DIRECTION
A LESSON IN THE SCHOOL YARD AT NOON TIME
Face the sun. We are facing the south. Does the sun always lie south of
us? Where was it early this morning when it arose? That was east. Where
will it be at sunset? That is west. Move your hand to show the sun's
daily journey from east to south to west. The sun is south of us only at
noon time.
[Illustration]
Face your shadow. Now the sun is behind you. What direction is back of
you? You are facing north. Look at the shadows of the school, of the
fence, of the pole, and of all the other children. They are all falling
to the north. Can you make your shadow fall east or west or south? Why
not? When only will shadows fall north? Can you think of any time when
the shadows would fall east or west? Could they ever fall south? Why
not?
2
Draw this diagram on the yard pavement, and mark the parts that are
north, south, east and west. Stand at the middle of the cross. Face
north. What is behind you? What direction is at your right side and
which is at your left side? Learn these words:
"When I face the north the south is behind me; the east is at my right
hand and the west is at my left hand."
If you pass a weather vane on your way home, see if you can read the
letters on it and find out what they mean.
3
With soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one end toward the north
and one end toward the south. Mark N for north and S for south. Draw a
line across the middle of it, and mark E for east and W for west.
What is north of you, south of you, east of you and west of you?
In what direction from you is your teacher's desk?
On what side of you are the blackboards? On which side are the windows?
Walk toward the north, toward the east, toward the south, toward the
west.
Which boy or girl is north of you? Which pupil is west of you?
What is south of your room? What is east of it?
On what side of your room is the corridor? On which side is the street?
On which side is the school yard?
What is north of your teacher's desk? What is south of your teacher's
chair? What is west of the table? What is east of the windows?
4
[Illustration: POINTS OF THE COMPASS.]
Draw a plan of your desk. Mark north, south, east and west upon it. Hang
it up with north at the top. Draw a plan of your schoolroom. Mark the
north, south, east and west. Hang up the plan with north at the top.
Look at the plan of the town. We call it a map. North is at the top.
Find the rivers. At which side of the city are they?
Look at a plan of the entire school floor with all of the rooms and the
corridor. How shall we hang it?
5
Men have made plans of the city, the country, and the whole world. These
plans which show the land and water are called maps. On all maps north
is usually at the top.
Look at the map of the whole world. How can you tell which part means
land and which means water? What direction is at the top of the map, at
the bottom, at the right side, and at the left side?
6
See where we find the north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west.
PART TWO
CHAPTER I
THE EARTH AS A WHOLE
1
[Illustration]
Long ago wise men found out that the great earth on which we live is not
flat, but round like a ball. It is so very large, and we see so small a
part of it at one time, that it looks flat to us. Take a piece of paper
and tear out a small hole. Hold the hole over your globe so that a small
part of the surface shows through. Does the small piece of the globe
look very curved?
These men noticed ships sailing away across the water. When the ships
were far away the lower part of the boat could not be seen. More and
more disappeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen; and at
last they were gone too. If you make a little paper boat and let it sail
flat across your desk and then try it over the globe, you can see how
this proves that the earth is not flat.
Did you ever see an eclipse of the moon? The big curved shadow was the
earth's shadow. Why was the shadow round?
A globe shows the shape of the earth.
2
Look at all of the globes and maps in the room. Find how the land and
the water are shown. Can you see any islands, any peninsulas? A tiny dot
may mean the whole city with hundreds of homes, factories and other
buildings. Do you remember how we looked down on our town from a great
height and saw the many houses? Just think of a tiny dot meaning all of
our town.
[Illustration: WESTERN HEMISPHERE]
[Illustration: EASTERN HEMISPHERE]
3
How are the rivers drawn? Think of the great wide flowing river with its
wharves and its boats. It flows on for miles and miles. Some day all
of its water will reach the ocean. This little black line means all of
that great broad river.
Why do we have such tiny things to represent such great things?
