[1] Cf. G. E. Grum-Grzhimailo, _Opisaniye Puteshestviya_, i. 381-417.
[2] Quoted in Sven Hedin, _Scientific Results_, ii. 499.
[3] _Op. cit._ ii. 499-500.
[4] Przhevalsky, _Iz Zayana cherez Hami v Tibet na Vershovya Shaltoy
Reki_, pp. 84-91.
[5] Futterer, _Durch Asien_, i. pp. 206-211.
[6] G. E. Grum-Grzhimailo, _Opisanie Puteshestviya v Sapadniy Kitai_,
ii. p. 127.
[7] Its seeds are pounded by the Mongols to flour and mixed with
their tea.
[8] Przhevalsky, _Mongolia_ (Eng. trans. ed. by Sir H. Yule).
[9] Przhevalsky, _op. cit._ p. 183.
[10] Obruchev. in _Izvestia_ of Russ. Geogr. Soc. (1895).
[11] In _Tangutsko-Tibetskaya Okraina Kitaya i Centralnaya
Mongoliya_, i. pp. 96, &c.
[12] See _Sand-buried Cities of Khotan_ (London, 1902).
GOBLET, RENE (1828-1905), French politician, was born at
Aire-sur-la-Lys, in the Pas de Calais, on the 26th of November 1828, and
was educated for the law. Under the Second Empire, he helped to found a
Liberal journal, _Le Progres de la Somme_, and in July 1871 was sent by
the department of the Somme to the National Assembly, where he took his
place on the extreme left. He failed to secure election in 1876, but
next year was returned for Amiens. He held a minor government office in
1879, and in 1882 became minister of the interior in the Freycinet
cabinet. He was minister of education, fine arts and religion in Henri
Brisson's first cabinet in 1885, and again under Freycinet in 1886, when
he greatly increased his reputation by an able defence of the
government's education proposals. Meanwhile his extreme independence and
excessive candour had alienated him from many of his party, and all
through his life he was frequently in conflict with his political
associates, from Gambetta downwards. On the fall of the Freycinet
cabinet in December he formed a cabinet in which he reserved for himself
the portfolios of the interior and of religion. The Goblet cabinet was
unpopular from the outset, and it was with difficulty that anybody could
be found to accept the ministry of foreign affairs, which was finally
given to M. Flourens. Then came what is known as the Schnaebele
incident, the arrest on the German frontier of a French official named
Schnaebele, which caused immense excitement in France. For some days
Goblet took no definite decision, but left Flourens, who stood for
peace, to fight it out with General Boulanger, then minister of war, who
was for the despatch of an ultimatum. Although he finally intervened on
the side of Flourens, and peace was preserved, his weakness in face of
the Boulangist propaganda became a national danger. Defeated on the
budget in May 1887, his government resigned; but he returned to office
next year as foreign minister in the radical administration of Charles
Floquet. He was defeated at the polls by a Boulangist candidate in 1889,
and sat in the senate from 1891 to 1893, when he returned to the popular
chamber. In association with MM. E. Lockroy, Ferdinand Sarrien and P. L.
Peytral he drew up a republican programme which they put forward in the
_Petite Republique francaise_. At the elections of 1898 he was defeated,
and thenceforward took little part in public affairs. He died in Paris
on the 13th of September 1905.
GOBLET, a large type of drinking-vessel, particularly one shaped like a
cup, without handles, and mounted on a shank with a foot. The word is
derived from the O. Fr. _gobelet_, diminutive of _gobel_, _gobeau_,
which Skeat takes to be formed from Low Lat. _cupellus_, cup, diminutive
of _cupa_, tub, cask (see DRINKING-VESSELS).
