THE INTRODUCTION OF GUNPOWDER AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON ARMOUR
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII*
Double Breech-loading Cannon, in Bronze, used in Spain from the end of
the Fifteenth Century.
_A. F. Calvert_]
The invention of gunpowder and its use in propelling missiles
from tubes was the signal for the abolition of armour, as we have
indicated, though the struggle for supremacy between the two lasted
for considerably more than a century. The Eastern nations are
generally credited with the discovery of the properties of a mixture
of saltpetre, carbon, and sulphur so far as their use in fireworks
is concerned, but it was undoubtedly to the Western nations that the
knowledge and application of the propelling nature of the mixture were
due. The first authentic account of its use for military purposes must
be ascribed to the seventh century, when, under the name of Greek
fire, it was used at the defence of Constantinople by the Byzantine
emperors against the invading Saracens. The true Greek fire, however,
is supposed to have contained more ingredients than the three which
constitute gunpowder proper, viz. resin and naphtha, the latter being
in excess, and this mixture appears to have been so inflammable and
so difficult to extinguish that the terror excited by its use was
out of all proportion to the destruction that it wrought. It was
propelled from balistæ, projected from tubes, and carried by means of
arrows which bore tow steeped in the composition, while its use in
a besieged town to pour down upon assailants was probably the most
efficacious. Its composition was for a long time kept secret, but
the knowledge gradually spread, and during the later mediæval period
its use was not unknown in England (Fig. 337). Gunpowder proper was
used for the first time in the Spanish wars with the Moors in the
twelfth century by both combatants; and the secret of its composition
was discovered by Roger Bacon in the thirteenth century, probably from
the translation of manuscripts. Schwartz, a German Frank, perfected it
about a century later, and its first use in England occurred in the
wars against the Scots by Edward III. in 1327, when the cannon were
denominated “crakeys,” a diminutive from “crake,” the first name of
the composition, which may be a corruption of “grec.” At the siege
of Cambrai in 1339 cannon were in use, and they are specifically
mentioned by Froissart. After that time their use became general, and
in 1346 many were in operation at the battle of Creçy, the gunpowder
being imported from abroad until the reign of Elizabeth, when English
powder-mills were established in the country. The word artillery had
been in use to denote projectile-throwing weapons anterior to the use
of gunpowder, and became eventually the term by which the larger kind
of firearms was designated. The construction of the first cannon was,
as might be inferred, of the rudest possible description. Pieces or
bars of iron were arranged longitudinally so as to form a rough tube,
around which iron hoops were placed to hold them together. The powder
and ball were in a separate case, open at one end to allow of the exit
of the ball; this case was inserted in one end of the tube and secured
by a stirrup arrangement pivoting upon two projections on either side
of the tube, which fell over the open end and prevented the case from
being blown out when the discharge occurred. The powder was fired by
the insertion of a red-hot wire. The cannon was fixed down to a piece
of timber which rested upon a similar piece: at the breech end of the
cannon the two planks were hinged together, and by the insertion of
wedges in the front between the timbers the piece could be elevated.
Other contrivances almost as crude as that described were introduced
in order to overcome the difficulties of taking aim. The projectiles
were at first made of stone, and subsequently of lead or iron, or stone
coated with lead. It must not be supposed that the introduction of such
weapons created the profound consternation which a few contemporary
writers have led us to suppose; the general impression produced was,
in fact, one of contemptuous indifference, and it was only after
many improvements had been effected that cannon began to be taken
seriously. The earliest were only used in sieges, as the transport
of such cumbrous pieces was nearly an impossibility, and when they
were subsequently adopted for use in the field it was but seldom they
were used after the first discharge. During the fifteenth century
fresh developments took place; trunnions were invented, whereby the
recoil was transferred directly to the carriage; the weapon was cast
in one piece which tapered towards the muzzle, and many improvements
in loading and discharging were made. Bombards were introduced, being
short pieces with a large bore which were fired at a considerable
elevation and discharged balls of stone to a small distance; they were
the prototypes of our modern mortars and howitzers. One of the earliest
examples of mediæval ordnance preserved in this country may be seen at
the Rotunda, Woolwich (Plate XL., p. 366). It is known as the Creçy
Bombard, and may possibly date back to the time of Edward III. It is
said to have been found in the moat of Bodiham Castle, Sussex, and is
known to have been in Battle Abbey for many years. Its interior is of
cast iron, one of the earliest known specimens of the metal in that
form, and iron hoops have been shrunk upon this inner core. The chamber
in the smaller portion of the breech will hold about three or four
pounds of powder; the stone shot discharged weighed about a hundred
and sixty pounds and was fifteen inches in diameter. The carriage is
modern. The cannonier wears a capacious salade and is defended by
a hauberk of mail and a thick leather apron; he is discharging the
bombard with a hot iron and protects his face with his hand from the
inferior powder blown off the touch-hole by the explosion.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII
The Dardanelles Bronze Gun, A.D. 1468. (Rotunda, Woolwich)]
Very large cannon were in use at times. Mons Meg at Edinburgh is an
example of a fifteenth century production; it weighs nearly four tons,
has a calibre of 20 inches, and threw a stone projectile of 300 lbs.
The powder-chamber is considerably smaller in bore than the cannon, in
order to withstand the force of the discharge. This piece is reputed
to have been made in 1455 for the siege of Thrieve Castle by James
II.; this latter monarch was killed five years later by the bursting
of a similar cannon, the Lion. Another example is preserved at Ghent,
where a foundry existed for their manufacture: the piece has a calibre
of 26 inches, while English guns are to be seen at Mont St. Michael
of 15 inches and 19 inches bore respectively. A remarkable example
of fifteenth century monster ordnance is the Dardanelles bronze gun
preserved at the Rotunda, Woolwich, and illustrated in Plate XXXVIII.
It was cast during the reign of Sultan Mahomed II., A.D. 1468, and
presented to Queen Victoria by the Sultan of Turkey in 1867. It weighs
18 tons 14 cwt., the calibre is 25 inches, and the total length equals
17 feet. It is made in two parts, which are screwed together, and
the breech portion which forms the powder chamber has a bore of only
ten inches. The stone shot weighed 6 cwt. each. The names applied to
ancient ordnance were many and various, and at the same time confusing,
inasmuch as the calibre of the various pieces was constantly changing.
The following is an approximate list of some of the pieces ordinarily
in use:--
Cannon Royal, weight of shot, 66 lbs.; Carthorun, 48 lbs.; Cannon, 34
lbs.; Bastard Cannon; Great Culverin, 15 lbs.; Bastard Culverin, 7
lbs.; Demi-Culverin, 2 lbs.; Basilisk, Serpentin, Aspik, Dragon, Syren.