See this land called North America. It would take five days and nights
in a fast express train to travel straight across it.
4
We can cut the globe in half and make a flat picture of the two parts as
they look when placed side by side.
Another name for the globe is sphere. "Hemi" means "half," so each half
of the globe is called a "hemisphere."
One half is called the Eastern Hemisphere and the other half the Western
Hemisphere.
In the Western Hemisphere we have the Western Continent, which is
America. This Western Continent is made of two grand divisions, North
America and South America. Why are they so named? We live in North
America. Find our city and the river nearest to it. North America was
joined to South America by a narrow strip of land called the _Isthmus of
Panama_. Look at the map and think why millions of dollars have been
spent through many years to cut through this isthmus. Now vessels can
pass through this Panama Canal.
Look at the map of the Western Hemisphere and notice what it contains
besides the Western Continent of America. There is more water than land.
This water forms the great oceans.
Perhaps you have been to Atlantic City or some other seashore place and
have seen the Atlantic Ocean. Do you remember the big waves which rolled
in on the sandy beach and the pretty white-caps far out? Did you see the
big nets drawn in full of hundreds of fish? Perhaps you bathed in the
ocean and got your mouth full of water. It did not taste like the water
we drink, for it was salty. All of the water of the ocean is salt water,
but the water of rivers is fresh.
The oceans are very large. It would take us five or six days and nights
on a great steamer to cross to the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In
what direction should we go?
5
On the western side of America there is another great ocean, the Pacific
Ocean. It has salt water like the Atlantic Ocean, and it also is
constantly in motion with great waves.
North of North America, in the intensely cold region, is the Arctic
Ocean. Great masses of ice called icebergs and ice floes are floating
through this ocean.
Far south of South America is the Antarctic Ocean. It does not touch
South America. It too is in a cold part of the world.
6
Do you know of any people who came here from England, Ireland, France,
Germany, Italy or Russia? Their homes were in the Eastern Hemisphere.
The Eastern Hemisphere has a great mass of land called the Eastern
Continent. The Eastern Continent is composed of three grand divisions,
Europe, Asia and Africa.
Find the great island named Australia. That is sometimes called the
Australian Continent because it is so large.
7
The same oceans which are in the Western Hemisphere extend into the
Eastern Hemisphere. Can you name them? The Eastern Hemisphere also
contains the Indian Ocean, which is not in the Western Hemisphere.
8
1. How can people go from North America to Europe?
2. How do the Chinese, whose home is in Asia, come to America?
3. Nearly all of the rubber which we use for automobile tires,
overshoes, erasers, and hundreds of other articles comes from South
America. Over what ocean does it come?
4. On what ocean did Peary sail on his journey to the North Pole?
5. When Amundsen searched for the South Pole, he started from an island
near Australia. On what oceans did he sail?
6. When the first negroes were brought here from Africa over what ocean
did they come?
7. What ocean trip is shortest from Africa to Asia?
8. Of what use is the ocean?
9. Which ocean can we reach most quickly from our home? How long would
it take us to get to this ocean?
10. How long would it take us to reach the Pacific Ocean?
"Behold the sea, ... splendid and strong, yet beautiful as the rose
or the rainbow; full of food, nourisher of man, purger of the world,
creating a sweet climate."--_Emerson_.
CHAPTER II
THE SEASONS
1
What kind of weather are we having now? What kind will we have in July,
in December, in April, in October?
What do we call the warm season? What is the cold season? What are the
mild seasons? How many seasons have we?
2
What kind of clothing do we need in winter?
What work in your home is different in winter from what is done in
summer? What season gives the school janitor most work? Why?
If you live in the country you have seen how different it looks in
winter time and in summer time. Tell how. In what ways do the town
streets and country roads differ in winter and in summer?
Name some winter and some summer sports and games.