GOBY. The gobies (_Gobius_) are small fishes readily recognized by their
ventrals (the fins on the lower surface of the chest) being united into
one fin, forming a suctorial disk, by which these fishes are enabled to
attach themselves in every possible position to a rock or other firm
substances. They are essentially coast-fishes, inhabiting nearly all
seas, but disappearing towards the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. Many
enter, or live exclusively in, such fresh waters as are at no great
distance from the sea. Nearly 500 different kinds are known. The largest
British species, _Gobius capito_, occurring in the rock-pools of
Cornwall, measures 10 in. _Gobius alcocki_, from brackish and fresh
waters of Lower Bengal, is one of the very smallest of fishes, not
measuring over 16 millimetres (= 7 lines). The males are usually more
brilliantly coloured than the females, and guard the eggs, which are
often placed in a sort of nest made of the shell of some bivalve or of
the carapace of a crab, with the convexity turned upwards and covered
with sand, the eggs being stuck to the inner surface of this roof.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--_Gobius lentiginosus_.]
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--United Ventrals of Goby.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--_Periophthalmus koelreuteri_.]
Close allies of the gobies are the walking fish or jumping fish
(_Periophthalmus_), of which various species are found in great numbers
on the mud flats at the mouths of rivers in the tropics, skipping about
by means of the muscular, scaly base of their pectoral fins, with the
head raised and bearing a pair of strongly projecting versatile eyes
close together.
GOCH, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, on the Niers, 8
m. S. of Cleves at the junction of the railways Cologne-Zevenaar and
Boxtel-Wesel. Pop. (1905) 10,232. It has a Protestant and a Roman
Catholic church and manufactures of brushes, plush goods, cigars and
margarine. In the middle ages it was the seat of a large trade in linen.
Goch became a town in 1231 and belonged to the dukes of Gelderland and
later to the dukes of Cleves.
GOD, the common Teutonic word for a personal object of religious
worship. It is thus, like the Gr. [Greek: theos] and Lat. _deus_,
applied to all those superhuman beings of the heathen mythologies who
exercise power over nature and man and are often identified with some
particular sphere of activity; and also to the visible material objects,
whether an image of the supernatural being or a tree, pillar, &c. used
as a symbol, an idol. The word "god," on the conversion of the Teutonic
races to Christianity, was adopted as the name of the one Supreme Being,
the Creator of the universe, and of the Persons of the Trinity. The _New
English Dictionary_ points out that whereas the old Teutonic type of the
word is neuter, corresponding to the Latin _numen_, in the Christian
applications it becomes masculine, and that even where the earlier
neuter form is still kept, as in Gothic and Old Norwegian, the
construction is masculine. Popular etymology has connected the word with
"good"; this is exemplified by the corruption of "God be with you" into
"good-bye." "God" is a word common to all Teutonic languages. In Gothic
it is _Guth_; Dutch has the same form as English; Danish and Swedish
have _Gud_, German _Gott_. According to the _New English Dictionary_,
the original may be found in two Aryan roots, both of the form _gheu_,
one of which means "to invoke," the other "to pour" (cf. Gr. [Greek:
cheein]); the last is used of sacrificial offerings. The word would thus
mean the object either of religious invocation or of religious worship
by sacrifice. It has been also suggested that the word might mean a
"molten image" from the sense of "pour."
See RELIGION; HEBREW RELIGION; THEISM, &c.
GODALMING, a market-town and municipal borough in the Guildford
parliamentary division of Surrey, England, 34 m. S.W. of London by the
London & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 8748. It is beautifully
situated on the right bank of the Wey, which is navigable thence to the
Thames, and on the high road between London and Portsmouth. Steep hills,
finely wooded, enclose the valley. The chief public buildings are the
church of SS. Peter and Paul, a cruciform building of mixed
architecture, but principally Early English and Perpendicular; the
town-hall, Victoria hall, and market-house, and a technical institute
and school of science and art. Charterhouse School, one of the principal
English public schools, originally founded in 1611, was transferred from
Charterhouse Square, London, to Godalming in 1872. It stands within
grounds 92 acres in extent, half a mile north of Godalming, and consists
of spacious buildings in Gothic style, with a chapel, library and hall,
besides boarding-houses, masters' houses and sanatoria. (See
CHARTERHOUSE.) Godalming has manufactures of paper, leather, parchment
and hosiery, and some trade in corn, malt, bark, hoops and timber; and
the Bargate stone, of which the parish church is built, is still
quarried. The borough is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors.
