reproduction. Certain parts, it will be noted, are entirely wanting,
having fallen away from the old mounting, but there is little missing
that is of the first importance excepting the northwest section of
South America, the western Mediterranean lands and portions of the
island region southeast of Asia. Though many of the names are illegible
by reason of discoloration, it was thought inadvisable to attempt
the cleaning of the surface on account of the brittle condition of
the old paper. The eighteen sheets in the facsimile, corresponding
to the eighteen sheets of the original, together with the key plate
much reduced but showing the entire map, have been printed on a fine
quality of Van Gelder hand-made paper. Care has been exercised to have
each of the sheets appear in the reproduction as in the original, in so
far as has been possible, no attempt being made to remedy defects.
Blaeu’s map may be considered a remarkably excellent record of
geographical knowledge to date. Most of his striking errors in
continental outlines are the common errors of the day. In the Old
World, for example, Africa has a breadth of more than eighty degrees,
and the east coast of Asia, particularly its northern half, is far
from accurate, but he has given us a representation of the extreme
northeast section which is superior to that laid down on the large
world map of his fellow countryman Hondius. The latter clearly suited
his representation to a belief in a perfectly open sea route to China
and the distant Orient, showing a great breadth of sea between Asia
and America in the region of Bering Strait, while Blaeu has here a
fairly accurate record of the geographical features of the region,
inserting the name “Streto de Anian.” The Mediterranean has much too
great an extension in longitude, and is too narrow; the Caspian Sea
and the Black Sea have each a strikingly erroneous representation
as well as location. The great austral continental land called
“Magallanica,” in the New World hemisphere, is that which so commonly
appears in the world maps of the day. In the New World, North America
is made to extend through more than one hundred and sixty degrees of
longitude, while South America is given a breadth of more than sixty
degrees, and its general outline is not well done, though there is
here clearly an improvement over the maps of Mercator and of Ortelius.
Blaeu has retained the erroneous representation of the “Martin
Forbischers Strate” at the southern extremity of Greenland; he includes
“Frislandia” south of “Islandia”; “I dos Demonios” east of “Terra de
Labrador”; “Brasil” west of “Hibernia al Yrlandia,” “As Mann” to the
southwest; “S. Brandan” near “C. d. Breton.” For the region north of
Europe and Asia, the map is especially interesting, making record
here of the latest attempts under Willem Barentszoen and other less
distinguished explorers from Holland who undertook to find a northeast
passage to China before 1605. That part of “Nova Zemla” which was
visited is laid down, as are also “Nieuland” and “Beeren Eylandt,” the
names of all places designated being in the Dutch language, though
an extensive legend north of Nova Zemla, calling attention to the
efforts of his countrymen to find a northeast passage, is given in
Latin, as are all the more lengthy legends. A comparison of the maps
of Hondius and Blaeu in this particular region is interesting, the
latter preparing his map before the voyage of Henry Hudson, the former
making record of Hudson’s attempt to sail through this Arctic sea and
noting that he had discovered a great ice barrier, “Glacies ab Hudsono
detect anno 1608.” Finding it impossible to make this passage, it will
be recalled that Hudson decided to turn his expedition to the west and
the northwest, reaching in due course of sailing the east coast of
North America, which he explored in his two voyages from Hudson River
to Hudson Bay, losing his life in this great northern sea, which bears
his name, in the year 1611. Blaeu has inscribed numerous legends in the
northern and northeastern sections of North America, calling attention
in one of these to the expeditions of Columbus, Vespucci, Cortereal and
Verrazano, in another to the expedition of Forbischer in 1577, and in
yet another to the explorations of Davis in 1585, 1586, 1587. Numerous
legends, it may here be noted, appear in different parts of the map,
either descriptive of the region in which they respectively appear or
calling attention to certain astronomical and geographical questions,
as, for example, the lengthy legend on sheets fourteen-fifteen,
sheet seventeen and sheet eighteen. In a map of this character one
may say the particular scientific and historical value lies in the
latest records it contains relative to exploration and discovery.
Without giving here the numerous specific references to such events,
or to their results as they relate to the expansion of geographical
knowledge, it may be stated that Blaeu’s map is one of the richest
of the period. His geographical names in the Old World alone extend
into the thousands, and for the New World those both of coast and of
interior are exceedingly numerous.