For field service: Falcon, 1 lb.; Falconet, 14 ozs.; Saker.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX
1. Peterara, time of Edward IV.
2. Wall Arquebus. (Rotunda, Woolwich.)
3. The Brocas Heaume.
4. Heaume from Rotunda.]
Cannon have been made of various materials apart from iron and bronze,
such as wood, paper, and rope, the outside covering being of leather.
All the early guns used in England were obtained from abroad; the first
foundry in England was that of Hugget of Uckfield, Sussex, in 1521,
who cast cannon in brass and iron, using the Sussex iron smelted with
charcoal. There are some pieces of ordnance preserved in the Rotunda
at Woolwich which are of this age, and may possibly have come from
the Sussex foundry. Examples of early cannon are rare in England,
but on the Continent many may be found, especially in Belgium. The
Rotunda and the Tower of London probably contain the finest specimens
in the British Isles. In the Royal Arsenal at Madrid is preserved
a small piece of ordnance dating from late fifteenth century. It
is double-barrelled and breech-loading, and exhibits a wealth of
ornamentation upon almost every part (Plate XXXVII.*). A breech-loading
peterara of forged iron of the time of Edward IV. is in the Rotunda,
and is illustrated in Plate XXXIX. It is made of longitudinal bars
of iron hooped together with iron rings; the powder-chamber with its
lifting handle is seen in position, and a simple locking arrangement
prevented its blowing out upon the discharge. Trunnions are affixed to
the piece, and the metal by which it was attached to the long-decayed
wooden gun-carriage is still preserved. The length of the gun is 3 feet
and the calibre 2½ inches, while the name implies that the shot was of
stone. This very rare piece of ordnance is in excellent condition.
The progress in artillery was very slow, but gradually cannon became
mounted upon wheels and rude carriages, an advance upon the logs and
cumbrous beds of the preceding period, while iron was substituted
for stone in the projectile. The engagement of trained professional
gunners in place of the civilians who had managed the artillery in the
fourteenth century, was another step which led to improvement, Dutch
artillerymen being employed by Henry VIII. Charles VIII. and subsequent
French monarchs undoubtedly did much for the improvement of the weapon;
they adopted light guns for field artillery, and introduced the system
of rapidly taking up different positions from which to assail the
enemy. The Civil War in England found a great scarcity of cannon, and
more particularly of efficient gunners, and generally it may be stated
that the English use of artillery was much behind that existing upon
the Continent until the middle of the eighteenth century.
[Illustration: PLATE XL
The “Creçy” Bombard, _temp._ Edward III. Arbalestier, Fifteenth
Century. (Rotunda, Woolwich)]
The existence of cannon in the mediæval period would naturally suggest
a weapon that might be used in the hand, and from a very early period
hand-guns have been in evidence. They are rarely mentioned by writers
of the time, and very few illuminations are extant showing the weapons
then employed, which would tend to show that their use was restricted,
and their efficacy valued but little. The earliest were simply tubes
affixed to a stick and fired by means of a lighted match; some of them
were ignited from the muzzle, thus indicating that they were shotless
and only used to frighten horses in a cavalry charge. The long-bow
and arbalest were of infinitely greater efficacy than the early
hand-gun, and it is a matter for wonder that the latter held a place
at all in the armies of the period. It was made in various shapes,
but that generally shown in contemporary illustrations is depicted in
Fig. 339, the piece being discharged by means of a touch-hole on the
top of the barrel near the breech. The earliest use of a hand-gun is
involved in obscurity; there can be no doubt that many attempts were
made to introduce such a weapon, but the first mention that occurs
is in the reign of Edward III., when they were brought into England
from Flanders. They were in use by both horse and foot soldiers, the
stock in the first case being shortened so that it could be placed
against the chest, while in the second it passed under the right
arm, the left hand being used to grasp it and the right to hold the
discharging match. The gun was supported in the case of cavalry by a
forked rest which projected from the saddle. In all these guns the
powder-chamber was smaller than the calibre of the barrel. In some
cases the hand-gun was used as a mace after being discharged.
_Hand Culverin._--A larger hand-gun was subsequently evolved, which
was much in use during the second half of the fifteenth century, and
necessitated the presence of two men for its manipulation. It was
called the hand culverin, and had a bore of about three-quarters of an
inch; it was constructed of forged iron, and was attached by bands to
a straight stock of wood. This weapon was fired from a rest. It was
subsequently improved by the addition of a pan and touch-hole at the
side and a modification of the stock, while the barrels were often of
brass or bronze, and polygonal in section. Their weight varied from
ten to sixteen pounds, and a variety which was carried on horseback
at times weighed nearly sixty pounds. Warwick the King-maker employed
“Burgundenses” or Burgundian hand-gun men in the Second Battle of St.
Albans, 1461, and culveriners formed a part of the forces under Edward
IV. in the later battles of the Wars of the Roses.
_The Serpentin, Matchlock, or Arquebus._--An improvement was made about
the year 1500, whereby the slow match, hitherto held in the hand,
was affixed to a lever bent into the form of a serpent and fastened
by the centre to the stock on a pivot; by pulling the lower portion
the upper end carrying the match was made to descend upon the priming
powder. Subsequent innovations consisted of a sliding cover over the
flash-pan, and the jointing of the serpentin to increase the leverage.
The matchlock was in use for about two centuries, in spite of the
cumbersome nature of the weapon, the slow rate of its discharge, the
trouble involved in keeping the match alight during boisterous or rainy
weather, and the heavy rest for holding it when loading and taking aim.
The greatest merit was undoubtedly its simplicity and cheapness. The
arquebus shown in Plate XXVII., p. 322, is of the sixteenth century,
time of James VI., and is in the Edinburgh Museum. The figure of an
arquebusier may be discerned in Plate VIII., p. 64, under the horse’s
head of the Bayard figure. The arquebus is seen poised upon its rest
with a piece of loose tow hanging from the barrel; the arquebusier
is in the act of taking aim, and is accoutred in seventeenth century
military dress. In Plate XXXIX. a wall arquebus is shown from the
Rotunda, which is nearly 9 feet in length and weighs 87 lbs. It is
fitted with a tube sight and an arrangement for pivoting in an iron
socket upon a wall or in an embrasure. Its calibre is 1.3 inches. These
pieces were at times carried into the field and required three men to
manipulate them.