Area, 812 acres.
Godalming (Godelminge) belonged to King Alfred, and was a royal manor at
the time of Domesday. The manor belonged to the see of Salisbury in the
middle ages, but reverted to the crown in the time of Henry VIII.
Godalming was incorporated by Elizabeth in 1574, when the borough
originated. The charter was confirmed by James I. in 1620, and a fresh
charter was granted by Charles II. in 1666. The borough was never
represented in parliament. The bishop of Salisbury in 1300 received the
grant of a weekly market to be held on Mondays: the day was altered to
Wednesday by Elizabeth's charter. The bishop's grant included a fair at
the feast of St Peter and St Paul (29th of June). Another fair at
Candlemas (2nd of February) was granted by Elizabeth. The market is
still held. The making of cloth, particularly Hampshire kerseys, was the
staple industry of Godalming in the middle ages, but it began to decay
early in the 17th century and by 1850 was practically extinct. As in
other cases, dyeing was subsidiary to the cloth industry. Tanning,
introduced in the 15th century, survives. The present manufacture of
fleecy hosiery dates from the end of the 18th century.
GODARD, BENJAMIN LOUIS PAUL (1849-1895); French composer, was born in
Paris, on the 18th of August 1849. He studied at the Conservatoire, and
competed for the Prix de Rome without success in 1866 and 1867. He began
by publishing a number of songs, many of which are charming, such as "Je
ne veux pas d'autres choses," "Ninon," "Chanson de Florian," also a
quantity of piano pieces, some chamber music, including several violin
sonatas, a trio for piano and strings, a quartet for strings, a violin
concerto and a second work of the same kind entitled "Concerto
Romantique." Godard's chance arrived in the year 1878, when with his
dramatic cantata, _Le Tasse_, he shared with M. Theodore Dubois the
honour of winning the musical competition instituted by the city of
Paris. From that time until his death Godard composed a surprisingly
large number of works, including four operas, _Pedro de Zalamea_,
produced at Antwerp in 1884; _Jocelyn_, given in Paris at the Theatre du
Chateau d'Eau, in 1888; _Dante_, played at the Opera Comique two years
later; and _La Vivandiere_, left unfinished and partly scored by another
hand. This last work was heard at the Opera Comique in 1895, and has
been played in England by the Carl Rosa Opera Company. His other works
include the "Symphonie legendaire," "Symphonie gothique," "Diane" and
various orchestral works. Godard's productivity was enormous, and his
compositions are, for this reason only, decidedly unequal. He was at his
best in works of smaller dimensions, and has left many exquisite songs.
Among his more ambitious works the "Symphonie legendaire" may be singled
out as being one of the most distinctive. He had a decided
individuality, and his premature death at Cannes on the 10th of January
1895 was a loss to French art.
GODAVARI, a river of central and western India. It flows across the
Deccan from the Western to the Eastern Ghats; its total length is 900
m., the estimated area of its drainage basin, 112,200 sq. m. Its
traditional source is on the side of a hill behind the village of
Trimbak in Nasik district, Bombay, where the water runs into a
reservoir from the lips of an image. But according to popular legend it
proceeds from the same ultimate source as the Ganges, though
underground. Its course is generally south-easterly. After passing
through Nasik district, it crosses into the dominions of the nizam of
Hyderabad. When it again strikes British territory it is joined by the
Pranhita, with its tributaries the Wardha, the Penganga and Wainganga.
For some distance it flows between the nizam's dominions and the Upper
Godavari district, and receives the Indravati, the Tal and the Sabari.
The stream has here a channel varying from 1 to 2 m. in breadth,
occasionally broken by alluvial islands. Parallel to the river stretch
long ranges of hills. Below the junction of the Sabari the channel
begins to contract. The flanking hills gradually close in on both sides,
and the result is a magnificent gorge only 200 yds. wide through which
the water flows into the plain of the delta, about 60 m. from the sea.
