[1] See Johnson's _Collection of Ecclesiastical Laws_ (vol. i., anno
957): "Housel ought not to be hallowed on Long Friday, because Christ
suffered for us on that day."
GOODMAN, GODFREY (1583-1656), bishop of Gloucester, was born at Ruthin,
Denbighshire, and educated at Westminster and Cambridge. He took orders
in 1603, and in 1606 obtained the living of Stapleford Abbots, Essex,
which he held together with several other livings. He was canon of
Windsor from 1617 and dean of Rochester 1620-1621, and became bishop of
Gloucester in 1625. From this time his tendencies towards Roman
Catholicism constantly got him into trouble. He preached an
unsatisfactory sermon at court in 1626, and in 1628 incurred charges of
introducing popery at Windsor. In 1633 he secured the see of Hereford by
bribery, but Archbishop Laud persuaded the king to refuse his consent.
In 1638 he was said to be converted to Rome, and two years later he was
imprisoned for refusing to sign the new canons denouncing popery and
affirming the divine right of kings. He afterwards signed and was
released on bail, but next year the bishops who had signed were all
imprisoned in the Tower, by order of parliament, on the charge of
treason. After eighteen weeks' imprisonment Goodman was allowed to
return to his diocese. About 1650 he settled in London, where he died a
confessed Roman Catholic. His best known book is _The Fall of Man_
(London, 1616).
GOODRICH, SAMUEL GRISWOLD (1793-1860), American author, better known
under the pseudonym of "Peter Parley," was born, the son of a
Congregational minister, at Ridgefield, Connecticut, on the 19th of
August 1793. He was largely self-educated, became an assistant in a
country store at Danbury, Conn., in 1808, and at Hartford, Conn., in
1811, and from 1816 to 1822 was a bookseller and publisher at Hartford.
He visited Europe in 1823-1824, and in 1826 removed to Boston, where he
continued in the publishing business, and from 1828 to 1842 he published
an illustrated annual, the _Token_, to which he was a frequent
contributor both in prose and verse. A selection from these
contributions was published in 1841 under the title _Sketches from a
Student's Window_. The _Token_ also contained some of the earliest work
of Nathaniel Hawthorne, N. P. Willis, Henry W. Longfellow and Lydia
Maria Child. In 1841 he established _Merry's Museum_, which he continued
to edit till 1854. In 1827 he began, under the name of "Peter Parley,"
his series of books for the young, which embraced geography, biography,
history, science and miscellaneous tales. Of these he was the sole
author of only a few, but in 1857 he wrote that he was "the author and
editor of about 170 volumes," and that about seven millions had been
sold. In 1857 he published _Recollections of a Lifetime_, which contains
a list both of the works of which he was the author or editor and of the
spurious works published under his name. By his writings and
publications he amassed a large fortune. He was chosen a member of the
Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1836, and of the state Senate
in 1837, his competitor in the last election being Alexander H. Everett,
and in 1851-1853 he was consul at Paris, where he remained till 1855,
taking advantage of his stay to have several of his works translated
into French. After his return to America he published, in 1859,
_Illustrated History of the Animal Kingdom_. He died, in New York, on
the 9th of May 1860.
His brother, CHARLES AUGUSTUS GOODRICH (1790-1862), a Congregational
clergyman, published various ephemeral books, and helped to compile some
of the "Peter Parley" series.
GOODRICH, or GOODRICKE, THOMAS (d. 1554), English ecclesiastic, was a
son of Edward Goodrich of East Kirkby, Lincolnshire, and was educated at
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, afterwards becoming a fellow of Jesus
College in the same university. He was among the divines consulted about
the legality of Henry VIII.'s marriage with Catherine of Aragon, became
one of the royal chaplains about 1530, and was consecrated bishop of Ely
in 1534. He was favourable to the Reformation, helped in 1537 to draw up
the _Institution of a Christian Man_ (known as the _Bishops' Book_), and
translated the Gospel of St John for the revised New Testament. On the
accession of Edward VI. in 1547 the bishop was made a privy councillor,
and took a conspicuous part in public affairs during the reign. "A busy
secular spirited man," as Burnet calls him, he was equally opposed to
the zealots of the "old" and the "new religion." He assisted to compile
the First Prayer Book of Edward VI., was one of the commissioners for
the trial of Bishop Gardiner, and in January 1551-1552 succeeded Rich as
lord high chancellor. This office he continued to hold during the nine
days' reign of "Queen Jane" (Lady Jane Grey); but he continued to make
his peace with Queen Mary, conformed to the restored religion, and,
though deprived of the chancellorship, was allowed to keep his bishopric
until his death on the 10th of May 1554.
See the _Dict. Nat. Biog._, where further authorities are cited.
