with piracy, 196, 204;
in pay of Gondomar, 196;
imprisoned and story discredited, 204;
released with reprimand, 205
Balligara, R.'s share in, 194
Barlow, a captain in R.'s American fleet, 28;
discovers Virginia, _ib._
Barlow's reference to R., 7
Barry Court, Geraldine stronghold, 13;
source of quarrel between R. and Ormond, 14;
R. offers to rebuild, 16
Barry, David, Irish malcontent, 13
Barry, Lord, defeat at Cleve by R., 15
Basing House, Marquis of Winchester's, 122;
Queen Elizabeth and French envoys at, 123
Bath, R. visits, 63, 115, 122, 127
Bear Gardens, R. takes French envoys to, 122
Beauchamp, Lord, R.'s deputy in Cornwall, 32
Beaumont's story of R. and King James, 133
Beaumont, Countess of, 167
Becanus, Goropius, 178
Beddington, Lady R. sells land at, 189;
burial asked for R. at, 215
Bedford, Earl of, R. succeeds him in Stannaries, 32
Bedingfield Park, seat of Sir F. Carew, 135;
King James and R. entertained at, _ib._
Beeston, Sir Hugh, and R.'s execution, 214
Benevolence tax, 184
Berreo, Antonio de, Spanish Governor of Trinidad, describes Guiana, 66;
his cruelty, 68;
captured by R. at St. Joseph, _ib._;
attempts to lure R., _ib._;
submission to R., 68-69;
founded Guayana Vieja, 73
Berrie, Captain Leonard, makes voyage to Guiana for R., 102
Beville, Sir R., inquires into Sir R. Grenville's death, 51
Bideford, Grenville's Virginian expedition stopped at, 37;
R. sends ships to Virginia from, _ib._
Bindon, Lord. _See_ Howard
Biron, Duc de, special French Ambassador, 122-123;
disgrace, 127
Blount, Sir Christopher, R.'s keeper at Dartmouth, 61;
to make joint attack on San Miguel, 107;
excites Essex against R., 109;
tries to kill R., 120;
pardoned by R. before execution, _ib._
Bodleian Library, Bishop of Algarve's books captured by Earl of Essex
contained in, 101
'Bonaventure,' ship, 105
Boyle, Richard, afterwards Earl of Cork, buys R.'s Irish estates, 129;
lends R. 100_l._, 194;
R. announces his arrival at Kinsale to, 203
Brett, Sir Alex., trustee of Sherborne, 164
_Breviary of the History of England_ by R., 182-3
Broad-cloths, R.'s licence to export woollen, 29, 30
Broad Street, R. resides in, 188, 208
Brooke, George, conspires for Arabella Stuart, 102, 142;
concerned in Watson's plot, 135;
relationship to Cobham and Cecil, _ib._;
arrest, 136;
execution, 158
Brooke, Henry, brother to Lady Cecil. _See_ Cobham, 102
Brushfield, Dr., R.'s bibliography, vi.;
researches, 2, 16
Bryskett, Lodovick, in Munster, 10;
'Thestylis' of Spenser, 45
Burghley, R. corresponds with, 8, 9;
his moderate Irish policy, 22;
joint author of _The Opinion of Mr. Rawley_, 22;
assails R.'s broad-cloth patent, 30;
references to, 31, 84;
sends R. to Dartmouth to save prizes, 61
Burrow, Sir John, commands Indian Carrack venture, 54;
successful attack of plate-ships, 59-60
Burwick, John, master of 'Destiny,' 194
_Byron's Conspiracy_ by Chapman, 123
_Cabinet Council_ by R., 186;
published by Milton, _ib._
Cadiz expedition, 87, 88-102;
forced on by Lord Howard, 88;
Queen Elizabeth reluctantly permits, _ib._;
Essex, Howard, and R. to consider, 89;
Dutch to co-operate, _ib._;
R. to raise levies for, _ib._;
recruiting for, 90;
strength of English and Dutch fleets, 91;
R.'s _Relation of the Action_, 92;
details of destruction of Spanish fleet, 92-98;
the town sacked, 99-100;
R. wounded in the leg, 98;
fleet of carracks escape but burnt by Spaniards, 99;
Queen Elizabeth claims the prize money, 101;
the victory popular in England, 102
Caesar, Sir Julius, notes of R.'s second trial, 213
Caiama Island, 74
Camden with R. at Oxford, 3;
his _Annales_, 3;
recommends Jonson to R., 175;
friend of Samuel Daniel, 183;
his death, 223
_Camden Miscellany_, account of R.'s second trial in, 213
Canary Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, 195;
exposed to Algerine corsairs, 195;
Lanzarote sacked, 196;
R. visits Gomera, 197
Cape Verde Islands, R.'s Guiana fleet off, 198;
R. lands at Brava, 199
Capuri river, 80
Caracas plundered and burnt, 81
Carews, connections of R., 1
Carew, Sir Francis, R.'s uncle, 135;
entertains King James and R., _ib._
Carew, Sir George, at Lismore, 44;
keeper of R. at Tower, 58;
at Cadiz in 'Mary Rose,' 95;
and Cormac MacDermod, 129
Carew, Sir Nicholas, and R.'s burial, 215
Carew, Sir Randolph, and friends witness R.'s execution, 218
Carleton, Dudley, at R.'s trial, 153
Caroni, river, 74
Carr, Earl of Somerset, and Sherborne, 171, 172, 187
Cashel, Magrath Archbishop of, 34
Castle Bally-in-Harsh, its capture, 15
Cayenne, R. off river, 199, 200
Cecil, Sir Robert, and R.'s marriage, 54, 63;
R.'s letter of devotion for Queen sent to, 57;
fails to control Devon sailors, 61;
inquires into pillage of 'Madre de Dios,' 62;
barters with R., 64;
promises ship for Guiana expedition, 67;
R. asks how result of Guiana voyage is viewed, 82;
R. sends MS. account and presents from Guiana, 83;
_Discovery of Guiana_ dedicated to, 84;
supports proposed attack on Cadiz, 88;
informed by R. of victory at Cadiz, 100;
death of his wife and R.'s sympathy, 102;
R.'s intimacy with his family, _ib._;
obtains R.'s return to Court, 103;
told of R.'s goodwill to Essex, 106;
thwarts R. in being sworn of P. Council, 112;
doubtful support of Guiana voyage, 113-4;
son and young Walter R. playmates, 114;
at Sherborne, 116;
accused by Essex, 118;
advised by R. to show Essex no mercy, 118-9;
decline of friendship with R., 125;
invited to Bath by R., 127;
R. complains of Lord Bindon to, _ib._;
craftiness towards R., 129;
created a peer by King James, 133;
estranged from the Brookes, 135;
describes R.'s attempted suicide, 138;
aids R. with Sherborne estate, 144;
sits on R.'s trial, 146, 157;
influence sought to save R., 158;
created Lord Cranborne, 164;
and Earl of Salisbury, 166;
R. writes of his condition to, _ib._;
references to, 167, 170, 173, 186;
his death and epigram on, 173
Cecil, William. _See_ Salisbury
Champernowne, Captain Arthur, in Azores, 108
Champernowne, Gawen, his career, 4
Champernowne, Henry, R.'s cousin, 4;
his Huguenot contingent, 4
Champernowne, Sir Philip, 1
Champernownes, connections of R., 1
Chapman, George, his epic poem on Guiana, 86;
his _Byron's Conspiracy_, 123
Chatham, R. raising sailors at, 54
Chaunis Temotam, its fabulous ores, 30
Cherbourg, R. takes barks from, 42
Christian IV. of Denmark and R., 169
Church, Dean, compares R.'s exploits with passages in _Faery Queen_, 43
Clarke executed for Watson's plot, 158
Cleve, Lord Barry defeated by R. at, 15
Clifford, Sir Conyers, at Cadiz, 95
Cobham, Lord, Henry Brooke succeeds as, 102;
first mention by R. of, 106;
R.'s increased intimacy, 113;
invited to Sherborne and Bath, 115;
goes to Ostend with R. _ib._;
called an enemy of England by Essex, 118;
attends at Basing to entertain French, 123;
plotting at Durham House, 134;
R. only intimate friend, 136;
Lord Warden of Cinque Ports, _ib._;
and Watson's plot, _ib._;
shown R.'s explanation, 137;
accuses R., but retracts, _ib._;
communicates with R. by Mellersh, 142;
tried at Staines for Arabella Stuart plot, 142;
communications with R., 144;
vacillation, 145;
retracts to R, _ib._;
R. asks that Cobham should die first, 157;
convicted of treason, 158;
led out for execution, but reprieved, 160;
death by paralysis, 223
Coke, Sir Edward, Attorney-General at R.'s Winchester trial, 146-7
_Colin Clout_, Spenser refers to R. in, 43, 48;
Queen Elizabeth commands its publication, 49
_Collectiones Peregrinationum_, by De Bry, 114
Collier, J. P., 56
_Commentaries_, by Sir F. Vere, 97
_Commerce_, R.'s _Observations on Trade and_, 186
Conde, Prince of, his death, 4
Cookes, the, R. takes to Cadiz, 90
Copley and Watson's plot, 135;
his arrest, 136
Corabby, R.'s courage at ford of, 14
Cordials made by R., 168
Cork, R. reinforces Sentleger at, 9;
Geraldine executed at, _ib._;
R. governor of, 15;
land granted to R. in, 34;
cedars planted by R. still at, 47;
R.'s second Guiana fleet takes refuge at, 194
Cornwall, R. Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of, 32;
R.'s deputy in, 32;
R. collects miners to resist Armada, 38;
its defences considered, 89;
R.'s efforts for tin-workers in, 117;
R. tries to retain office, but superseded by Earl of Pembroke, 163
Coro, burned, 81
Cotterell, messenger between R. and Cobham, 145, 169;
examined against R., 170
Cotton, Sir Robert, lends books to R., 171
Court, early record of R.'s admission to, 5, 6;
R. not a penniless adventurer at, 16;
recognised courtier, 17, 19;
R. inferior to Leicester, Walsingham, and Hatton at, 50;
reference to R. at, 103, 115;
R. excluded by James I., 188
Cranborne, Lord. _See_ Cecil
'Crane,' the, R.'s ship, 42
Creighton's, Mrs., _Period of R._, vi.