The head of the delta is at the village of Dowlaishweram, where the main
stream is crossed by the irrigation anicut. The river has seven mouths,
the largest being the Gautami Godavari. The Godavari is regarded as
peculiarly sacred, and once every twelve years the great bathing
festival called _Pushkaram_ is held on its banks at Rajahmundry.
The upper waters of the Godavari are scarcely utilized for irrigation,
but the entire delta has been turned into a garden of perennial crops by
means of the anicut at Dowlaishweram, constructed by Sir Arthur Cotton,
from which three main canals are drawn off. The river channel here is
3-1/2 m. wide. The anicut is a substantial mass of stone, bedded in lime
cement, about 2-1/4 m. long, 130 ft. broad at the base, and 12 ft. high.
The stream is thus pent back so as to supply a volume of 3000 cubic ft.
of water per second during its low season, and 12,000 cubic ft. at time
of flood. The main canals have a total length of 493 m., irrigating
662,000 acres, and all navigable; and there are 1929 m. of distributary
channels. In 1864 water-communication was opened between the deltas of
the Godavari and Kistna. Rocky barriers and rapids obstruct navigation
in the upper portion of the Godavari. Attempts have been made to
construct canals round these barriers with little success, and the
undertaking has been abandoned.
GODAVARI, a district of British India, in the north-east of the Madras
presidency. It was remodelled in 1907-1908, when part of it was
transferred to Kistna district. Its present area is 5634 sq. m. Its
territory now lies mainly east of the Godavari river, including the
entire delta, with a long narrow strip extending up its valley. The apex
of the delta is at Dowlaishweram, where a great dam renders the waters
available for irrigation. Between this point and the coast there is a
vast extent of rice fields. Farther inland, and enclosing the valley of
the great river, are low hills, steep and forest-clad. The north-eastern
part, known as the Agency tract, is occupied by spurs of the Eastern
Ghats. The coast is low, sandy and swampy, the sea very shallow, so that
vessels must lie nearly 5 m. from Cocanada, the chief port. The Sabari
is the principal tributary of the Godavari within the district. The
Godavari often rises in destructive floods. The population of the
present area in 1901 was 1,445,961. In the old district the increase
during the last decade was 11%. The chief towns are Cocanada and
Rajahmundry. The forests are of great value; coal is known, and graphite
is worked. The population is principally occupied in agriculture, the
principal crops being rice, oil-seeds, tobacco and sugar. The cigars
known in England as Lunkas are partly made from tobacco grown on
_lankas_ or islands in the river Godavari. Sugar (from the juice of the
palmyra palm) and rum are made by European processes at Samalkot. The
administrative headquarters are now at Cocanada, the chief seaport; but
Rajahmundry, at the head of the delta, is the old capital. A large but
decreasing trade is conducted at Cocanada, rice being shipped to
Mauritius and Ceylon, and cotton and oil-seeds to Europe. Rice-cleaning
mills have been established here and at other places. The district is
traversed by the main line of the East Coast railway, with a branch to
Cocanada; the iron girder bridge of forty-two spans over the Godavari
river near Rajahmundry was opened in 1900. There is a government college
at Rajahmundry, with a training college attached, and an aided college
at Cocanada.
The Godavari district formed part of the Andhra division of Dravida, the
north-west portion being subject to the Orissa kings, and the
south-western belonging to the Vengi kingdom. For centuries it was the
battlefield on which various chiefs fought for independence with varying
success till the beginning of the 16th century, when the whole country
may be said to have passed under Mahommedan power. At the conclusion of
the struggle with the French in the Carnatic, Godavari with the Northern
Circars was conquered by the English, and finally ceded by imperial
_sanad_ in 1765. The district was constituted in 1859, by the
redistribution of the territory comprising the former districts of
Guntur, Rajahmundry and Masulipatam, into what are now the Kistna and
Godavari districts.
See H. Morris, _District Manual_ (1878); _District Gazetteer_ (1906).
GODEFROY (GOTHOFREDUS), a French noble family, which numbered among its
members several distinguished jurists and historians. The family claimed
descent from Symon Godefroy, who was born at Mons about 1320 and was
lord of Sapigneulx near Berry-au-bac, now in the department of Aisne.