_The Wheel-lock._--The great difficulty experienced in keeping the
match alight resulted in the invention of the wheel-lock in the earlier
part of the sixteenth century at Nuremberg, and its introduction into
England about 1540. The mechanism consisted of a wheel serrated at the
edge which protruded into the priming pan, and was fixed by its axle to
the lock plate (Plate XLI.). This axle was made square upon the outside
for a key, while at the other end a strong spring engaged with it; by
winding it the spring was compressed and held in place by a catch. The
lock held a piece of pyrites, and when it was depressed rested in
the priming pan, which had a removable cover; upon the trigger being
pulled the spring caused the wheel to revolve quickly, whereby its
file-like edges struck sparks of fire from the pyrites with which it
was in contact and thus ignited the powder. For the cavalry and also
for sporting purposes the wheel-lock was in use for many years, but its
cost precluded a general introduction among the infantry. A high degree
of ornamentation was lavished upon many of these weapons; examples may
be readily found in all museums of importance.
_The Snap-hance._--This variety of lock was invented in Holland or
Germany about 1550, and from the simplicity and ease with which it was
made and the consequent cheapness of production, rapidly came into
favour in England and on the Continent. It is said to have been evolved
by a body of Dutch poultry stealers (Snaphans), who could not use the
matchlock because of the light entailed, or the wheel-lock because of
the expense, and thereupon devised the snap-hance, little dreaming that
the invention would become so popular. The wheel-lock was superseded by
a hammer which struck upon a piece of sulphurous pyrites; the flash-pan
was the same, but the cover was actuated by a spring and flew back when
the hammer descended, thus allowing a free passage for the shower of
sparks.
_The Flint-lock._--The snap-hance was undoubtedly the intermediate
weapon between the wheel-lock and flint-lock. The latter may be claimed
as an English invention, as a specimen occurs in the Tower having the
date 1614 upon it, the date generally assigned for its introduction
being 1630 according to continental records. The knowledge that fire
could be produced by striking flint upon steel was well known to the
ancients. In the flint-lock the fall of the hammer containing the
flint was made to open the flash-pan and at the same time to strike
sparks from its cover. The earlier kinds had all the mechanism upon
the outside of the lock, but subsequently it was hidden, and a tumbler
connected the mainspring with the hammer. Highly decorated examples
of the flint-lock are common, especially those of Italian and Spanish
origin (Plate XLI.*). The weapon did not come into extensive use in
England until the second half of the seventeenth century, but it
eventually superseded all others, and was adapted for every kind of
firearm, both military and civil, and remained in use until the advent
of the percussion cap about 1830.
Pistols underwent the same variations as the larger weapon, but these
were often combined, being fixed in shields, battle-axes, pole-axes,
daggers, halberds, &c.
The subject of this chapter is an extremely wide one, and an attempt to
cover it completely in the pages of this work has not been attempted;
the broad facts given here may, however, be acceptable to the general
reader.
FOOTNOTES
[1] From “Projectile-throwing Engines of the Ancients,” by Sir Ralph
Payne-Gallwey, Bart., by kind permission of the author, to whose work I
am indebted for several particulars in this chapter.
[2] The Royal Armoury at Madrid is undoubtedly the finest collection of
its kind in the world. It was founded by King Charles V., 1516-1568,
and in addition to Spanish armour and arms contains magnificent
examples of the works of the greatest armourers of Europe. By the
kindness and courtesy of Mr. Albert F. Calvert, author of “Spanish Arms
and Armour, being a Historical and Descriptive Account of the Royal
Armoury at Madrid,” we are enabled to produce illustrations of many of
the exhibits from photographs supplied by him. These illustrations are
distinguished by an asterisk (Plate I.*, &c.).
INDEX
Ailette, 101
” circular, 109, 110
” introduction of, 97
” lozenge-shaped, 103
” of Henry de Beaumont, 102
” of Gilbert de Clare, 103
” of John de Warenne, 102
” use of, 105
Album, Jacobi, 294
Albyn, Robert, brass of, 190
Allecret, 307
Almayne corselets, 305
” rivets, 282, 305
Almeric, Lord St. Amand, bascinet of, 151
” ” ” chapelle-de-fer of, 151
” ” ” mentonnière of, 151
Amand, Lord St., 161
Angon, Frankish, 44
Anelace, 252, 334
Anton Pfeffenhauser, 357
Arbalest, 93
Arbalestier, 126
” at Rotunda (Plate 40, p. 366), 132
Archer, Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 122
” Surcoatless Period, 209
Archers, English, 255
” Etruscan, 35
” Half Armour Period, 318
Archer’s stake, 209
Archery, 124, 130
Argentine, Sir John de, 189
Armet, 221
Arm defences, Tabard Period, 225
Armour, Burgundy Cross, 355
” Charles V. (Plates 30 and 33, pp. 340, 352), 353
” upon coinage, 161
