(_radius_ and _ulna_, the former is the upper of the
two, the forearm and hand being semi-prone), and
of the hand. The names of the wrist-bones are,
_scaphoid_, _semilunar_ (these two are in contact with
the radius), _cuneiform_ (this is in a line with the
ulna, but separated from it by an interval in
which lies the triangular ligament, see fig. 64,
page 134), _pisiform_ (faintly seen in shadow beneath
the cuneiform), _trapezium_ (supporting the
metacarpal bone of thumb), _trapezoid_ (supporting
the metacarpal bone of fore-finger), _magnum_ (supporting
the metacarpal bone of the middle or
great finger), _unciform_ (supporting the metacarpal
bones of the ring and the little fingers).
54 112 Diagram of the bones of the hand with the ends of
the radius and ulna. 1, end of _radius_; 2, end of
_ulna_; 3, _scaphoid_; 4, _semilunar_; 5, _cuneiform_;
6, _pisiform_; 7, _trapezium_; 8, _trapezoid_; 9, _magnum_;
10, _unciform_; 11, 11, _metacarpal_ bones;
12, 12, first row of _phalanges_; 13, 13, second
row of _phalanges_; 14, 14, third row of _phalanges_;
I, thumb; II, forefinger; III, middle finger; IV,
ring finger; V, little finger.
55 116 Drawing of the front of the chest and the shoulders,
with the collar-bones running across from the
upper edge of the breast-bone to the projecting
processes of the shoulder-blades.
56 117 The chest and shoulder of an Eagle. A, A, the united
_collar-bones_, or “merry-thought;” B, the _coracoid_,
or “side-bone;” C, the long, slender _shoulder-blade_;
D, the _sternum_; E, the _humerus_.
57 120 The head, fore part of chest, and shoulder of a
Rhinoceros. The chest is deep and flat at the
sides. The shoulder-blade and arm-bone are
nearly vertical, that is, they nearly correspond
with the ribs in their direction.
58 122 Side view of chest, shoulder and arm (human). The
shoulder-blade is prolonged in the direction of the
spine, that is, _across_ the ribs.
59 124 Side view of fore part of a Monkey’s skeleton.
60 126 A section, from side to side, through the Elbow-joint,
showing the shape of the surfaces of the
bones. A, the _radius_; B, the _ulna_; CC, the side
_ligaments_ holding the radius and ulna to the _arm-bone_,
D.
61 127 The upper limb with the forearm and hand in the
state of supination. A, the _long Pronator_ muscle.
62 127 The same in a state of pronation. B, the _short
Supinator_ muscle.
In this and the preceding drawing a plumb-line,
descending from the outer condyle of the humerus
traverses the lower end of the ulna and the ring
finger.
63 131 Drawing of the _biceps_ muscle. The hand is in a
state of pronation. Driving the gimlet is effected
by the movement to the state of supination.
64 134 Section, from side to side, through the Wrist, showing
the shapes of the bones and the mode in
which they are adapted to one another. A, the
_radius_; B, the _ulna_; C, _scaphoid_ bone; D, _cuneiform_
bone; E, _semi-lunar_ bone; F, line of contact
of radius and ulna; G, G, side _ligaments_
connecting the wrist-bones with the bones of the
forearm. H, I, K, L, M, _metacarpal_ bones of thumb
and fingers.
65 138 View of the superficial muscles on the palmar
aspect of the forearm and hand. A, the _radial
flexor_ of the wrist. B, the _long palmar_ muscle.
C, the _ulnar flexor_ of the wrist. D, the muscles
of the “ball of the thumb.” E, the _long supinator_
muscle. F, the _long pronator_. G, the
lower part of the _biceps_ muscle. H, Cross _ligaments_
binding the tendons in their places. (This
and the two following figures are from Quain’s
_Anatomy_.)
66 138 View of the deep muscles and tendons on the
palmar aspects of the forearm and hand. A, the
_long flexor_ of the thumb. B, some of the _flexors_
of the fingers. C, the _Adductor_ muscle of the
thumb.
67 139 The _extensor_ muscles and tendons of the wrist,
thumb, and fingers seen on the back of the
forearm and hand. A, A, A, the _abductors_ and
_adductors_ of the fingers. B, B, the cross _ligament_
which binds the tendons in their places.