DENIS GODEFROY (Dionysius Gothofredus) (1549-1622), jurist, son of Leon
Godefroy, lord of Guignecourt, was born in Paris on the 17th of October
1549. He was educated at the College de Navarre, and studied law at
Louvain, Cologne and Heidelberg, returning to Paris in 1573. He embraced
the reformed religion, and in 1579 left Paris, where his abilities and
connexions promised a brilliant career, to establish himself at Geneva.
He became professor of law there, received the freedom of the city in
1580; and in 1587 became a member of the Council of the Two Hundred.
Henry IV. induced him to return to France by making him _grand bailli_
of Gex, but no sooner had he installed himself than the town was sacked
and his library burnt by the troops of the duke of Savoy. In 1591 he
became professor of Roman law at Strassburg, where he remained until
April 1600, when in response to an invitation from Frederick IV.,
elector palatine, he removed to Heidelberg. The difficulties of his
position led to his return to Strassburg for a short time, but in
November 1604 he definitely settled at Heidelberg. He was made head of
the faculty of law in the university, and was from time to time employed
on missions to the French court. His repeated refusal of offers of
advancement in his own country was due to his Calvinism. He died at
Strassburg on the 7th of September 1622, having left Heidelberg before
the city was sacked by the imperial troops in 1621. His most important
work was the _Corpus juris civilis_, originally published at Geneva in
1583, which went through some twenty editions, the most valuable of them
being that printed by the Elzevirs at Amsterdam in 1633 and the Leipzig
edition of 1740.
Lists of his other learned works may be found in Senebier's _Hist.
litt. de Geneve_, vol. ii., and in Niceron's _Memoires_, vol. xvii.
Some of his correspondence with his learned friends, with his kinsman
President de Thou, Isaac Casaubon, Jean Jacques Grynaeus and others,
is preserved in the libraries of the British Museum, of Basel and
Paris.
His eldest son, THEODORE GODEFROY (1580-1649), was born at Geneva on the
14th of July 1580. He abjured Calvinism, and was called to the bar in
Paris. He became historiographer of France in 1613, and was employed
from time to time on diplomatic missions. He was employed at the
congress of Munster, where he remained after the signing of peace in
1648 as charge d'affaires until his death on the 5th of October of the
next year. His most important work is _Le Ceremonial de France ..._
(1619), a work which became a classic on the subject of royal
ceremonial, and was re-edited by his son in an enlarged edition in 1649.
Besides his printed works he made vast collections of historical
material which remains in MS. and fills the greater part of the
Godefroy collection of over five hundred portfolios in the Library of
the Institute in Paris. These were catalogued by Ludovic Lalanne in
the _Annuaire Bulletin_ (1865-1866 and 1892) of the _Societe de
l'histoire de France_.
The second son of Denis, JACQUES GODEFROY (1587-1652), jurist, was born
at Geneva on the 13th of September 1587. He was sent to France in 1611,
and studied law and history at Bourges and Paris. He remained faithful
to the Calvinist persuasion, and soon returned to Geneva, where he
became active in public affairs. He was secretary of state from 1632 to
1636, and syndic or chief magistrate in 1637, 1641, 1645 and 1649. He
died on the 23rd of June 1652. In addition to his civic and political
work he lectured on law, and produced, after thirty years of labour, his
edition of the _Codex Theodosianus_. This code formed the principal,
though not the only, source of the legal systems of the countries formed
from the Western Empire. Godefroy's edition was enriched with a
multitude of important notes and historical comments, and became a
standard authority on the decadent period of the Western Empire. It was
only printed thirteen years after his death under the care of his friend
Antoine Marville at Lyons (4 vols. 1665), and was reprinted at Leipzig
(6 vols.) in 1736-1745. Of his numerous other works the most important
was the reconstruction of the twelve tables of early Roman law.
See also the dictionary of Moreri, Niceron's _Memoires_ (vol. 17) and
a notice in the _Bibliotheque universelle de Geneve_ (Dec. 1837).