” decorated, 292
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 24, p. 312), 306
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 25, p. 316), 316
” English, 352
” ” and foreign compared, 350
” Flemish (Plate 23, p. 268), 357
” foot, 358
” fluted, 277
” Frankish, 45
” German (Pl. 21, p. 236), 353, 356
” German influence upon, 349
” Gothic, 353
” horse, 354
” for Infante (Philip III.), (Plate 18, p. 196), 357
” influence of gunpowder upon, 360
” Italian, 355
” ” influence upon, 349
” lancers’ (Plate 25, p. 316), 316
” Maximilian, 278
” Milanese (Plate 21, p. 236), 355, 357
” Milanese, of King Philip IV. (Plate 35, p. 356), 358
” Norman, 67
” from Pamplona (Plate 22, p. 240), 357
” by Picinino (Pl. 19, p. 212), 357
” Roman Republican, 36
” Savoy, Duke of (Plate 36, p. 358), 358
” King Sebastian (Plate 20, p. 232), 356
” slashed, 291
” tegulated, 74
” tilting, 233
Armourers’ Hall, 294
” ” gauntlet, 298
Arms, towns renowned for, 359
Arquebus, 306, 367
” wall (Plate 39, p. 364), 368
Arquebusier, 260, 315
” Maximilian, 30
Arrow-heads, 4
” bronze, 16
” Saxon, 55
Assyrians, the, 20
Artilleryman, 365
Audley, Lord, brass of, 269
Augsburg armour (Plate 30, p. 340), 353
” Colman family of, 353
Axe, Danish, 64
” Edinburgh Castle (Plate 27, p. 322), 322
” Saxon, 53
Bacon, Sir -- de, brass of, 118
Balista, 343
Bamberg, effigy at, 169
Banded mail, 70, 134
” construction of (Plate 14, p. 136), 134
” introduction of, 97
Banner, 110
Banneret, knight, 110
Barbute, 172
Bardiche, 210
Bardwell, William, brass of, 270
Bascinet (British Museum MSS.), 150, 153, 172, 173, 209
” Lord St. Amand, 151
” Thomas de Beauchamp, 150
” Sir William Burgate, 174
” Camail and Jupon Period, 170
” Sir John de Creke, 142
” Cyclas Period, 142
” Parham Park, 171
” St. Albans, Camail and Jupon Period, 170
” Sir Humphrey de Stafford, 216
” Studded and Splinted Period, 149
” Surcoatless Period, 195, 208
” Tower of London, 171
” Ulrich Landschaden, 173
” Wallace Collection, 171
Baselard, 338
Bases or lamboys, 289
Basket-hilted sword, 337
Bastard sword, 197, 261
Battle-axes, 8
Bavière (British Museum MSS.), 208, 266
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 220
Bayard, Chevalier, armour of (Plate 8, p. 64), 272
Bayeux Tapestry, 65, 67
Bear’s-paw sabbatons, 280
Beauchamp Chapel, 244
” Richard de, 211
” ” effigy of, 244
” Thomas, Earl of Warwick, 160
” Thomas de, bascinet, 150
Belt, bronze, Greek, 31
Berkeley, Lord, 169
Bifid beard, Saxon, 62
Bill (Plate 27, p. 322), 328
Billman (British Museum MS.), 205
” Surcoatless Period, 204
Bipennis, 54, 80
Bitton, Sir John de, 87
Black Prince, heaume of, 184
Bœotian helmet, 29
Bohun, Humphrey de, crest of, 116
Bolts or quarrels, 133
Bombard, the Creçy (Plate 40, p. 366), 363
Bombards, 307, 362
Bothe, Sir Robert del, brass of, 249
Bouche, 253
Bourdonass lance, 311
Bow, Assyrian, 22
” Egyptian, 23
” Greek, 26, 32
” Norman, 66
Bowman, 255
Bracer, 209, 319
Brass at Croft, 118
Brass of Robert Albyn, 190
” Sir John d’Aubernoun, 97, 144
” Lord Audley, 269
” Sir -- de Bacon, 118
” William Bardwell, 270
” Sir Robert del Bothe, 249
” Sir Thomas Braunston, 190
” Humphrey Brewster, 301
” Sir Robert de Bures, 116
” Lord Robert Ferrers of Chartley, 199
” Sir William Cheyne, 157
” Robert Colt, 230, 248
” John Colt, 270
” John Daundelion, 247
” Sir William de Echingham, 176
” Lord L’Estrange, 270
” Sir Simon de Felbrygge, 199
” Sir -- de Fitzralph, 118
” John Gaynesford, 247
” Henry Green, 250
” Walter Green, 247
” Sir Thomas Grene, 250
” Sir Anthony de Grey, 230, 252
” Richard Gyll, 270
” Sir John Hanley, 190
” Sir Robert Harcourt, 230
” Sir John de Harpedon, 217
” Sir Hugh Hastings, 150, 158
” Sir Ralph de Knevynton, 169
” Knight at Laughton, 193
” Sir John de Leventhorpe, 201
” Sir John Lysle, 201
” Sir John de Northwode, 144
” Henry Parice, 230, 248
” Sir John Peryent, 229
” Sir John de St. Quintin, 190
” Sir Thomas de St. Quintin, 200, 244
” Sir John Say, 252
” Sir Robert de Septvans, 117
” Edward Stafford, 269
” Sir Humphrey Stanley, 271
” Sir Miles de Stapleton, 157, 188, 227
” Sir Robert Staunton, 229, 248
” Sir Roger de Trumpington, 99
” Sir John Wylcotes, 192
Brassarts, demi-, 118
” Jacobi, 297
” Transition Period, 269
Brayette, 284
Breastplate (British Museum MS.), 168
” Burgundian, 358
” Camail and Jupon Period, 168
” Cyclas Period, 140
” Globose, 242
” Jacobi, 296
” long form of, 250
” Maximilian, 282
” peascod, 283
” Studded and Splinted Period, 148
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 223
” Transition Period, 267
” (Tower of London), 225
Brigandines, construction of, 263
Bronze Age, 9
” arrow-heads of, 16
” daggers of, 11
” mace of, 19
” shields of, 17
” spear of, 14
” sword of, 12, 19
Bronze gun, Dardanelles, 363
Brown bill, 328
Bufe, 279
Bures, Sir Robert de, brass of (Plate 11, p. 116), 116
Burgate, Sir William, bascinet of, 174
Burgonet, 28
” Hatfield House, 307
“Burgundenses,” 262
Burgundian breastplate, 358
Burgundy cross armour (Plate 31, p. 346), 355
Byrnie, Saxon, 58
Cabasset (Plate 26, p. 318), 304
Caliver, 306, 316
Calthorpe, Sir William, 201
Camail and Jupon Period, 166, 174
” ” ” bascinet, 170
” ” ” bascinet, St. Albans, 170
” ” ” gauntlets, 178