Cross, Captain, and plate ship prize, 62
Crosse, Sir Robert, with R. meets King James, 132
Cucuina, river, R. ascends, 71
Cumana, Venezuela, spared by ransom and subsequently burnt by R.'s
ships, 81
_Cynthia_, R.'s supposed lost poem, 45-46;
fragments printed from Hatfield MS., 46;
style and importance, 46-47;
called _The Ocean to_, 46;
and _The Ocean's Love to_, _ib._;
treated of in _Athenaeum_, 1886, _ib._;
publication urged by Spenser, 49
_Dangers of a Spanish Faction in Scotland_, by R., 124
Daniel, Samuel, and R, 182-3
Dartmouth, 'Madre de Dios' towed to, 60;
R. stops spoliation of, 61
Davies, Sir John, _Nosce teipsum_ and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
Davis, John, R.'s partner for discovery of N.-W. passage, 28;
refers to whereabouts of R., July 1595, 82
De Beaumont, French ambassador, refers to R., 133, 141
De Bry prints R.'s _Discovery_ in his _Collectiones_, 114
'Destiny,' ship built by R. for Guiana expedition, 190;
Des Marets visits the, 193;
commanded by young Walter R., _ib._;
John Burwick the master, 194;
outlawed, 205;
arrives at Plymouth, 205, 206
Des Marets, French ambassador, 190;
suspicious of R.'s Guiana voyage, _ib._;
visits R.'s 'Destiny,' 193;
his correspondence, _ib._
Desmond, Earl of, murder of his brother's guest, 8;
R. shares escheated lands of, 34
Devonshire Association, _Transactions of_, and R., 2;
accent strong in R., 21;
R.'s popularity in, 31;
Stannaries, R.'s report on, _ib._;
R. Vice-Admiral of, 32;
Sir John Gilbert, R.'s deputy in, _ib._;
R. member of Parliament for, _ib._;
miners serve in Netherlands, _ib._;
farmers settle in south of Ireland, 34;
miners raised by R. to repel Armada, 38;
R. considers its defences, 89
Devonshire, Earl of, on R.'s trial at Winchester, 146
Dingle, expedition from Ferrol lands at, 8
_Discovery of Guiana_, published by R., 83-84;
literary value, 85;
translations in Latin, German, and French, 114;
reprinted by Hakluyt, _ib._
Doddridge, Sir John, 144
_Domestic Correspondence_ refers to R.'s ships, 42
Donne, John, earliest known poem, 105
Dover, R. at, 90, 193
Drake, Sir Francis, receives prisoners from Armada, 39;
expedition to Portugal, 41-42;
and spoil of 'Madre de Dios,' 62;
his fate, 6, 87
'Dreadnought,' Sir C. Clifford's Cadiz ship, 95
Dudley, Robert, D. of Northumberland, at Cadiz, _ib._
Duke, Richard, contemporary owner of R.'s birthplace, 1
Durham, Bishop of, demands Durham House, 133
Durham House leased by R., 31;
its site and history, _ib._;
Queen Elizabeth there in 1592, 56;
references to, 87, 114, 120;
fire at, 117;
Lady R. advises a proper lease for, _ib._;
Bishop of Durham demands and King James directs R. to surrender, 133-4;
R. forced to remove from, 134;
alleged plotting at, _ib._
Dutch to assist in attack on Cadiz, 89, 99;
take part in capture of Azores, 107
Dyer's evidence at R.'s trial, 155
Edwards, Edward, life and letters of R., v.;
collected evidence of battle of Cadiz, 91;
references to, 82, 190, 210
Effingham, Lady, converse with R., 167
Effingham. _See_ Howard
El Dorado, legendary prince of Guiana, 65;
supposed lake in heart of Guiana, _ib._;
efforts of Spaniards and Germans to reach, _ib._
Elizabeth, Queen, Duc d'Alencon her suitor, 17-18;
confers an Irish captaincy on R., 19;
R. first favourite with, 19-25;
gifts to R., 24, 25;
grants charter to R. for discovery of N.-W. passage, 28;
Virginia named in honour of, _ib._;
leases Durham House to R., 31;
feelings towards Leicester, 32;
keeps R. from politics, 35;
R. supplanted by Essex, 35;
appropriates pirated fine raiment, 42;
R. restored to favour by, 43, 49;
praised in _Cynthia_, 45;
Spenser introduced to, 48;
commands publication of _Colin Clout_, 49;
happy retort of R. to, 53;
instals a pliable Bishop of Salisbury and receives fine from R., 53;
supports R. in Spanish plate-ship venture, 54, 59;
buys the 'Ark Raleigh,' 54;
vanity and resentment, 55;
recalls R. from Frobisher's fleet, 56;
discovers R.'s Throckmorton intrigue, _ib._;
confines R. in Tower, 57;
R.'s letter of devotion to, _ib._;
acknowledges R.'s marriage, 63;
works of travel published in her reign, 85;
irresolution to attack Spain after Armada, 88;
R. seeks reconciliation with, 100;
claims Cadiz prize-money, 101;
R.'s position with, 101, 103, 111, 115;
reconfers captaincy of the Guard on R., 103;
her custom to retire early to rest, 111;
festivities on her sixty-fifth birthday, 113;
sends R. to Ostend, 115;
confers Governorship of Jersey and Manor of St. Germain on R., 116;
Essex accuses R., Cecil, and Cobham to, 118;
refuses communication with Essex, _ib._;
said to have shown skull of Essex, _ib._;
R. sends her a supposed diamond, 128;
interviews R. on Irish policy, _ib._;
R. advises as to MacDermod, _ib._;
her death, 129;
reference to, 186
Elizabethan poets engaged in Ireland, 10
El Nuevo Dorado, or Guiana, 66
Elphinstone, Sir James, eager for R.'s estate, 143
Elyot, Sir John, his _Monarchy of Man_, 217;
describes R.'s end, _ib._
_England, Breviary of the History of_, 182;
Archbishop Sancroft and MS. of, _ib._;
Samuel Daniel's share in, 183;
attributed to R., _ib._
Epuremi tribe in Guiana, 78
Erskine, Sir Thomas, supplants R. in the Guard, 133;
his position with King James, 133
_Essays_, Bacon issues his, 85
Essex, Earl of, competes with R. for royal favour, 35;
demands R.'s sacrifice, 35, 36;
Court attacks on R., 40;
challenges R., _ib._;
drives R. from Court, 42;
more friendly with R., 50;
perceives value of the Puritans, _ib._;
his Protestantism, _ib._;
to consider attack on Cadiz, 89;
his share in Cadiz expedition, 92-100;
captures library of Bishop of Algarve, 101;
presents it to Sir T. Bodley, _ib._;
and Cadiz prize money, _ib._;
at Chatham, 103;
planning fresh attack on Spain, _ib._;
charged with disloyalty, 104;
R.'s guest at Plymouth, 106;
expedition to Azores and result, 107-109;
Royal influence on the wane, 111;
offended past forgiveness by Queen, 112;