DENIS GODEFROY (1615-1681), eldest son of Theodore, succeeded his father
as historiographer of France, and re-edited various chronicles which had
been published by him. He was entrusted by Colbert with the care and
investigation of the records concerning the Low Countries preserved at
Lille, where great part of his life was spent. He was also the historian
of the reigns of Charles VII. and Charles VIII.
Other members of the family who attained distinction in the same branch
of learning were the two sons of Denis Godefroy--Denis (1653-1719), also
an historian, and Jean, sieur d'Aumont (1656-1732), who edited the
letters of Louis XII., the memoirs of Marguerite de Valois, of Castelnau
and Pierre de l'Estoile, and left some useful material for the history
of the Low Countries; Jean Baptiste Achille Godefroy, sieur de Maillart
(1697-1759), and Denis Joseph Godefroy, sieur de Maillart (1740-1819),
son and grandson of Jean Godefroy, who were both officials at Lille, and
left valuable historical documents which have remained in MS.
For further details see _Les Savants Godefroy_ (Paris, 1873) by the
marquis de Godefroy-Menilglaise, son of Denis Joseph Godefroy.
GODESBERG, a spa of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, on the left
bank of the Rhine, almost opposite Konigswinter, and 4 m. S. of Bonn, on
the railway to Coblenz. It is a fashionable summer resort, and contains
numerous pretty villas, the residences of merchants from Cologne,
Elberfeld, Crefeld and other Rhenish manufacturing centres. It has an
Evangelical and three Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue and several
educational establishments. Its chalybeate springs annually attract a
large number of visitors, and the pump-room, baths and public grounds
are arranged on a sumptuous scale. On a conical basalt hill, close by,
are the ruins, surmounted by a picturesque round tower, of Godesberg
castle. Built by Archbishop Dietrich I. of Cologne in the 13th century,
it was destroyed by the Bavarians in 1583.
See Dennert, _Godesberg, eine Perle des Rheins_ (Godesberg, 1900).
GODET, FREDERIC LOUIS (1812-1900), Swiss Protestant theologian, was born
at Neuchatel on the 25th of October 1812. After studying theology at
Neuchatel, Bonn and Berlin, he was in 1850 appointed professor of
theology at Neuchatel. From 1851 to 1866 he also held a pastorate. In
1873 he became one of the founders of the free Evangelical Church of
Neuchatel, and professor in its theological faculty. He died there on
the 29th of October 1900. A conservative scholar, Godet was the author
of some of the most noteworthy French commentaries published in recent
times.
His commentaries are on the Gospel of St John (2 vols., 1863-1865; 3rd
ed., 1881-1888; Eng. trans. 1886, &c.); St Luke (2 vols., 1871; 3rd
ed., 1888; Eng. trans. 1875, &c.); the Epistle to the Romans (2 vols.,
1879-1880; 2nd ed., 1883-1890; Eng. trans., 1880, &c.); Corinthians (2
vols., 1886-1887; Eng. trans. 1886, &c.). His other works include
_Etudes bibliques_ (2 vols., 1873-1874; 4th ed., 1889; Eng. trans.
1875 f.), and _Introduction au Nouveau Testament_ (1893 f.; Eng.
trans., 1894, &c.); _Lectures in Defence of the Christian Faith_ (Eng.
trans. 4th ed., 1900).
GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678), English magistrate and
politician, younger son of Thomas Godfrey (1586-1664), a member of an
old Kentish family, was born on the 23rd of December 1621. He was
educated at Westminster school and at Christ Church, Oxford, and after
entering Gray's Inn became a dealer in wood. His business prospered. He
was made a justice of the peace for the city of Westminster, and in
September 1666 was knighted as a reward for his services as magistrate
and citizen during the great plague in London; but in 1669 he was
imprisoned for a few days for instituting the arrest of the king's
physician, Sir Alexander Fraizer (d. 1681), who owed him money. The
tragic events in Godfrey's life began in September 1678 when Titus Oates
and two other men appeared before him with written information about the
_Popish Plot_, and swore to the truth of their statements. During the
intense excitement which followed the magistrate expressed a fear that
his life was in danger, but took no extra precautions for safety. On the
12th of October he did not return home as usual, and on the 17th his
body was found on Primrose Hill, Hampstead. Medical and other evidence
made it certain that he had been murdered, and the excited populace
regarded the deed as the work of the Roman Catholics. Two committees
investigated the occurrence without definite result, but in December
1678 a certain Miles Prance, who had been arrested for conspiracy,
confessed that he had shared in the murder. According to Prance the deed
was instigated by some Roman Catholic priests, three of whom witnessed
the murder, and was committed in the courtyard of Somerset House, where
Godfrey was strangled by Robert Green, Lawrence Hill and Henry Berry,
the body being afterwards taken to Hampstead. The three men were
promptly arrested; the evidence of the informer William Bedloe, although
contradictory, was similar on a few points to that of Prance, and in
February 1679 they were hanged. Soon afterwards, however, some doubt was
cast upon this story; a war of words ensued between Prance and others,
and it was freely asserted that Godfrey had committed suicide. Later the
falsehood of Prance's confession was proved and Prance pleaded guilty to
perjury; but the fact remains that Godfrey was murdered. Godfrey was an
excellent magistrate, and was very charitable both in public and in
private life. Mr John Pollock, in the _Popish Plot_ (London, 1903),
confirms the view that the three men, Green, Hill and Berry, were
wrongfully executed, and thinks the murder was committed by some Jesuits
aided by Prance. Godfrey was feared by the Jesuits because he knew,
through Oates, that on the 24th of April 1678 a Jesuit congregation had
met at the residence of the duke of York to concert plans for the king's
murder. He concludes thus: "The success of Godfrey's murder as a
political move is indubitable. The duke of York was the pivot of the
Roman Catholic scheme in England, and Godfrey's death saved both from
utter ruin." On the other hand Mr Alfred Marks in his _Who killed Sir E.
B. Godfrey?_ (1905) maintains that suicide was the cause of Godfrey's
death.
See the article OATES, TITUS, also R. Tuke, _Memoirs of the Life and
Death of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey_ (London, 1682); and G. Burnet,
_History of my Own Time; The Reign of Charles II._, edited by O. Airy
(Oxford, 1900).
GODFREY OF BOUILLON (c. 1060-1100), a leader in the First Crusade, was
the second son of Eustace II., count of Boulogne, by his marriage with
Ida, daughter of Duke Godfrey II. of Lower Lorraine. He was designated
by Duke Godfrey as his successor; but the emperor Henry IV. gave him
only the mark of Antwerp, in which the lordship of Bouillon was included
(1076). He fought for Henry, however, both on the Elster and in the
siege of Rome; and he was invested in 1082 with the duchy of Lower
Lorraine. Lorraine had been penetrated by Cluniac influences, and
Godfrey would seem to have been a man of notable piety. Accordingly,
though he had himself served as an imperialist, and though the Germans
in general had little sympathy with the Crusaders (_subsannabant ...
quasi delirantes_), Godfrey, nevertheless, when the call came "to
follow Christ," almost literally sold all that he had, and followed.
Along with his brothers Eustace and Baldwin (the future Baldwin I. of
Jerusalem) he led a German contingent, some 40,000 strong, along
"Charlemagne's road," through Hungary to Constantinople, starting in
August 1096, and arriving at Constantinople, after some difficulties in
Hungary, in November. He was the first of the crusading princes to
arrive, and on him fell the duty of deciding what the relations of the
princes to the eastern emperor Alexius were to be. Eventually, after
several disputes and some fighting, he did homage to Alexius in January
1097; and his example was followed by the other princes. From this time
until the beginning of 1099 Godfrey appears as one of the minor princes,
plodding onwards, and steadily fighting, while men like Bohemund and
Raymund, Baldwin and Tancred were determining the course of events.