There are certain kinds of industries which can be engaged in only in
summer and some only in winter. Decide which of the following are summer
and which are winter industries, and which require work in more than
one season:
Ice cutting Building
Farming Preserving
Lumbering Fishing
3
What season do we have when the warm summer is over, and before the cold
winter has set in? How do the city streets look then? How do you think
the farm looks then?
Autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm. The last of the vegetables
must be taken in and stored away for the winter. The ripe apples and
nuts must be gathered too. The corn is brought in from the fields and
stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm animals.
4
After the long cold winter is over the days grow gradually milder and
warmer until spring has come. Are you glad when spring comes? Why?
In your schoolroom you can tell when spring is here. How pleasant the
air feels as it blows in through the window! It seems to kiss us with
its warm breath. You can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy.
Perhaps a bee will buzz into the room. Many of the children will bring
to school the dainty little spring flowers, anemones, blood root,
hepatica, violets and buttercups.
Out in the country all nature is busy. The tree buds are swelling and
bursting. The grass and flowers are springing up. The birds are building
their nests. The farmer is ploughing and planting his fields.
CHAPTER III
THE ZONES
1
All parts of the earth do not have seasons such as we have. If we should
travel north we should find the climate growing colder and colder. After
a long time we should come to a region of intense cold. The ground would
be covered with ice and snow all the year through, both winter and
summer. This most northern part of the earth is called the North Pole.
The region around it is the North Frigid Zone. There is a South Pole and
a South Frigid Zone as cold as the northern one. You can see where they
are on the diagram.
If we start from here and take a trip south we find it constantly
growing warmer. At last we come to a place where it is extremely warm in
both summer and winter. That region is called the Torrid Zone because
"torrid" means "hot." This hot zone extends right around the middle part
of the earth. The very hottest part through the middle is the Equator.
Notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between the very cold
region, or Frigid Zone, and the very warm region, or Torrid Zone. Our
zone is called the North Temperate Zone. We have here spring, summer,
autumn and winter. Our weather is seldom so cold as in the Frigid Zones,
nor so warm as in the Torrid Zone. Our spring and autumn are mild or
temperate.
[Illustration: World map]
[Illustration: THE ZONES.]
Find the South Temperate Zone. Its climate is just like ours. What
seasons do they have there? What zone lies north of it and which south
of it?
Copy the diagram of the zones in your note-book.
2
THE TEMPERATE ZONE--OUR ZONE
Most of the people of the world live in one of the Temperate Zones, and
most of the great cities are in these zones. People can work better here
where we do not have either intensely hot or intensely cold weather all
of the time. There are two Temperate Zones, the North Temperate Zone
and the South Temperate Zone. In which do we live?
Some plants grow best in the Temperate Zones, while others live best in
the Torrid Zone. Scarcely any grow in the Frigid Zones. Name all the
plants you can think of that live in our zone. These plants grow during
the summer and rest or die when winter comes.
SOME PLANTS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES
Poplar Fruit trees
Maple Wheat
Chestnut Corn
Oak Cotton
Walnut Farm vegetables
Pine Familiar garden plants
None of these plants can grow well in either the intense cold of the
Frigid Zones or the great heat of the Torrid Zone.
3
Many animals live better in our zone than in any other zone. They need
temperate climate.
SOME ANIMALS OF THE TEMPERATE ZONES
Horse Squirrel
Cow Bear
Sheep Wolf
Pig Rabbit
Cat Fox
Dog Deer
Zebra Buffalo
Giraffe Goat
Which are domestic and which are wild animals? Describe each and tell
how it is useful to man.
[Illustration: ZEBRA.]
4
THE HOT ZONE
If we take a long trip to the south we find it growing warmer and warmer
until at last we have reached a land where it is warm all the year
through. This is the Torrid Zone.
The plants do not rest nor die in winter there, for there is no cold
weather. These plants keep right on growing through the year. Many of
the trees grow very, very high and have tremendous leaves.