Blaeu has called especial attention to the four distinguished explorers
who prior to the time of the issue of his map had circumnavigated the
globe, placing their portraits in an elaborate cartouche south of South
America and calling attention to their success in a somewhat elaborate
legend. The four represented are “Ferdinandus Magallanes,” “Franciscus
Dracus,” “Thomas Candish” and “Oliverus van der Nort,” the course of
the latter being conspicuously traced on the map, his circumnavigation
at this time attracting considerable attention, particularly in the
Netherlands. The artistic adornment of Blaeu’s map is not its least
attractive feature. Its elaborate border, so much of it at least as
remains, there being evidence that at both top and bottom much has been
cut away, alone gives it almost first place among the fine examples
of copper engraving of the period. On the right and the left we find
representations of “London,” “Hamburgh,” “Mexico,” “Cusco,” “Dantzik,”
“Moskow,” “Bergen,” “Stockholm,” alternating with representations of
typical people of the earth, such as “Groenlandi,” “Chilienses et
Peruviani,” “Brasilienses,” “Moscovitae,” “Chinenses et Japonenses.”
The “Rex Hispania,” “Imperator Romanorum,” “Imperator Turcarum” and
“Rex Chinarum” appear in martial array and are given places of special
prominence near the top of the map, while the “Rex Abissinorum,” “Rex
Persearum,” “Magnus Cham Tartarorum” and “Magnus Dux Moscoviae” command
in corresponding positions at the bottom. In his representations of
the celestial hemispheres he gives special credit to Tycho Brahe and
to Frederik Houtman for his information. Parallels and meridians are
drawn at intervals of ten degrees, the prime meridian passing through
the islands of “S. Michiel” and “S. Maria.” Compass roses are numerous,
two of these being especially conspicuous by reason of the fact that
with them appear the Dutch names of the thirty-two compass points or
directions, and the radiating lines serve as loxodrome lines. No less
than thirty ships are represented sailing the oceans in all parts
of the world, carrying either the pennant of Spain, of Portugal, of
Holland or of England. A few of these are curiously interesting,
there having been an attempt to fashion them after the manner of the
countries to which they belong, as, for example, a Japanese vessel
off the coast of Japan, “Navis qua Japonenses utuntur quae illis
Champan dicitur,” and an open boat in the Pacific near the Strait of
Magellan, “Huiusmodi navicularunt forma freti magellaniei accolis in
usu est.” Sea monsters are numerous, and Neptune is represented in
certain parts carrying either a trident, a pennant of Spain or one of
Portugal. Blaeu has not omitted the representation of numerous land
animals thought to be native to the regions in which they appear, as
in Africa the lion, the tiger, the elephant, the camel, the ostrich,
the crocodile; in South America the llama, the alpaca, the monkey, the
armadillo, the parrot; in North America the bison, the opossum which is
curiously fashioned, the fox and the bear.
Reference has been made to the striking similarity in arrangement
and style of the descriptive titles of the Blaeu and the Hondius
large World Maps. This similarity is further traceable literally in
hundreds of details, forcing upon us the suggestion that Hondius
borrowed extensively from Blaeu, since the map of the latter is of
the earlier date. To but a few of the more striking evidences of
borrowing, however, can attention here be directed. The fact is
exceedingly interesting that many of the objects otherwise similarly
drawn are reversed in position as represented on the maps. Blaeu turns
the faces of his portraits of Magellan and Drake to their left, of
Van der Noort and Candysch to their right; Hondius has reversed the
position. Most of Blaeu’s ships sail in a direction opposite to that
in which the ships of Hondius are made to sail, the location of the
several ships being, however, practically the same on the two maps;
the most ornamental compass roses are placed in identically the same
positions; the dedications of the maps and the addresses to the reader
are similarly placed in ornamental cartouches, which, however, in the
details of their decorations differ slightly; each has a somewhat
elaborate representation of the cannibals in eastern South America, but
in their details the pictures are reversed. The line of the ecliptic
passes south of the equator in the western hemisphere, and northward in
the eastern hemisphere on the Blaeu map, and this Hondius has reversed;
the position of Blaeu’s griffin and tiger in the heart of Africa has
been reversed by Hondius. Not to extend such comparisons further, it
may be stated that a study of the two maps with these similarities,
even in minute details in view, can not fail to interest. May there
not, therefore, have been good reason for Blaeu’s complaint expressed
to the States General in 1608? In this, as before stated, he prayed for
protection against those who were taking from his work without credit.