In 1099 he came once more to the front. The mass of the crusaders became
weary of the political factions which divided some of their leaders; and
Godfrey, who was more of a pilgrim than a politician, becomes the
natural representative of this feeling. He was thus able to force the
reluctant Raymund to march southward to Jerusalem; and he took a
prominent part in the siege, his division being the first to enter when
the city was captured. It was natural therefore that, when Raymund of
Provence refused the offered dignity, Godfrey should be elected ruler of
Jerusalem (July 22, 1099). He assumed the title not of king, but of
"advocate"[1] of the Holy Sepulchre. The new dignity proved still more
onerous than honourable; and during his short reign of a year Godfrey
had to combat the Arabs of Egypt, and the opposition of Raymund and the
patriarch Dagobert. He was successful In repelling the Egyptian attack
at the battle of Ascalon (August 1099); but he failed, owing to
Raymund's obstinacy and greed, to acquire the town of Ascalon after the
battle. Left alone, at the end of the autumn, with an army of some 2000
men, Godfrey was yet able, in the spring of 1100, probably with the aid
of new pilgrims, to exact tribute from towns like Acre, Ascalon, Arsuf
and Caesarea. But already, at the end of 1099 Dagobert, archbishop of
Pisa, had been substituted as patriarch for Arnulf (who had been acting
as vicar) by the influence of Bohemund; and Dagobert, whose vassal
Godfrey had at once piously acknowledged himself, seems to have forced
him to an agreement in April 1100, by which he promised Jerusalem and
Jaffa to the patriarch, in case he should acquire in their place Cairo
or some other town, or should die without issue. Thus were the
foundations of a theocracy laid in Jerusalem; and when Godfrey died
(July 1100) he left the question to be decided, whether a theocracy or a
monarchy should be the government of the Holy Land.
Because he had been the first ruler in Jerusalem Godfrey was idolized in
later saga. He was depicted as the leader of the crusades, the king of
Jerusalem, the legislator who laid down the assizes of Jerusalem. He was
none of these things. Bohemund was the leader of the crusades; Baldwin
was first king; the assizes were the result of a gradual development. In
still other ways was the figure of Godfrey idealized by the grateful
tradition of later days; but in reality he would seem to have been a
quiet, pious, hard-fighting knight, who was chosen to rule in Jerusalem
because he had no dangerous qualities, and no obvious defects.
LITERATURE.--The narrative of Albert of Aix may be regarded as
presenting the Lotharingian point of view, as the _Gesta_ presents the
Norman, and Raymund of Agiles the Provencal. The career of Godfrey has
been discussed in modern times by R. Rohricht, _Die Deutschen im
heiligen Lande_, Band ii., and _Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges,
passim_ (Innsbruck, 1901). (E. Br.)
_Romances._--Godfrey was the principal hero of two French _chansons de
geste_ dealing with the Crusade, the _Chanson d'Antioche_ (ed. P. Paris,
2 vols., 1848) and the _Chanson de Jerusalem_ (ed. C. Hippeau, 1868),
and other poems, containing less historical material, were subsequently
added. In addition the parentage and early exploits of Godfrey were made
the subject of legend. His grandfather was said to be Helias, knight of
the Swan, one of the brothers whose adventures are well known, though
with some variation, in the familiar fairy tale of "The Seven Swans."
Helias, drawn by the swan, one day disembarked at Nijmwegen, and
reconquered her territory for the duchess of Bouillon. Marrying her
daughter he exacted a promise that his wife should not inquire into his
origin. The tale, which is almost identical with the Lohengrin legend,
belongs to the class of the Cupid and Psyche narratives. See LOHENGRIN.
See also C. Hippeau, _Le Chevalier au cygne_ (Paris, 2 vols.,
1874-1877); H. Pigeonneau, _Le Cycle de la croisade et de la famille
de Bouillon_ (1877); W. Golther, "Lohengrin," in _Roman. Forsch._
(vol. v., 1889); _Hist. litt. de la France_, vol. xxii. pp. 350-402;
the English romance of _Helyas, Knyghte of the Swanne_ was printed by
W. Copland about 1550.