GOODSIR, JOHN (1814-1867), Scottish anatomist, born at Anstruther, Fife,
on the 20th of March 1814, was the son of Dr John Goodsir, and grandson
of Dr John Goodsir of Largo. He was educated at the burgh and
grammar-schools of his native place and at the university of St Andrews.
In 1830 he was apprenticed to a surgeon-dentist in Edinburgh, where he
studied anatomy under Robert Knox, and in 1835 he joined his father in
practice at Anstruther. Three years later he communicated to the British
Association a paper on the pulps and sacs of the human teeth, his
researches on the whole process of dentition being at this time
distinguished by their completeness; and about the same date, on the
nomination of Edward Forbes, he was elected to the famous coterie called
the "Universal Brotherhood of the Friends of Truth," which comprised
artists, scholars, naturalists and others, whose relationship became a
potent influence in science. With Forbes he worked at marine zoology,
but human anatomy, pathology and morphology formed his chief study. In
1840 he moved to Edinburgh, where in the following year he was appointed
conservator of the museum of the College of Surgeons, in succession to
William Macgillivray. Much of his reputation rested on his knowledge of
the anatomy of tissues. In his lectures in the theatre of the college in
1842-1843 he evidenced the largeness of his observation of cell-life,
both physiologically and pathologically, insisting on the importance of
the cell as a centre of nutrition, and pointing out that the organism is
subdivided into a number of departments. R. Virchow recognized his
indebtedness to these discoveries by dedicating his _Cellular
Pathologie_ to Goodsir, as "one of the earliest and most acute observers
of cell-life." In 1843 Goodsir obtained the post of curator in the
university of Edinburgh; the following year he was appointed
demonstrator of anatomy, and in 1845 curator of the entire museum. A
year later he was elected to the chair of anatomy in the university, and
devoted all his energies to anatomical research and teaching.
Human myology was his strong point; no one had laboured harder at the
dissecting-table; and he strongly emphasized the necessity of practice
as a means of research. He believed that anatomy, physiology and
pathology could never be properly advanced without daily consideration
and treatment of disease. In 1848 he became a fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, and in the same year he joined the Highland and
Agricultural Society, acting as chairman of the veterinary department,
and advising on strictly agricultural matters. In 1847 he delivered a
series of systematic lectures on the comparative anatomy of the
invertebrata; and, about this period, as member of an aesthetic club, he
wrote papers on the natural principles of beauty, the aesthetics of the
ugly, of smell, the approbation or disapprobation of sounds, &c. Owing
to the failing health of Professor Robert Jameson, Goodsir was induced
to deliver the course of lectures on natural history during the summer
of 1853.
The lectures were long remembered for their brilliancy, but the infinite
amount of thought and exertion which they cost broke down the health of
the lecturer. Goodsir, nevertheless, persevered in his labours, writing
in 1855 on organic electricity, in 1856 on morphological subjects, and
afterwards on the structure of organized forms. His speculations in the
latter domain gave birth to his theory of a triangle as the mathematical
figure upon which nature had built up both the organic and inorganic
worlds, and he hoped to complete this triangle theory of formation and
law as the greatest of his works. In his lectures on the skull and brain
he held the doctrine that symmetry of brain had more to do with the
higher faculties than bulk or form. He died at Wardie, near Edinburgh,
on the 6th of March 1867, in the same cottage in which his friend Edward
Forbes died. His anatomical lectures were remarkable for their solid
basis of fact; and no one in Britain took so wide a field for survey or
marshalled so many facts for anatomical tabulation and synthesis.
See _Anatomical Memoirs of John Goodsir, F.R.S., edited by W. Turner,
with Memoir by H. Lonsdale_ (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1868), in which
Goodsir's lectures, addresses and writings are epitomized; _Proc. Roy.
Soc._ vol. iv. (1868); _Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin._ vol. ix. (1868).
GOODWILL, in the law of property, a term of somewhat vague significance.
It has been defined as every advantage which has been acquired in
carrying on a business, whether connected with the premises in which the
business has been carried on, or with the name of the firm by whom it
has been conducted (_Churton_ v. _Douglas_, 1859, Johns, 174). Goodwill
may be either professional or trade. Professional goodwill usually takes
the form of the recommendation by a retiring professional man, doctor,
solicitor, &c., to his clients of the successor or purchaser coupled
generally with an undertaking not to compete with him. Trade goodwill
varies with the nature of the business with which it is connected, but
there are two rights which, whatever the nature of the business may be,
are invariably associated with it, viz. the right of the purchaser to
represent himself as the owner of the business, and the right to
restrain competition. For the purposes of the Stamp Act, the goodwill of
a business is property, and the proper duty must be paid on the
conveyance of such. (See also PARTNERSHIP; PATENTS.)