” ” ” hauberk, 169
” ” ” heaume of, 183
” ” ” hip belt, 180
” ” ” laminated epaulières, 177
” ” ” leg armour, 180
” ” ” misericorde, 182
” ” ” plate defences, 177
” ” ” shield, 183
” ” ” sword, 181
” ” ” visor, 171
Cannon, construction of, 364
” Dardanelles (Plate 38, p. 362), 363
” at Ghent, 363
” Madrid (Plate 37, p. 360), 365
” at Mont St. Michael, 363
” names of, 364
” at Rotunda, 364
Cannonier, 262, 306, 363
_Cap-à-pie_ suit, Tower of London, 240
” ” Wallace Collection, 242
Carabine, 306
Carbineer, half armour of, 316
Catapult, 342
Cavalry, Half Armour Period, 315
” Maximilian Period, 307
Celts, bronze, 9
” Egyptian, 7
” origin of name, 2
” pronunciation of, 2
” Palæolithic and Neolithic, 3
Chain mail, 84
” fabrication of, 86
” Period, 81
” Reinforced Period, 97
” ” ” archer, 122
” ” ” guige, 99
” ” ” heaume, 101
” ” ” soldier, 121
” ” ” sword, 98
” Saxon, 60
Chanfron (Plate 34, p. 354), 354
Chapelle-de-fer, 259
” ” of Lord St. Amand, 151
Charles V., equestrian suit of, 354
” Negroli armour (Plate 10, p. 80), 355
Chausses, 98
” Norman, 76
” Studded and Splinted Period, 149
Cheney, Sir John, genouillière of, 272
Chevalier Bayard, armour of, 272
Cheyne, Sir Thomas, 189
” Sir William, 157, 189
Cinquedea, 334
Claymore, 337
Clehongre, effigy at, 145
Club tournament, 312
Cobham, Sir Reginald de, orle of, 187
” Sir John de, 190
Coif-de-mailles, 98
” ” fixing of, 105
Coif, Norman, 73
Coinage, armour upon, 161
Colt, John, brass of, 270
” Robert, brass of, 230, 248
” Thomas, pauldron of, 228
Collections, foreign armour in, 350
” German suits in, 350
Colman, Desiderius, foot armour (Plate 12, p. 128), 356
” family at Augsburg, 353
Composition of gunpowder, 361
Construction of early cannon, 361
Contoise, 101, 186, 237
Continental equipment, 351
” and English equipment, 352
Coronal, 238
” lance head, 311
Corporation mace, 331
Corselets, almayne, 305
Coudières, 118
” butterfly, 244
” fan-shaped, 201
” of Thomas Playters, 229
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155
” fan-shaped, Surcoatless Period, 196
” Tabard Period, 228
” Wallace Collection, 229
Courses, 308
Courtney, Edward, panache of, 187
Crakeys, 361
Cray, John, misericorde of, 182
Creçy bombard, 363
Creke, Sir John de, bascinet of, 142
Crest, Humphrey de Bohun, 116
” Richard Fitzalan, 116
” introduction of, 90
” John de Warenne, 116
Crests, 97, 115, 186
Crinet, 354
Cross-bow, 126
” barrelled, 133
” à Galet, 133
” goat’s foot, or hind’s foot, 131
” hand, 131
” missiles, 133
” moulinet and pulleys, 132
” wheel and ratchet, 132
Cross-legged effigies, 99
Cuirass, 30
” Etruscan, 34
” Greek, 24
” Roman Imperial, 39
” Roman Republican, 36, 37
Cuirassier, Half Armour Period, 315
Cuir-bouilli, 98
Cuishes, 309
Cuissarts, Transition Period, 269
Cuisses, Maximilian Period, 284
Culette, 291
Cultellus, 79, 334
Culverin, hand, 367
Cumæ, 29
Cyclas Period, 139, 141
” soldier of, 144
” sword, 144
Dag, 308
Dagger, 338
” bronze, 11
” kidney, 339
” main-gauche, 339
” Norman, 79
” Saxon, 54
” thumb-guard, 339
Daggers, 6
Dagging, 168
Dardanelles bronze gun (Plate 38, p. 362), 363
Danes, 63
Danes and Saxons, 47
Danish axe, 64
” helmet, 63
” shield, 64
” spear, 64
” sword, 64
Das Deutsche Stechen, 238, 308
d’Aubernoun, Sir John, brass of, 97, 144
Daundelion, John, brass of, 247
Decorated armour, 292
Defences, not plate, 71
Demi-placcate (British Museum MS.), 225
” Tabard Period, 223
d’Eresby brass, 192
” orle, 187
Despencer, Hugh de, 160
Dragon, 308
” Half Armour Period, 316
Dunbar, Patrick, heaume of, 113
Early cannon, construction of, 361
Early projectiles, 362
Echingham, Sir W. de, brass of, 176
Edinburgh Castle, armour in (Plate 24, p. 312), 306
Edward III., 160
Edward, Prince of Wales, heaume of, 116
Effigies, cross-legged, 99
Effigy, Bamberg Cathedral, 196
” Richard Beauchamp, 244
” Clehongre, 145
” Prince John of Eltham, 145
” from tomb of Lady Eleanor Fitzalan, 153
” Sir Robert Shurland, 141
” Aymer de Valence, 143
” Sir John Verney, 247
” Sir Thomas Vernon, 246
Egyptians, 22
Engines, projectile-throwing, 340
English archers, 255
” armour, 352
” and Continental equipment, 352
Épaule de mouton, 237, 286
Epaulières, laminated, Camail and Jupon Period, 177, 196
” ” Tabard Period, 226
Equestrian suit, Charles V., 354
” ” Wallace Collection, 241
Equipment, continental, 351
Espalier pauldrons, 239
Etruscans, 33
Falarica, 343
Falchion, 334
Falcon, 307
Fauchard, 210, 320
Felbrygge, Sir Simon de, brass of, 199
Ferrara suit, 300
Ferrars, Robert de, heaume of, 112
” of Chartley, Lord R., brass of, 199
Fire-pot, 261
Fitzalan, Lady Eleanor, effigies from tomb of, 152
Fitzalan, Richard, crest of, 116
Fitzralph, Sir -- de, brass of, 118
Flail, military, 329
Flamberge, 337
Flemish armour (Plate 23, p. 268), 357
Flint-lock, 369
Fluted armour, 277
Foot armour, 287, 288, 358
” soldier (British Museum MSS.), 206, 207
” ” Surcoatless Period, 204
” tournaments, 312
Forbidden gauntlet, 356
” ” Armourers’ Hall and Tower of London, 298
Foreign armour in collections, 350
Foreign armour and tournaments, 350
Fork, military, 326
” scaling (Plate 27, p. 322), 326
Francisca, Frankish, 43
Franks, 43
Free Course, 286, 312
Fustibal or staff-sling, 134