[Illustration: [PRINTER’S MARK OF THE BLAEU PRESS]]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AA, ABRAHAM JACOB VAN DER. Biographische woordenboek der Nederlanden.
Haarlem, 1853. Vol. II, pp. 578-580.
ANONYMOUS. W. J. Blaeu’s Antheil an der Bestimmung der Erdlängen. (Das
Ausland. November, 1875. Stuttgart, 1875. Vol. XLVIII, No. 44, pp.
865-867.)
ANONYMOUS. A Bibliographical Curiosity. (Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal.
New Series. May 31, 1851. Edinburgh, W. & R. Chambers, 1851. Vol. XV,
pp. 374-376.)
Notice of Blaeu’s Atlas, 12 vols., 1667.
BARENTSZOEN, WI. Nieuwe beschryvinghe ende Caertboeck vande
Midlandtsche Zee waerin meercklick afgebeeld en beschreven worden alle
custen vande Midlandsche Zee ... W. B. Amst., Corn. Claesz ... 1595.
BAUDET, P. J. H. Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu. Uitgegeven
door het Provincial Utrechtsch genootschap van kunsten en
wetenschappen. XIII, 178 pp. Utrecht, C. van der Post, Jr., 1871.
---- Naschrift, 30 pp. 1872.
BAUDET, P. J. H. Notice sur la part prise par Willem Jansz. Blaeu
(1571-1638) dans la determination des longitudes terrestres. Utrecht,
K. A. Manssen, 1875.
BAUMGARTEN, JOHANNES. Zwei alte Globen von Blaeu. Erdkugel von 1599
und Himmel-Globis von 1603. (Das Ausland, 13. April, 1885. Stuttgart,
1885. No. 15, pp. 299-300.)
CLEMENT, DAVID. (Bibliothèque Curieuse. Göttingen, 1750-1760. Vol. IV,
pp. 267-276.)
A bibliography of the Blaeu Atlases.
DOZY, CHARLES M. Willem Janszoon Blaeu. (Tijdschrift van het
Nederlandsch aardrijkskundig genootschap, gevestigt te Amsterdam 1887.
2de Serie. Amsterdam, C. L. Brinkman, 1887. Vol. IV, pp. 206-215.)
FIORINI, MATTEO. Sfere terrestri e celesti di autore italiano oppure
fatte o conservate in Italia. Roma, Presso la Società Geografica
Italiana, 1898.
See especially pp. 229-262, for a reference to the globes of Blaeu.
FOPPENS, J. F. Bibliotéca Belgica. Brux., 1680. Vol. I, p. 582.
GÉNARD, PIERRE MARIE NICOLAS JEAN. Les globes de Guillaume Blaeu.
(Société Geographie d’Anvers. Bulletin. 1883-84. Anvers, 1883. Tom.
VIII, pp. 159-160.)
HUES, ROBERT. Tractatus de Globis. Londinum, 1594.
JONGE, DE, J. K. J. De opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in
Oost-Indie. Verzameling van onuitgeg. stukken in het Oud-koloniale
archief. Met Register I-XIII. Gravenhage, 1862-1909. 16 vols.
KÄSTNER, A. G. Geschichte der Mathematik seit der Wiederherstellung
der Wissenschaften bis an das Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts.
Göttingen, 1796. 2 vols.
LÖWENBERG. Allgemeine deutsche Biographie. Leipzig, 1875. Vol. II, pp.
686-688.
LOWERY, WOODBURY. Descriptive List of Maps of Spanish Possessions
in the United States, 1502-1820. Edited by Philip Lee Phillips.
Washington, Government Printing Office, 1912.
See pp. 133-135 for valuable bibliographical references.
MAXWELL, SIR HERBERT EUSTACE. Rainy Days in a Library. New York, F. P.
Harper, 1896, pp. 123-129.
A reference to Blaeu’s Atlas, 12 vols., ed. 1667.
MERCATOR, GER. Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi
et fabricati figura.... Duisburgi Cliviorum, 1595.
We are informed on the title-page that the first and second parts
appeared in 1585 or 1586, the third in 1589, and the fourth in 1595.