GOODWIN, JOHN (c. 1594-1665), English Nonconformist divine, was born in
Norfolk and educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he was elected
fellow in 1617. He was vicar of St Stephen's, Coleman Street, London,
from 1633 to 1645, when he was ejected by parliament for his attacks on
Presbyterianism, especially in his [Greek: Theomachia](1644). He
thereupon established an independent congregation, and put his literary
gifts at Oliver Cromwell's service. In 1648 he justified the proceedings
of the army against the parliament ("Pride's Purge") in a pamphlet
_Might and Right Well Met_, and in 1649 defended the proceedings against
Charles I. (to whom he had offered spiritual advice) in [Greek:
Hubristodikai]. At the Restoration this tract, with some that Milton had
written to Monk in favour of a republic, was publicly burnt, and Goodwin
was ordered into custody, though finally indemnified. He died in 1665.
Among his other writings are _Anti-Cavalierisme_ (1642), a translation
of the _Stratagemata Satanae_ of Giacomo Aconcio, the Elizabethan
advocate of toleration, tracts against Fifth-Monarchy Men, Cromwell's
"Triers" and Baptists, and _Redemption Redeemed, containing a thorough
discussion of ... election, reprobation and the perseverance of the
saints_ (1651, reprinted 1840). Goodwin's strongly Arminian tendencies
brought him into conflict with Robert Baillie, professor of divinity of
Glasgow, George Kendall, the Calvinist prebendary of Exeter, and John
Owen (q.v.), who replied to _Redemption Redeemed_ in _The Doctrine of
the Saints' Perseverance_, paying a high tribute to his opponent's
learning and controversial skill. Goodwin answered all three in the
_Triumviri_ (1658). John Wesley in later days held him in much esteem
and published an abridged edition of his _Imputatio fidei_, a work on
justification that had originally appeared in 1642.
_Life_ by T. Jackson (London, 1839).
GOODWIN, NATHANIEL CARL (1857- ), American actor, was born in Boston
on the 25th of July 1857. While clerk in a large shop he studied for the
stage, and made his first appearance in 1873 in Boston in Stuart
Robson's company as the newsboy in Joseph Bradford's _Law_. He made an
immediate success by his imitations of popular actors. A hit in the
burlesque _Black-eyed Susan_ led to his taking part in Rice and
Goodwin's _Evangeline_ company. It was at this time that he married
Eliza Weathersby (d. 1887), an English actress with whom he played in B.
E. Woollf's _Hobbies_. It was not until 1889, however, that Nat
Goodwin's talent as a comedian of the "legitimate" type began to be
recognized. From that time he appeared in a number of plays designed to
display his drily humorous method, such as Brander Matthews' and George
H. Jessop's _A Gold Mine_, Henry Guy Carleton's _A Gilded Fool_ and
_Ambition_, Clyde Fitch's _Nathan Hale_, H. V. Esmond's _When we were
Twenty-one_, &c. Till 1903 he was associated in his performances with
his third wife, the actress Maxine Elliott (b. 1873), whom he married in
1898; this marriage was dissolved in 1908.
GOODWIN, THOMAS (1600-1680), English Nonconformist divine, was born at
Rollesby, Norfolk, on the 5th of October 1600, and was educated at
Christ's College, Cambridge, where in 1616 he graduated B.A. In 1619 he
removed to Catharine Hall, where in 1620 he was elected fellow. In 1625
he was licensed a preacher of the university; and three years afterwards
he became lecturer of Trinity Church, to the vicarage of which he was
presented by the king in 1632. Worried by his bishop, who was a zealous
adherent of Laud, he resigned all his preferments and left the university
in 1634. He lived for some time in London, where in 1638 he married the
daughter of an alderman; but in the following year he withdrew to
Holland, and for some time was pastor of a small congregation of English
merchants and refugees at Arnheim. Returning to London soon after Laud's
impeachment by the Long Parliament, he ministered for some years to the
Independent congregation meeting at Paved Alley Church, Lime Street, in
the parish of St Dunstan's-in-the-East, and rapidly rose to considerable
eminence as a preacher; in 1643 he was chosen a member of the Westminster
Assembly, and at once identified himself with the Congregational party,
generally referred to in contemporary documents as "the dissenting
brethren." He frequently preached by appointment before the Commons, and
in January 1650 his talents and learning were rewarded by the House with
the presidentship of Magdalen College, Oxford, a post which he held until
the Restoration. He rose into high favour with the protector, and was one
of his intimate advisers, attending him on his death-bed. He was also a
commissioner for the inventory of the Westminster Assembly, 1650, and for
the approbation of preachers, 1653, and together with John Owen (q.v.)
drew up an amended Westminster Confession in 1658. From 1660 until his
death on the 23rd of February 1680 he lived in London, and devoted
himself exclusively to theological study and to the pastoral charge of
the Fetter Lane Independent Church.