In some cities there are large greenhouses where the Torrid Zone plants
are raised. The temperature must be kept as warm there as in the Torrid
Zone. These are some of the Torrid or Hot Zone plants:
Palm Rubber Giant ferns
Coffee Bamboo Banana
[Illustration: IN THE TORRID ZONE.]
In the forests of the Hot Zone the trees grow very close together. The
sunlight cannot shine through. It is impossible to walk through these
forests without first chopping out a pathway with a hatchet.
5
In these forests live many of the fierce animals which you have seen in
cages in the Zoological Gardens or at the circus.
SOME ANIMALS OF THE TORRID ZONE
Monkey Elephant
Camel Snake
Lion Parrot
Tiger Rhinoceros
Leopard Wild Cat
Describe these and tell of what use they are.
[Illustration: A TROPICAL JUNGLE.]
Why are some of the buildings in the Zoological Gardens so warm?
6
The Torrid Zone was the first home of the negroes before they were
brought to America. There are many negroes and Indians living in the
Hot Zone now. Many are but half-civilized. Some are savage. As they do
not need large warm homes like ours, some live in small huts made of the
branches of trees, earth and straw. A few of these homes together make a
village. These people get their food by hunting in the forest and
fishing in the rivers and ocean. They also eat the fruits that grow wild
in the forests. There are some cities in the Torrid Zone, but none of
them are very large. These towns have been built mostly by the civilized
white people. The streets are often shaded with beautiful palm trees.
The buildings are generally small, as the people live and work out of
doors as much as possible.
7
WHAT THE TEMPERATE AND TORRID ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER
The people living in the Torrid Zone send to us Temperate Zone people
many useful things that do not grow here. These are some of them:
Cocoanuts Chocolate
Bananas Pepper
Coffee Palm leaves
Rubber Mahogany
In return the Temperate Zone people send to the Torrid Zone inhabitants
things that they do not have. In the Hot Zone there are no large
factories in which to manufacture goods, so we send there:
Farm tools Guns
Woven goods Knives
Books Clothing
8
THE COLD ZONES
[Illustration: AN ESKIMO FAMILY.]
At the most northern part of the earth and at the most southern part are
regions of intense cold. The earth is entirely covered with ice and snow
all of the year. The water is filled with masses of floating ice and
snow. Our coldest winter days are not nearly so cold as the climate of
the North and South Frigid Zones. It is even hard to tell which is land
and which is water.
Of course no trees, nor grass, nor plants, nor animals, nor people of
any kind can live in that intense cold. At the parts near the Temperate
Zones, where it is slightly warmer, there are some very small dwarfed
trees not more than a foot or two high, and perhaps a little moss. It is
here that the Eskimos live; but most of the North Frigid Zone and the
South Frigid Zone is a stretch of frozen whiteness on all sides, with no
living thing of any kind. During the summer the sun never sets, so that
there is twilight all night. In winter the sun never rises above the
horizon, so there are months of darkness.
[Illustration: ESKIMO BOY.]
These frozen lands are the regions through which so many brave explorers
have traveled trying to find the most northern part called the North
Pole, and the most southern part, the South Pole. Many of these
fearless men have never returned from the Frigid Zones. They have
starved or been frozen to death.
At last, after trying for twenty-seven years, Robert E. Peary, an
American, reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. All Americans are
very proud of this brave, determined, fearless man, who would not stop
until he had done what he set out to do.
Roald Amundsen, a brave Norwegian, reached the South Pole on December
14, 1911, after suffering many hardships.
9
Peary has written a book in which he tells about his travels. Up in the
north he met the Eskimos, who belong to the Indian family. They live in
snow houses in the winter. In summer, which is also very cold, they live
in skin tents. These Eskimos dress in warm furs. They have no schools
nor churches, but they are a kind and peaceful people. They are very
good to the white explorers in the north.
The Eskimo travels mostly on foot, but carries loads on sledges drawn by
dogs. The Eskimo's dogs are his best friends. Without them he could not
manage to carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing. He also
uses boats which he makes of skins.