uncompromising speech to Elizabeth, _ib._;
surliness of temper, _ib._;
adopts for his men tilting colours of R., 113;
increasing enmity with R., _ib._;
complaints to Queen, 118;
Queen refuses communication with, _ib._;
conspiracy, 119-120;
R. and the execution of, 120;
Elizabeth shows his skull to Duc de Biron, 123
Eugubinus, Steuchius, 178
Euphuistic prose, example in R.'s letter to Cecil, 57
_Evesham, Chronicle of_, 171
Ewaipanoma tribe, 77
Execution of R., 217, 218-219;
his speech, 218;
his gallant bearing, 29
Exeter, R.'s parents buried at, 3
_Faery Queen_, R.'s adventures compared with those in, 43;
its progress, 45;
registered, Spenser obtains pension by, 49;
R.'s sonnet appended to, _ib._
Fajardo Isle, 74
Falmouth, expedition to Spain puts back into, 106
'Farm of Wines' granted by Q. Elizabeth to R., 24;
granted by King James to E. of Nottingham, 141
Fayal, Essex and R. arrange to capture, 107;
R. to meet Essex at, 108;
R. arrives before Essex, its attack and capture, _ib._;
arrival of Essex, _ib._;
dispute relative to capture, 109
Featley, Dr. Daniel, tutor to young Walter R., 171
Fenton, Geoffrey, in Munster, 10
Ferrol, Spanish expedition to Ireland from, 8
Finland, Duke of, offers assistance to R. in Guiana, 113
Fish tithes, in Sidmouth, leased to R.'s family, 2
Fisher, Jasper, 6
Fitzjames rents R.'s Sherborne farms, 64
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, Irish Deputy, dispute with R., 48;
reference to, 49
Fleet Prison, R. committed to, 7;
R. removed from Tower to, 165
Flemish ships captured off Fuerteventura, 67
Flores in Azores, R. joins fleet of Essex off, 107
Flores, Gutierrez, Spanish President, opinion of the enemies' fleet off
Cadiz, 92
Fort del Ore, Ireland, built by invaders, 6;
siege, capture and massacre at, 12
Fowler, R.'s gold refiner, death of, 199
France, R. aids Huguenot princes, 4;
Hakluyt in, _ib._;
R.'s return from, 6;
Henry IV.'s compliment to Queen Elizabeth, 122;
invited to support Huguenots, 193;
Ambassador visits R., 190, 192;
R. offered escape by, 208
Free trade, R. an advocate of, 186-7
French Ambassadors: Duc de Biron, 122;
De Beaumont, 133, 141;
Des Marets, 190, 192
French envoy, La Chesnee, offers R. means of escape, 208, 211, 212
French vessels detained by R., 195
Frobisher, Sir Martin, 26;
fleet for capturing Indian carracks, 54;
reputed severity, _ib._;
R. with his fleet, 56;
off Spanish coast seeking plate ships, 59
Fuerteventura, R. captures ships off, 67
Fuller records R. at Oxford, 3;
story of R. making his cloak a mat for Queen, 21;
anecdotes, 22
Gamage, Barbara, marries Robert Sidney, 33;
grandmother of Waller's Sacharissa, _ib._
Gardiner, S. R., estimate of R.'s genius, 130;
credits Beaumont's story of, 133;
account of R.'s trial, 157, 213;
account of the Benevolence, 184;
details of intrigues in K. James's Court, 190, 206
'Garland,' the, R.'s ship, 42
Gascoigne, protege of R.'s half-brother, 5;
his _Steel Glass_, _ib._;
death of, 5;
Lord Grey patron of, 10
Gate House, R. confined in, 214
Gawdy, one of R.'s Winchester judges, 146
Genoa, its seizure proposed, 192;
discussed before K. James and rejected, _ib._
Geraldine Friary, Youghal, destroyed, 34
Geraldine, Sir James, trial and execution, 9
Geraldines rebel, 8
Gibb, John, page to James I., 159
Gifford, Captain, reference to, 79, 80
Gilbert, Adrian, R.'s half-brother, 1;
partner in N.-W. expeditions, 28;
holds office at Sherborne, 53;
obnoxious to R.'s bailiff Meeres, 121;
commended to Lady R., 140;
and R.'s Sherborne estates, 143
Gilbert, Bartholomew, his voyage to America, 125;
sails from Virginia with rich woods, 126;
carries supposed diamond from R. to Queen, 127-8
Gilbert, Katherine. _See_ Raleigh, Mrs
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, R.'s half-brother, 1;
R. companion of his voyages, 6, 7;
gained renown in Ireland, 8;
granted Charter to make settlements in America, 26;
lends ships to serve on Irish coast, 26;
misfortunes and vicissitudes of expedition, 26-27;
his death at sea, 27
Gilbert, Sir John, half-brother to R., 62;
preparing to sail for Guiana, 113
Gilbert, Otto, 1
Gillingham Forest, R. in, 64
Glenmalure, R. meets Spenser at battle of, 10
Globe Theatre, Shakespeare's _Richard the Second_ at, 104
Godolphin, Sir Francis, warden of Stannaries, 141
Gomera Islands, R. lands at, 197;
courtesy of governor and his lady to R., 197-198
Gondomar (Sarmiento), Spanish ambassador, 190;
suspicious of R., 190, 191;
pledged R.'s life against Spanish attack, 192;
protests against Guiana expedition, 193;
Captain Bailey in his pay, 196;
Bailey traduces R. to, 199;
activity for R.'s ruin, 204;
urges embargo on English at Seville, 204;
claims punishment of R., 205
Goodwin, Hugh, hostage with Topiawari, 79;
learns Indian language, _ib._;
serves under Gifford, _ib._;
meets R. after twenty-two years, 200
Googe, Barnabee, in Munster, 10
Gorges, Sir A., assaulted by R., 58;
believes R. mad, _ib._;
historian of Azores expedition, 107;
and Duc de Biron, 122
Gorges, Sir F., and Essex conspiracy, 119
Gosnoll, Captain, American discoveries, 125;
sails from Virginia without R.'s leave, 126
Gray's _Elegy_ and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
Grenville, Sir Richard, and R.'s Virginian expeditions, 29, 37;
captures Spanish prize of 50,000_l._, 29;
and Armada, 37;
R.'s account of the fight in the 'Revenge' and his heroic death, 51, 96;
Sir R. Beville inquires into his death, 51;
praised by Tennyson and Bacon, 51;
R.'s cousin, 95;
R. revenges his death, 96, 98
Greville, Fulke, in Munster, 10
Grey, Lord de Wilton, in Dublin, 9;
dislikes R., 9;
patron of Gascoigne, 10;
hatred of Popery, 11;
treatment of Irish rebels, 13;
denounced by R. to Leicester, 14;
leniency in Ireland, 22;
and Armada, 37;
dines with R. at Flores, 107;
in Low Countries, 115
Grey, young Lord de Wilton, and Watson's plot, 135, 158, 160
Grosart's _Lismore Papers_, vi.
