[1] There are two places of this name in Austria. (1) Gmund, a town
in Lower Austria, containing a palace belonging to the imperial
family, (2) a town in Carinthia, with a beautiful Gothic church and
some interesting ruins.
GMUNDEN, a town and summer resort of Austria, in Upper Austria, 40 m.
S.S.W. of Linz by rail. Pop. (1900) 7126. It is situated at the efflux
of the Traun river from the lake of the same name and is surrounded by
high mountains, as the Traunstein (5446 ft.), the Erlakogel (5150 ft.),
the Wilde Kogel (6860 ft.) and the Hollen Gebirge. It is much frequented
as a health and summer resort, and has a variety of lake, brine,
vegetable and pine-cone baths, a hydropathic establishment, inhalation
chambers, whey cure, &c. There are a great number of excursions and
points of interest round Gmunden, specially worth mentioning being the
Traun Fall, 10 m. N. of Gmunden. It is also an important centre of the
salt industry in Salzkammergut. Gmunden was a town encircled with walls
already in 1186. On the 14th of November 1626, Pappenheim completely
defeated here the army of the rebellious peasants.
See F. Krackowizer, _Geschichte der Stadt Gmunden in Oberosterreich_
(Gmunden, 1898-1901, 3 vols.).
GNAT (O. Eng. _gnaet_), the common English name for the smaller dipterous
flies (see DIPTERA) of the family _Culicidae_, which are now included
among "mosquitoes" (see MOSQUITO). The distinctive term has no
zoological significance, but in England the "mosquito" has commonly been
distinguished from the "gnat" as a variety of larger size and more
poisonous bite.
GNATHOPODA, a term in zoological classification, suggested as an
alternative name for the group Arthropoda (q.v.). The word, which means
"jaw-footed," refers to the fact that in the members of the group, some
of the lateral appendages or "feet" in the region of the mouth act as
jaws.
GNATIA (also EGNATIA or IGNATIA, mod. _Anazzo_, near Fasano), an ancient
city of the Peucetii, and their frontier town towards the Sallentini
(i.e. of Apulia towards Calabria), in Roman times of importance for its
trade, lying as it did on the sea, at the point where the Via Traiana
joined the coast road,[1] 38 m. S.E. of Barium. The ancient city walls
have been almost entirely destroyed in recent times to provide building
material,[2] and the place is famous for the discoveries made in its
tombs. A considerable collection of antiquities from Gnatia is preserved
at Fasano, though the best are in the museum at Bari. Gnatia was the
scene of the prodigy at which Horace mocks (_Sat._ i. 5. 97). Near
Fasano are two small subterranean chapels with paintings of the 11th
century A.D. (E. Bertaux, _L'Art dans l'Italie meridionale_, Paris,
1904, 135). (T. As.)