The works published by Goodwin during his lifetime consist chiefly of
sermons printed by order of the House of Commons; but he was also
associated with Philip Nye and others in the preparation of the
_Apologeticall Narration_ (1643). His collected writings, which
include expositions of the Epistle to the Ephesians and of the
Apocalypse, were published in five folio volumes between 1681 and
1704, and were reprinted in twelve 8vo volumes (Edin., 1861-1866).
Characterized by abundant yet one-sided reading, remarkable at once
for the depth and for the narrowness of their observation and
spiritual experience, often admirably thorough in their workmanship,
yet in style intolerably prolix--they fairly exemplify both the merits
and the defects of the special school of religious thought to which
they belong. Calamy's estimate of Goodwin's qualities may be quoted as
both friendly and just. "He was a considerable scholar and an eminent
divine, and had a very happy faculty in descanting upon Scripture so
as to bring forth surprising remarks, which yet generally tended to
illustration." A memoir, derived from his own papers, by his son
(Thomas Goodwin, "the younger," 1650?-1716?, Independent minister at
London and Pinner, and author of the _History of the Reign of Henry
V._) is prefixed to the fifth volume of his collected works; as a
"patriarch and Atlas of Independency" he is also noticed by Anthony
Wood in the _Athenae Oxonienses_. An amusing sketch, from Addison's
point of view, of the austere and somewhat fanatical president of
Magdalen is preserved in No. 494 of the _Spectator_.
GOODWIN, WILLIAM WATSON (1831- ), American classical scholar, was born
in Concord, Massachusetts, on the 9th of May 1831. He graduated at
Harvard in 1851, studied in Germany, was tutor in Greek at Harvard in
1856-1860, and Eliot professor of Greek there from 1860 until his
resignation in 1901. He became an overseer of Harvard in 1903. In
1882-1883 he was the first director of the American School for Classical
Studies at Athens. Goodwin edited the _Panegyricus_ of Isocrates (1864)
and Demosthenes _On The Crown_ (1901); and assisted in preparing the
seventh edition of Liddell and Scott's _Greek-English Lexicon_. He
revised an English version by several writers of _Plutarch's Morals_ (5
vols., 1871; 6th ed., 1889), and published the Greek text with literal
English version of Aeschylus' _Agamemnon_ (1906) for the Harvard
production of that play in June 1906. As a teacher he did much to raise
the tone of classical reading from that of a mechanical exercise to
literary study. But his most important work was his _Syntax of the Moods
and Tenses of the Greek Verb_ (1860), of which the seventh revised
edition appeared in 1877 and another (enlarged) in 1890. This was "based
in part on Madvig and Kruger," but, besides making accessible to
American students the works of these continental grammarians, it
presented original matter, including a "radical innovation in the
classification of conditional sentences," notably the "distinction
between particular and general suppositions." Goodwin's _Greek Grammar_
(elementary edition, 1870; enlarged 1879; revised and enlarged 1892)
gradually superseded in most American schools the _Grammar_ of Hadley
and Allen. Both the _Moods and Tenses_ and the _Grammar_ in later
editions are largely dependent on the theories of Gildersleeve for
additions and changes. Goodwin also wrote a few elaborate syntactical
studies, to be found in _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, the
twelfth volume of which was dedicated to him upon the completion of
fifty years as an alumnus of Harvard and forty-one years as Eliot
professor.
GOODWIN SANDS, a dangerous line of shoals at the entrance to the Strait
of Dover from the North Sea, about 6 m. from the Kent coast of England,
from which they are separated by the anchorage of the Downs. For this
they form a shelter. They are partly exposed at low water, but the sands
are shifting, and in spite of lights and bell-buoys the Goodwins are
frequently the scene of wrecks, while attempts to erect a lighthouse or
beacon have failed. Tradition finds in the Goodwins the remnant of an
island called Lomea, which belonged to Earl Godwine in the first half of
the 11th century, and was afterwards submerged, when the funds devoted
to its protection were diverted to build the church steeple at Tenterden
(q.v.). Four lightships mark the limits of the sands, and also signal by
rockets to the lifeboat stations on the coast when any vessel is in
distress on the sands. Perhaps the most terrible catastrophe recorded
here was the wreck of thirteen ships of war during a great storm in
November 1703.
GOODWOOD, a mansion in the parish of Boxgrove, in the Chichester
parliamentary division of Sussex, England, 4 m. N.E. of Chichester. It
was built from designs of Sir William Chambers with additions by Wyatt,
after the purchase of the property by the first duke of Richmond in
1720. The park is in a hilly district, and is enriched with magnificent
trees of many varieties, including some huge cedars. In it is a building
containing a Roman slab recording the construction of a temple to
Minerva and Neptune at Chichester. There is mention of a British
tributary prince named Cogidubnus, who perhaps served also as a Roman
official. A reference to early Christianity in Britain has been
erroneously read into this inscription. On the racecourse a famous
annual meeting, dating from 1802, is held in July. The parish church of
SS. Mary and Blaize, Boxgrove, is almost entirely a rich specimen of
Early English work.