MOXON, J. (_i.e._, W. BLAEU.) A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography, or
the use of the Copernican Spheres. London, 1665.
ORTELIUS, A. Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Antverpiae, 1570.
PHILLIPS, PHILIP LEE. List of Geographical Atlases in the Library of
Congress, with bibliographical notes. Compiled under the direction of
Philip Lee Phillips. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1909.
Vol. I, pp. 196-197.
See, for a list of Blaeu’s Atlases, taken from Tiele: Niederlandsche
Bibliographie, 1884.
PICARD, M. Voyage d’Uranibourg, ou observations astronomiques faites
en Dannemarck. (Mém. de l’Acad. Royale des Sciences de Paris depuis
1666 jusque à 1699, tom. VII.)
RAEMDONCK, J. VAN. Gérard Mercator, sa vie et ses œuvres. St.
Nicholas, 1869.
STEVENSON, EDWARD LUTHER, PH.D., _and_ FISCHER, JOSEPH, S. J. Map
of the World by Jodocus Hondius. Facsimile in eighteen sheets with
text and key plate, issued under the joint auspices of The American
Geographical Society and The Hispanic Society of America. New York,
1907.
STOWER, C. The Printer’s Grammar. London, 1808, pp. 303-304.
“T.” Erste uitgave van Blaeu’s Licht der Zeevaert. (Bibliographische
Adversaria. Gravenhage, M. Nijhoff, 1883-86. Vol. V, pp. 293-295.)
TIELE, PIETER ANTON. Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu, door P.
J. Baudet ... 1871. (De Gids. 1872. Amsterdam, P. N. Van Kampen, 1872.
Derde Serie, Vol. I, pp. 356-367.)
TIELE, PIETER ANTON. Nederlandsche Bibliographie van Land- en
Volkenkunde. Amsterdam, 1884.
See for bibliography of works of Blaeu, Mercator, Ortelius, et al.
UFFENBACH, VON, ZACHARIAS CONRAD. Merkwürdige Reisen durch
Nieder-Sachsen, Holland und Engelland. Ulm, 1753. Vol. III, p. 600 _et
seq._
VOSSIUS, G. J. De Scientiis mathematicis. 1660. Pp. 199, 263.
Quoted by Baudet.
WAGHENAER, LUCAS JANSZ. Spieghel der Zeevaerdt van de navigatie der
Westersche Zee. Leyden, 1584.
WAGHENAER, LUCAS JANSZ. Spieghel der Zeevaert inhoudende de geheele
Noordtsche ende Oostersche Scheepvaert. Leyden, 1585.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BLAEU’S PRINCIPAL GEOGRAPHICAL PUBLICATIONS
Nova Universi Terrarum Orbis Mappa ex Optimis Quibusque Geographicis
hydrographicisque Tabulis Summa Industria Accuratissime Delineata et
Duobus Planisphaeriis Graphice Depicta à Guliel Janssonio Alcmar.
Amsterdam, 1605.
It is this unique map which has been here reproduced.
Nieuw graetbouck, nae den ouden styl vuyt de aldercorrecste observaten
van den vermaerden astronomo Tycho Brahe, gecalculeert ende gestelt op
ten meridiaen deser Nederlanden.
Baudet finds that, from the octroi or patent, this was probably issued
in 1605. There does not appear to be a copy of this work extant.
Le Flambeau de la navigation, monstrant la description et delineation
de toutes les costes et havres de la Mer Occidentale, Septentrionale
et Orientale ... Par Guilliaume Janszoon. Amst., Guill. Jansz ... 1619.
Het Licht der Zee-vaert daerinne claerlijck beschreven ende
aufghebeeldet werden alle de custen ende havenen vande Westersche,
Noordsche, Oostersche ende Middelandsche Zeën.... Door Willem
Janszoon. Amst., ghedr. bij Willem Janszoon ... 1620.
Baudet finds that the first and second volumes of this work must have
been issued first in 1608, there being a reference to the same in a
resolution of the States General of that year.
Tweevoudigh onderwys van de Hemelsche en Aerdsche Globen; Het een na
de meyning van Ptolemeus met een vasten Aerdkloot; het ander Na de
natuerlycke stelling van N. Copernicus met een loopenden Aerdkloot.