Fylfote, 99
Fynderne, William, tabard of, 215
Gadlings, 179
Gambeson, 67
” Cyclas Period, 141
” Surcoatless Period, 196
Gammadion, 99
Garde-de-bras, 229, 237, 287
Garde-de-rein, 241, 279, 282
Gauntlet, Armourers’ Hall, 298
” Camail and Jupon Period, 178
” Charles V. (Plate 32, p. 348), 354
” forbidden, 356
” Jacobi, 298
” mail, 107
” shell, 253
” Surcoatless Period, 196
Gaynesford, John, brass of, 247
Genouillière, Jacobi, 297
” of Sir Roger le Strange, 272
” Wallace Collection, 231
Genouillières (British Museum MSS.), 156, 232
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 98
” of Sir John Cheney, 272
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155, 156
” Tabard Period, 232
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, crest of, 90
Gerard, Piers, sabbatons of, 232
” ” tabard of, 215
German armour (Plate 21, p. 236), 353, 356
” Course, 308
” suits in collections, 350
Ghent, cannon at, 363
Gilbert de Clare, ailettes of, 103
Glaives (Plate 27, p. 322), 328
Goedendag, 330
Gorget, Jacobi, 296
” Maximilian Period, 280
” Surcoatless Period, 194, 212
” Transition Period, 267
Gothic armour, Wallace Collection, 239
” style, 242
” suits, 353
Goussets, laminated, 239
” plate, 225, 267
Grande-garde, 285
Greaves, Greek, 25, 30, 31
Greek engines, 341
” fire, 261, 360
” historic age, 24, 27
” lance, 27
” phalanx, 27
Green, Henry, brass of, 250
” Walter, brass of, 247
Grene, Sir Thomas, brass of, 250
Grevières or jambarts, Studded and Splinted Period, 157
Grey, Sir Anthony de, brass of, 230, 252
Grey of Ruthin, Lord, 160
Gridiron helmet, 312
Guard-plate to knee, 250
Guige, 78, 238
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 99
Guisarme, 210, 320
” Norman, 79
Gunpowder, composition of, 361
” influence on armour, 360
” introduction of, 27
Gyll, Richard, brass of, 270
Gyn, 345
Half Armour Period, 313
” ” archers, 318
” ” arquebusier, 315
” ” carbineer, 316
” ” cavalry, 315
” ” cuirassier, 315
” ” dragoon, 316
” ” helmet, 313
” ” musketeer, 317
” ” pikeman, 316
” ” three-quarter suit, 314
Halberd, Edinburgh Castle (Plate 27, p. 323), 323
Hand-and-a-half sword, 197
Hand culverin, 367
” guns, 365
” gun man, 261, 262
” gun men, Burgundian, 262
Hanley, Sir John, brass of, 190
Haqueton, 117
” Cyclas Period, 139
Harcourt, Sir Robert, brass of, 230
Harpedon, Sir John de, brass of, 217
Hastings, Sir Hugh, brass of, 150
” Sir Hugh, heaume of, 154
” Lawrence, 160
Hatfield House, burgonet, 307
” ” helmet, 300
” ” sabbatons, 305
Hauberk, 98
” Camail and Jupon Period, 169
” Cyclas Period, 140
” Norman Period, 73
” Studded and Splinted Period, 147
” Surcoatless Period, 196
Hausse-col, 252
Haut-de-chausses, Studded and Splinted Period, 156
Hawberk, Sir Nicholas, 169
Head-piece (British Museum MS.), 206
Heaume, 81
” Berlin, 91
” Black Prince (Plate 17), 184
” the Brocas (Plate 39, p. 364), 274
” Roger de Bigod, 82
” Camail and Jupon Period, 183
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 101, 112
” Richard de Clare, 83
” Cœur de Lion, 91
” conical, introduction of, 97
” Patrick Dunbar, 113
” Hugh Fitz-Eudo, 82
” Edward, Prince of Wales, 116
” Robert de Ferrars, 112
” Hamelin, 83
” Sir Hugh Hastings, 154
” Henry de Lacy, 115
” Painted, at Leipzic, 82
” Sir Geoffrey Luterell, 154
” Henry de Perci, 115
” Pembridge, 185
” Richard Plantagenet, 112
” Pranker, 187
” Rotunda (Plate 39, p. 364), 185
” Sir William de Staunton, 101
” Tower of London, 273
” Sir Edward de Thorpe, 187
” Tilting, 235
” Various, 274
” Hugh de Vere, 83
” The Wallace, 273
Helmet, Assyrian, 21
” Cabasset, 304
” Danish, 63
” Egyptian, 23
” Etruscan, 33
” Greek, 24, 28
” Gridiron, 312
” Grotesque, 292
” Half Armour Period, 313
” Hatfield House, 300
” Jacobi, 295
” latticed, 312
” Maximilian Period, 280
” morion, 304
” nasal, 112
” Norman, 78
” of Philip II. by Wolf (Plate 16, p. 166), 356
” Roman Imperial, 39
” ” Republican, 37
” Saxon, 56
” Tabard Period, 216
” Transition Period, 265
Henry de Beaumont, ailettes of, 102
Henri de Perci, banner of, 111
Heraldry, beginning of, 89
Hip belt, Camail and Jupon Period, 180
” ” Surcoatless Period, 196
Hog’s bristle, 318
Holy water sprinkler, 329
Horse armour, 354
Houppelande, 207, 259
Huskyn, 319
Imperial Period, Roman armour, 37
Infantry, Maximilian Period, 301
Italian armour, 355
” Course, 238, 286, 310
Jacobi brassarts, 297
” breastplate, 296
” gauntlets, 298
” genouillière, 297
” gorget, 296
” jambarts, 297
” pauldrons, 297
” sabbatons, 297
” suits, 294
” taces, 296
” turners, 297
Jacque, 204, 262
Jambarts, demi-, 118
” Jacobi, 297
Javelin, 4, 31, 263
Jazeraint work, 264
John de Warenne, ailettes of, 102
Joustes of Peace, 238
Jupon, Camail and Jupon Period, 167
Kidney dagger, 339
” guard, 282
King Sebastian, armour, 356
Knevynton, Sir Ralph de, 188
” ” brass of, 169
Knighthood, 111
Knight, Transition Period, 271
Lacy, Henry de, heaume, 115
Lambrequins, 31, 237
Lamboys or bases, 289
Laminated goussets, 239
Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, 160
Lance, 99, 332
” Assyrian, 22
” Bourdonass, 311
” Frankish, 44
” Greek, 26
Lance head, coronal, 311
” Norman, 65
” rest, 233
Landschaden, Ulrich, bascinet of, 173
Landschut, Wolf, family of, 355