68 146 Hand holding a cricket-ball, showing that the tips
of the fingers and the thumb all reach the same
level.
69 152 Diagram showing the distribution of the _median_ (A)
and _ulnar_ (B) _nerves_ in the hand.
70 165 Drawing of a magnified section through the skin of
the palmar surface of the thumb, including three
of the ridges seen on that surface. _a_, the outer
or horny layer of the _cuticle_; _b_, the deeper layer
of the same called “_rete mucosum_;” _c_, _c_, _c_, the
_cutis_, with _papillæ_ rising from its surface beneath
the ridges and projecting into the rete mucosum;
_g_, _g_, grains of _fat_ lying in the deeper part of the
cutis and in the tissue beneath it. Between _f_
and _f_ are three _sweat-glands_, each composed of a
tube rolled up into a ball or knot. The tubes (_h_, _h_)
are seen ascending from them through the cutis
and cuticle, and opening at the tops of the ridges.
(From Kölliker’s _Mikroskopishe Anatomie_.)
71 170 Section of skin still more magnified. _a_, Outer or
horny stratum of cuticle; _b_, inner stratum of cuticle,
or “rete mucosum;” _c_, papillary stratum of
cutis; _d_, deeper or fibrous stratum of cutis. The
curling tube rolled into a ball at the lower part
is the sweat-gland. Its duct is seen ascending
through the fibrous structure of the cutis, and
presents the coiled appearance of a rope as it
traverses the cuticle.
72 170 A few layers of the cuticle and rete mucosum of
a Negro, showing the spots of dark pigment in
the rete which give the black colour to the
Negro’s skin. (This and the preceding from
Todd and Bowman’s _Phys. Anatomy_.)
73 170 Section of a Corn and adjacent skin. _a_, the _cuticle_;
_c_, the _cutis_ with its _papillæ_. The cuticle is seen
to be very thick, and the papillæ are somewhat
enlarged in the corn.
74 170 Section of a Wart and adjacent skin. _a_, _cuticle_;
_c_, the _cutis_ with its _papillæ_. The latter are seen
to be enlarged, or “hypertrophied,” in the wart.
75 174 Vertical section, made lengthways, of a Nail raised
from its bed, showing its connexion with the
cuticle. _a_, _a_, _cuticle_; _d_, _d_, _nail_.
76 174 Similar section of a Nail lying in its bed of cutis.
_a_, _cuticle_; _b_, _rete mucosum_; _c_, _cutis_; _d_, _nail_.
77 174 Section of the Cutis from which the nail, the cuticle,
and the rete have been removed.
78 176 Transverse section of the Nail and Skin, made vertically.
_a_, _a_, _cuticle_; _b_, _rete_; _c_, _c_, _cutis_; _d_, _d_,
lines running through the cutis to the _papillæ_;
_e_, _e_, _e_, lines running through the nail to the rete.
(This and the three preceding from Kölliker.)
79 179 Section of a Hair and Hair-follicle. _a_ and _b_, the
_cuticle_ and _rete_ lining the follicle. _e_, the outer
layer, or rind, of the hair formed by closely-plaited
scales of cuticle continued upon it from
the bottom of the follicle _d_.
80 179 Piece of the exterior of a Hair more highly magnified
to show the imbricated arrangement of the
plates or scales forming its outer surface.
81,82 179 Transverse sections of Hairs. (These and two preceding
from Todd and Bowman.)
83 181 Section of a Hair-follicle containing a Hair, and
with two Oil-glands, _g_, _g_, lying near it, and with
their ducts opening into it. _a_ and _b_, cuticle and
rete; _d_, bottom of follicle. (From Kölliker.)
84 187 The terminal Bone of a finger, with a portion of the
bone next it, showing the nodulated bulbous end
of the former.
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
_By the same Author._
I.
A TREATISE ON THE HUMAN SKELETON,
(INCLUDING THE JOINTS),
_With Two Hundred and Sixty Illustrations drawn from Nature._
Medium 8vo. cloth, price £1. 8_s._
II.
AN ESSAY ON THE LIMBS OF VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.
4to. sewed, 5_s._
III.
ON THE COAGULATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE VENOUS SYSTEM DURING LIFE.
8vo. sewed, 2_s._ 6_d._