Beschreven door Willem Jz. Blaeu. En gevoeght na de Globen en Sphaeren
by hem uytgeven.
Date of original issue is not known; between 1620 and 1669 there were
five issues in Dutch, five in Latin, and three in French.
’T Derde deel van ’t Licht der Zeevaert, inhoudende de Beschryvinghe
der Zee Custen van de Middelandtsche Zee. Byeenvergaedert ende in ’t
licht ghebracht door Willem Janssen tot Amsterdam by Willem Jansz.
op’t Water in de Vergulde Sonnewyser Anno 1621.
Baudet finds that the first issue of this was in 1618.
Zeespiegel, inhoudende een korte onderwysinghe in de konst der
zeevaert, en beschryvinghe der seen en kusten van de Oostersche,
Noordsche en Westersche schipvaert ... door Willem Jansz. Blaeuw ...
Amsterdam, W. Jz. Blaeuw ... 1623.
Reissued by John Blaeu, corrected and enlarged, in 1650.
Tafelen van de declinatie der Sonne, ende der voornaemste vaste
sterren Mitsgaders van ’t verscheyden gebruyck der Noordsterre
Nieulycx, allen Zeevaerenden ten dienst, ghecalculeert door Willem
Jansz. Blauw. t’ Amsterdam. By Willem Jansz. Blauw in de gulde
Sonnewyser met Privilegie Anno 1625.
Appendix Theatri A. Ortelii et Atlantis G. Mercatoris continens
tabulas geograph. diversarum orbis regionum nunc. prim. editas cum
descriptionibus. Amst., apud Guilj. Blaeuw, 1631.
Het nieuwe Licht der zeevaert ofte havenwyser van de Oostersche,
Noordsche en Westersche zeen. Amst., W. Jz. Blaeu ... 1634.
Toonneel des aerdrycx ofte nieuwe Atlas, dat is beschryving van all
landen; nu nieulycx uytgegeven ... Amst., Guilj. et Joh. B., 1635.
Two parts, with third part added in 1642. June 24, 1634, Blaeu wrote
to his friend Schickard: “I have published the first part of my atlas,
containing 160 maps, with the description in German, translated from
the Latin. Next fall, I shall publish the Latin, French and Dutch
text.”
Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive Atlas novus, in quo tabulae et
descriptiones omnium regionum ... Amst., Guil. et Joa. Blaeu, 1635. 2
vols.
A French edition was issued in 1638; a Latin, Dutch, French and German
edition, in three volumes, in 1640; a Dutch edition in 1642; a fourth
volume in Latin, Dutch, French and German in 1646; a six-volume
edition in 1649-1655.
De groote Zee-spiegel. inhoudende een korte Onderswijsinge in de konst
der zeevaert en eene beschrijvinge der seekusten van de Oostersche,
Noordsche en Westersche schipvaert enz ... Door W. Jz. B. Niewelijcx
... verbetert en vermeerdert. Amst. Joan Blaeu ... 1655, 1658.
Atlas major sive Cosmographia Blaviana, qua solum, salum, coelum
accuratissime describuntur. Amst., Joa. Blaeu, 1662. 11 vols.
A second edition of the first part in 1665.
Grooten Atlas oft Werelt-beschryving, in welcke ’t aertryck, de zee en
hemel wordt vertoont en beschreven. Amst., J. B., 1664-1665. 9 vols.
Le grand Atlas ou Cosmographie Blaviane. 12 vols. Issued also in the
Latin, the Dutch and the Spanish language.
Globes dated:
Terrestrial, 1599
Terrestrial, 1602
Celestial, 1602
Celestial, 1603
Terrestrial, 1606
Celestial, 1606
Celestial, 1616
Terrestrial, 1616
Terrestrial, 1622
Celestial, 1622
Globes undated are numerous. Blaeu’s name appears on his globes
as Guilielmus Jansonius Alcmariensis, Guilielmus Jansonius Blaeu,
Guilielmus Jansonius Alcmarianus, Guiljelmus Blaeuw, Guiljelmus
Caesius.
No attempt has been made in the foregoing list to include a reference
to all known editions.
[Illustration]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] An exhaustive study of the life and work of Willem Janszoon Blaeu
does not exist. One of great value and interest is that by Baudet,
P. J. H. _Leven en werken van Willem Jansz. Blaeu, uitgegeven door
het Provincial Utrechtsch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen.