Many of the Frigid Zone animals are covered with heavy fur. Why?
SOME FRIGID ZONE ANIMALS
Dog Polar Bear Seal
Reindeer Whale Penguin
10
WHAT THE FRIGID AND TEMPERATE ZONES DO FOR EACH OTHER
Men go to the Frigid Zones and catch seals and other animals and bring
back the skins for the Temperate Zone people.
The whale, which lives in the ocean of the Frigid Zone, is also very
useful. From it we get the whalebone, oil and also a fertilizer to help
our farm crops to grow. Great quantities of whale meat are eaten by some
people of the Temperate Zones.
The Eskimos of the Frigid Zone are glad to have from the Temperate Zones
manufactured articles like pans, knives and guns.
11
1. What different kinds of people have you ever seen?
2. Why are the Temperate Zone people more civilized than the Frigid Zone
people?
3. Name some animals of each zone.
4. In which zones is it best to live? Why?
5. As you sit at your desk point toward the North Pole, toward the South
Frigid Zone, the North Frigid Zone, the South Temperate Zone, the
Equator, the South Pole, the Torrid Zone.
CHAPTER IV
NORTH AMERICA
1
Find where we live on the map of North America. Locate our home on all
of our maps and globes.
North America is a very large portion of land. You could sail along its
shores for thousands of miles. At its widest part you could not cross it
in a fast express train in less than five days and nights. There are
thousands of cities in this great grand division, for there are millions
of people here. Most of them are white or Caucasian. There are also many
Indians, negroes, Eskimos and Mongolians.
Much of the land is dense forest, and much is fertile farm land. A small
part has so few rivers and such a scarcity of rainfall that the land is
dry and arid. Little grows upon it but coarse grass and cactus. This
region is called a _desert_.
2
North America stretches far up north into the North Frigid Zone and far
south into the Torrid Zone, but most of it lies in the North Temperate
Zone. What plants and animals live in North America? It is separated
from Asia by a narrow strip of water called Behring Strait. How did
North America used to be connected with South America? Why is the
separation called a canal and not an isthmus?
3
[Illustration: BARNEGAT LIGHTHOUSE.]
Three great oceans wash the shores of North America. Name them. The
coast line is very irregular. Notice on the map that at places part of
the ocean extends far into the land, forming _gulfs_ and _bays_. Hudson
Bay, Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of St. Lawrence are all parts of which
ocean? The waves are not so high in the bays and gulfs as in the open
ocean. The land keeps off some of the wind. Vessels that are waiting to
be laden with cargo lie in these sheltered gulfs and bays. Why?
At many places along the shore the land juts out into the ocean in
_capes_. Many of these points of land have special names. Look on the
map for them. There are light houses built on most of these capes to
warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep away from the
dangerous rocks and shore. A cape is often a pleasant place for a summer
home. There is so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep across
it and make it delightfully cool.
4
Do you remember how we spoke of the river with its many boats and
steamers? There are hundreds of rivers in North America flowing for
miles until at last they reach the ocean.
5
There are many high hills, some so very high as to be called
_mountains_. There is a chain of these mountains called the Eastern
Highlands along the eastern part of North America. They extend for many
miles north and south. The scenery in this region is very beautiful. The
mountains are covered mostly with forests of pine, spruce, oak, maple,
chestnut and other trees. These are cut down for lumber. In the wilder
parts of these forests live squirrels, rabbits, bears and snakes. At
places the trees have been cut down to make room for fields of grain.
[Illustration: SURFACE MAP OF NORTH AMERICA.]
The mountains are full of useful minerals. Great quantities of coal and
iron are mined in the Eastern Highlands.
6
The highest mountains in North America are the Western Highlands in the
western part. One great chain or range extends the entire length of
North America from the Arctic Ocean down into South America. Great
forests grow on these mountains. In many places are huge masses of rock
on which nothing grows, so this range has been called the Rocky
Mountains. It is always bitter cold at the top of some of these
mountains because they reach so high. Even in summer they are capped
with snow. Nowhere in the world can more magnificent scenery be found.