Guard, R. Captain of the, 35, 103;
Sir T. Erskine supplants R., 133
Guayana Vieja founded by Berreo, 73
Guiana, R.'s desire to conquer, 64;
its description, 65, 66;
capture of Spanish letters relative to, 66;
annexed by Berreo, governor of Trinidad, _ib._;
Captain Whiddon visits for R., 66;
R. explores part of, 67;
supposed mineral wealth, 72, 75;
Humboldt on its gold yield, 75;
leaves two sailors at Morequito, 79;
health of R.'s expedition, 81;
R. asks effect of expedition on Court, 83;
R.'s _Discovery of Guiana_ published, 83-84;
Chapman's poem on, 85-86;
Captain Keymis's voyage, 86;
R.'s _Of the Voyage for Guiana_, 87;
Government interest not excited by R., _ib._;
Captain L. Berrie's voyage, 102;
D. of Finland urges R. to colonise, 113;
Sir J. Gilbert preparing for, 113;
increased fame of _Discovery_, 114;
R. asks leave to revisit, 170;
R.'s funds for voyage, 172, 189-190;
R. released from Tower to go to, 189;
advantages promised King James, _ib._;
preparations for, excite Spaniards, 190;
R.'s Royal commission, 190-191;
composition of R.'s fleet, 193-194;
its delays, 194;
fleet detains French traders, 195;
fleet off Canaries, _ib._;
Captain Bailey deserts, 196;
courtesies with Governor of Gomera, 198;
R.'s log of _Second Voyage_, 199;
R. ill of fever in, 199-200;
R. meets Hugh Goodwin after twenty-two years, 200;
fleet at Trinidad, 200;
Keymis explores for gold, attacks San Thome, 200-1;
R.'s son Walter killed, 201;
Keymis's failure and embarrassed meeting with R., 201;
Keymis commits suicide in, 202;
R.'s failure to find gold mines in, 202;
mutiny of fleet, 202;
R. sails to Newfoundland from, 203;
R.'s ignominious return from, _ib._;
_Apology for the Voyage to_, 208
Gunpowder Plot and R., 168
Hakluyt, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, 3;
his _Voyages_ and sojourn in France, 4;
reprints R.'s report of Grenville's fight, 51;
_Discovery of Guiana_, 114
Hale, the sergeant at R.'s Winchester trial, 146-7
Hamburg ship, R. takes sugar, &c., from a, 41
Hampden, John, collector of R.'s MSS., 185
Hannah, Archdeacon, printed R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
Harington, Sir John, 34
Hariot, Thomas, R.'s scientific agent in Virginia, 31
Harris, Sir C., R. lodged in his house, 206
Hart, Captain, betrays R., 208
Harvey, Sir G., Lieutenant of Tower, 141, 142;
suspects R.'s communications, 144;
indulges R., succeeded by Sir W. Waad, 167
Hatfield MSS. and R.'s _Cynthia_, 46
Hatton, Sir C., R. reconciles him to Queen Elizabeth, 23;
references to, and death, 32, 35, 50
Hawkins, his third voyage, 6;
character of his voyages, 7
Hayes relates R.'s expense in Gilbert's expedition, 27
Hayes Barton, R.'s birthplace, in Devon, 1, 3
Hennessy, Sir J. Pope, account of R. in Ireland, 47
Henri IV. of France, 122
Henry VIII. censured in R.'s _History_, 180
Henry, Prince, visits R. in Tower, 169;
seeks advice of R., 173, 174;
death agonies eased by R.'s cordial, 175;
efforts and sympathy for R., 175, 180;
opinion of his father's conduct, 175;
and R.'s _Cabinet Council_, 185
_Histoire Universelle_, by d'Aubigne, 177
Historical MSS. Commission _Reports_, vi.
_History of the World_, by R.'s personal reference, 4, 5, 162, 171;
references to Armada, 38;
on boarding galleons, 39;
refers to Trinidad, 67;
R. aided by Ben Jonson, 175;
size and contents, 176;
critically examined, 176-182;
its preface, when written, 180;
suppressed by King James, and cause, 180-181
Hooker's _Supply of the Irish Chronicles_ and references to R., 11, 43;
_Ecclesiastical Polity_, 85;
Oxford tutor of Walter R., jun., 171
Hornsey, R.'s servants disturb the peace at, 6
Howard of Bindon, Thomas Lord, R. to warn him if any Spaniards in
Channel, 50;
and Cadiz expedition, 89, 96, 97, 98;
takes R.'s servant under his protection, 121;
persuades Sir W. Peryam to re-try Meere's suit, 127;
juror on R.'s trial, 143, 146
Howard, Lord Henry, and R., interview with Lennox, 124-125;
R. prays forgiveness for, 139
Howard of Effingham, Lord Charles, R.'s advice on boarding Armada, 38, 39;
high opinion of R., 39;
_Discovery of Guiana_ dedicated to, 84;
forces expedition to Cadiz, 88;
on committee for attack on Cadiz, 89;
details of his action at Cadiz, 92-100;
ship 'Ark Royal,' 93;
obtains R.'s return to Court, 103;
to attempt capture of Graciosa, 107;
created E. of Nottingham, 110, 112;
granted R.'s wine patent, 141;
conducts Arabella Stewart to R.'s trial, 155;
outlaws R.'s ship 'Destiny,' 205;
death of, 223
Huguenots, R. offers to aid, 4;
Henry Champernowne's force aids, _ib._;
mode of smoking out Catholics, 5
Hulsius, Levinus, Latin translation of the _Discovery of Guiana_, 114
Humboldt's examination of Guiana gold, 75;
testified to the genuineness of R.'s account of Guiana, 78
'Husband' ship, 194, 196
Imataca mountains seen by R., 72
Imokelly, R. escapes ambush by Seneschal of, 14
Income of R., references to, 16, 24, 25, 30, 34, 133, 162, 172
Indian carracks (plate-ships) scheme for R. to seize, 53-54;
Sir J. Burrows to attack them, 54;
their capture, 59-60;
fleet of in Cadiz harbour, 99;
burnt by Spaniards to avoid capture, _ib._;
two destroyed by R. in Azores, 109
_Ireland, History of the Early Ages in_, MacCarthy's, 129
Ireland, R. in, 7;
Catholic invasion of, 7;
R.'s voyage to Cork, 8;
Lord Grey succeeds Pelham in, 9;
execution of Sir J. Geraldine, 10;
poets on service in, _ib._;
massacre at Fort del Ore, 12;
R.'s severity towards rebels, 13;
rebels pardoned through Ormond, 13;
R.'s seizure of Barry Court, 14;
Castle Bally-in-Harsh taken by R.'s strategy, 15;
R.'s return from, 16;
R. paid for service in, 18;
R. assigned a Captaincy in, 19;
_The Opinion of Mr. Rawley_ on, 22;
Lord Grey deprived of Deputyship, 23;
R.'s residences in, 34;
estates in Cork, Waterford, and Tipperary settled by R., 34;
R.'s experience as a colonist in, 34;
R. leaves to fight Armada, 38;
Essex forces R.'s return to, 42;
R.'s efforts in developing his estates in, 47;
potato and tobacco introduced by R., 48;
Sir William Fitzwilliam, Deputy in, _ib._;
R. refused Lord Deputyship, 112;
occupied with affairs of, 115;
invaded by Spain, 124;
R. on situation in, _ib._;
MacCarthy's _History of the Early Ages in_, 129;
Boyle, Earl of Cork, buys R.'s estates in, 129;
R. sells remainder of his leases, 194
_Irish Chronicles_, Hooker's _Supply of the_, 11
Islands voyage. _See_ Azores
Islington, R.'s residence in, 6
James I. first cognisant of R., 123;
offers Scotch troops to repel Spanish invasion, 124;
sends Lennox on mission to Elizabeth, _ib._;
R. and Cobham reported unfavourable to, 124;
met by London nobility at death of Elizabeth, 132;
R. and Sir R. Crosse meet him at Burghley, _ib._;
unfavourably received R., 132;
promises R. continuance of Stannaries, _ib._;
displaces R. from the Guard, 133;
increases R.'s salary as Governor of Jersey, _ib._;
deprives R. of Durham House on petition of Bishop of Durham, 133, 134;
involved in promises to Catholics, 135;
waiting Spanish overtures, _ib._;
guest of Sir F. Carew, _ib._;