Utrecht, 1871._
The author acknowledges here his indebtedness to Baudet’s work for
invaluable aid in the preparation of this brief biography.
[2] See illustration, p. 12. This, it will be noted, is a map signed
“Insula Hvaena sive Venusia à Gviljelmo Blaev cum sum Tychone
Astronomiae operam daret delineata.”
[3] See illustration, p. 30.
August 8, 1576, the corner-stone of the Castle of Uranienburg was
laid with much ceremony, and the completion of the building was made
possible through the generous contributions and patronage of Frederick
II of Denmark. See, for a brief description, Wolf: _Geschichte der
Astronomie, München, 1877, p. 277_; Picard, J. _Voyage d’Uranibourg,
ou observations astronomiques faites en Dannemarck. (Mem. de l’Acad.
royale des sciences depuis 1666 jusque à 1699, tom. VII, p. 197)_;
Blaeu: _Atlas Major, vol. I, pp. 61-101_. Twelve illustrations of the
Island of Hveen, and of the observatory of Uranienburg, with brief
description, may here be found. These illustrations, it appears, were
taken from Brahe: _Astronomiae instauratae mechanica. 1598._
[4] This great copper globe, which Picard describes as having a
diameter of 4 feet 7 inches and 1 line, constructed in Augsburg under
the direction of Paul Hainzel, appears to have been sent to Uranienburg
about 1584. In the course of succeeding years more than one thousand
stars were represented on its surface according to the observations of
Tycho Brahe. In 1597 the great astronomer left Denmark to find a home
in Prague, taking with him his astronomical instruments, including
his celestial globe. After Brahe’s death in 1601, these instruments
were purchased by Rudolph II, but on the capture of the City of Prague
in 1623 by the Danish Prince Ulrich the globe with other objects of
interest was taken to Copenhagen. Here it remained until 1728, when it
was destroyed by fire together with the castle in which it had so long
been kept.
[5] John Blaeu, son of Willem, tells us that in 1591 his father was
amanuensis of Tycho Brahe. See Blaeu: _Atlas Major, 1662, vol. I, p.
63_.
[6] Given by Baudet, _p. 154_.
[7] On the title-page of many of the books published by Blaeu, as on
many of the maps which he issued, appears the expression “Sub signo
solarii deaurati.” Most of the works printed by Blaeu before 1619 have
as his printer’s device a balance with a terrestrial globe in the right
scale and a celestial globe in the left, the latter being represented
as the heavier and having the word “Praestat” printed below it. In
certain later publications this mark was replaced by an armillary
sphere, at the left of which is an allegorical figure representing Time
and on the right a figure representing Hercules with the inscription
“Indefessus agendo.” See p. 59.
[8] See, for brief descriptions of Blaeu’s press, Stower, C. _Printer’s
Grammar. London, 1808, pp. 303-304_; Hansard, _Typography: an
historical sketch of the origin and progress of the art of printing.
London, 1825, p. 550_; and especially Johnson, J., _Typographia, or the
Printer’s Instructor. London, 1824, vol. II, pp. 500-551_. It is from
this last named work that illustration p. 16 is taken.
[9] Filips von Zesen: _Beschreibung der Stadt Amsterdam, 1664, pp.
215-216_.
[10] John Blaeu’s oldest son Willem was at this time about one year
old. If the statement by Zesen is correct, it perhaps points us to an
interesting exhibition of parental pride.
[11] See Baudet, _p. 15_.
[12] See Baudet, _p. 14_.
[13] The report of this survey may be found in Snellius, W.
_Eratosthenes Batavus, de terrae ambitus vera quantitate, a Willebrordi
Snellio suscitatus_. _Lugd. Batav., 1617._
[14] Picard, J. _Ouvrages de mathematique. A la Haye, chez P. Gosse et
J. Neaulme, 1731._
[15] This letter is quoted by Baudet, _pp. 172-174_.
[16] See Lelewel, J. _Geographie du Moyen Age, Bruxelles, 1852-1857,
vol. II, p. 194._
[17] See De Jonge, J. K. J. _De opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in
Oost-Indie, 1862-1909, vol. I, pp. 88-89._
[18] See Baudet, _p. 18_.