GOODYEAR, CHARLES (1800-1860), American inventor, was born at New Haven,
Connecticut, on the 29th of December 1800, the son of Amasa Goodyear, an
inventor (especially of farming implements) and a pioneer in the
manufacture of hardware in America. The family removed to Naugatuck,
Conn., when Charles was a boy; he worked in his father's button factory
and studied at home until 1816, when he apprenticed himself to a firm of
hardware merchants in Philadelphia. In 1821 he returned to Connecticut
and entered into a partnership with his father at Naugatuck, which
continued till 1830, when it was terminated by business reverses.
Already he was interested in an attempt to discover a method of
treatment by which india-rubber could be made into merchandizable
articles that would stand extremes of heat and cold. To the solution of
this problem the next ten years of his life were devoted. With ceaseless
energy and unwavering faith in the successful outcome of his labours, in
the face of repeated failures and hampered by poverty, which several
times led him to a debtor's prison, he persevered in his endeavours. For
a time he seemed to have succeeded with a treatment (or "cure") of the
rubber with _aqua fortis_. In 1836 he secured a contract for the
manufacture by this process of mail bags for the U.S. government, but
the rubber fabric was useless at high temperatures. In 1837 he met and
worked with Nathaniel Hayward (1808-1865), who had been an employee of a
rubber factory in Roxbury and had made experiments with sulphur mixed
with rubber. Goodyear bought from Hayward the right to use this
imperfect process. In 1839, by dropping on a hot stove some india-rubber
mixed with sulphur, he discovered accidentally the process for the
vulcanization of rubber. Two years more passed before he could find any
one who had faith enough in his discovery to invest money in it. At
last, in 1844, by which time he had perfected his process, his first
patent was granted, and in the subsequent years more than sixty patents
were granted to him for the application of his original process to
various uses. Numerous infringements had to be fought in the courts, the
decisive victory coming in 1852 in the case of _Goodyear_ v. _Day_, in
which his rights were defended by Daniel Webster and opposed by Rufus
Choate. In 1852 he went to England, where articles made under his
patents had been displayed at the International Exhibition of 1851, but
he was unable to establish factories there. In France a company for the
manufacture of vulcanized rubber by his process failed, and in December
1855 he was arrested and imprisoned for debt in Paris. Owing to the
expense of the litigation in which he was engaged and to bad business
management, he profited little from his inventions. He died in New York
City on the 1st of July 1860. He wrote an account of his discovery
entitled _Gum-Elastic and its Varieties_ (2 vols., New Haven,
1853-1855).
See also B. K. Peirce, _Trials of an Inventor, Life and Discoveries of
Charles Goodyear_ (New York, 1866); James Parton, _Famous Americans of
Recent Times_ (Boston, 1867); and Herbert L. Terry, _India Rubber and
its Manufacture_ (New York, 1907).
GOOGE, BARNABE (1540-1594), English poet, son of Robert Googe, recorder
of Lincoln, was born on the 11th of June 1540 at Alvingham,
Lincolnshire. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, and at New
College, Oxford, but does not seem to have taken a degree at either
university. He afterwards removed to Staple's Inn, and was attached to
the household of his kinsman, Sir William Cecil. In 1563 he became a
gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth. He was absent in Spain when his
poems were sent to the printer by a friend, L. Blundeston. Googe then
gave his consent, and they appeared in 1563 as _Eglogs, Epytaphes, and
Sonettes_. There is extant a curious correspondence on the subject of
his marriage with Mary Darrell, whose father refused Googe's suit on the
ground that she was bound by a previous contract. The matter was decided
by the intervention of Sir William Cecil with Archbishop Parker, and the
marriage took place in 1564 or 1565. Googe was provost-marshal of the
court of Connaught, and some twenty letters of his in this capacity are
preserved in the record office. He died in February 1594. He was an
ardent Protestant, and his poetry is coloured by his religious and
political views. In the third "Eglog," for instance, he laments the
decay of the old nobility and the rise of a new aristocracy of wealth,
and he gives an indignant account of the sufferings of his
co-religionists under Mary. The other eclogues deal with the sorrows of
earthly love, leading up to a dialogue between Corydon and Cornix, in
which the heavenly love is extolled. The volume includes epitaphs on
Nicholas Grimald, John Bale and on Thomas Phaer, whose translation of
Virgil Googe is uncritical enough to prefer to the versions of Surrey
and of Gavin Douglas. A much more charming pastoral than any of those
contained in this volume, "Phyllida was a fayer maid" (_Tottel's
Miscellany_) has been ascribed to Barnabe Googe. He was one of the
earliest English pastoral poets, and the first who was inspired by
Spanish romance, being considerably indebted to the _Diana Enamorada_ of
Montemayor.