Latimer, Sir W. de, panache of, 186
Latten, 242
Latticed helmet, 312
Laughton, knight at, brass of, 193
Leg armour, Camail and Jupon Period, 180
Leg defence, leather, 109
Leg defences, Tabard Period, 231
L’Estrange, Lord, brass of, 270
Leventhorpe, Sir John de, brass of, 201
Littlebury, Sir Humphrey, 189
Lobster-tail tassets, 307
Long-bow, Saxon, 55
Lucio Picinino, 357
Ludwig of Bavaria, Duke, salade of, 220
Luterell, Sir Geoffrey, heaume of, 154
Lysle, Sir John, brass of, 201
Mace, 329
” Assyrian, 22
” Bronze Age, 19
” Corporation, 331
” Norman, 67
” Saxon, 67
” used by ecclesiastics, 331
Madrid, Royal Armoury at, 353
Mail, banded, 134
” gauntlet, 107
” skirt, 240
Main-de-fer, 237
Mainfaire, 355
Main-gauche, 339
Malacat, Sir Pandulf, 212
Mammelières, 204, 261
Man-at-arms, Chain Mail Period, 95
” Surcoatless Period, 203
Mangonel, 346
Manifere, 237
Manteau d’armes, 286, 311
Mantling, 237
Martel-de-fer, 331
Matchlock, 367
” drill, 318
Maule, 319
Maunche, 159
Maximilian armour, 278
” breastplate, 282
” cavalry, 307
” cuisses, 284
” gorget, 280
” infantry, 301
” pauldrons, 283
” Period, 275
” pikeman, 303
Mentonnière, of Lord St. Amand, 151
” Tabard Period, 219
” Wallace Collection, 221
Milanese armour (Plate 21, p. 236), 355, 357
Military flail, 329
” fork, 326
” pick, 79
Misericorde, 252
” Camail and Jupon Period, 182
” John Cray, 182
” Surcoatless Period, 197
Missaglias, 244
Mons Meg, 363
Mont St. Michael, cannon at, 363
Morgensterns, 330
Morion, 304
Morning star, 329
Musketeer, Half Armour Period, 317
Names of cannon, 364
Nasal, Norman, 78
Negroli family, 355
Neville, Richard, 253
Norman armour, 67
” bow, 66
” chausses, 76
” coif, 73
” hauberk, 73
” helmet, 78
” lance, 65
” mace, 67
” nasal, 78
” pennon, 65
” period, 65
Norman shield, 77
” sword, 66
Northwode, Sir John de, brass of, 144
Occularium, 218, 222
Open Course, 238
Orle, 187, 246
” Sir Reginald de Cobham, 187
” d’Eresby, 187
Palette, 196, 237
Paletoot, Sir John de, 189
Pamplona armour (Plate 21, p. 240), 357
Panache, 186
” Edward Courteney, 187
” Sir William de Latimer, 186
Parazonium, Greek, 32
Parice, Henry, brass of, 230, 248
Partisan, 210, 324
Pas d’ane, 336
Passe gardes, 227
Patron, 308
Pauldrons, 237
” Thomas Colt, 228
” espalier, 229
” Jacobi, 297
” laminated, Tabard Period, 227
” Maximilian, 283
” Tabard Period, 227
” Transition Period, 268
” Wallace Collection, 228
” William Yelverton, 228
Pavise, 257
” (British Museum MS.), 258
” Wallace Collection, 257
Pavon, 110, 111
Peascod breastplate, 283
Pembridge, Sir Richard, shield of, 183
” heaume, 185
Pennon, 110
” Norman, 65
Pennonçel, 110
Perci, Henry de, heaume of, 115
Perrier, 345
Peryent, Sir John, brass of, 229
Petardier, 261
Peterara (Plate 39, p. 364), 365
Petrary, 346
Petronel, 306
Pfeffenhauser, Anton, 357
Philip III. armour (Plate 18, p. 196; Plate 19, p. 212;
Plate 22, p. 240), 357
Picinino, Lucio (Plate 19, p. 212), 300, 357
Pike, 210, 324
” guards, 227, 244, 268
Pikeman, Half Armour Period (Plate 24, p. 312), 316
” Maximilian Period, 303
” Surcoatless Period, 204
Pilum, Roman (Imperial), 40
Pistols, 370
Plantagenet, Richard, heaume of, 112
Plastron-de-fer, Norman, 73
Plate defences, Camail and Jupon Period, 177
” goussets, 225
Playters, Thomas, coudière of, 229
Polder mitten, 237, 286
Pole-axe, 210, 240, 321
” Saxon, 54
Poniard, 338
Pot-de-fer, 260
Pourpoint, 155
Pranker heaume, 187
Pre-Norman Period, sword of, 333
Projectile-throwing engines, 340
” early, 362
Pryck spurs, 99
Quarrels or bolts, 133
Queue, Tower of London, 236
” Wallace Collection, 236
Quintin, Sir John de St., 190, 199
” Sir Thomas de St., brass of, 200
” Thomas de St., brass of, 244
Quiver, 209
” Greek, 33
Ranseur (Plate 27, p. 322), 324
Rapier, 336
Rhodes armour (Plate 9, p. 72), 253
Ricasso, 337
Richard III., 253
Rivets, almayne, 305
Roman armour, Republican, 36
” ” Imperial Period, 37
” engines, 341
Rondache, Augsburg (Plate 4, p. 40), 299
” Desiderius Colman (Plate 3, p. 32), 299
” Italian (Plate 1, p. 16), 299
” ” (Plate 5, p. 48), 299
” ” (Plate 6, p. 56), 299
” Philip II. (Plate 2, p. 24), 299
Rondaches, 298
Rotunda, 253
” cannon at, 364
” heaume, 185
Roundels, 118
Royal Armoury, Madrid, 353
Sabbaton, 232
Sabbatons, bear’s-paw, 280
” of Piers Gerard, 232
” Hatfield House, 305
” Jacobi, 297
” Transition Period, 269
Sabre, 334
Salade, 217, 260
” on brasses, 248
” of Duke Ludvig of Bavaria, 220
” of German pattern, 220
” Maximilian Period, 281
” Milanese (Plate 7, p. 60), 355
” Tower of London, 219
” Wallace Collection, 219
Salletts, 218
Saxon arrow-head, 55
” axe, 53
” byrnie, 58
” chain mail, 60
” dagger, 54
” helmet, 56
” long-bow, 55
” pole-axe, 54
” shield, 57
” sling, 55
” spear-heads, 49
” swords, 50
Saxon umbo, 57
Saxons and Danes, 47
Say, Sir John, brass of, 252
” ” ” tabard of, 215
Scaling fork, 326
Scarisbrick Tabard, 216
Scimitar, 209, 335
Sebastian, King, armour of (Plate 20, p. 232), 356
Septvans, Sir Robert de, brass of, 117
Serpentin, 307, 367
Sharfrennen, 309
Shell gauntlets, 253
Shelton, Sir Ralph, tabard of, 215
Shield, Assyrian, 21
” Bronze Age, 17
” (British Museum MS.), 203
” Camail and Jupon Period, 92
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” Etruscan, 35