given R.'s _Discourse on Spanish War, &c._, _ib._;
R.'s projects distasteful to, _ib._;
commits R. to Tower, 137;
R. begs his life of and refused hope by, 158;
prepares warrant for stay of R.'s execution, 158;
signs death-warrants for conspirators, 159;
intention to reprieve, _ib._;
at bull-baiting on Tower Hill, 165;
and Christian IV. of Denmark, 169;
suppresses R.'s _History of the World_, 180;
R. hopes to propitiate him, 183;
forbids printing of R.'s _Prerogative of Parliament_, 184;
and the Benevolence, 184;
a Protectionist, 187;
releases R., 188;
to be enriched by R.'s second voyage to Guiana, 189;
submits R.'s proposed route to Madrid, 191;
ignores statements of Bailey, 199;
Captain North relates R.'s failure to, 203;
R.'s apologetic letter to, _ib._;
Spain clamours for R.'s death, 205;
invites claims against R., _ib._;
his arguments for R., _ib._;
R. doomed by, 205, 206;
_Apology_ for Guiana voyage of no effect on, 209;
R.'s attempted catspaw against Spain, 211;
R.'s confession to, 212;
advised to give R. public trial, 212;
R. throws himself on his mercy, 214;
quits London and signs R.'s death-warrant, _ib._;
foiled by R.'s bearing at execution, 219;
R. begs his memory to be saved from scurrilous writers, 220;
death of, 223
Jarnac, battle of, 4
Jeaffreson, J. Cordy, contribution by, vi.;
researches in Middlesex Records, 6, 20;
researches in Assembly Books of K. Lynn, 38
Jersey, R. seeks Governorship of, 114;
R. succeeds Sir A. Paulet as Governor, 116;
account of and effect of R.'s rule in, 116-117;
Norman gentry in, 127;
King James increased R.'s salary for, 133;
R. displaced for Sir J. Peyton, 141;
references to R. in, 126, 127
Jesuit captured by R., 64
Jewels, R.'s love of, 20;
value on his person when arrested, 20, 209
Jonson, Ben, referred by Camden to R., 175;
assists R. in _History of the World_, 175, 176;
goes with young Walter R. to Paris, 175;
his _Works_, 175;
jealous of Samuel Daniel, 183;
death of, 223
Keymis, Captain, with R. in Guiana, 80;
his second voyage to Guiana, 86;
commended to Lady R., 140;
gives evidence on R.'s trial under fear of torture, 154;
warden of Sherborne, 164;
and Guiana, 174;
joins R.'s fleet at Plymouth, 194;
commands Orinoco gold expedition without success, 200, 201;
attacks San Thome, 201;
announces to R. death of his son Walter R., _ib._;
dejection at R.'s reproach, asks forgiveness, _ib._;
writes to Earl of Arundel, _ib._;
commits suicide, 202
Kilcolman, Spenser's Irish seat, 44
King, Captain Samuel, attempts R.'s escape, 206-8;
his arrest, 208
King's Lynn entertains R., 38
Kinsale, Spanish landing at, 124;
R. returns from Guiana to, 203
La Chesnee, French envoy, offers escape to R., 208, 211, 212
Lake, Sir Thomas, to send R. from Court, 133
Lane, Ralph, leader of R.'s Virginian colony, 29;
considers defence against Armada, 37
Languedoc, Catholics smoked out at, 5
La Rienzi, reference to at R.'s trial, 148
Leicester, Earl of, R. writes from Lismore to, 17;
R. his protege at Court, _ib._;
goes to Netherlands with R. and Sir P. Sidney, 18;
Queen Elizabeth quarrels with, _ib._;
reconciled to R.'s Royal favour, 23;
in Netherlands and in disgrace, R.'s sympathy, 32;
reference to, 35;
death of, 50
Lennox, Duke of, diplomatic visit to Elizabeth, 124;
believes R. and Cobham opposed King James, _ib._
Limerick, victory of Sir N. Malby in woods of, 8
'Lion,' Sir R. Southwell's ship at Cadiz, 95
'Lion Whelp,' Cecil's ship, 67;
R. reinforced at Port of Spain by, 68
Lisbon, Drake and R. with expedition at, 41-42
Lismore, Elizabethan capital of Munster, 15
Lismore Castle, R. rents from Archbishop of Cashel, 34
_Lismore Papers_ and R.'s references, vi., 194, 203
Loftie, Rev. W. J., account of R.'s lodgings in Tower, 162
London citizens aid privateering against Spain, 59;
eagerness to share spoil, 61;
jewellers or goldsmiths and Spanish prize, 62;
plague in, 142
Lostwithiel, Stannaries Court of, 117
Macareo, R. tried to enter river, 69;
channel, 80
MacCarthy, Florence, R. advises his retention in Tower, 129;
asks Cecil to permit R. to judge him, _ib._;
his _History of the Early Ages in Ireland_, 129
Mace, Samuel, commands a Virginian fleet for R., 125
MacDermod, Cormac, Lord of Muskerry, R.'s severity to, 128
Macureguarai, rich city of Guiana, 78
Madeira, R.'s Virginian ships stripped at, 37
'Madre de Dios,' plate-ship, value of its capture, 60;
inquiry as to disposal of treasure, 62
Magrath, Meiler, Archbishop of Cashel, 34
Malby, Sir Nicholas, defeats Irish rebels, 8
Malet, Sir A., MSS., R.'s unpopularity referred to in, 131
Manamo, R. enters the Orinoco by river, 69
Manatee seen by R. in Guiana, 79
Mannourie, French quack attendant and spy on R., 207;
gives R. a detrimental dose, _ib._;
bribed by R., 208;
denounced by R., 220;
his disgrace, 223
Manoa, capital of Guiana, 69
Markham led out for execution but reprieved, 159, 160
Marlowe's career, 85
Marriage of R. to Elizabeth Throckmorton, 63
Martinez, Juan, journal of visit to Manoa, 69
'Mary Rose,' Sir G. Carew's Cadiz ship, 95
Maurice of Nassau, letters taken to Prince, 175
Medina Sidonia, Duke of, his report to Philip II. of English attack on
Cadiz, 98;
burns fleet of carracks to avoid capture by English, 99
Meeres, John, R.'s bailiff at Sherborne, 53;
his dismissal and revenge, 121;
arrests R.'s new bailiff, 121;
brings civil action against R., 122, 127;
commissioner for despoiling Sherborne, 164
Mellersh, Cobham's secretary, 142
Mexican plate fleet, R.'s designs on, 191, 202, 210, 213
Mexico, Gulf of, R.'s early knowledge of, 7
Mexico, its revenue to Spain, 77
Meyrick, Sir Gilly, his conduct towards R., 108
Middle Temple, R. in, 5
Milton inherits and publishes R.'s _The Cabinet Council_, 185
Mitcham, Lady R. sells an estate at, 189
_Monarchy of Man_, by Sir J. Elyot, describes R.'s last moments, 217
Moncontour in France, R. at retreat of, 4
Montgomery, death of Huguenot chief, 4
Mont Orgueil, Jersey, 117
Morequito, port on River Orinoco, 74;
its chief Topiawari, 78
Mulla. _See_ Awbeg, 44
Munster, R. temporary governor of, succeeded by Zouch, 15;
Sentleger provost-marshal in, 9;
Spenser clerk of the council of, 44;
life in, _ib._;
R.'s efforts to improve, 47;
severity of President against Cormac MacDermod, 128
Muskerry, Lord of, severity against, 128
Naunton's description of R., 20, 22
Navigation, R. considering international, 56
Netherlands, Earl of Leicester in, 28, 32;
Devon miners serve in, 32;
R.'s _Discourse ... the Protecting of_, 135
Newfoundland, R. in, 33, 203;
R. establishes trade with Jersey, 117
Ninias, R.'s account of King, 181
'Nonparilla,' R., Dudley's ship at Cadiz, 95
North, Captain, tells the King of R.'s Guiana failure, 203
North-West Passage, R.'s efforts, its discovery, 28;
and northern route to China, 28
Northampton, Lord, interviews R. in Tower, 172;
R.'s enemy removed, 187;
at R.'s execution, 218
Northumberland, Earl of, R. visits at Sion House, 114;
goes to Ostend with R., 115;
invited to Bath, 127
Nottingham, Earl of. _See_ Howard