His other works include a translation from Marcellus Palingenius (said
to be an anagram for Pietro Angelo Manzolli) of a satirical Latin
poem, _Zodiacus vitae_ (Venice, 1531?), in twelve books, under the
title of _The Zodyake of Life_ (1560); _The Popish Kingdome, or reign
of Antichrist_ (1570), translated from Thomas Kirchmayer or
Naogeorgus; _The Spiritual Husbandrie_ from the same author, printed
with the last; _Foure Bookes of Husbandrie_ (1577), collected by
Conradus Heresbachius; and _The Proverbes of ... Lopes de Mendoza_
(1579).
GOOLE, a market town and port in the Osgoldcross parliamentary division
of the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, at the confluence of the Don
and the Ouse, 24 m. W. by S. from Hull, served by the North Eastern,
Lancashire & Yorkshire, Great Central and Asholme joint railways. Pop.
of urban district (1901) 16,576. The town owes its existence to the
construction of the Knottingley canal in 1826 by the Aire and Calder
Navigation Company, after which, in 1829, Goole was made a bonding port.
Previously it had been an obscure hamlet. The port was administratively
combined with that of Hull in 1885. It is 47 m. from the North Sea
(mouth of the Humber), and a wide system of inland navigation opens from
it. There are eight docks supplied with timber ponds, quays, warehouses
and other accommodation. The depth of water is 21 or 22 ft. at high
water, spring tides. Chief exports are coal, stone, woollen goods and
machinery; imports, butter, fruit, indigo, logwood, timber and wool.
Industries include the manufacture of alum, sugar, rope and agricultural
instruments, and iron-founding. Ship-building is also carried on, and
there is a large dry dock and a patent slip for repairing vessels.
Passenger steamship services are worked in connexion with the Lancashire
& Yorkshire railway to Amsterdam, Antwerp, Bruges, Copenhagen, Rotterdam
and other north European ports. The handsome church of St John the
Evangelist, with a lofty tower and spire, dates from 1844.
GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. _gos_, pl. _ges_, Ger. _Gans_, O.
Norse _gas_, from Aryan root, _ghans_, whence Sans. _hansa_, Lat.
_anser_ (for _hanser_), Gr. [Greek: chen], &c.), the general English
name for a considerable number of birds, belonging to the family
_Anatidae_ of modern ornithologists, which are mostly larger than ducks
and less than swans. Technically the word goose is reserved for the
female, the male being called gander (A.-S. _gandra_).
The most important species of goose, and the type of the genus _Anser_,
is undoubtedly that which is the origin of the well-known domestic race
(see POULTRY), the _Anser ferus_ or _A. cinereus_ of most naturalists,
commonly called in English the grey or grey lag[1] goose, a bird of
exceedingly wide range in the Old World, apparently breeding where
suitable localities are to be found in most European countries from
Lapland to Spain and Bulgaria. Eastwards it extends to China, but does
not seem to be known in Japan. It is the only species indigenous to the
British Islands, and in former days bred abundantly in the English
Fen-country, where the young were caught in large numbers and kept in a
more or less reclaimed condition with the vast flocks of tame-bred geese
that at one time formed so valuable a property to the dwellers in and
around the Fens. It is impossible to determine when the wild grey lag
goose ceased from breeding in England, but it certainly did so towards
the end of the 18th century, for Daniell mentions (_Rural Sports_, iii.
242) his having obtained two broods in one season. In Scotland this
goose continues to breed sparingly in several parts of the Highlands and
in certain of the Hebrides, the nests being generally placed in long
heather, and the eggs seldom exceeding five or six in number. It is most
likely the birds reared here that are from time to time obtained in
England, for at the present day the grey lag goose, though once so
numerous, is, and for many years has been, the rarest species of those
that habitually resort to the British Islands. The domestication of this
species, as Darwin remarks (_Animals and Plants under Domestication_, i.
287), is of very ancient date, and yet scarcely any other animal that
has been tamed for so long a period, and bred so largely in captivity,
has varied so little. It has increased greatly in size and fecundity,
but almost the only change in plumage is that tame geese commonly lose
the browner and darker tints of the wild bird, and are more or less
marked with white--being often indeed wholly of that colour.[2] The most
generally recognized breeds of domestic geese are those to which the
distinctive names of Emden and Toulouse are applied; but a singular
breed, said to have come from Sevastopol, was introduced into western
Europe about the year 1856. In this the upper plumage is elongated,
curled and spirally twisted, having their shaft transparent, and so thin
that it often splits into fine filaments, which, remaining free for an
inch or more, often coalesce again;[3] while the quills are aborted, so
that the birds cannot fly.