West of the Rocky Mountains is the Pacific Mountain System.
Gold and silver are mined in the Western Highlands. In the wild parts of
the forests, where no people live, deer, wolves and bears may be found.
7
The low land between the mountains we call _plains_ or _valleys_. There
is a Great Central Plain which reaches from the Eastern Highlands to the
Western Highlands. There are many rivers in this valley. The Mississippi
and the Missouri Rivers are the largest.
8
You remember how rivers make rainfall and fertile soil. The Great
Central Plain has some of the best farm land in the world. In the
northern cold part hardly anything grows, but in the central part great
quantities of corn, grain, fruits and vegetables are raised. In the
south the plantations or farms raise sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, rice
and coffee.
[Illustration: SHEEP ON THE PLAINS.]
On the western plains great herds of thousands of sheep and cattle are
raised.
In the Great Central Plain are hundreds of cities where the farm
products are sold. Here, too, the farmers buy the farm tools and
machinery which they need. In the city mills the wheat is ground into
flour and the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or made into
furniture. The cattle and sheep are killed and the meat prepared for our
use.
9
East of the central part of the Great Central Plain are five of the
largest lakes in the world. When you are in a boat in the middle of any
one of them you cannot see the land on any side. They are called the
Great Lakes. Their names are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and
Ontario. They are all joined together, and from the last a large river
runs into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has the same name as the gulf.
There are many other smaller lakes in North America where the land is
low and the water from the rivers and streams fills up the hollows.
Nearly all have fresh water like the rivers. A very few, like Great Salt
Lake, contain salt water.
CHAPTER V
COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA
1
North America contains several different countries. Each is under a
separate government. These countries are United States, British America,
Danish America, Mexico and Central America. Each country has its own
ruler and its own laws. Each has a special flag and its own kind of
money and postage stamps.
2
THE UNITED STATES
We live in the best one of these countries, for we have the best ways of
obtaining our food, our clothing and our shelter. Our climate is good,
for we are in the North Temperate Zone. Our soil is very fertile. The
Great Central Plain of North America passes through the central part of
the United States. We raise fruits, vegetables, corn, wheat, rice and
sugar for food. We have immense ranches for raising cows and sheep too.
Our clothing is supplied by the thousands of sheep we raise and from the
cotton we grow here. The Western and Eastern Highlands pass through our
country.
[Illustration: North America]
We have a great quantity of lumber, stone, coal and iron for making our
comfortable homes. In what part of the country is each of these
products obtained? Why? Right in our own United States is found nearly
everything that is necessary to make us comfortable and happy.
[Illustration: COTTON FIELD.]
We have hundreds of towns with homes, factories, schools, hospitals and
churches. Over every public building floats our beautiful flag, the
Stars and Stripes.
Our laws are made in the capital, which is named Washington, after
George Washington, our first president. Find Washington on the map. How
long would it take to go to Washington from our home? It is a beautiful
city. The Capitol building is one of the finest in the world. The
President of the United States lives in the White House.
Alaska, in the north-west, and the island of Porto Rico, in the
south-east, belong to the United States. We own other islands in other
parts of the world.
3
_British America_ is our next neighbor on the north. It includes all of
the Dominion of Canada and the Island of Newfoundland. It belongs to
England or Great Britain in Europe.
[Illustration: MOUNTAIN GOAT.]
The Great Central Plain and the Western Highlands pass through it, and
yet it is not a rich country with many people like the United States.
Can you tell why?
There are large crops of fruit and grain in the southern part only of
British America. In this part only are there any large cities. The few
people in the northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs and to
find gold. Many whales live in the cold waters of the Atlantic Ocean and
Hudson Bay. Are they of use to man?
