+145.+ Now let us take the verb _see_ and name all the time forms which
we can describe with the changes in the verb forms which we have learned
to make and also with the verb phrases which we can construct with the
help of the verbs, _be_, _have_, _shall_ and _will_.
First, we want to express the present, what is happening now, and we
want to put it in both the active and passive forms, so we say:
+PRESENT TIME+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I see. I am seen.
You see. You are seen.
He sees. He is seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We see. We are seen.
You see. You are seen.
They see. They are seen.
Note that the only change in the verb form in the present ACTIVE is the
_s-form_ for the third person singular. In the present passive the only
change is the special form of the verb _be_ for the first and third
persons, singular.
When we want to tell what occurred yesterday or some time in the past,
stated in the active and passive form, we say:
+PAST TIME+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I saw. I was seen.
You saw. You were seen.
He saw. He was seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We saw. We were seen.
You saw. You were seen.
They saw. They were seen.
We have one other division of time which we must express--the future.
Primitive man doubtless lived principally in the present, but with the
development of memory and the means of recording events by a written
language, he was able to make the deeds and achievements of the past a
vital part of his life. But not until the faculty of thinking developed
was the mind able to project itself into the future and make tomorrow
the hope of today. Future time expresses hope, desire, growth.
+FUTURE TIME+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I shall see. I shall be seen.
You will see. You will be seen.
He will see. He will be seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We shall see. We shall be seen.
You will see. You will be seen.
They will see. They will be seen.
Then you remember we had to devise a way of describing an action
perfected or completed at the present or at some time in the past or at
some time in the future--so we have present perfect, past perfect and
future perfect.
+PRESENT PERFECT+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I have seen. I have been seen.
You have seen. You have been seen.
He has seen. He has been seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We have seen. We have been seen.
You have seen. You have been seen.
They have seen. They have been seen.
+PAST PERFECT+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I had seen. I had been seen.
You had seen. You had been seen.
He had seen. He had been seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We had seen. We had been seen.
You had seen. You had been seen.
They had seen. They had been seen.
+FUTURE PERFECT+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I shall have seen. I shall have been seen.
You will have seen. You will have been seen.
He will have seen. He will have been seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We shall have seen. We shall have been seen.
You will have seen. You will have been seen.
They will have seen. They will have been seen.
+146.+ But these are not all the phases of time which we can express. We
have progressive, continuous action. So each of these six time forms has
a progressive form.
+PRESENT PROGRESSIVE+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I am seeing. I am being seen.
You are seeing. You are being seen.
He is seeing. He is being seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We are seeing. We are being seen.
You are seeing. You are being seen.
They are seeing. They are being seen.
+PAST PROGRESSIVE+
+Active+ +Passive+
_Singular_ _Singular_
I was seeing. I was being seen.
You were seeing. You were being seen.
He was seeing. He was being seen.
_Plural_ _Plural_
We were seeing. We were being seen.
You were seeing. You were being seen.
They were seeing. They were being seen.
Only the Present and Past Progressive forms have a passive form. The
rest of the Progressive forms are expressed in the active forms only.
+FUTURE PROGRESSIVE+
_Singular_ _Plural_
I shall be seeing. We shall be seeing.
You will be seeing. You will be seeing.
He will be seeing. They will be seeing.
+PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE+
_Singular_ _Plural_
I have been seeing. We have been seeing.
You have been seeing. You have been seeing.
He has been seeing. They have been seeing.
+PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE+
_Singular_ _Plural_
I had been seeing. We had been seeing.
You had been seeing. You had been seeing.
He had been seeing. They had been seeing.
+FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE+
_Singular_ _Plural_
I shall have been seeing. We shall have been seeing.
You will have been seeing. You will have been seeing.
He will have been seeing. They will have been seeing.