Old Palace Yard, R. executed at, 214
Oldys, William, _Life of R._, v.;
reference to, 101
Olonne, R. captures and forfeits to Treasury a bark of, 42
Orange, Prince of, Elizabeth sends R. to, 18;
Leicester accused of conspiracy with, _ib._
Orinoco, R.'s expedition to river, 67, 69-81;
second expedition up, 200;
failure to find gold, 201
Ormond, governor of Munster, 10;
desire to treat with Irish, 11;
obtains pardon for the rebels, 13;
quarrels with R., 15;
denounced for leniency, 22
Ostend, R. and Northumberland visit, 115
Oxford, R. educated at, 3, 6
Oxford's, Lord, quarrel with Sir P. Sidney, 7;
at execution of R., 218
Panama pearl fisheries, 25;
R.'s scheme to seize, 54
_Parliaments, Prerogative of_, 112, 180
Paulet, Sir Anthony, governor of Jersey, death, 116
Paunsford, Richard, servant of R., 6
Pecora Campi. _See_ Hatton
Pelham, Sir William, Irish command, 9, 10
Pembroke, Earl of, succeeds R. in Duchy of Cornwall, 163
Pembroke, Lady, R.'s friend in hour of trial, 157;
her son intercedes for R., _ib._
Peryam, Sir William, Chief Baron of Exchequer, 127
Pew, Hugh, steals R.'s pearl hat-band, &c., 20
Peyton, Sir John, succeeds R. in Jersey, 141;
Sir John the younger messenger between Cobham and R., 144
Philip of Spain's Armada, resistance to, 37;
expels Antonio from Portugal, 41;
desire to recover prestige, 105
Philip III. demands R.'s execution, 212;
foiled by R.'s conduct at execution, 219
_Phoenix Nest_, 34
_Pilgrimage_, R. writes _The_, 159
Piratical expedition by R. stopped, 7
Plymouth, 7, 27, 29, 36, 38, 67, 89, 90, 91, 100, 105, 106, 117, 194, 203
Popham, Lord Chief Justice, tries R. at Winchester, 146;
hissed at conclusion of R.'s trial, 157;
declares R.'s Sherborne conveyance invalid, 164
Popham, Captain George, captures Spanish letters, 66
Portland, R. as governor completes defences of, 38
Portugal, expedition to restore Antonio, 41;
R. serves under Drake at Lisbon, _ib._
Potato introduced into Ireland by R., 48;
distributed by ancestor of Lord Southwell, _ib._
_Prerogative of Parliaments_, by R., 112, 180;
its publication and intention, 183;
King James forbids its printing, 184;
issued posthumously, _ib._;
MS. in Record Office, _ib._
Preston, Captain Amyas, harries Venezuela, 81
Prest, Agnes, her martyrdom, 2;
indirect effect on R.'s religion, 3
'Prudence,' a London ship, 59
Puerto Rico friars, 69
Purchas, his collection of travels, 85
Puritans, Essex and R. their friends, 50
Puttenham's praise of _Shepherd's Calender_, 44
Queen of James I., R.'s friend, 169, 188;
her father, Christian IV., 169;
Samuel Daniel a servant of, 183;
R.'s rhyming petition to, 209;
exertions to save R., 210;
death of, 223
'Rainbow,' Sir F. Vere's ship at Cadiz, 95
Rakele, R. meets Spenser at, 10;
R.'s treatment of Irish kerns at, 11
Raleigh, Carew, son of Sir Walter, 166;
reference to, 200, 222
Raleigh, George, Sir Walter's nephew, 200
Raleigh _nee_ Gilbert, Mrs., Sir Walter's mother, 1;
her religion, 2
Raleigh town, Virginia, 36
Raleigh, Walter, the elder, his third marriage, 1;
diversity of spelling his name, 2;
family lease of fish tithes, 2;
latest mention of, his age, 16
Raleigh, Sir Walter, Lives of, v.;
correspondence of, v.;
bibliography by Dr. Brushfield, vi.;
love of birthplace, 1;
connections and parentage, 1;
earliest record of, 2;
education and career at Oxford, 3;
convicted of assault, 7;
goes to Ireland, 9;
with Spenser, 10, 43, 48, 49;
character whilst in Ireland, 14;
pecuniary position, 16, 30, 34, 42, 116, 126, 129, 133, 141, 162, 189,
190, 194;
his person in 1582, 20;
mother wit and audacious alacrity, 22;
success as a courtier, 23;
Royal gifts to, 24, 25;
continues Sir H. Gilbert's efforts, 28;
and Virginia, 29, 37, 41, 125;
granted licence to export woollen broad-cloths, their nature and value,
29, 30;
resides at Durham House, 31;
receives knighthood, 31;
successful expedition to Azores, 33;
elegy on Sir Philip Sidney, _ib._;
experience as an Irish colonist, 34;
zenith of personal success, 35;
part in fighting Armada, 37;
privateering expeditions, their excuse, 40, 41;
forced return to Ireland, 42;
his poem of _Cynthia_, 45;
developes his Irish estates, 47;
introduces the potato, 48;
and Puritans, his toleration, 50;
_Report on Grenville's fight in the_ '_Revenge_,' 51;
obtains Sherborne Castle, 52-53;
clandestine relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton, 55;
embroilment between Queen and Mrs. Throckmorton, 55-57;
confined in the Tower, 57;
failure in health, 59, 63, 110, 114, 168, 187, 199, 200;
released to quell disturbance in Devon, 61;
his popularity in Devon, 61;
marriage with E. Throckmorton, 63;
eagerness for service, 64;
attracted to Guiana, 66;
and Guiana gold, 75-77;
publishes _Discovery of Guiana_, 84;
merit as a writer of travel, 85;
his _Of the Voyage for Guiana_, 87;
naval skill first fully recognised, 89;
taking of Cadiz, brilliant triumph for, 91;
his _Relation of the Action in Cadiz Harbour_, 92;
details of his Cadiz command, 92-99;
wounded in the leg, 98;
preparation for third Guiana expedition, 101;
lauded by literary classes on return from Cadiz, 102;
intimacy with Cecil and Brooke family, 102;
exertions to provoke second attack on Spain, 105;
sails with fleet to attack Azores; success at Fayal, which provokes
Essex, 105-109;
only nominally in Queen's favour, 111;
his _Prerogative of Parliament_, 112, 183-184;
seeks various dignities without success, _ib._;
increasing enmity with Essex, and friendship with Cobham, 113;
height of fame as a geographer, 114;
his share in the execution of Essex, 118-121;
comes under notice of James of Scotland, 123;
his _Dangers of the Spanish Faction in Scotland_, 124;
his view of Irish affairs in 1601, _ib._;
not a complete loser by his expeditions, 126;
severe action towards Cormac MacDermod, 128;
advises detention of F. MacCarthy in Tower, 129;
good fortune ceases with Elizabeth's death, _ib._;
character, condition, and fame in 1603, 130-131;
ungraciously received by King James, 132;
sent from Court of James, 133;
not judicious towards James, 134;
Spanish schemes distasteful to King, 135;
arrested for complicity in Watson's plot, 136;
compromised by Cobham, 136, 137;
committed to the Tower, 137;
attempts suicide, 137, 138, 141;
supposed farewell letter to his lady, 137-140;
stripped of his appointments, 141;
communications with Cobham, 141, 144, 145;
enmity of populace to, 145;
trial at Winchester, 146-157;
letter to K. James suing for life, 158, 159;
poem _The Pilgrimage_, 159;
reprieved at hour for execution, 160;
confinement in Tower, 160, 164, 167, 168;
efforts for his release, 169;
friendship with Queen and Prince Henry, 169;
asks permission to go to Guiana, 170, 174;
literary pursuits, 171;
consulted by P. Henry in shipbuilding, 173-4;
writing _Marriage Discourses_, 174;
_History of World_ and Ben Jonson, 175, 176-182;
demands for his MS., 184;
his _Cabinet Council_; _Discourse of War_; and _Observations on Trade
and Commerce_, 185, 186;