4
_Danish America_ is the name given to the two islands Greenland and
Iceland, because they belong to Denmark, a country of Europe.
Greenland lies in which zones? What kind of climate has it? A few white
people and some Eskimos live in the southern part. The northern part has
no life at all.
What do you know of the people, the plants and the animals of this
region?
In what zone is Iceland? Why is the climate very cold? Many fish are
caught in the ocean around Iceland. The people on the island are able to
raise little but grass to feed their sheep and cattle.
There are many mountains in Iceland. Some of them send out steam and
melted rock and are called _volcanoes_.
5
_Mexico_ is our southern neighbor. This country has a president and a
government somewhat like ours.
Both Indians and white people live in Mexico. The climate is so warm in
the valleys that the people living there cannot work so hard as they do
in the United States. So they do not have large factories and many fine
schools, hospitals and libraries as we have. Why do they not build these
on the mountains where the climate is pleasant?
They have large plantations where they raise rubber, sugar, cotton,
coffee, tobacco and fruit and many cattle.
The great Western Highlands extend down through Mexico, and silver,
copper and coal are mined in them. Some of these mountains are
volcanoes. What does this mean?
6
Central America is still warmer than Mexico. It is entirely in what
zone? The plants and animals are much like those of Mexico.
7
The West Indies consist of many islands. The largest are Cuba, Haiti,
Jamaica and Porto Rico. Which belongs to the United States? These
islands have a warm climate. What do you think is raised on the
plantations by the white people and negroes?
The West Indies separate a part of the ocean from the main Atlantic
Ocean. This smaller part is called the _Caribbean Sea_. Notice what
countries it touches.
CHAPTER VI
TRIPS
1
Suppose you were to sail from New York City to Iceland.
1. What would you take with you that the people would be glad to get?
2. What kind of clothing would you need for the trip?
3. Over what water would you sail?
4. In what direction would you go?
5. What countries would you pass?
6. How could you tell when you were getting near Iceland?
7. What would you see in Iceland?
8. Could you bring back to the people at home anything useful?
2
Let us go to visit the Panama Canal, keeping our vessel close to the
shore all the way.
1. What clothing shall we need? Why?
2. What countries shall we pass? What islands, peninsulas and capes?
3. On what water shall we sail?
4. What would the people be glad to have from our country?
5. Where could we stop to get some coffee, rubber and bananas to bring
back?
3
Plan a trip along the Pacific Ocean.
1. Where will you start?
2. Where will you go?
3. What will you see at the place from which you start and at the end of
the trip?
4. What interesting places will you pass?
4
Let us cross our country by train from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific
Coast.
1. How long shall we be on the train?
2. Describe the scenery as we go west.
3. What rivers shall we cross?
4. What kinds of industries could we visit on the way across?
5
How far can a boat sail if it starts in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to go
as far west as possible?
6
A trip up the Mississippi River.
1. How would the climate change?
2. What name is given to this part of the land through which the river
flows?
3. What scenes could we expect to see on the shores of the river?
4. What products would the boats we pass be carrying?
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| |
| Transcriber's notes |
| |
| |
| Obvious spelling/typographical and punctuation errors have been |
| corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within |
| the text and consultation of external sources. |
| |
| Inconsistent hyphenations have been retained: |
| school-room/schoolroom, school-house/schoolhouse, |
| note-book/notebook. |
| |
| On page 19 in Chapter II an apparent printing error |
| interchanging the section heading "5" and the first line of the |
| following text has been corrected. |
| |
| Re the question at the end of Chapter III: the cover of the 1913 |
| edition shows a statue of a man, possibly William Penn, |
| surrounded by silhouettes of the six continents. The cover of |
| the 1914 general edition shows the dome of the Capitol at |
| Washington (cf the frontispiece) in place of the statue. |
| |
| The original book was published at Philadelphia by the |
| Christopher Sower Company, 124 North Eighteenth Street. The |
| copyright date was 1913 and 1914. |
| |
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