The other British species of typical geese are the bean-goose (_A.
segetum_), the pink-footed (_A. brachyrhynchus_) and the white-fronted
(_A. albifrons_). On the continent of Europe, but not yet recognized as
occurring in Britain, is a small form of the last (_A. erythropus_)
which is known to breed in Lapland. All these, for the sake of
discrimination, may be divided into _two_ groups--(1) those having the
"nail" at the tip of the bill white, or of a very pale flesh colour, and
(2) those in which this "nail" is black. To the former belong the grey
lag goose, as well as _A. albifrons_ and _A. erythropus_, and to the
latter the other two. _A. albifrons_ and _A. erythropus_, which differ
little but in size,--the last being not much bigger than a mallard
(_Anas boschas_),--may be readily distinguished from the grey lag goose
by their bright orange legs and their mouse-coloured upper wing-coverts,
to say nothing of their very conspicuous white face and the broad black
bars which cross the belly, though the last two characters are
occasionally observable to some extent in the grey lag goose, which has
the bill and legs flesh-coloured, and the upper wing-coverts of a
bluish-grey. Of the second group, with the black "nail," _A. segetum_
has the bill long, black at the base and orange in the middle; the feet
are also orange, and the upper wing-coverts mouse-coloured, as in _A.
albifrons_ and _A. erythropus_, while _A. brachyrhynchus_ has the bill
short, bright pink in the middle, and the feet also pink, the upper
wing-coverts being nearly of the same bluish-grey as in the grey lag
goose. Eastern Asia possesses in _A. grandis_ a third species of this
group, which chiefly differs from _A. segetum_ in its larger size. In
North America there is only one species of typical goose, and that
belongs to the white-"nailed" group. It very nearly resembles _A.
albifrons_, but is larger, and has been described as distinct under the
name of _A. gambeli_. Central Asia and India possess in the bar-headed
goose (_A. indicus_) a bird easily distinguished from any of the
foregoing by the character implied by its English name; but it is
certainly somewhat abnormal, and, indeed, under the name of _Eulabia_,
has been separated from the genus _Anser_, which has no other member
indigenous to the Indian Region, nor any at all to the Ethiopian,
Australian or Neotropical Regions.
America possesses by far the greatest wealth of Anserine forms. Beside
others, presently to be mentioned, its northern portions are the home of
all the species of snow-geese belonging to the genus _Chen_. The first
of these is _C. hyperboreus_, the snow-goose proper, a bird of large
size, and when adult of a pure white, except the primaries, which are
black. This has long been deemed a visitor to the Old World, and
sometimes in considerable numbers, but the later discovery of a smaller
form, _C. albatus_, scarcely differing except in size, throws some doubt
on the older records, especially since examples which have been obtained
in the British Islands undoubtedly belong to this lesser bird, and it
would be satisfactory to have the occurrence in the Old World of the
true _C. hyperboreus_ placed on a surer footing. So nearly allied to the
species last named as to have been often confounded with it, is the
blue-winged goose, _C. coerulescens_, which is said never to attain a
snowy plumage. Then we have a very small species, long ago described as
distinct by Samuel Hearne, the Arctic traveller, but until 1861
discredited by ornithologists. Its distinctness has now been fully
recognized, and it has received, somewhat unjustly, the name of _C.
rossi_. Its face is adorned with numerous papillae, whence it has been
removed by Elliot to a separate genus, _Exanthemops_, and for the same
reason it has long been known to the European residents in the fur
countries as the "horned wavey"--the last word being a rendering of a
native name, _Wawa_, which signifies goose. Finally, there appears to
belong to this section, though it has been frequently referred to
another (_Chloephaga_), and has also been made the type of a distinct
genus (_Philacte_), the beautiful emperor goose, _P. canagica_, which is
almost peculiar to the Aleutian Islands, though straying to the
continent in winter, and may be recognized by the white edging of its
remiges.