his release and conditions, 188, 189;
prepares second voyage to Guiana, 189-191;
intrigues for seizure of Genoa, 192;
leaves for Guiana--fleet vicissitudes, 193-194;
details of outward voyage, 195-200;
meets an old servant in Guiana, 200;
his son slain at San Thome, 201;
fails to discover gold, 201;
his faithful Keymis commits suicide, 202;
mutiny of his fleet _ib._;
ignominious return to England, 203, 205;
arrest and attempted escape, 206, 208;
writes _Apology for the Voyage to Guiana_, 208;
valuables found on his person, 209;
James uninfluenced by _Apology_, _ib._;
rhyming petition to Queen; her exertions, 209, 210;
examined before Commissioners, 210, 212;
written confession to the King, 212;
if pardoned declares ability to reveal State secrets, _ib._;
trial, defence, condemnation, 212, 213, 214;
bearing night before execution, 214-5;
last interview with his Lady, 215;
last verses, _ib._;
proposed burial at Beddington, 215;
last moments, conduct on scaffold, 216-220;
reason for attempted escape to France, 219;
execution, 221;
body in St. Margaret's, Westminster, 222;
his head embalmed and preserved, _ib._;
death roll of his friends, 223
Raleigh, Walter, the younger, 114, 116;
and Sherborne estates, 143;
at Oxford; his tutors, 171;
wins a fatal duel, 175;
and Ben Jonson, _ib._;
Captain of the 'Destiny,' 193;
with Keymis in Orinoco gold expedition, 200;
killed at San Thome, last words, 201
Raleigh, Lady, and _see_ Throckmorton;
influence over Cecil, 84;
appeals to Cecil, 110, 144, 158;
and Durham House, 117, 133;
her husband's supposed farewell letter, 137-140;
shares rooms in Tower, 162;
and Sherborne Estates, 144, 164, 165, 171, 172;
pleads with James for R.'s pardon, 169;
sells an estate at Mitcham, 189;
letter from R. in Guiana, 200;
meets R. at Plymouth, 206;
precedes R. to London, 207;
released from Tower, 212;
final interview with R., 215;
and burial of her husband, 215, 222;
her death, 222
Rebellion in Ireland, R.'s share in suppression, 9-16
_Remains_ of R.'s writings, 187
'Repulse,' Essex's ship off Cadiz, 93;
off Azores, 107
Revenge, R.'s ship, 42
'_Revenge_,' _A Report of the Truth of the Fight_, etc., 51;
its style and anonymous issue, _ib._
_Richard the Second_, Cecil entertains Essex and R. with Shakespeare,
103-104
Richelieu refers to R., 193
Rimenant, R. at battle of, 5
Roanoke, discovery of, 28;
settled by Ralph Lane, 29
Roche, Lord and Lady, captured by R., 15
Rochelle privateers strip R.'s ships, 37
'Roebuck,' R.'s ship captures 'Madre de Dios,' 60
Roraima, 79
Rutland, Countess of, Sir P. Sidney's sister, 175
Sacharissa, grand-daughter of R.'s cousin, 33
Saint Germain, R. receives manor of, 116
Salisbury, R. ill at, 207, 208;
K. James and Court at, 208
Salisbury, See of, and R.'s Sherborne estate, 52, 53, 64
Salisbury, Cecil created Earl of, 166
Salisbury, William, Second Earl of, playmate to young Walter R., 114;
at Sherborne, 116
Salto Caroni, cataract of, 74
San Juan de Ulloa, 6
San Miguel, its capture arranged, 107, 109
San Rafael de Barrancas settlement, 72
San Thome, R.'s captain attacks, 201;
R.'s eldest son killed at, _ib._;
news of attack reaches Spain and England, 205
Sancroft, Archbishop, attributes _History of England_ to R., 182
Sandars, a legate, and Irish rebellion, 8
Sarmiento, Don Pedro, captured by R., 33
Sarmiento. _See_ Gondomar
Savage, Sir Arthur, and Duc de Biron, 122;
reference to, 125
Savoy watched by Venice, 190
Scarnafissi, Savoyard Envoy, 192;
R. suggests to him seizure of Genoa, _ib._;
lays R.'s scheme before King James; its rejection, _ib._
Schomburgk, Sir Robert, corroborates R. in Guiana, 71, 72
Sentleger, Sir Warham, Irish command, 8;
Provost Marshal of Munster, 9
Sentleger, Sir William, command in Guiana fleet, 194
Shakespeare's advent, 85;
performance of his _Richard the Second_, 104
Shepherd of the Ocean, R. so named by Spenser, 44, 46-7
_Shepherd's Calender_ by Spenser, 10, 44;
references to R. in, 45
Sherborne, R.'s favourite country abode, 52;
R.'s acquirement of, 52, 53;
R. at, 63, 67, 71, 87, 100, 114, 126, 127, 207;
Dean of Sarum lets farms over R.'s head, 64;
remnant of R.'s fortune: tries to tie it to his son and Adrian
Gilbert, 143;
Sir J. Elphinstone applies for, _ib._;
R. conveys it to his son with rent charge to Lady R., 144;
supports R. six years in Tower, 162;
King's Commissioners spoiling, 163;
Cecil stays commissioners, _ib._;
held on trust for Lady R. by Sir A. Brett, 164;
R.'s conveyance declared invalid, 164, 165;
Keymis warder of, 164;
Lady R. pleads for secure tenure of, 171;
James covets it for and bestows it on Carr, 171, 172;
repurchased for Prince Henry, 172;
Lady R. receives 8,000_l._ in lieu of, _ib._;
R.'s last sojourn at, 207
_Shipping_, R.'s _Invention of_, 18
Sidmouth Church, earliest R. deed preserved at, 2
Sidney, Sir Philip, R.'s contemporary at Oxford, 3;
tennis court quarrel, 7;
handsome features, 20;
R.'s elegy on, 33
Sidney, Robert, marries R.'s cousin, 33
Simancas, R.'s map of Guiana found at, 83;
R.'s confession of French intrigues found at, 212
Sion House, R. visits Earl of Northumberland at, 114
Smerwick Bay, Spanish invasion at, 8
Southwell, Sir Robert, with Cadiz expedition, 95
Southwell, Lord, his ancestor distributes R.'s potatoes, 48
Southampton, Earl of, his amusement, 111
Spain and R., 25, 30, 32, 50, 51, 52, 84;
attack and capture of its plate ships, 59-60;
R. tries to stem flow of gold to, 76-77;
effect of Cadiz expedition on, 101;
R. counsels a second attack on, 105;
expedition to, and its accidents, 105, 106;
alters destiny for Azores, 107;
invades Ireland at Kinsale, 124;
King James waiting overtures from, 135;
R.'s _Discourse touching War with_, _ib._;
R.'s offer to raise and lead troops against, _ib._;
watching France, 190;
Guiana route submitted to, 191;
offers R. escort to Guiana gold mines, _ib._;
promised security at peril of R.'s life, 192, 205;
asks punishment of R. for San Thome attack, _ib._;
Buckingham favourable to, 210;
James, the attempted catspaw of R. against, 211;
English pensioners in pay of, _ib._
_Spanish Alarum, The_, by R., 104
Spanish Ambassador pleads for R.'s life, 158
Spanish Armada, 38-39, 88
_Spanish Faction in Scotland, the Dangers of a_, 124
Spanish invasion of England, R.'s advice against, 37-38
Sparrey, Francis, volunteers to stay in Guiana, 79;
captured by Spaniards; his account of Guiana, _ib._
Spenser, Edmund, secretary to Lord Grey in Ireland, 10;
his _Shepherd's Calender_; first meets R., _ib._, 20;
_Colin Clout_, evidence of R.'s position with Queen, 43;
effect of R.'s friendship on, _ib._;
his _Faery Queen_ and R.'s adventures compared, _ib._;
Clerk of Council of Munster, 44;
Irish estate, _ib._;
returns to England; at Court with R., 48;
secures a pension for _Faery Queen_, 49
'St. Andrew,' rich Spanish prize taken at Cadiz, 99
St. Bartholomew's, R. and massacre on, 4
St. John, J. A., _Life of R._, v.;
discovery of R.'s map of Guiana, 83;
prints R.'s confession, 212
St. John, Oliver, trial of, 184