” Greek, 25, 28
” Norman, 77
” Roman, Imperial Period, 39
” Saxon, 57
” Sir Richard Pembridge, 183
” Studded and Splinted Period, 157
” Surcoatless Period, 203
” of Robert Wyvill, 183
Shields or rondaches, 298
Shurland, Sir Robert, effigy of, 141
Sieges, 340
Sir John de Bitton, 87
Sir Oliver d’Ingham, stone effigy, 100
Sir Roger de Kerdeston, stone effigy, 100
Sir Robert de Trumpington, brass of, 99
Sir William de Staunton, heaume, 101
Skirt of mail, Transition Period, 269
Slab, Sir John de Bitton, 87
Slashed armour, 291
Sling, Saxon, 55
Sling-stones, 7
Snap-hance, 369
Snout-faced visor, 171
Soldier, Cyclas Period, 144
” Chain Mail Period, 93
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 121
Sollerets, 120
” studded and splinted, 157
Spanish soldiers, eleventh century, 351
Spear, bronze, 14
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” heads, 4
” ” Greek, 32
” ” Saxon, 49
” Roman Imperial, 40
” Saxon, 48
Spearman (British Museum MS.), 207
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 96
Spetum, 324
Spontoon, 326
Sprinkler, holy water, 329
Spurs, 242
” pryck, 99
Stafford, Lord, 160
” Edward, brass of, 269
” Sir Humphrey de, bascinet of, 216
Staff-sling or fustibal, 94, 134
Stake, archer’s, 209
Standard of mail, Transition Period, 221, 267
Stanley, Sir Humphrey, brass of, 271
Stapleton, Sir Miles, 189
” ” ” brass of, 157, 188, 227
Staunton, Sir Robert, brass of, 229, 248
Stechtarsche, 238
Stone Age, 1
” arrow and javelin heads, 4
” battle-axes, 8
” celts, 2
” daggers, 6
” sling-stones, 7
” spear-heads, 4
Stone effigy, Sir Oliver d’Ingham, 100
” Sir R. de Kerdeston, 100
Strange, Sir Roger le, genouillière of, 272
Studded and Splinted Period, 146
Suits, Jacobi, 294
Surcoat, 98
” Chain Mail Period, 88
Surcoat or jupon, Studded and Splinted Period, 147
Surcoatless Period, 194
” ” archer, 209
” ” bascinet, 195, 208
” ” bavière, 195
” ” billman, 204
” ” breastplate, 195
” ” fan-shaped coudières, 196
” ” foot soldier, 204
” ” gambeson, 196
” ” gauntlets, 196
” ” gorget, 194, 212
” ” hauberk, 196
” ” hip belt, 196
” ” man-at-arms, 203
” ” misericorde, 197
” ” pikeman, 204
” ” shield, 203
” ” sword, 197
” ” taces, 195
Svastika, 99
Swedish feather, 318
Swine’s feather, 318
Sword, 252, 332
” anelace, 334
” Assyrian, 21
” bastard, 261, 338
” basket-hilted, 337
” bronze, 12, 19
” Camail and Jupon Period, 181
” Chain Mail Reinforced Period, 98
” Cinquedea, 334
” Cortes (Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” cultellus, 334
” Cyclas Period, 144
” Danish, 64
” Egyptian, 23
” Falchion, 334
” Flamberge, 337
” Frankish, 45
” Gonsalvo de Cordoba (Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” guards of, 335
” Greek, 25, 28
” Norman, 66
” Pre-Norman Period, 333
” Roman Imperial, 40
” Philip II. (Plate 28, p. 334; Plate 29, p. 338), 335
” sabre, 334
” Saxon, 50
” scimitar, 335
” Surcoatless Period, 197
” Tabard Period, 232
” thumb-guard, 336
” two-handed, 255, 336
Swynborne, Sir Robert, brass of, 170
Tabard, William Fynderne, 215
” Piers Gerard, 215
” Period, 213, 214
” ” arm defences, 225
” ” bavière, 220
” ” breastplate, 223
” ” coudières, 228
” ” demi-placcate, 223
” ” genouillières, 232
” ” helmet, 216
” ” laminated epaulières, 226
” ” laminated pauldrons, 227
” ” leg defences, 231
” ” mentonnière, 219
” ” pauldrons, 227
” ” sword, 232
” ” taces, 229
” ” tuilles, 229
” ” tuillettes, 229
” Scarisbrick, 216
” Sir John Say, 215
” Sir Ralph Shelton, 215
” John Wantele, 215
Taces, Jacobi, 296
” Surcoatless Period, 195
” Tabard Period, 229
Tapul, 283
Tassets, 282
” lobster tail, 307
Tegulated armour, 74
Thorpe, Sir Edward de, heaume, 187
Three-quarter suit, Half Armour Period, 314
Thumb-guard, dagger, 339
” sword, 336
Tilting armour, 233
” ” German, 234
” ” Wallace Collection, 235
” heaume, 235
” pieces, 285
Tormentum, 342
Tournaments, 308
” and foreign armour, 350
Tower of London, Greek armour, 29
Towns renowned for arms, 359
Transition Period, 265
” ” brassarts, 269
” ” breastplate, 267
” ” cuissarts, 269
” ” gorget, 267
” ” helmet, 265
” ” knight, 271
” ” pauldrons, 268
” ” sabbatons, 269
” ” skirt of mail, 269
” ” standard of mail, 267
Trebuchet (British Museum MSS.), 344, 345, 346, 347
Trews, 117
Tuilles, Tabard Period, 229
Tuillettes, Tabard Period, 229
Tunic, Assyrian, 20
” Egyptian, 22
Turners, 254
” Jacobi, 297
Two-handed sword, 336
Über die Pallia, 238, 310
Umbo, Saxon, 57
Umbril, 307
Valence, Aymer de, effigy of, 143
Vamplate, 310
” Tower of London, 236
Vambraces, demi, 118
” Studded and Splinted Period, 155
Ventaille, 112
Verney, Sir John, effigy of, 247
Vernon, Sir Thomas, effigy of (Frontispiece), 246
Vervelles, 142, 176, 222
Visor, Camail and Jupon Period, 171
Volante piece, 285, 356
Voulge, 326
Wantele, John, tabard of, 215
Warenne, John de, crest of, 116
War hat, Wallace Collection, 152
Warwick Roll, 253
Welsches Gestech, 238
Wheel-lock, 367
Wolf family, 365
” Philip II., armour (Plate 13, p. 132), 356
” tilting armour (Plate 15, p. 146), 356
Wylcotes, Sir John, brass of, 102
Wyvill, Robert, shield, 183
Yelverton, William, pauldron of, 228
THE END
Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. Edinburgh & London