The southern portions of the New World are inhabited by about half a
dozen species of geese not nearly akin to the foregoing, and separated
as the genus _Chloephaga_. The most noticeable of them are the rock or
kelp goose, _C. antarctica_, and the upland goose, _C. magellanica_. In
both of these the sexes are totally unlike in colour, but in others a
greater similarity obtains.[4] Formerly erroneously associated with the
birds of this group comes one which belongs to the northern hemisphere,
and is common to the Old World as well as the New. It contains the geese
which have received the common names of bernacles or brents,[5] and the
scientific appellations of _Bernicla_ and _Branta_--for the use of
either of which much may be said by nomenclaturists. All the species of
this section are distinguished by their general dark sooty colour,
relieved in some by white of greater or less purity, and by way of
distinction from the members of the genus _Anser_, which are known as
grey geese, are frequently called by fowlers black geese. Of these, the
best known both in Europe and North America is the brent-goose--the
_Anas bernicla_ of Linnaeus, and the _B. torquata_ of many modern
writers--a truly marine bird, seldom (in Europe at least) quitting
salt-water, and coming southwards in vast flocks towards autumn,
frequenting bays and estuaries on the British coasts, where it lives
chiefly on sea-grass (_Zostera maritima_). It is known to breed in
Spitsbergen and in Greenland. A form which is by some ornithologists
deemed a good species, and called by them _B. nigricans_, occurs chiefly
on the Pacific coast of North America. In it the black of the neck,
which in the common brent terminates just above the breast, extends over
most of the lower parts. The true bernacle-goose,[6] the _B. leucopsis_
of most authors, is but a casual visitor to North America, but is said
to breed in Iceland, and occasionally in Norway. Its usual _incunabula_,
however, still form one of the puzzles of the ornithologist, and the
difficulty is not lessened by the fact that it will breed freely in
semi-captivity, while the brent-goose will not. From the latter the
bernacle-goose is easily distinguished by its larger size and white
cheeks. Hutchins's goose (_B. Hutchinsi_) seems to be its true
representative in the New World. In this the face is dark, but a white
crescentic or triangular patch extends from the throat on either side
upwards behind the eye. Almost exactly similar in coloration to the
last, but greatly superior in size, and possessing 18 rectrices, while
all the foregoing have but 16, is the common wild goose of America, _B.
canadensis_, which, for more than two centuries has been introduced into
Europe, where it propagates so freely that it has been included by
nearly all the ornithologists of this quarter of the globe as a member
of its fauna. An allied form, by some deemed a species, is _B.
leucopareia_, which ranges over the western part of North America, and,
though having 18 rectrices, is distinguished by a white collar round the
lower part of the neck. The most diverse species of this group of geese
are the beautiful _B. ruficollis_, a native of north-eastern Asia, which
occasionally strays to western Europe, and has been obtained more than
once in Britain, and that which is peculiar to the Hawaian archipelago,
_B. sandvicensis_.
The largest living goose is that called the Chinese, Guinea or
swan-goose, _Cygnopsis cygnoides_, and this is the stock whence the
domestic geese of several eastern countries have sprung. It may often be
seen in English parks, and it is found to cross readily with the common
tame goose, the offspring being fertile, and Blyth has said that these
crosses are very abundant in India. The true home of the species is in
eastern Siberia or Mongolia. It is distinguished by its long smooth
neck, marked dorsally by a chocolate streak. The reclaimed form is
usually distinguished by the knob at the base of the bill, but the
evidence of many observers shows that this is not found in the wild
race. Of this bird there is a perfectly white breed.
We have next to mention a very curious form, _Cereopsis
novae-hollandiae_, which is peculiar to Australia, and is a more
terrestrial type of goose than any other now existing. Its short,
decurved bill and green cere give it a very peculiar expression, and its
almost uniform grey plumage, bearing rounded black spots, is also
remarkable. It bears captivity well, breeding in confinement, but is now
seldom seen. It appears to have been formerly very abundant in many
parts of Australia, from which it has of late been exterminated. Some of
its peculiarities seem to have been still more exaggerated in a bird
that is wholly extinct, the _Cnemiornis calcitrans_ of New Zealand, the
remains of which were described in full by Sir R. Owen in 1873 (_Trans.
Zool. Society_, ix. 253). Among the first portions of this singular bird
that were found were the _tibiae_, presenting an extraordinary
development of the _patella_, which, united with the shank-bone, gave
rise to the generic name applied. For some time the affinity of the
owner of this wonderful structure was in doubt, but all hesitation was
dispelled by the discovery of a nearly perfect skeleton, now in the
British Museum, which proved the bird to be a goose, of great size, and
unable, from the shortness of its wings, to fly. In correlation with
this loss of power may also be noted the dwindling of the keel of the
sternum. Generally, however, its osteological characters point to an
affinity to _Cereopsis_, as was noticed by Dr Hector (_Trans. New Zeal.
Institute_, vi. 76-84), who first determined its Anserine character.
Birds of the genera _Chenalopex_ (the Egyptian and Orinoco geese),
_Plectropterus_, _Sarcidiornis_, _Chlamydochen_ and some others, are
commonly called geese. It seems uncertain whether they should be grouped
with the _Anserinae_. The males of all, like those of the
above-mentioned genus _Chloephaga_, appear to have that curious
enlargement at the junction of the bronchial tubes and the trachea which
is so characteristic of the ducks or _Anatinae_. (A. N.)