St. John, Sir William, efforts for R.'s release, 188
St. Margaret's, Westminster, R.'s body buried in, 222
'St. Matthew,' valuable prize taken at Cadiz, 98, 99
'St. Philip,' R.'s contest at Cadiz with, 96, 98;
saved from total destruction by Dutch, 99
Stafford, Sir Edward, tells Bacon of R. in Tower, 57;
his kinswoman wife of Governor of Gomera, 197
Stannaries, R. Lord Warden of the, 32, 64, 128, 141
Stead, death of, 198
_Steel Glass_, Gascoigne's, 5;
verses prefixed by R. to, _ib._
Stourton, Lady, R. arrests a Jesuit in house of, 64
Strozzi, Peter, lost at Azores, 39
Stuart, Arabella, conspirators for, 102;
her descent and relationship to James I., 142, 143;
protests her ignorance of plot at R.'s trial, 155;
James wishes to spare, _ib._;
her death, R. deprived of her pearls, 187
Stukely, Sir Lewis, R.'s cousin, arrests R., 206;
hires French quack to inveigle R., 207;
bribed by and betrays R., 208;
valuables on R.'s person fall to, 209;
denounced by R., 220;
condemned for clipping coin, 222;
fled to Lundy and died a maniac, 223
Suffolk urges severity against R., 141
'Summer's Nightingale,' R. styled the, 49
Talbot, John, R.'s secretary in Tower, death of, 199
Tarleton, comedian, his remark against R. at Court, 36
Tax on tavern-keepers ascribed to R. but due to Queen, 131
Temple, Middle, R. in, 5
Tennyson, Lord, praise of Sir R. Grenville, 51
_Tewkesbury, Annals of_, 171
Throckmorton, Arthur, dispute and dismissal from fleet, 90;
restored by R.'s influence, 91;
gains distinction at Cadiz, 91
Throckmorton, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Nicholas, 55;
her love of R., 55;
private marriage with R., _ib._, 63;
confined in Tower, 57;
_see_ R., Lady
Thynne, Francis, R.'s cousin, 214
'Tiger,' Sir R. Grenville's ship, 29
Tipperary, R. granted estates in, 34
Tonson, navigator, 6
Topiawari, friendly Guiana chief, 78, 79
Tounson, Dean of Westminster, R.'s spiritual adviser, 214;
describes R. in face of death, 214-215;
attends R.'s execution, 216
Tower, R. confined in, 57, 137, 138, 142, 145, 160, 161-188, 209;
R. attempts suicide in, 137;
plague in outlying posts of, 142;
R.'s apartments in Garden or Bloody Tower, 162;
malaria in, 164;
Lady R. and son leaves, 165;
R.'s experiments in garden of, 168;
death of Arabella Stuart in, 187;
release of R., 188
Tower, Lieutenants of, in charge of R., Sir G. Harvey and Sir J. Peyton,
141;
Sir William Waad, 167;
Sir A. Apsley and Sir T. Wilson, 211
_Trade and Commerce_, R. on, 186;
a plea for free trade, 186-187;
when published, 187
Trinidad, A. de Berreo Governor of, 66;
visited by R.'s expedition, 67, 200;
its liquid pitch and oysters, 67;
R. returns from Guiana to, 80
Udall, John, protected by R. and Essex, 50
_Underwoods_, verses by R. attributed to Ben Jonson, 175
Vanlore, Pieter, R. borrows of, 190
Venezuela coast plundered by R.'s expedition, 81;
precautions against English, _ib._
Venice watching Savoy, 190
Vere, Sir Francis, with Cadiz expedition, 95, 97;
to attempt with Howard capture of Graciosa, 107
Villiers, favourable to R., 187;
animus against Somerset, 188;
urged to intervene for R., 210;
pledged to Spanish alliance, _ib._
Virginia, discovery of, 28;
failure of a second expedition to, 29;
its products attract R., 30;
collapse of R.'s colony, 33;
a fourth expedition fails, 36;
expenditure on abortive fifth expedition, 37;
R.'s relief vessels stripped by privateers, _ib._;
drain on R.'s fortune; leases patent, 41;
never visited by R., _ib._;
R.'s final effort to colonise, 125;
R. not a complete loser by expeditions to, 126;
expected return of an expedition by R., 40
Waad, Sir W., takes R. to Winchester for trial, 145;
special commissioner at R.'s trial, 146;
thinks R. too comfortable in Tower, 162;
succeeds as Lieutenant of Tower, 167;
suspicion of R.'s experiments, 168;
reference to, 170
Walsingham and R. in Paris on St. Bartholomew's eve, 4;
massacre of Fort del Ore reported to, 12;
reference to, 32;
death of, 50
Walton, Izaak, accounts of Ben Jonson and R., 175
_War_, R.'s _A Discourse of_, 185-6;
most pleasing of R.'s prose writings, 185
Warburton, judge at R.'s Winchester trial, 146
'War Sprite,' R.'s ship in Cadiz expedition, 94
Waterford, R. granted estates in, 34;
trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., 47
Watson's plot, 135;
his conviction and execution, 158
Webbe's praise of _Shepherd's Calender_, 44
_West Indies, Sir W. R.'s voyage to the_, 7;
R.'s early visits to, _ib._
West Horsley Church, R.'s head rests in, 222
Wexford, its trade in pipe-staves encouraged by R., 47
Weymouth, R. at, 100, 104, 116, 127
Whiddon, Captain Jacob, visits Guiana for R., 66;
examines mouths of Orinoco, 69
White, Captain John, fourth Virginian expedition, 36;
lands at Hatorask. His failure, _ib._
White, Roland, records R. at Court, 103
Whitlock, Captain, 167
Willoughby, Ambrose, Esquire of the body, 111
Wilson, Sir Thomas, spy on R., 211;
his acquaintance with Raleigh in Tower, _ib._
Winchester, Marquis of, entertains Queen and French envoys at Basing
House, 123
Winchester, R. tried at Wolvesey Castle, 145;
R. confined in, 157, 159;
R. removed from, 160
Winchester, Bishop of, attendant on, 158
Wines, farm of, R. granted, 24, 25;
King James transfers it to E. of Nottingham, 141
Winwood, Sir Ralph, favourable to R., 187, 204;
hater of Spain, 188;
visits R.'s ship 'Destiny,' 192;
ignores Bailey's charge against R., 199;
R. writes of his Guiana failure to, 202;
his death, 203, 204
Wither, George, prophecy of English supremacy in America, 25
Wokoken, discovery of, 28
Wood, Anthony a, records R. at Oxford, 3
_Works_ by Ben Jonson, and R.'s verses, 175
Yelverton, Attorney-General, prosecutes R., 210, 214
Yetminster Manor given to R., 53
Youghal burned by Geraldines, 8;
destruction of Geraldine Friary, 34;
R.'s residence at, 34, 44;
yew tree contemporary with R. still at, 48;
potato first planted at, 48
Zouch, in trenches at Fort del Ore, 12;
at Lismore, 15
_Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London_
TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
General: corrections to punctuation have not been individually documented
General: references to page iii changed to page v
Page 19: life-time standardised to lifetime
Page 28: "'a delicate sweet smell' far out in ocean" as in original
Pages 148, 238: Discrepancy in the spelling of Renzi/Rienzi as in original
Page 160: Gray's standardised to Grey's in "could not hear, Grey's lips"
Page 226: "Madre de Dio" standardised to "Madre de Dios"
Beddingfield Park standardised to Bedingfield Park
Page 228: Gavan standardised to Gawen
Psge 233: N.W. standardised to N.-W.
Page 238: 206-7-8 standardised to 206-8
Page 239: Meere standardised to Meeres
Montcontour standardised to Moncontour
Page 240: hatband standardised to hat-band
Page 242: broadcloths standardised to broad-cloths
McDermod standardised to MacDermod
Page 246: Page number corrected from 24 to 64 in entry Stourton
Page 247: Page number corrected from 517 to 175 in entry Underwoods